Alternative Arctic Perception by Lena Geerts Danau

ALTERNATIVE ARCTIC PERCEPTION

LENA GEERTS DANAU

research 2 0 2 0

booklet 0 2 1

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition tutors | Ippolito Pestellini Laparelli & Kamil Hilmi Dalkir & Rhiarna Dhaliwal

preceding page | Arctic cod third person gameplay | draws on the politically constructed borders in the Arctic ocean

ALTERNATIVE ARCTIC PERCEPTION

LENA GEERTS DANAU

research 2 0 2 0

booklet 0 2 1

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition tutors | Ippolito Pestellini Laparelli & Kamil Hilmi Dalkir & Rhiarna Dhaliwal

01 - DESIGN STRATEGY alternative arctic perception

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02 - ATLAS context of the arctic

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03 - CONCEPTS territorial representation

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computation

-067

cognition

-097

speculation and worldbuilding

-113

collective potential arctic ocean

-125

extended notion of territory

-141

04 - CHARACTERS narrative

-157

ice island

-162

arctic

cod

-174

arctic

tern

-186

machine

landscape

-198

05 - PORTFOLIO alternative arctic perception

-210

06 - REFERENCES website

-264

-266

INDEX

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

DESIGN STRATEGY ALTERNATIVE ARCTIC PERCEPTION

Anna Adrianova | arctic border mark between russia and norway in the barents sea | https://www. bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-arctic/the-political-arctic/

i. image

ARCTIC REGION

INTENTIONS

How does the law itself can become political contestation? What is the role of the law or policies in sustaining peace within certain areas?

PROJECT

Trace back the actors that are involved within the Arctic region, search for there specific impact or influence within the area. CAN WE SAY THAT THE CURRENT SITUATION IN THE ARCTIC IS ALMOST LIKE A NEW COLD WAR. HOW DO THE DIFFERENT ACTORS RELATE TO EACH OTHER AND WHEN WILL THE THIN LINE OF STABLE GROUND THAT CURRENTLY EXIST BREAK HOW DID THE INSTITUTIONS WITHIN THE ARCTIC REGION CHANGED PLAYING WITH TIME AND SPACE FOLLOWING THE FRAMEWORK OF CLIMATE CHANGE WHY DO HUMANS CREATE CERTAIN LAWS WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THESE LAWS ON THE EXISTING CITIES OR PEOPLES ENVIRONMENT ARE THESE LAWS COMING INTO FORCE BECAUSE OF THE EXITING CONDITIONS

DESIGN STRATEGY - ALTERNATIVE ARCTIC PERCEPTION

Irene Stracuzzi | the legal status of ice - ocean floor | https://irenestracuzzi.com/project/the-legal-status-of-ice/

ii. model

ii.

Bill Rankin | arctic land grab |http://www.radicalcartography. net/index.html?arctic-bathy.

i. Map

ARCTIC REGION

INTENTIONS

The stakes are considered high: disappearing sea ice might uncover immense oil and gas riches for whoever marks the Arctic map first. But isn’t it in fact the ice, that has been declining by a shocking 50% since the late 1970s, which should be the urgent issue here? The project aims to demonstrate the cartographic colonialism behind the dispute and questions the notion of sovereignty in a region which should be perceived as a global commons.

PROJECT

At the moment cartography and the process of bordering a limited territory go hand in hand. I will use a narrative that combines the AI-generated colour perception with the way we perceive territory to experiment with the construction of an alternative cartography. The project will use digital environments as a testing ground to develop innovative ways through which we can expand our relationship with the notion of sovereignty. More specifically, the construction of this digital map, will speculate on the agents that form the map. These agents can be non-human, and as a result don’t necessarily link with the established explorative point of view related to historical acts of mapping.

DESIGN STRATEGY - ALTERNATIVE ARCTIC PERCEPTION

i. author visualization | ice island to rethink notion of sovereignty

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

HOW CAN AN ICE ISLAND PROVIDE A NEW FRAMEWORK WHICH RETHINKS THE NOTION OF SOVEREIGNTY NEW TERRITORIAL PLATFORM THAT PROVIDES A NEW PERCEPTION IN WHAT WAY CAN THIS ICE ISLAND THEN HIGHLIGHT THE CURRENT BORDER DISPUTES AND FUNCTION AS A PROTAGONIST IN A DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH WHICH WE EXPERIENCE THE VARIOUS PERCEPTIONS OF THE ARCTIC STATES AND HOW CAN COLOR BE USED TO PUT FORWARD AN ALTERNATIVE CARTOGRAPHY TO QUESTION THE ACTS OF CLAIMING AND IN DOING SO, VISUALISE DIFFERENT ANGLES TO LOOK AT SOVEREIGNTY, OR EVEN REIMAGINE THE ARCTIC OCEAN AS A GLOBAL COMMON, A NEW TYPE OF SOVEREIGNTY

DESIGN STRATEGY - ALTERNATIVE ARCTIC PERCEPTION

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

ATLAS CONTEXT ARCTIC REGION

the atlas of canada | marine jurisdiction and boundaries in the arctic region (2008) | annotations represent theexiting borders | https://www.dur. ac.uk/resources/ibru/resources/ArcticmapRussianonlyclaims05_08_15.pdf

ii.maps

ii.

visualization | statements of so called near arctic states | http://postalhistorycorner.blogspot. com/2010/06/arctic-and-subarctic-mail-during.html

i. author

HISTORY ARCTIC REIMAGENING ARCTIC

narrative of actionr e a c t i o n : implications of resource extractions on scale of the extraction area, on scale of the legal powers envolved, on scale of the whole arctic environment

THE REGION

Is the Arctic a resource colony that is essentially empty of humans and that exists to be exploited? the Arctic territory is the home to a huge amount of resources, this is why there is an internal as well as external colonization of this region. Do images have a significance in international law? The canadian maps, were designed to suggest that a portion of the arctic ocean was canadian, the us map was made specifically to give the message that the arctic was, and would remain, no one’s: not terra nullius but res extra commercium.

ATLAS - CONTEXT ARCTIC REGION

visualization | status greenland America

iii. author

CLO SEST ARCT IC NE NEAR ARCTIC IGHB STATE OUR VERTICAL ARCT IC CITY

3,727 .24 4,894.11 KM KM 4,782.87 KM

visualization | status greenland - europe

ii.author

6,117.64

ii.

NEAR ARC TIC STA TE

iii.

visualization | statements of so called near arctic states

i. author

HISTORY ARCTIC REIMAGENING ARCTIC

can the political independence model of greenland function as a transformative tool ? a model for the actual redrawing of boundaries and the creation of a model for indigenous statehood that could be replicated elsewhere in the Arctic?

THE REGION

The Arctis as a space that will always remain distant, in this sense the arctic is arguably not a frontier but a colony: not a space to which distant states and their populations expand but a space that they coloniwe so as to benefit the metropole. It is an area of connections that can bring the world together, comparison with a polar mediterranean. Geostrategic vaccuum for the Arctic. Speculation that Greenland which is viewed as Europe westernmost edge, could shift to the sphere of influence of the US and become rather the easternmost edge of North America.

ATLAS - CONTEXT ARCTIC REGION

iv.

US flag on the moon - Apollo 11 mission | 1969 | https:// www.worldatlas. com/articles/whodoes-the-moon-belong-to.html

of Columbus | 1492 | https:// www.gilderlehrman. org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/landing-columbus-1492

iii. Landing plants flag arctic oceanfloor | 2007 | https://www. newsweek.com/russia-claims-463000square-miles-arcticterritory-359829

ii.Russia

iii. ii.

iv.

sledge party at what they claimed was the North Pole | 1909 | https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/lessons-in-manliness-matthew-henson/

i. Peary’s

SOVEREIGNTY

FLAGGING

TERRITORY

Photographs of the flag-planting event were distributed worldwide, evoking memories of earlier expeditions in which European powers gained possession of terra nullius by literally staking their claims. Russian foreign minister declared that the Lomonosov Ridge, thus the North Pole, was a geological extension of the Russian continental shelf The Arctic scientist and explorer Arthur chilingarov, however put it bluntly: ‘The Arctic is Russian. We must prove the North Pole is an extension of the Russian Landmass’ Although the photographs had neither legal bearing nor evidentiary status in international law, the fuss ignited by the Russian venture demonstrated that the Arctic, including Arctic waters, had indeed become claimable territory.

ATLAS - CONTEXT ARCTIC REGION

iv.

Arctic map Richard Harris | arctic tides - showing hypothetical landmass

map Willem Blaeu | regiones sub polo arctico

iii. Arctic

iii. ii.

iv.

map Theodore de Bry | deliniatio cartea trium navigationum per batavos ad septentrionalem plagem norvegia

ii.Arctic map mercator | septentrionalium terrarum descriptio

i. Arctic

SOVEREIGNTY

MAPPING

despite the advancements (scientific and technological) the Arctic remains the ‘least mapped place in the world’

TERRITORY

The earliest maps of the arctic all included centuries old-tales and beliefs about its lands or mythical creatures. For example sannikov land, there was a belief of the existence of this island, but there are still no traces found. Another example is crocker Island (over in 1928): ‘This Atlantis of the Arctic is now sunk forever!’ These examples show that most of the information about the Arctic was exaggerated or simply false. The foundation of the Arctic today for the border claims of modern nations, stated with the scientific discoveries and analyses, including those climate change, and the state of indigenous populations and wildlife are all underpinned by the maps, lost ships, claims and data from the 19th and 20th century explorers.

ATLAS - CONTEXT ARCTIC REGION

visualization | shipping routes and ports within the arctic circle

iii. author visualization | potiential regions with oil and gas deposits

ii.author

ii.

iii.

visualization | geologica layers richness of the ocean floor

i. author

GEOGRAPHICAL, POLITICAL, CLIMATIC AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT

These maps introduce the existing geographical, political, climatic and economic context of the Arctic. They provide a framework to understand the border disputes within the Arctic region today.

ARCTIC OCEAN - MELTING ICE

Geographically a line of latitude at 66,5 degrees north of the Equator, defines the Arctic. Five states surround the ocean, namely, Canada, Greenland (Denmark), Norway, Russia, and the United States, but the middle of the Arctic ocean is currently seen as no man’s land, which give this area a geopolitical context. Especially since climatologists estimate that by the year 2100, the sea ice will melt every summer. This introduces new geographic as well as political disputes.

GEOLOGIC MAPS – GAS AND OIL RESERVES

The valuable condition of the Arctic ocean floor goes back to the Triassic and early Tertiary period. The climatic conditions, namely high temperature and a lot of organic life on the surface level, gave rise to the high amount of gas (13%-world) as well as oil (30%-world) deposits. They are now located in the basins of the Arctic ocean floor. This situation can set significant oil companies and countries against each other since they all try to exploit these last untapped reserves.

SHIPPING ROUTES

Besides, new shipping routes open up. Since they have an evident and considerable distance and time advantage, countries will aim to use them instead of the existing routes via the Suez and Panama Canal.

