20 x Maps - Rolling World of Tobacco

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1920

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1,686

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1970

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3,262

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1980

4,453

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1990

2000

2010

239

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2,150

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1960

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1950

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2,163

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Costs to the Ec onomy

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Costs to the Smoker

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7,139,677 8,145,145 9,378,754 10,189,820 5,378,040 6,530,477 (oral tobacco users) 11,908,517 (all tobacco users) 13,532,810 23,671,860

About 250 million women in the world are daily smokers; 22 percent of women in high-resource countries and 9 percent of women in low- and middle-resource countries. Cigarette smoking among women is declining in most high-resource countries, such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but in several southern, central, and eastern european countries, cigarette smoking rates among women are either stable or increasing. The tobacco industry markets cigarettes to women using seductive but false images of vitality, slimness, emancipation, sophistication, and sexual allure. In reality, smoking causes reproductive damage, disease, and death. Tobacco companies market a variety of cigarette brands to girls and women, including “female-onlyâ€? brands that are long, extra-slim, lowWDU OLJKW FRORUHG PHQWKRODWHG DQG RU FDQG\ Ă DYRUHG 3UHYHQWLQJ LQFUHDVHV LQ VPRNLQJ SUHYDOHQFH DPRQJ ZRPHQ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ ORZ DQG middle- resource countries, will have a greater impact on global health than any other single intervention.

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In recent years, dozens of cigarette manufacturing companies have consolidated under four major private corporations: Altria/Philip Morris, British American Tobacco, Japan Tobacco International, and Imperial Tobacco. State monopolies are also major cigarette manufacturers. The largest state monopoly is China National Tobacco Corporation, with a global cigarette market share that exceeds that of any private company. Because the European Union intends to restrict further mergers and acquisitions that increase a tobacco company’s market-share dominance, industry consolidation trends may have peaked. The tobacco industry includes some of the most powerful transnational corporate entities in the world. 7REDFFR FRQJORPHUDWHV KDYH GLYHUVLÀHG LQWR PDQ\ RWKHU LQGXVWULHV VXFK DV ÀQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV IRRG DQG EHYHUDJHV SKDUPDFHXWLFDOV UHDO HVWDWH hotels, restaurants, communications, and apparel, among others. The global tobacco market, valued at $378 billion, grew by 4.6 percent in 2007. By the year 2012, the value of the global tobacco market is projected to increase another 23 percent, reaching $464.4 billion.

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Tobacco marketing increases cigarette consumption and seduces new smokers into addiction, negating public health efforts to control tobacco. recognizing this, many countries have imposed some restrictions on tobacco marketing. However, partial restrictions are ineffective in reducing smoking because tobacco companies redirect their marketing efforts to available venues. Voluntary agreements are also inadequate because they are unenforceable. In the face ofbroadening advertising bans, tobacco companies have become ever more creative in their attempts to lure new consumers into addiction. brand stretching, event promotion, retailer incentives, sponsorship and advertising through international media, cross-border advertising, and promotional packaging are some of the ways that the tobacco industry circumvents advertising bans.

NEW ZEALAND


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Tobacco use, in any form, is deadly. Smoking kills one-third to one-half of all lifetime users, and smokers die an average of 15 years earlier than nonsmokers. In 2010, tobacco will kill 6 million people, 72 percent of whom reside in low-and middle-income countries. If current trends continue, tobacco will kill 7 million people annually by 2020 and more than 8 million people annually by 2030. Tobacco-attributable mortality is increasing rapidly in developing countries, and by 2030, about 83 percent of the world’s tobacco deaths will occur in low and middle income countries. Tobacco kills more men than women worldwide because historical smoking prevalence has been higher among men than women. However, because smoking rates are increasing among women in many countries, particularly among young women, the gap in tobacco death rates between men and women is closing. Tobacco also causes hundreds of thousands of deaths annually among nonsmokers. Occupational exposure to secondhand smoke kills 200,000 workers every year, while exposure to tobacco smoke in homes and public areas kills thousands more infants, children, fetuses, and adults. Children with developing organ systems and people with pre-existing heart and lung diseases are especially vulnerable. One hundred million people were killed by tobacco in the 20th century. Unless effective measures are implemented to prevent young people from smoking and to help current smokers quit, tobacco will kill 1 billion people in the 21st century.

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Health warnings on the packaging of all tobacco products are guaranteed to reach all users. Since the 1960s, warning labels on cigarette packs have been used as a way to communicate risks associated with smoking and encouragement to quit. Health warnings on cigarette packs are now required in most countries of the world, and laws are steadily increasing the required size of the warning, strengthening the content, and enhancing the graphic design. Now, tobacco product has health warnings that cover at least 30 percent, and preferably 50 percent, of the visible area on a cigarette pack. Warnings should be extended to all forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco. Efforts to correct decades of consumer misperceptions about light cigarettes must extend beyond simply removing “light� and “mild� brand descriptors. Plain packaging, displaying only the brand name and the health warning with no use of color, logo, or promotional graphic design, increases both prominence and credibility of health warnings. Plain packaging requirements are consistent with restrictions on tobacco advertising because promotional packaging is one of the industry’s most important advertising tools.

NEW ZEALAND


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Higher tobacco taxes that lead to higher cigarette prices encourage smokers to quit, reduce the number of cigarettes smoked, and prevent initiation among potential new users. a 10 percent increase in cigarette prices reduces cigarette demand by 2.5 to 5 percent. Youth, minorities, and low-income smokers are two to three times more likely than other smokers to quit or smoke less in response to SULFH LQFUHDVHV %HFDXVH FLJDUHWWH SULFHV VWURQJO\ LQà XHQFH VPRNLQJ LQLWLDWLRQ LQ \RXWK SULFH LQFUHDVHV VLJQLÀFDQWO\ UHGXFH ORQJ WHUP trends in cigarette consumption. Tobacco tax increases are simple and effective tobacco control tools. In addition to reducing cigarette consumption, tobacco taxes typically generate higher tax revenues. These funds can be used to implement and enforce tobacco control policies and pay for related public health and social programs. This is good news for policy makers seeking to protect public health but wary about losing an important source of government revenue. The World bank recommends that cigarette taxes (including value-added RU VDOHV WD[HV DFFRXQW IRU WZR WKLUGV WR IRXU ÀIWKV RI WKH UHWDLO SULFH RID SDFN RI FLJDUHWWHV

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