ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
sible. The conscious mind is on top, the shadow underneath, and just as high a lways l ongs f or l ow a nd hot f or c old, so a ll c onsciousness, perhaps w ithout be ing a ware of it, s eeks i ts u nconscious oppo site, lacking which it is doomed to stagnation, congestion, and ossification. Life is born only of the spark of opposites. 79 It was a concession to intellectual logic on the one hand and to psychological prejudice on the other that impelled Freud to name the opposite of Eros the destructive or death instinct. For in the first place, Eros is not e quivalent to life; bu t f or a nyone w ho thinks it i s, the opposite of Eros will naturally appear to be death. And in the second place, we all feel that the opposite of our own highest principle must be purely de structive, de adly, a nd e vil. W e r efuse t o e ndow i t w ith a ny positive life-force; hence we avoid and fear it. 80 As I have already indicated, there are many highest principles bo th of life a nd of p hilosophy, a nd a ccordingly t here a re just a s many di fferent f orms of c ompensation by o pposites. E arlier on I singled out the two-as it seems to me-main opposite types, which I have called i ntroverted an d ex traverted. W illiam J ames7 had al ready been struck by the e xistence of b oth t hese t ypes a mong t hinkers. H e distinguished them as "tenderminded" and "tough-minded." Similarly Ostwald 8 found a n a nalogous division into " classic" a nd " romantic" types among men of learning. So I am not alone in my idea of types, to mention only t hese t wo w ell-known na mes a mong m any ot hers. I nquiries into history have shown me that not a few of the great spiritual controversies r est up on the opposition of t he two t ypes. T he m ost significant c ase of t his kind w as the opp osition be tween nom inalism and realism which, beginning with the difference between the Platonic and Megarian schools, became the heritage of scholastic philosophy, and it was Abelard's great merit to have hazarded at least the attempt to unite the t wo op posed s tandpoints i n hi s " conceptualism." 9 This controversy has continued right into our own da y, as is shown in the opposition between idealism and materialism. And again, not only the human mind in general, but each individual has a share in this 7 Pragmatism. 8 Grosse Manner. 9 Psychological Types
(1923 edn., pp. 62ff.).
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