ATLAS - CONTEXT ARCTIC REGION

visualization | overlapping border claims arctic ocean

iii. author visualization | bathymetric measurements tracks arctic ocean floor

ii.author

ii.

iii.

visualization | military bases in the arctic circle

i. author

GEOGRAPHICAL, POLITICAL, CLIMATIC AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT

MILITARY BASES

Furthermore, nations try to show their presence with the establishment of military bases. These bases increase threat awareness, which make them essential factors to consider for the governance within the Arctic region.

ESTABLISHED ARCTIC BOUNDARIES (EEZ)

MARITIME

The only borders that mark a fixed region and govern the Arctic ocean are the Exclusive Economic Zones. This is a concept used to define the limits of the territorial waters of a country within these national waters, a country has exclusive rights.

OVERLAPPING CLAIMS

But the problem here is that the middle of the Arctic ocean doesn’t belong to any of the surrounding countries EEZ. To make a claim over the no man’s lands located in the middle of the Arctic ocean, every nation needs to provide scientific data that proves the extent of their continental shelf. This is done with maps. A legal framework, namely the United nations convention on the Law of the Sea, currently, maintains peace within this area, but still there is no an agreement over the claims that are overlapping.

ATLAS - CONTEXT ARCTIC REGION

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

CONCEPTS TERRITORIAL REPRESENTATION

diagram | network diagram territory | nation-state - cartography - sovereignty - extraterritoriality

i. author

NATION-STATE THE ASSUMED NOTIONS OF TERRITORY ARE FOUNDED ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN TERRITORIAL LAND, NON-TERRITORIAL SEA, AND EXTRATERRITORIAL FLOATING OBJECTS

TERRITORY

BUILD WITH CONSCIOUSNESS THEIR ‘IMAGINED COMMUNITIES’’

PRECISELY DELIMIT A TERRITORY IT COULD CLAIM AS ITS OWN

CASE STUDY: T-3 FLOATING ICE ISLAND THAT CHALLENGES THE ASSUMED NOTIONS OF TERRITORY, WHICH ARE FOUNDED ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN TERRITORIAL LAND, NON-TERRITORIAL SEA, AND EXTRATERRITORIAL FLOATING OBJECTS -> T-3 CAN’T BE CLASSIFIED IN ONE OF THEM

CASE STUDY: SEALAB 1960S: THE WATER AND FLOORS BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE SEA WERE SEEN AS UNCLAIMED TERRITORY, RIPE FOR EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION. THIS BOUGHT TERRITORIAL EXPANSIONISM FARTHER THAN MERELY OVER LAND, A MANIFESTATION OF AMERICAN TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC POWER.

‘TERRITORY IS NOT A STATIC PHENOMENON, IT IS MOBILE, CONSTANTLY BEING MADE AND REMADE AND THE RESULT OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL, CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC PROCESSES’ STUART ELDEN CARTHOGRAPHY

MAP AS POLITICAL OBJECT MAP AS SCIENTIFIC OBJECT SOVEREIGNTY EXTRATERRITORIALITY IS ROOTED IN THE CONCEPT OF SOVEREIGNTY, ALTHOUGH IT IS OFTEN SEEN AS A VIOLATION OF THAT.

EXTRATERRITORIALITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW, THIS TERM REFERS TO THOSE INSTANCES WHERE A STATE EXTENDS ITS JURISDICTION OR EFFECTIVE CONTROL OVER ZONES, INDIVIDUALS OR ACTIVITIES BEYOND ITS BORDERS.

CASE STUDY: FREE PORT OF VLADIVOSTOK FREE PORTS ARE A PART OF THE BROADER CONCEPT OF “SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE”, WHICH IMPLIES A LIMITED TERRITORY WITH A SPECIAL LEGAL REGIME FOR DOING BUSINESS.

METHAPHOR OF THE ARCHIPELAGO TO DESCRIBE A MULTIPLICITY OF DISCRETE EXTRATERRITORIAL ZONES. -> POSITIONED OUTSIDE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION THAT SURROUNDS THESE ZONES.

IMAGE MAKING

THERE ARE THREE STAGE OF IMAGING: 1: PRE-PRODUCTION 2: PRODUCTION 3: POST-PRODUCTION -> THEY DEFINE THE GENERAL CONDITIONS FROM WHICH ALL IMAGES EMERGE

CASE STUDY: PIXILLATION IN THE FILM PIXILLATION SCHWART’S WORKED WITH THE ‘ERRORS’ THAT WERE GENERATED WHEN A LOW RESOLUTION IMAGE IS TRANSFERRED TO A HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGE (AND VICE VERSA)

NETWORK DIAGRAM

IN THE VORTEX OF THESE TERRITORIAL CONSTRUCTIONS, THE LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENT ARE EXPOSED, BUT SO TOO ARE POSSIBILITIES FOR ITS RENEGOTIATION. JOHANNE BRUUN AND PHILIP STEINBERG

CASE STUDY: T-3

FIRST PICTURE OF THE EARTH

- WHAT WE SEE WE CAN ENGAGE

WITH

"THIS IS NOT UNSURPRISING GIVEN THAT ‘THE MOON IS A VISIBLE SURFACE WITH MODES OF ILLUMINATION’ BECOMING ‘THAT WHICH WE CAN SEE’ AND THEREFORE ENGAGE WITH." KATHRYN YUSOFF

FIRST PICTURE OF THE EARTH

HOW COULD TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENT BE PLACED ON ICE?

T-3 WAS AN ICE ISLAND WITH A MILITARY STRATEGIC POTENTIAL, AS WELL AS VALUABLE SPACE FOR SCIENCE.

REASON WHY THERE WAS AN INTEREST FROM THE US TO OCCUPY THIS PIECE OF ICE.

AS A RESULT T-3 WAS AN EXAMPLE OF MILITARY ACTIVITY THAT EXTENDED BEYOND THE LIMITS OF THE NATION-STATE. THIS CHALLENGED THE FOUNDATIONAL NOTIONS OF TERRITORY!

DURING THE OCCUPATION PERIOD, T-3 WAS FLOATING AROUND IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN, WHICH MEANT THAT IT WAS CROSSING BORDERS.

AFTER THE OCCUPATION, THE US BUILD A MILITARY BASES ON THIS ISLAND. THIS INDICATES THE TERRITORIALISATION OF THE ISLAND.

- WHAT WE SEE WE CAN ENGAGE

WITH

THE TERRITORIAL STATE OF FLUX IS INTENSIFIED AT SEA, WHERE THE SEA IS A VOLUME, IN WHICH TERRITORY IS PRACTICED, THERE IS A CONSTANT SHIFT OF THE SEAFLOOR, IT MOVES, IS DISPACED, BECOMES PART OF THE WATER COLUMN, SO THE SEAFLOOR IS NOT ONE SINGLE IMAGE. RACHAEL SQUIRE ARTIST EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT HABITATS EXISTING AROUND THE SEABED EXPERIMENT

‘SOVEREIGNTY WAS DETERMINED BY THE CONTROL OF TERRITORY – NOT OF PEOPLE, AS HAD BEEN THE MEDIEVAL VIEW – AND ADVOCATED FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF MAPS AS THE INSTRUMENT THROUGH WHICH TO ACHIEVE SUCH CONTROL. CARTOGRAPHY ON THE ONE HAND, AND, TERRITORY AS A POLITICAL CONCEPT ON THE OTHER.’ GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ LEIBNIZ

| MAPS AS A POLITICAL INSTRUMENT TO INDICATE

TERRITORIAL EXTEND

CASE STUDY: FREE PORT OF VLADIVOSTOK

EMERGING NEW SHIPPING ROUTES

‘THE ISLANDS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO ARE FORMED BY GROUPS OF BODIES THAT ACCEPT, IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY, TO CREATE A POLITICAL COMMUNITY. THESE GROUPS, THROUGH THE MATERIALITY OF THE BODIES THAT FORM THEM, DEFINE TERRITORIES’ LEOPOLD LAMBERT

EDOUARD GLISSANT

| BLUE IS THE NWP

CAN A SPECIAL LEGAL REGIME OF "PORTO FRANCO" POSITIVELY SHAPE MARITIME SHIPPING?

AT THE MOMENT CONVERSATION TO EXPAND THE STATUS OF FREE PORT TO THE ENTIRE ARCTIC TERRITORIES OF RUSSIA TO POSITIVELY SHAPE MARITIME SHIPPING

THIS REGIME MAY BOOST SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE ARCTIC REGION BY FACILITATING INVESTMENT, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE, AND ESSENTIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES.

HERE THE METHOPHOR OF THE ARCHIPELAGO COMES IN, THESE VARIOUS ZONES ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF «ISLANDS» THAT COLLECTIVELY FORM AN ARCHIPELAGO

FREE PORTS CAN BE SITUATED IN THE BROADER TERM OF EXTRATERRITORIAL ENCLAVES, WHICH ARE AREAS POSITIONED OUTSIDE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION THAT SURROUNDS THEM.

THIS CONCEPT OF FREE PORTS INDICATES A LIMITED TERRITORY WHICH HAS A SPECIAL LEGAL REGIME FOR DOING BUSINESS.

| THE POLITICAL ARCHIPELAGO

i. CASE STUDY: PIXILLATION CONTROLLING THE INDIVIDUAL PIXEL OF A COMPUTATIONAL IMAGE

SCHWARTZ

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

| PIXILLATION

A PIXEL IS VISUALY AND MATHEMATICALLY ADDRESSABLE

EVERY SINGLE PIXEL, CONSISTS OUT OF SEVERAL COLOR CHANNELS THAT CAN ALL BE INDEXED, LOCATED, ADDRESSED AND THEN TRANSLATED IN SPACE.

Robert H. Labberton | Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, when the sovereignty of nation-states was first established and was explicitly connected to their borders as lines on the surface of the Earth | 1884 | https://aeon.co/ideas/what-wouldleibniz-say-about-the-schisms-in-europe-today.

i. Map

The frame of the nation-state as the core jurisdiction is a design of a geopolitical architecture derived from the partitioning of planar geography, separating and containing sovereign domains as discrete, adjacent units among a linear and horizontal surface. -> We could trace this design back to , among other defining events, the 1648 Peace Treaty of Westphalia,which formalized this particularly flattened political-cartographic diagram and set some terms for its subsequent normalization and partial universalization throughout the world. The idea that the state should have supreme political and religious authority over a particular territory, backed up by the sole legitimate exercise of coercive force. State sovereignty superseded the feudal system, in which political control, religious dominion, judicial process and military power were exercised by different actors in 32

CARTOGRAPHY AND THE NATION-STATE 1648: OF

Borders are defined by the loop typology, inside this loop, regime of sovereignty, these loops subdivide the surface of the earth into political units. Each single unit has geographical coordinates (take inspiration to project of metahaven to visualize these coordinates) How did computation tort this

planetary dislogic?

Speculating about moment without defined geopolitical units, reforming traditional logic?

TREATY WESTPHALIA

The modern state is codified (the structuctures of spatial distribution are set based on a horizontal subdivision of geography.) In the most prosaic sense, state sovereignty is drawn out by rules of an international system that is itself guaranteed by the federation of states. According to this, a state would have a right to the legitimate exercise of control and governance within an exclusive geographic domain, usually of land, including certain monopolies over legitimate violence and the recognition of and by international law. In relation to this system are other several specific sovereignties in play: the legal sovereignty of states recognizing one another; an interdependence sovereignty of stable global flows of resources and capital; domestic sovereignty, and the state’s authority over its own internal mechanisms and institutions; and Westphalian sovereignty, that states have the right to separately determine their own domestic structures of authority.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

‘What Would Leibniz Say about the Schisms in Europe Today? – Maria Rosa Antognazza | Aeon Ideas.’ Accessed November 20, 2020. https://aeon.co/ideas/whatwould-leibniz-say-aboutthe-schisms-in-europe-today.

1. Aeon.

LEIBNIZS DREAM A POLITICAL UNITY IN MULTIPLICITY AIMED AT THE COMMON GOOD REMAINS FOR MANY A FAR MORE COMPELLING IDEAL THAN RETREAT INTO COMPETING NATION-STATES. 1

CARTOGRAPHY AND THE NATION-STATE S O V E R E I G N T Y

The rise of the nation-state brought with it a kind of expansionist absolutism, act of sending out armies to conquer neighbouring territories in order to enlarge the nation’s footprint Sovereignty could be linked to different spheres of activity, depending on whether the issue concerned the special welfare of a territory or the wellbeing of the empire. Leibniz believed this could create an equilibrium between different powers, promote a shared political agenda for the common good, and preserve the autonomy and diversity of communities small, medium and large. Eventhough his vision seemed to take hold among the nations that would cohere in the EU, the previous centuries of identity formation have imprinted a nationalist impulse, and the current crises has been enough to reawaken it.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

cartoon courtesy the library of congress | Monroe Doctrine https://www.cfr.org/blog/ twe-remembers-monroe-doctrine

i. political

Giving order to the ‘free soil’, ratified the subdivision of loops of land, but not sea and largely ignoring the z-axis, this political cartography is naturalised as was symbolized by the Westphalian compromise half a century after columbus first expedition. Today a similar break or challenge for the political geographic order, not only because the cloud is a new continent to be colonized, but because, as a kind of space, it trespasses the Schmittian metaphysical distinction between solid ground and liquid sea as the essential poles of geopolitical space and theory. This is not only a crisis of legitimacy, but also a crisis of addressability, confusion over what type of earth is to be claimed: land, sea, air and now information (each of these seem to be allocated, addressed, owned, and unowned differently. Schmitt’s framework had two geospatial modes of governance: the opposition of an authentic grounded order and organic habitation and an inauthentic maritime and aerial lawlessness extending over the line. (industrial militarization of aerial space during WWI destabilized this opposition, a renewed nomic order to come form the sky?) 36

CARTOGRAPHY AND THE NATION-STATE 1823: MONROE DOCTRINE

The US had an illusionist vision to prevent colonialism of Europe in the Western Hemisphere. This meant they decided to not involve itself in the domestic affairs of Europe, it came to an end at Pearl Harbour. After this event, enclaves in Europe where formed, this meant the end of nation states supramacy in Europe. Two main powers created a new balance via the Marschall plan of the US to prevent communism and the Warschau pact which brought together the eastern states of Europe. Germany became an an enclave split into 4 parts during the Potsdam conference (France southwest, UK northwest, America south, and the SU east), as well as Berlin which became an encalve within an enclave (US in the eastern part of the SU) For Schmitt the Monroe doctrine symbolized an end of older Jus Publicum European system of international relations and operated in a parallel domain to that arrangement of Westphalian modules, one for which multiple political geographic ordering principles abut and overlap.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

Marco, Elisa Pasqual, and Andrea Bagnato. A Moving Border Alpine Carthographies of Climate Change. Columbia Books on Architecture and the City, 2019.

1. Ferrari,

STUART ELDEN TERRITORY IS NOT A STATIC PHENOMENON, IT IS MOBILE, CONSTANTLY BEING MADE AND REMADE AND THE RESULT OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL, CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC PROCESSES 1

CARTOGRAPHY AND THE NATION-STATE MAPPING TERRITORY

Territory determined power, so it became the new object of conflict between states. The new cartographic imagination renders the world as a Cartesian space, crossed by bidimensional boundary lines. The map in this sense, is primarily a political object, not a scientific one.

The connection between cartography and the nation-state is a well-documented fact of history: the former allowed the latter to more precisely delimit a territory it could claim as its own. The reverse is also true: it is because they could claim with accuracy their own delimitation that nation-states have been able to build with consciousness their ‘imagined communities’ BENEDICT ANDERSON THE NEW CLIMATIC REGIME FORCES US TO RETHINK THE CONCEPTION OF THE SPACE WE INHABIT AND THEREFORE ASKS A NEW QUESTION TO GEOGRAPHY. 1

But how do we define sovereignty? question of who has authority over what. Leibniz argued that sovereignty was determined by the control of territory – not of people, as had been the medieval view – and advocated for the importance of maps as the instrument through which to achieve such control. Cartography on the one hand, and, territory as a political concept on the other.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

google earth | satellites transormed maps into photographs | we can see an image from everywhere in the world through google earth.

i. Image

Farinelli, Franco. Geografia: Un’Introduzione ai Modelli del mondo. Torino : Einaudi, 2003.

INCREASINGLY ACCURATE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATIONS FIRST, THEN AERIAL SHOTS AND, FINALLY, SATELLITE IMAGES GRADUALLY TRANSFORMED MAPS INTO PHOTOGRAPHS AND MADE THEM ALMOST INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM THEIR ORIGINAL MODEL: AS A RESULT, WE OFTEN CONFUSE REALITY WITH ITS CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGE, ELEVATING MAPS FROM MERE REPRESENTATIONS TO EPISTEMOLOGICAL TOOLS 1

CARTOGRAPHY AND THE NATION-STATE BORDER CARTHOGRAPHIES

The immaterial nature of these claims, maps and documents can constitute a real battleground in which state interests collide. Due to their global repercutions, investigating and making visible these virtual claims is essential in order to change our perception of state borders and question the boundaries of state ownership in the Arctic region.

Our limited senses do not allow us to grasp the world in a single glance. This implies that our knowledge of the world must always necessarily be reduced to a geographical representation, nominally a map or a globe. Such representations are not only mystifying but rather arbitrary: by fixing the object of knowledge in time and space, they give it a precise, linear and subjective form, even though what is being represented may not be fixed or linear at all! Especially since the natural features of the earth do not abide by temporal legal norms and definitions In the disputes regarding the claiming of territory, geological maps may rightly be considered fundamental.As a result a new, unusual type of international conflict arises, in which authority is wielded not though the brutal use of military force, but through the possession of information.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

satellite view of the north pole | ‘white marble’ | 2012 | https://www.lovethesepics.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/White-Marble-Arctic-View.jpg

i. NASA/GSFC

Crameotti, Alfredo Aesthetic Journalism: How to inform without informing. Intellect, 2009.

Impossible to prove that, without the modern ‘rationalisation’ of maps, state borders would not exist, what is certain is that cartography and the process of bordering proceed hand in hand, one inevitably entwined with the other. on the contrary instead of working only with facts to be understood, the designer can also work on questioning the way information is being delivered, maintaining a political grasp without having to abide by specific journalistic rules.

WE GET CLOSES TO THE REAL NOT BECAUSE WE USE A SET OF BINOCULARS THAT DO NOT DISTORT THE PICTURE, BUT BECAUSE WE BECOME AWARE THAT WE ARE VIEWING THE WORLD TROUGH A SET OF DISTORTING BINOCULARS 1 42

BORDER ANOMALIES PROCESS

BORDERING

There are cases that escape the logic of linear division of space, on land, in the air or over water. These border exceptions, labeled anomalies due to their friction with modern national bordering principles, include military, cargo and cruise ships, aircrafts, oil platforms or any other mean of transportation outside of a state’s territorial jurisdiction. They have geopolitical influence in more than one way. Namely by showing of their presence in international or disputed areas or by having repercussions on civil law. The question of belonging to which state?

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

Ferrari, Marco, Elisa Pasqual, and Andrea Bagnato. A Moving Border Alpine Carthographies of Climate Change. Columbia Books on Architecture and the City, 2019.

2. Aeon.

On a global scale, the increasing use of technology to automate border inspections and radiate spheres of control beyond the physical materialization of borders is yet another confirmation of the inherent trust given to machines, as if they were able to reflect an image of reality closer to the truth.

1. Strandsbjerg, Jeppe. “Cartopolitics, Geopolitics and Boundaries in the Arctic.” Routledge, November 8, 2012.)

of the watershed and the coinciding national border on Piz Lat Mathaun, on the border between Italy and Austria | 1929 | http://www.italianlimes.net/project.html

i. image

BORDER ANOMALIES M OVING

Just as machine learning, the act of mapping territory represent a reality we are not able to see? how the reimagine our ways of visualizing territories for human and nonhumans?

BORDERS

BRUNO LATOUR THE CONNECTION BETWEEN CARTOGRAPHY AND THE NATION-STATE IS A WELL-DOCUMENTED FACT OF HISTORY THE FORMER ALLOWED THE LATTER TO MORE PRECISELY DELIMIT A TERRITORY IT COULD CLAIM AS ITS OWN. THE REVERSE IS ALSO TRUE: IT IS BECAUSE THEY COULD CLAIM WITH ACCURACY THEIR OWN DELIMITATION THAT NATION-STATES HAVE BEEN ABLE TO BUILD WITH CONSCIOUSNESS THEIR IMAGINED COMMUNITIES 1 LEIBNIZ SOVEREIGNTY WAS DETERMINED BY THE CONTROL OF TERRITORY NOT OF PEOPLE, AS HAD BEEN THE MEDIEVAL VIEW AND ADVOCATED FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF MAPS AS THE INSTRUMENT THROUGH WHICH TO ACHIEVE SUCH CONTROL. CARTOGRAPHY ON THE ONE HAND, AND, TERRITORY AS A POLITICAL CONCEPT ON THE OTHER. 2 VAN HOUTEM DENYING THAT BORDERS ARE NATURAL SHOULD NOT MEAN THAT WE IGNORE THE WAY GEOPHYSICAL TERRAIN RELATES TO GEOPOLITICAL DIVISIONS. A BOUNDARY LINE HAS MATERIALITY AND MATERIALIZES LEGAL AND POLITICAL CONSTRUCTS. 3

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

italian limes | glacier sensor to redraw the border line | shows the impossibility to claim in an environment with moving parts and changing climate conditions | http://www.italianlimes.net/project.html

i. image

BORDER ANOMALIES MOVING

Another perception for the Arctic aims to find different languages and metaphors to speak about and rethink the traditional notion of sovereignty. I will use the concept of a moving border, introduced in the project Italian limes by studio Folder, to experiment with the creation of new cartographies. These cartographies will put the current border situation into another perspective. Besides they allow me to question the traditional way of mapping. And finally, they allow me to explore other agents (humans as well as non-humans) who form the map and who can visualize different angles to view sovereignty. The intention is to create a digital environment with two main elements, an ice island that will be a tool to navigate through the digital environment and a colour code as a lens to experience the various perceptions embedded within this environment.

BORDERS

The unfixed condition of an ice island allows us to interact and show the different political and geographic perspectives of the Arctic region. Since this ice island moves through the Arctic ocean and passes several territories and sovereignties along its way. This island works as a tool to constructs a critique against the ways we think about land rights and sovereignty. During the next weeks I will do experiments to find out how digital environments can create new modes of representations that we can’t experience in the traditional maps. One of the ideas is to start modelling specific moments that have an impact on the physical appearance of this ice island, such as the melting of the ice.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

Stefan Laxness | atlas of shifting jurisdictions - dynamic territories along the us/mexico border | 2013 | https://www.stefanlaxness.com/atlas-of-shifting-jurisdictions

i. drawing

BORDER ANOMOLIES DYNAMIC

BORDERS

Set along the US - Mexican border between the states of Baja California and Arizona in a place where the boundary between the two countries is marked by the ever changing flow of the Colorado River. ‘An Atlas of Shifting Jurisdiction’ is a speculative project that looks at the relationship between an abstract line drawn on a map and a physical and dynamic landscape. The project sets out to design and map the dynamic territory along the US - Mexican border subject to seasonal shifting of jurisdiction and the appearances of territorial loop holes born from a beneficial territorial discrepancy. By identifying state borders as a dynamic system of infrastructure geared towards enforcing these virtual boundary lines, the project develops a set of design proposals and narratives for an opportunistic architecture that responds and interacts with these conditions and exploit the discrepancy in order to operate.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

Irene Stracuzzi | invisible borders | 2019 | https:// irenestracuzzi.com/project/ the-legal-status-of-ice/

i. book

Christian. The sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in Cartography throughout History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

1. Jacob,

politics of place Border geographies are becoming less fixed, assuming multifaceted characteristics. On the other hand, border landscapes are revealing material indicators of the differences in sovereignty from one territory to another. Aesthetic analysis of the border landscape allows us to grasp both, bordering and rebordering processes. 50

BORDER ANOMALIES R E P R E S E N T I N G INVISIBLE BORDERS

Even though satellite pictures show us that our world is borderless, we still believe the lie: without borders, our national identity, political community and sense of belonging would not exist. To construct nationalism, maps have been used as political objects, in addition the map imaginary boosts two qualities - scientism and indexicality- that allows us to experience maps as a NON-INTERFERING MEDIUM BETWEEN SPATIAL REALITY AND HUMAN PERCEPTION 1

Despite the dominance of hard borders shown in these maps, in our imagination, the boundaries of a state extend far beyond its land territory. These borders can be physically demarcated on land but lack this ability on water or in airspace, these invisible borders - when not used to control the movements of civilians or commercial goods can be cause for many international disputes, fought mainly through diplomatic acts, state gestures or declarations, and the production of official maps.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

T-3 island | transformed from ice island to territory of the US via infrastructure that served as a science base | chrome-extension://ohfgljdgelakfkefopgklcohadegdpjf/ http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/ arctic/Arctic24-2-82.pdf

ii. image

ii.

This island intensified territory through the aquisition of knowledge, as well as, extensified territory since T-3 became an infrastructure project to extend knowledge about the broader Arctic environment. In this sense the island challenged the assumed notions of territory founded on the distinction between territorial land, non-territorial sea, and extraterritorial floating objects.

| shelve ice on the north coast of Ellesmere island | 1950 | chrome-extension://ohfgljdgelakfkefopgklcohadegdpjf/ https://core.ac.uk/download/ pdf/236165542.pdf

i. image

BORDER ANOMALIES T-3

How can the foundational notions of territory be extended beyond the borders of the nation-state

ISLAND

Ice island with a military strategic potential, as well as valuable space for science. So, it transformed into a ‘floating laboratory’ and a ‘floating aircraft carrier’. T-3 was an example of extended military activity that challenged the foundational notions of territory. 1: functioned as a technology of territory, territorial logics where established far beyond the limits of the US and even of terra itself. 2: impact on the territorial settlement and the US interest as global hegemon, creates a tension between the will to use science to extend teritory and the fear that this extension wil challenge fundamental norms. => challenged the question of how territorial settlement could be placed on ice?

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

overall view | crossing several territories | https:// cmgds.marine.usgs. gov/data/field-activity-data/1963-001-FA/

ii. map

i. ii.

close up | approximate paths of T-1, T-2 and T-3 plotted at 3-monthly intervals | chrome-extension://ohfgljdgelakfkefopgklcohadegdpjf/https://core.ac.uk/ download/pdf/236165542.pdf

i. map

BORDER ANOMALIES T-3

In this case, the sea ice and the icy formations that appear in and around frigid seas are not just social objects but also political objects that are alternately designated as inside or outside, supportive or obstructive of territorial norms. -> In the vortex of these territorial constructions, the limits of the territorial settlement are exposed, but so too are possibilities for its renegotiation.

ISLAND

T-3 integrated a range of temporalities as well as materiality’s, but the political territorialisation of the island through military occupation, transformed the floating iceland to a seemigly solid piece of infrastructure. In this case, the ice was transformed first to territory and secondly even to infrastructure The territorial politics of T-3 were inextricably linked to its drift, the mobility of knowledge depended on the mobiltiy of the island. Firstly, mobility was translated into access and knowledge, so it became a political resource in its own right. Secondly, the science on the island was used to attune the US military appartus to the flux of the environment. Thirdly, the movement was here divided into a series of discrete spatio-temporal moments (iceland was a material manifestation of time)

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

Johanne, and Philip Steinberg. “ICE | Placing Territory on Ice: Militarisation, Measurement, and Murder in the Arctic.” In Territory beyond Terra, 147–65. Geopolitical Bodies, Material Worlds. London: rowman & littlefield international, 2018.

1. Bruun,

Often moon,

remarked the sea is less explored as the this is not unsurprising Yusoff said:

THE MOON IS A VISIBLE SURFACE WITH MODES OF ILLUMINATION BECOMING THAT WHICH WE CAN SEE AND THEREFORE ENGAGE WITH. 1

i. image courtesy of NASA | earth from space | https:// www.npr.org/2018/12/21/679282476/1968-whenapollo-8-first-orbited-the-moon-and-saw-theearth-rise-in-space?t=1622470136369

BORDER ANOMALIES SURFACE

Why do we know more about the moon surface than the ocean floor?

THE

MOON

There is a lack of attention to the sea because imaginaries now seen as ‘an uninteresting abyss’, as something ‘outside of state territory’ with attributes that ‘deter sedentary habitation. Sealab experiments offered opportunities to encounter these narratives, learn more about nature as a whole and about the concept of territorial volumes beyond the elemtal surrounds of air. Still the seabed is only visible through technological devices. It is part of the seafloor topography, a slate-grey mass surrounded and partially inhabited by swarms of marine life, blending so perfectly into the bottom seascape as to almost escape identification through time.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

Within the sealab experiment, the device exists in various forms, volumes within volumes, and territories within territories such as: sea floor, water column, human body, habitat. The experiment was an endeavour ‘not to move or communicate in the sea, not to play within it, but to live within it, to dwell.’

visualization | the different habitats in the seabed experiment | Bruun, Johanne, and Philip Steinberg. “ICE | Placing Territory on Ice: Militarisation, Measurement, and Murder in the Arctic.” In Territory beyond Terra, 147–65. Geopolitical Bodies, Material Worlds. London: rowman & littlefield international, 2018.

i. artist

BORDER ANOMALIES SEALAB

In this case, the US navy created underwater habitats on the seafloor during the Cold war. What are the implications of these undersea habitats for geographical thinking about territory?

EXPERIMENTS

The seabed itself became the focus of international legal practitioners, who constructed UNCLOS. A law that gives coastal states the control over resources in their submerged and subterranean spaces. Sealab experiment forces us to also think about the temporalities of the life surrounding the habitat. The territory in this case stydy switched from an abstract calculation to a lived and felt state with its own temporalities, rhytms and subjectivities. It is an interesting case to examine the implications of these undersea habitats for geographical thinking about territory. It offers opportunities to think through the plurality and complexity of the notion of territory. Especially because on the surface, the shifting conditions of the sea floor and constant movement in the water column presented challenges in both locating and managing the habitat beneath.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

Keller Easterling | extrastatecraft: the power of infrastructure space | Keller Easterling. Extrastatecraft: The Power of Infrastructure Space. Verso Books, 2014.

i. book

map | ITU zones | https://www.dxzone. com/dx14625/ituzones-map.html

ii.

In international law, the term extraterritoriality refers to those instances where a state extends its jurisdiction or effective control over zones, individuals or activities beyond its borders. Extraterritoriality is rooted in the concept of sovereignty, although it is often seen as a violation of that. In 2003, Keller Easterling organised a conference on extraterritorial enclaves in Yale, dealing with some deep-sea ports and airports, export-processing enclaves such as the inland ‘offshore’ maquiladoras in Mexico, Special Enterprise Zones and some gated or fenced-in communities of nationals abroad. These zones are established in order to liberate economic transactions from the restrictions imposed by the law of the nation state. 60

ii.

EXTRA TERRITORIALITY C A P T CHANGING

Investigate the concept of ‘The war machine’: which is a source of conflict that is exterior to the state. For example, Genghis Khan, which is not officially war, unless it engages the state. Interesting to understand how to capture ever-changing territories, the cases of ‘GO’ and ‘the war machine’ are used by Deleuze and Guattari to model the power of capital. Link with T-3 - military island territorializes via the infrastructure.

U R I N G TERRITORIES

The ITU: came together and represented a new sort of power emerging at the end of the nineteenth century, a period of growth for international infrastructure, international organizations and modern management techniques for large organizations of capital. In the emerging cases of that period, infrastructure is often portrayed as an apparatus of nation-building that is closely tied to the state and its military.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

| free port of vladivostok | https://erdc.ru/en/ about-spv/

i. map

Free ports are a part of the broader concept of ‘special economic zone’, which implies a limited territory with a special legal regime for doing business. One of the most prominent examples is the Free Port of Vladivostok. -> the creation of the free port of Vladivostok should lead to an increase of the GRDP of the region, reaching 2.2 times its initial rate in 2025 and 3.4 times in 2034. Newly created jobs are also forecasted, up to 84 000 in 2021, and 108 000 in 2025.

EXTRA TERRITORIALITY FREE

PORTS

The establishment of free ports –ports under a ‘porto franco’ regime –may boost social and economic growth of the Arctic region by facilitating investment, international trade, transportation infrastructure, and essential research and development activities. They increase the amount of foreign direct investments, and subsequently enhance social-economic development of the regions. Vladivostok is one of the examples that show how a special legal regime of ‘porto franco’ can positively shape maritime shipping. Recently there have been calls to expand the status of free port to the entire Arctic territories of Russia and create a preferential legal regime there.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

Reduan Dris Regragui | Police approach migrants on a border fence in Ceuta, Spain | August 30, 2019 | https://www.artforum.com/ print/202005/paul-b-preciado-82823.

i. image

B. Preciado.” Accessed May 30, 2021. https://www.artforum.com/ print/202005/paul-b-preciado-82823.

1. “Paul

THE CENTRAL OBJECT OF ALL POLITICS IS THE BODY. 1 Foucault used the notion of biopolitics to speak of the relationship that power establishes with the social body in modernity. In his terms, an epidemic radicalizes and shifts biopolitical techniques by incorporating them at the level of the individual body. At the same time, an epidemic extends to the whole of the population the political measures of immunization that had until then been violently applied onto those who were considered to be aliens both within and at the borders of national territory.

ALTERNATIVE JURISDICTIONAL PLATFORM IMMUNITY BORDER

rethinknig ernmental

the govstructure,

‘We need a parliament not defined in terms of the politics of identity or nationality: a parliament of (vulnerable) bodies living on planet Earth.’ inventing a system that thinks beyond the identity and border politics with which we have produced sovereignty until now.

AND POLITICS

At least since the fall of the twin towers, governmental politics has been characterized by the redefinition of nation-states in terms of neocolonialism and identity and the return to the idea of the physical border as a condition for restoring national integrity and political sovereignty. Constitution of borders that not only have been guarded and defended by biopolitical means, but also via necropolitical devices, using techniques of exclusion and death.

CONCEPTS - TERRITORY

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

CONCEPTS COMPUTATION

EXTRATERRITORIALITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW, THIS TERM REFERS TO THOSE INSTANCES WHERE A STATE EXTENDS ITS JURISDICTION OR EFFECTIVE CONTROL OVER ZONES, INDIVIDUALS OR ACTIVITIES BEYOND ITS BORDERS.

CASE STUDY: FREE PORT OF VLADIVOSTOK FREE PORTS ARE A PART OF THE BROADER CONCEPT OF “SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE”, WHICH IMPLIES A LIMITED TERRITORY WITH A SPECIAL LEGAL REGIME FOR DOING BUSINESS.

diagram | network diagram computation | image making categorization - coded gaze

METHAPHOR OF THE ARCHIPELAGO TO DESCRIBE A MULTIPLICITY OF DISCRETE EXTRATERRITORIAL ZONES. -> POSITIONED OUTSIDE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION THAT SURROUNDS THESE ZONES.

IMAGE MAKING

i. author

THERE ARE THREE STAGE OF IMAGING: 1: PRE-PRODUCTION 2: PRODUCTION 3: POST-PRODUCTION -> THEY DEFINE THE GENERAL CONDITIONS FROM WHICH ALL IMAGES EMERGE

CASE STUDY: PIXILLATION IN THE FILM PIXILLATION SCHWART’S WORKED WITH THE ‘ERRORS’ THAT WERE GENERATED WHEN A LOW RESOLUTION IMAGE IS TRANSFERRED TO A HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGE (AND VICE VERSA)

IMAGE ERROR AND FAILURE EVERY SINGLE PIXEL, CONSISTS OUT OF SEVERAL COLOR CHANNELS THAT CAN ALL BE INDEXED, LOCATED, ADDRESSED AND THEN TRANSLATED IN SPACE. -> MANIPULATING THE PARAMETERS IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE PIXELS ARE SORTED, SHUFFLED, AND REARRANGED DRAWS A NEW IMAGE

COMPUTATION PRESUPPOSITION BY THE HUMAN THAT MATHEMATICS IS SEEN AS A TRUTH, THAT EXISTS IN COMPUTATION AS A FACT. IN THIS WAY THE MACHINE HAS ALREADY ATTAINED A CERTAIN OBJECTIFICATION. (INDEPENDANT FROM THE VARIABILITY OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE)

CASE STUDY: MAPPING THE OCEAN FLOOR COMPUTER LEARNING AS A TOOL TO CREATE A HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGE EXTRACTED FROM SEVERAL LOW-RESOLUTION IMAGES COLLECTED USING A COMPILATION OF SURFACE, AIRBORNE AND SUBMARINE DATA,

CATEGORIZATION DATA ABSTRACTS THE WORLD INTO CATEGORIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF FORMS (SUCH AS NUMBERS, SYMBOLS, ETC.)

TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTS AND SOLUTIONS NOW, PREDICTIVE DATA ASSUMES THAT IMPUT CARRIES LITTLE OR NO VARIABILITY, AND IF THEY DO THIS VARIABILITY CAN STILL BE MATHEMATICALLY REGRESSED INTO PROBABLE OUTCOMES

‘CODED GAZE’ HISTORY IS EMBEDDED WITHIN THE CODE -> LET’S CODE WITH A UNIVERSAL GAZE

ETHICAL QUESTION COMPUTER LEARNING REVEALS THE HISTORIC PREJUDICES DEEPLY ENCODED IN OUR DATA SETS, WHICH ARE THE FRAMEWORKS ON WHICH WE BUILD KNOWLEDGE AND DECISION MAKING.

68 OTHER WAYS OF SEEING CAN BE CREATED THROUGH

OUR UNCONSIOUS THE PHOTOGRAPHS MAPPED

VLADIVOSTOK

EMERGING NEW SHIPPING ROUTES

EDOUARD GLISSANT

| BLUE IS THE NWP

CAN A SPECIAL LEGAL REGIME OF "PORTO FRANCO" POSITIVELY SHAPE MARITIME SHIPPING?

AT THE MOMENT CONVERSATION TO EXPAND THE STATUS OF FREE PORT TO THE ENTIRE ARCTIC TERRITORIES OF RUSSIA TO POSITIVELY SHAPE MARITIME SHIPPING

HERE THE METHOPHOR OF THE ARCHIPELAGO COMES IN, THESE VARIOUS ZONES ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF «ISLANDS» THAT COLLECTIVELY FORM AN ARCHIPELAGO

FREE PORTS CAN BE SITUATED IN THE BROADER TERM OF EXTRATERRITORIAL ENCLAVES, WHICH ARE AREAS POSITIONED OUTSIDE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION THAT SURROUNDS THEM.

THIS CONCEPT OF FREE PORTS INDICATES A LIMITED TERRITORY WHICH HAS A SPECIAL LEGAL REGIME FOR DOING BUSINESS.

NETWORK DIAGRAM

C O M P U T A T I O N

| THE POLITICAL ARCHIPELAGO

CASE STUDY: PIXILLATION

SCHWARTZ

CONTROLLING THE INDIVIDUAL PIXEL OF A COMPUTATIONAL IMAGE

A PIXEL IS VISUALY AND MATHEMATICALLY ADDRESSABLE

EVERY SINGLE PIXEL, CONSISTS OUT OF SEVERAL COLOR CHANNELS THAT CAN ALL BE INDEXED, LOCATED, ADDRESSED AND THEN TRANSLATED IN SPACE.

SOME COLOR RANGES CAN BE FILTERED OUT, WHEN DOING THIS NOISE AND DEVIATIONS BEGIN TO EMERGE.

WHEN DIVIDED, EVERY SINGLE VALUE CAN BE ADDRESSED AND MOVED ALONG THE X, Y AND Z AXIS.

IN ORDER TO ACCESS THE FULL SPECTRUM OF RGB VALUES INDIVIDUALLY, ITS THREE CATEGORIES HAVE TO BE DIVIDED.

AS A RESULT, BY MANIPULATING THE PARAMETERS, THE PIXELS ARE SORTED, SHUFFLED, AND REARRANGED AND EVENTUALLY CREATE A NEW IMAGE.

TO TRANSFORM THIS IMAGE TO A HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGE, THE AI SYSTEM UPSAMPLES THE DIFFERENT PIXELS. IT CREATES SEVERAL VALUES FOR ONE SINGLE PIXEL THOUGH THE PROCESS OF ROTATION.

EVENTUALLY THIS IS A PROCESS OF UPSAMPLING, TRANSFROMS THE LOW RESOLUTION IMAGE INTO A HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGE.

| PIXILLATION

COMPUTER LEARNING

| UPSAMPLING METHODOLOGY (LOW TO HIGH

RESOLUTION)

"THE ALGORITHMS MUST SIMULATE THE COMPLEXITY OF THE HUMAN’S OPTICAL SYSTEM, THIS CAN BE DONE WITH THE MEANS OF REDUCTION AND SIMPLIFICATION." JOY BUOLAMWINI

ETHICAL QUESTION WHAT IS BUILD INTO THE AI AND INTO COMPUTER VISION?

"WHOEVER CODES THE SYSTEM EMBEDS HER VIEWS... LIMITED VIEWS CREATE LIMITED SYSTEMS" JOY BUOLAMWINI

JOY BUOLAMWINI

| ASPIRE MIRROR

"WE WILL NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEMS WITH THE TOOLS OF THE PAST, THE RISE OF AI AMPLIFIES THESE CONCERNS, BECAUSE OF ITS UTTER RELIANCE ON HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOR A TRAINING DATA: ‘THE PAST IS A VERY RACIST PLACE. AND WE ONLY HAVE DATA FROM THE PAST TO TRAIN THE AI’" TREVOR PAGLEN

WE SHOULD QUESTION HOW THE DATA IS COLLECTED AND HOW THE INTERPRETATIONS OF THIS DATA SETS ARE MADE.

THE RECENT CASE STUDY OF FACE RECOGNITION, EXPLAINS HOW HISTORY IS EMBEDDED WITHIN THE AI SYSTEM.

| BLOOM: EXPLORE HOW COMPUTER TRAINING AIS

TREVOR PAGLEN SETS CREATE

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION "REAL SCENES ARE AFFECTED BY MANY REGULARITIES IN THE ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS THE NATURAL GEOMETRY OF OBJECTS, THE ARRANGEMENTS OF OBJECTS IN SPACE, NATURAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF

BEFORE YOU CAN USE AN AI SYSTEM, YOU NEED TO TRAIN IT, THIS HAPPENS MOSTLY WITH STANDARDIZED TRAINING SETS. FOR EXEMPLE, IMAGE NET, THIS IS A DATA BASE OF ABOUT 14 MILLION IMAGES, ALL COLLECTED IN APROX. 22 THOUSAND CATEGORIES.

THESE TRAINING SETS ARE BASED ON DATA THAT ABSTRACTS THE WORLD INTO CATEGORIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF FORMS (SUCH AS NUMBERS, SYMBOLS, ETC.)

BUT, THIS IS A WRONG PERCEPTION, SINCE WE TRAIN THE AI WITH TRAINING SETS BUILT BY HUMANS. THIS INTRODUCES THE EMERGENCE OF POLITICS RELATED TO AI.

AT THE MOMENT, THE HUMAN SEES A MACHINE AS AN OBJECTIVE OBJECT, WHICH IMPLIES THAT THE DATA DOESN’T TAKE INTO ACCOUNT HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE.

THIS SHOWS HOW COMPUTER LEARNING NOW REVEALS THE HISTORIC PREJUDICES DEEPLY ENCODED IN OUR DATA SETS, WHICH IS A PROBLEM SINCE KNOWLEDGE AND DECISION MAKING STARTS FROM THESE SETS.

SO, COULD WE BUILT A SOFTWARE THAT NO LONGER RELIES ON THIS HISTORICAL DATA BUT ON REAL TIME DATA TO PREDICT THE FUTURE?

i. 69

ii. screenshot world lichenia neural network | https://molleindustria.org/lichenia/

ii.

home menu lichenia | neural networks | https:// molleindustria.org/ lichenia/

i. screenshot

NEURAL NETWORKS

What are the impacts on the climate of our actions? The game tries to precisize that we dont know the exact impact of our actions on the world. The main topic I thaught was interesting within this game is how the relationship between climate change and we as humans exists. The game tries to make visible how we humans impact the enviroment around us without clearly knowing what we have done. It makes irrational conncetionwhich forces you to rethink the effects or the actions you undertake. We are leaving traces behind, these traces are visible over a longer period of time and in this way time and space are converted into each other and become one and the same thing.

The game creates human habitats in a time of climate chaos. it is based on a utopia inspired on parables and the notion of the antropocene. It questions how a community can survive within the new socioeconomic and political framework of the 21th century and within this line it proposes an alternative world based on philosofical and religious interventions. You start the game just as in the real world with a messy and polluted map, the idea is to discover how you can make changes in this map of the world, try to remediate the balance between human growth and natural ressources. This by trial and error to understand the living system that currently exists within the map. We are prisoners of the geography, follow place with interesting untapped ressources, but at the same time we leave marks behind, this makes that time and space are converted into each other. Over a longer period of time you can see the traces of earlier tapped ressources . They represent the traces of human movements. CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

reinforcement learning | concept | https:// medium.com/ai%C2%B3-theory-practice-business/ reinforcement-learning-part-1-a-brief-introduction-a53a849771cf

i. diagram

diagram reinforcement learning | possibilities depending on the kind of game | https://arxiv.org/ pdf/1611.02205.pdf

ii.

It’s mainly used to imitate humanlike characteristics, enhance gameplay and improve user experience. Game AI is mainly associated with the development of behaviours in non-player characters (NPC’s) although not exclusively personified. It allows NPC pathfinding from A to B, traversing various terrain and navigation around the virtual world to appropriately avoid collision with enemies or find allies. These techniques are important to improving gameplay as online multiplayer gaming dominates the market. Gamers want opponents with more impulsive and erratic behaviour, which they get playing online. Single-player games need to keep enhancing open world environments and non-player characters to rival human gameplay. AI is the way to do this. Whichever comes out on top, the gaming industry will continue to evolve rapidly like it always has, with AI and Big Data leading it into new unchartered territories.

NEURAL NETWORKS

REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

‘natural selection and competition led to the solution of increasingly intelligent life forms; can this also lead to intelligent behaviour in a new virtual world?’. Why AI systems are important to improve their role in gameplay?

Video games aren’t just fun. They provide a platform for neural networks to learn how to interact with dynamic environments and solve complex problems, just like in real life. One of the methods is called Reinforcement learning. In this method an artificial intelligence faces a gamelike situation. The computer employs trial and error to come up with a solution to the problem. Each agent performs some action in an environment, and the environment returns an observation and a reward. These feedback loops continue becasue the agent attempts to maximize its reward, eventually the system learned all the possible options. Thus to get the machine to do what the programmer wants, the artificial intelligence gets either rewards or penalties for the actions it performs. Its goal is to maximize the total reward.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

still Joy Buolamwini | Aspire Mirror | 2016 | https:// www.e-flux.com/architecture/becoming-digital/248073/as-if/

i. Production

Ramon, Amaro. ‘As If’ E-flux, no. Becoming Digital. Accessed December 1, 2020. https://www.e-flux. com/architecture/becoming-digital/248073/as-if/.

1-2.

The distances between our social relations shorten through the prosperity of data driven technologies, such as machine learning and Artificial intelligence algorithms. These methods are a broad term that is used to described methods for processing and analyzing high-dimensional data acquired from the real world in order to produce symbolic or numerical outputs.

WHOEVER CODES THE SYSTEM EMBEDS HER VIEWS... LIMITED VIEWS CREATE LIMITED SYSTEMS 1 Described as the ‘coded gaze’: history is embedded within the code, Buolamwini asks for political action and technical intervention

LETS CODE WITH A UNIVERSAL GAZE 2

NEURAL NETWORKS

HISTORICAL BIASE IN AI

At the moment, data abstracts the world into categories, and other organizations of forms (such as numbers, symbols, etc.) question 1 Can all aspects be monitored by technical objects and solved by technological solutions? At the moment it seems that predictive data assumes imput carries little or no variability, and if they do this variability can still be mathematically regressed into probable outcomes question 2 Can we find a software that no longer relies on historical data, uses real time data to predict possible future in violent crime?

Complexity of the relationship between ethnic minorities and algorithms, only because the overdependence of mathematics seen as a truth, that it already consists in computation as a fact. Facial detection systems are an example in which a software, algorithms interact with cameras at specific locations, cameras cached faces in the crowd and fed it back to the algorithms, compares it and correlates it with image representation. This examples shows that developing human 3D surface perspective through Bayesian techniques may uncover entrirely new sources of information not immediately obvious from real physical models. But, ‘Real scenes are affected by many regularities in the environment, such as the natural geometry of objects, the arrangements of objects in space, natural distributions of light and regularities in the position of the observer.’ To perceive the world as such, the algorithms must simulate the complexity of the human’s optical system, this can be done with the means of reduction and simplification.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

Maria Candanoza | historical biase embedded into AI | https://www.pavilionrus.com/en/voices/ramon-amaro

i. poster

Pasquinelli and Vladan Joler, ‘The Nooscope Manifested: Artificial Intelligence as Instrument of Knowledge Extractivism’, visual essay, KIM HfG Karlsruhe and Share Lab, 1 May 2020. http://nooscope. ai.

1. Matteo

AI is a heavily compressed and distorted map of the territory and that this map, like many forms of automation, is not open to community negotiation. AI is a map of the territory without community access and community consent.

THE MAP IS NOT THE TERRITORY 1 Instruments of measurement and perception always come with inbuilt aberrations. In the same way that the lenses of microscopes and telescopes are never perfectly curvilinear and smooth, the logical lenses of machine learning embody faults and biases.

NEURAL NETWORKS

HISTORICAL BIASE IN AI

These biases lead to unexpected results, which is called the Black box problem, these systems are not just inscrutable and opaque, but even ‘alien’ and out of control. Test with the images of the map I tested to create (one of the characters or scenes?) This problem shows that AI is an occult power that cannot be studied, known, or politically controlled.

The total bias of machine learning is represented by the central lens of the statistical model through which the perception of the world is diffracted. It is composed by three biases: The Historical bias (or world bias) is already apparent in society before technological intervention. The Dataset bias is introduced through the preparation of training data by human operators. The Algorithmic bias is the further amplification of historical and dataset bias by machine learning mechanisms, (through the act of information compression which produces discrimination and the loss of cultural diversity)

These biases show that the algorithm itself does not know what an image is, does not perceive an image as human cognition does, it only computes pixels, numerical values of brightness and proximity. The term machine learning is here an anthropomorphization of a piece of technology. This system learns nothing in the proper sense of the word, as a human does; machine learning simply maps a statistical distribution of numerical values and draws a mathematical function that hopefully approximates human comprehension.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

VLADAN JOLER AND MATTEO PASQUINELLI (2020) WWW.NOOSCOPE.AI

THE RISE OF AI STATISTICAL MODELS AS INSTRUMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE A DIAGRAM OF MACHINE LEARNING ERRORS, BIASES AND LIMITATIONS

3. Model Application

CLASSIFICATION MODALITY

GENERATION MODALITY

Automation of labour Present world

Future world

Calculation of surplus-value

Power of normalisation

Deep dreaming Scientific halucination

Undetection of the new Naturalisation of bias Regeneration of the old

(“New Jim Code”)

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(Policeman, scientist, artist)

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Operator

ADVERSARIAL ATTACK

vladan joler and matteo pasquinelli | the Nooscope | cartography of the limits of Artificial intelligence | https://nooscope.ai/

NOOSCOPE

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Accumulated machine bias

Accumulated human bias Multidimensional vector space

Algorithmic statistical

2. Learning Algorithm

Model

Interpolation and Extrapolation

Evaluation bias

Evaluation Ghost worker

Operator

(Heteromation)

Pattern extraction

Testing environment

Operator Fitting Overfitting

Statistical inference

Extrapolation

Model fitting Hyperparameters

Interpolation

Pre-emption

Extrapolation

Approximation

Curve fitting X

Statistical Anomaly

Underfitting

Anomaly loss

Dimensionality reduction

Feature extraction

Algorithm architecture

Topology

Algorithm

1. Training Dataset

Category reduction Metadata / Labels Labeling bias

Labeling Labeling

Bias amplification

Selection bias

Operator

Selection Ghost worker

Format framing Database format

Operator

Information reduction Data Representation bias

Source selection Operator

Capture

Ghost worker

DATA POISONING

Information reduction

Ghost worker

Dataset composition

Taxonomies

Resolution reduction Sensor

DATA ANONIMISATION

Machine Bias

Division of labour

Technical structure

Society

Process

Action

Operator

Human bias

Ghost Worker

Historical bias

Past world

HUMAN BIAS, INTERVENTIONS AND ERRORS

MACHINE AND STATISTICAL BIAS

i. 78

NEURAL NETWORKS A THE

As an instrument of knowledge, machine learning is composed of an object to be observed (training dataset), an instrument of observation (learning algorithm) and a final representation (statistical model). Compare with the three elements that are necessary to making an image, pre-production| production | post-production

CARTOGRAPHY LIMITS OF

OF AI

The Nooscope is a cartography of the limits of artificial intelligence, intended as a provocation to both computer science and the humanities. Any map is a partial perspective, a way to provoke debate. Similarly, this map is a manifesto — of AI dissidents. Its main purpose is to challenge the mystifications of artificial intelligence, which is seen as a technical definition of intelligence and also as a political form that would be autonomous from society and the human. In the tradition of science, machine learning is just a Nooscope, an instrument to see and navigate the space of knowledge.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

Zeina Koreitem | some notes on making images with computers | https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/becoming-digital/248077/somenotes-on-making-images-with-computers/.

i. image ii.

image Lillian F. Schwartz | pixillation | http://lillian. com/1970-pixillation-4-min/

Schwartz | pixillation

ii.

Computer graphics: commonly defined as pictures or films created using computers. There are three stage of imaging: 1: pre-production 2: production 3: post-production -> define the general conditions from which all images emerge. (computer graphics increased the speed at which these three phases circulate with one another) 80

IMAGE MAKING PICTURES ED BY

GENERATCOMPUTERS

A pixel is visually and mathematically addressable. Swartz’s experimented with controlling the individual pixel of a computational image by triggering bitmapping failures, inducing deficiencies in pixel density, and lowering resolution. Doing this she was able to cut and block divisions along the raster grid and render them visible. Thus, Schwartz capitalized precisely on the errors that were generated when a low resolution image is transferred to a high resolution image, and vice versa. After these first experiments, image error and image failure could now finally be explore and reinterpreted. Every single pixel, consists out of several color channels that can all be indexed, located, addressed and then translated in space. In order to access the full spectrum of RGB values individually, its three categories have to be divided. To that end, we can address and move these values along the X, Y and Z axis. And through the filtering out of certain color ranges, noise and deviations begin to emerge. These parameters are manipulated in such a way that the pixels are sorted, shuffled, and rearranged to draw out a new image.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

Zeina Koreitem | some notes on making images with computers | http://www. koozarch.com/abstractions/ on-resolution/

i. image

IMAGE MAKING PICTURES ED BY

GENERATCOMPUTERS

The relentless progression towards a quasi-infinite resolution often leads to the redefinition of human condition within the natural realm. Not by chance, the invention of the airplane, contributing in detaching man from the earth soil, dazed humankind in believing to have acquired supernatural power in describing and creating his own habitat. 1| resolution is the standard protocol through which experience is expanded out of the physical limitation of the human organs, the eye. 2| The pixel in this sense is extra-human, detected thanks to technological protheisis of the senses, and simultaneously human made. 3| Human made technologies are used as tools for humans to expand to super-human conventions. 4| They allow us to escape from the physical from the confines of earth, from the physical world spurred by technology and science (hannah arendt)

The collection of images from the world is an attempt to produce an alternative environment, a digital realm that is at the same time describing earth but also transforming it.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

richter | cuts out curatorial freedom from the appealing viscosity of details offered by the adoption of new tools. Technology can be hacked, downgraded, purged, systematically reduced, deteriorated, eroded, abased, decomposed,in something inefficient and yet full of beauty.

ii. image

ii.

next rembrand | an alternative dimension emerged from a past that never took place; new faces, new stories, a very detailed anthropography diverging from reality; an inflated aura so accurate to confuse the perception of reality

i. image

IMAGE MAKING C O L L E C T I N G G E O G R A P H I C A L DATA VIA IMAGING

Geographical societies, responsible for collecting and graphically editing data about unknown territories, emerged in the first half of the XIX century. They worked within a brand new world regulated by brand new protocols; physical boundaries such as light, gravity, speed, temperature are replaced by pixel, color code, latency. The attempt to achieve the infinite resolution, made that digitization tools are reaching a critical point of fully automation. Now this digital realm is disanchored from reality and creating a more detailed and deeper reality in itself.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

vol 81, no9, february 29 2000 | map | bathymetric ship tracks | method to measure the depth of the sea floor

i. eos,

The depth of the ocean is measured by the amount of line that had payed out. In 1957, the first map of the sea floor produce by advances in sonar and electronics during WWII. It was created by precisely timed measurements of the sea floor in great water depths. With this soundings scientists constructed the first real maps of important features such as deep-sea trenches and mid-ocean ridges.

MAPPING THE OCEAN FLOOR THE SONIC

The combination of pre-production, production and post-production defines the general conditions from which all images emerge. Through the evolution of technology, it became possible to address every individual pixel. By tweaking each pixel’s values, computers can reimagine an image. This evolution didn’t only have an impact in arts (FE, film pixelation, Schartz), but also in science. For example, to map the Arctic ocean floor, computer learning mechanisms are able to provide us with more detailed maps of things we can otherwise not see. In these mechanisms, a database of low-resolution images, which are collected via surface, airborne and submarine data, is translated into one high-resolution image. This process is possible through upsampling every individual pixel of the low resolution image.

BATHYMETRY MAP

First primitive maps of the ocean floor came from soundings, it involved lowering weighted lines into the water and noting when the tension on the line slackened. These early maps provided scientific context for the plate tectonics revolution of the 1960’s BUT are still limited because only immediately below the ships tracks. Plots several point of same height together to understand such data. In the late 1970’s Instead of lines of soundings, a new multibeam systems produced a swath of soundings. Combined with automated contouring, multibeam systems produced the ability to make detailed, complete maps of large areas of the sea floor. outer limits of their juridical continental shelves by providing a common description of the bathymetric features that impinge upon the implementation of Article 76 of the Law of the Sea Link with a law related to defining territories (limits)

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

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MAPPING THE BOCEAN FLOOR A MESS OF TEMPORALITIES

Link with a law related to defining territories (limits) Making an Atlas of the changing Ocean floor and sea ice as a tool to raise awareness for the unfolding political border situation in the Arctic ocean. Use of satellite imaginary in combination with sonar mapping? And overlay these maps over the territory lines that emerged over a long-time span

Landscape is time materialized. Or, better, landscape is time materializing: landscapes, like time, never stand still Landscapes are in a constant process of becoming. Our practices of mapmaking become intertwined with the practice that left the scrapes into the land. The information contained in the improved representation of the seafloor as explained above, is expected to advance our understanding of the geological framework and circulatory regime of the Arctic Ocean by providing necessary constraints for geophysical interpretations and oceanographic modelling. It will also facilitate the tasks faced by Arctic coastal states in defining the outer limits of their juridical continental shelves by providing a common description of the bathymetric features that impinge upon the implementation of Article 76 of the Law of the Sea. Link with a law related to defining territories (limits)

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

visualization | 2020 ocean floor - 3d model

iii. author

ii. author visualization | 2001 ocean floor - 3d model

ii.

iii.

film still | arctic dynamics | with the use of new technologies, computer simulations can transform static maps of the extent of the ice sheet into vibrant models that show the thickness and age of the ice

i. author

MAPPING THE BOCEAN FLOOR EVOLUTION TECHNICAL

These images show how the evolution of technical devices to map out the ocean floor improved its representation. There is clearly a difference in resolution between the 3D image of 2001 and 2020, the pixels are smaller which generates an increasingly accurate image of the sea floor.

OF DEVICES

1960s: The water and floors beneath the surface of the sea were seen as unclaimed territory, ripe for exploration and exploitation. This bought territorial expansionism farther than merely over land, a manifestation of American technological and scientific power. The territorial state of flux is intensified at sea, where the sea is a volume, in which territory is practiced, there is a constant shift of the seafloor, it moves, is dispaced, becomes part of the water column, So the seafloor is not one single image.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

Matteo Pasquinelli and Vladan Joler, ‘The Nooscope Manifested: Artificial Intelligence as Instrument of Knowledge Extractivism’, visual essay, KIM HfG Karlsruhe and Share Lab, 1 May 2020. http://nooscope.ai.

ii.

author visualization | model to recreat Arctic map - input output same amount of images - output half the amount of images

i. diagrams computer learning | upsampling images to higher resolutions | https:// journals.plos.org/plosone/ article?id=10.1371/journal. pone.0235487

MAPPING THE BOCEAN FLOOR COMPUTER GENERATED ARCTIC OCEAN FLOOR MAP

AI as a method to create other visual perceptions of the climatic conditions of the arctic ocean. Test with a trained AI using the arctic ocean floor map splitted into 400 smaller pictures.

The use of deep learning to map the ocean floor is mapped, going from sonar sounding methods during the 1960s to the use of computer learning as a tool to create a high-resolution image extracted from several low-resolution images collected using a compilation of surface, airborne and submarine data, to eventually extremely detailed maps of the ocean floor constructed with lidar scans. Leibniz made an analogy of AI with instruments of visual magnification: ONCE THE CHARACTERISTIC NUMBERS ARE ESTABLISHED FOR MOST CONCEPTS, MANKIND WILL THEN POSSESS A NEW INSTRUMENT WHICH WILL ENHANCE THE CAPABILITIES OF THE MIND TO A FAR GREATER EXTENT THAN OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS STRENGTHEN THE EYES, AND WILL SUPERSEDE THE MICROSCOPE AND TELESCOPE TO THE SAME EXTENT THAT REASON IS SUPERIOR TO EYESIGHT. 1

This analogy shows the improvement of technological devices and how they will take over our sight.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

ii. film still | sea ice extent and thickness | eye in the sky, instruments as drones planes and satellites as well as the use of machine learning to evaluate and categorize images

ii.

computer learning | processing flow used to generate semantically annotated data, classification maps, and analytics

i. diagrams

CLASSIFY ARCTIC SEA ICE C O M P U T E R GENERATED SEA ICE MODEL

use of machine learning not only for the ocean floor but also as a method to classify ice and understand evolution of the arctic sea over time.

Polar science is awash with “big data”. One particularly important source is optical remote sensing – our “eye in the sky” instruments on drones, planes and satellites that provide measurements of reflected light that we can use to identify features and objects on the Earth’s surface. Every pixel in every satellite image contains information about reflected light at several wavelengths (colours), adding up to a huge volume of data – ideal territory for mining information using machine learning.

CONCEPTS - COMPUTATION

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

CONCEPTS COGNITION

AND SOLUTIONS DATA ABSTRACTS THE WORLD INTO CATEGORIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF FORMS (SUCH AS NUMBERS, SYMBOLS, ETC.)

NOW, PREDICTIVE DATA ASSUMES THAT IMPUT CARRIES LITTLE OR NO VARIABILITY, AND IF THEY DO THIS VARIABILITY CAN STILL BE MATHEMATICALLY REGRESSED INTO PROBABLE OUTCOMES

‘CODED GAZE’

diagram | network diagram cognition | other ways of seeign - agency

HISTORY IS EMBEDDED WITHIN THE CODE -> LET’S CODE WITH A UNIVERSAL GAZE

ETHICAL QUESTION

i. author

COMPUTER LEARNING REVEALS THE HISTORIC PREJUDICES DEEPLY ENCODED IN OUR DATA SETS, WHICH ARE THE FRAMEWORKS ON WHICH WE BUILD KNOWLEDGE AND DECISION MAKING.

OTHER WAYS OF SEEING CAN BE CREATED THROUGH TECHNOLOGY, AS A RESULT THINGS YOU WOUDN’T EXPECT TO SEE ARE THERE IN HIGH DETAIL. -> WHAT CAN WE KNOW ABOUT WHAT A MACHINE KNOWS?

COGNITION ‘WE NEED TO RECOGNIZE THAT WHEN WE DESIGN, IMPLEMENT AND EXTEND TECHNICAL COGNITIVE SYSTEMS, WE ARE PARTIALLY DESIGNING OURSELVES AS WELL AS AFFECTING THE PLANETARY COGNITIVE ECOLOGY.’ N. KATHERINE HAYLES

FILM AND PHOTOGRAPHY ARE USED TO REPRESENT THE ENDEAVORS OF POLAR EXPEDITION. COLOR IS USED IN THESE FILMS TO INCLUDE QUALITIES IN THE INTERACTION OF BODY AND ENVIRONMENT THAT COULD NOT BE INCLUDED IN BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY.

BORDER CONTROL HOW IS AGENCY DISTRIBUTED AMONG COGNISORS, DOES DECISIONAL POWER LIE ENTIRELY WITH HUMANS? -> CHANGES FROM THE MOMENT WHEN TECHNICAL DEVICES ALSO GOT AGENCY (POLICIES RELATED TO AI)

POSSIBLE WHAT IF QUESTIONS - TOOL TO UNDERSTAND PRESENT AND DISCUSS FUTURE

PROBABLE WHAT IS LIKELY TO HAPPEN

DESIGN SPECULATIONS CAN ACT AS A CATALYST FOR COLLECTIVELY REDEFINING OUR RELATIONSHIP TO REALITY.

PLAUSIBLE SPACE OF SCENARIO PLANNING WHAT COULD HAPPEN

PREFERABLE FOR WHO AND WHO DECIDES? (CURRENTLY DETERMINED BY GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY)

THE PHOTOGRAPHS MAPPED FROM THE VECTORS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONSTITUTE NOT A RECORD BUT AN ONGOING REIMAGINING, AN EVER-SHIFTING SET OF POSSIBILITIES OF WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN AND WHAT IS TO COME.

POLAR COLORS

AGENCY

SPECULATION

OUR UNCONSIOUS

USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO AUTOMATE BORDERS -> IINHERENT TRUST GIVEN TO MACHINES -> MACHINE IS ABLE TO REFLECT IMAGE OF REALITY CLOSER TO THE TRUTH

SYSTEM, THIS CAN BE DONE WITH THE MEANS OF REDUCTION AND SIMPLIFICATION." JOY BUOLAMWINI

NETWORK DIAGRAM ETHICAL QUESTION WHAT IS BUILD INTO THE AI AND INTO COMPUTER VISION?

"WHOEVER CODES THE SYSTEM EMBEDS HER VIEWS... LIMITED VIEWS CREATE LIMITED SYSTEMS" JOY BUOLAMWINI

JOY BUOLAMWINI

| ASPIRE MIRROR

WE SHOULD QUESTION HOW THE DATA IS COLLECTED AND HOW THE INTERPRETATIONS OF THIS DATA SETS ARE MADE.

THE RECENT CASE STUDY OF FACE RECOGNITION, EXPLAINS HOW HISTORY IS EMBEDDED WITHIN THE AI SYSTEM.

| BLOOM: EXPLORE HOW COMPUTER TRAINING AIS

TREVOR PAGLEN SETS CREATE

THESE TRAINING SETS ARE

ON IBASED TDATA THATI O ABSTRACTS THE WORLD INTO

CATEGORIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OF FORMS (SUCH AS NUMBERS, SYMBOLS, ETC.)

BUT, THIS IS A WRONG PERCEPTION, SINCE WE TRAIN THE AI WITH TRAINING SETS BUILT BY HUMANS. THIS INTRODUCES THE EMERGENCE OF POLITICS RELATED TO AI.

AT THE MOMENT, THE HUMAN SEES A MACHINE AS AN OBJECTIVE OBJECT, WHICH IMPLIES THAT THE DATA DOESN’T TAKE INTO ACCOUNT HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE.

THIS SHOWS HOW COMPUTER LEARNING NOW REVEALS THE HISTORIC PREJUDICES DEEPLY ENCODED IN OUR DATA SETS, WHICH IS A PROBLEM SINCE KNOWLEDGE AND DECISION MAKING STARTS FROM THESE SETS.

SO, COULD WE BUILT A SOFTWARE THAT NO LONGER RELIES ON THIS HISTORICAL DATA BUT ON REAL TIME DATA TO PREDICT THE FUTURE?

"REAL SCENES ARE AFFECTED BY MANY REGULARITIES IN THE ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS THE NATURAL GEOMETRY OF OBJECTS, THE ARRANGEMENTS OF OBJECTS IN SPACE, NATURAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF LIGHT AND REGULARITIES IN THE POSITION OF THE OBSERVER." BUOLAMWINI

DEEPDREAM

| SECURE BETWEEN THE WATCHFULL EYE

"IN THE POLAR LANDSCAPES, COLOR PROVIDED PROTECTION AND VISIBILITY, AESTHETIC AND BODILY EXPERIENCES, AS WELL AS POWERFUL NATIONAL SYMBOLISM." EIRIK FRISVOLD HANSSEN

POLAR COLORS

BARBARA FLUECKIGER

| ROALD AMUNDSEN’S NORTH POLE

EXPEDITION

THE USE OF COLOR IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT TO CREATE A SPECIFIC FORM OF PERCEPTION.

THE EXPEDITORS WHERE USING COLORED GLASSES AS A MEANS OF SURVIVAL SINCE COLOR HAS THE CAPACITY TO DIFFERENTIATE MORE BETWEEN CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN THE WHITE, SNOWY ENVIRONMENT.

THE USE OF THESE GLASSES MADE NAVIGATION THROUGH THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT EASIER

TO CONCLUDE, IN THE POLAR LANDSCAPES, COLOR PROVIDED PROTECTION AND VISIBILITY, AESTHETIC AND BODILY EXPERIENCES, AS WELL AS POWERFUL NATIONAL SYMBOLISM.

THE REASON WHY COLOR WAS USED IS BECAUSE IT HAS THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CERTAIN OBJECTS, HIGHLIGHT OR MAKE INVISIBLE CERTAIN THINGS.

BESIDES, AFTER THE EXPEDITION, WHEN THE FILM OF THE ADVENTURE WAS SCREENED, COLOR WAS ALSO USED. HERE THE USE OF COLOR VARIED EXTENSIVELY BETWEEN SCREENINGS IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS AND COUNTRIES.

i. "THE SCENARIOS SHOULD, FIRST, BE SCIENTIFICALLY POSSIBLE, AND SECOND, THERE SHOULD BE A PATH FROM WHERE WE ARE TODAY TO WHERE WE ARE IN THE SCENARIO. A BELIEVABLE SERIES OF EVENTS THAT LED TO THE NEW SITUATION IS NECESSARY, EVEN IF ENTIRELY FICTIONAL. " DUNNY AND RABY

DUNNY AND RABY

| DIAGRAM SPECULATION METHODOLOGY

CONCEPTS - COGNITION

book N. Katherine Hayles | unthought | Hayles, Katherine. Unthought. London: The university of Chicago Press, 2017.

i. image Norman Friedman | drone warfare | https://www.usni. org/press/books/unmanned-combat-air-systems

ii.

technical systems can never fully be alive, but they can be fully cognitive. Due to the fact that processes of discerning patterns are always subject to new inputs and continuing transformations as the nonconscious and conscious contexts in which they are interpreted shift from moment to moment. Cognitive technologies can perform lay outside the realm of human

actions that possibility.

Example: drone warfare, drilling by remote control Interesting case study? (assassinations that are in clear violence with the constitution and civil rights) Norman Friedman: expeditionary warfare, targets are not associated with a geographically defined entity but with highly mobile and flexible insurgents and terrorists. 100

COGNITIVE ASSEMBLAGES TECHNICAL HUMAN

The human decisions and interpretations interact with the technical system. The cognitions between human and technical participants raise questions about how agency is distributed among cognisors, how and in what ways actors contribute to systemic dynamics, and how responsibilities (legal-ethic-social) should be apportioned. We could wonder if decisional power still lies entirely with humans, now that technical devices also got agency ? The case study shows the extension of power beyond a nations borders. Should we rethink the definition of territories?

AGENCY AND INTERACTION

Material forces are the underlying forces that nourish and give rise to live. But, what they cannot do is acting by themselves and make choices and perform interpretations. Because they lack the capacity for choice, they perform as agents, not as actors embedded in cognitive assemblages with moral and ethical implications. This implies that there is no technical agency without humans, who design and built the systems, supply them with power and maintain them, and dispose them when they become obsolete. The digital assistants slowly start to interact directly on a personal level. Since these devices become smarter, they bring neurological changes in the mind bodies of users, forming flexible assemblages that mutate as information is gathered, processed, communicated, stored and used for additional learning that affects later interactions.

CONCEPTS - COGNITION

101

James Bridle | New Dark Age | Bridle, James. New Dark Aga. London: Verso Books, 2018.

i. book

Trevor Paglen | Bloom | https://www.pacegallery. com/exhibitions/trevor-paglen-bloom/

ii. image

James. The New Dark Age. London: Verso Books, 2018.

1. Bridle,

102

ii.

As James Bridle pointed out in his book the New Dark Age with the example of the forest and the tanks, other ways of seeing can be created through technology. More specifically machine learning has the ability to reveal things you wouldn’t expect to see. They are suddenly there and even in high detail. In his example he questioned what would have happened if you could rapidly evolve a different kind of sight that perceived the forest and the tanks differently, so that what was hard to see suddenly sprung into view.

OTHER WAYS OF SEEING OUR

Ethical question: What can we know about what a machine knows? Ethical question two: Computer learning reveals the historic prejudices deeply encoded in our data sets, which are the frameworks on which we build knowledge and decision making. This awareness of historic injustice is crucial to understanding the dangers of the mindless implementation of new technologies that uncritically ingest yesterday’s mistakes

Machines can reveal another layer of our own unconscious, A delayed revelation that images are always false, artificial snapshots of moments that have never existed as singularities, force from the multidimensional flow of time itself. These images are artefacts of the recording process, which is a false mechanism since it can never approach reality itself. Holding this in mind, we can say that machines are rewriting history, but history is not something that can be reliably narrativized, and thus neither can the future. Consequentially, the photographs mapped from the vectors of artificial intelligence constitute not a record but an ongoing reimagining, an ever-shifting set of possibilities of what might have been and what is to come. TREVOR PAGLEN WE WILL NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEMS WITH THE TOOLS OF THE PAST, THE RISE OF AI AMPLIFIES THESE CONCERNS, BECAUSE OF ITS UTTER RELIANCE ON HISTORICAL INFORMATION A TRAINING DATA: ‘THE PAST IS A VERY RACIST PLACE. AND WE ONLY HAVE DATA FROM THE PAST TO TRAIN THE AI 1

UNCONSIOUS

104

Hanssen, Eirik Frisvold. (2019) Polar Colors in Roald Amundsen’s Films, Photographs, and Writings. Color Mania: The Material of Color in Photography and Film.

ii. image Roald Amundsens expedition | color filters added on top of the photographs and film | https://filmcolors.org:443/ galleries/roald-amundsens-north-pole-expedition-norway-1923-2/

i. ii.

The pervasive idea about color is the ability to distinguish between objects. (hand coloring of the movies is a form of post-processing, can increase visibility, or make things invisible)

WITHIN THE POLAR LANDSCAPES, COLOR PROVIDED PROTECTION AND VISIBILITY, AESTHETIC AND BODILY EXPERIENCES, AS WELL AS POWERFUL NATIONAL SYMBOLISM. 1

color mania | Eirik Frisvold Hanssen - polar colours | Hanssen, Eirik Frisvold. (2019) Polar Colors in Roald Amundsen’s Films, Photographs, and Writings. Color Mania: The Material of Color in Photography and Film.

i. book

OTHER WAYS OF SEEING POLAR

COLORS

Looking back at the Arctic, film and photography were used to represent the endeavors of polar expedition. Color is used in these films to include qualities in the interaction of body and environment that could not be included in black and white photography. During the expeditions the people where using colored glasses, this created a specific form of perception (how to look at the world) but also a means of survival since color has the capacity to differentiate more (this made navigation through a space with unclear coordinates easier). The explosion of color does not only works through the glasses but also through the emergence of natural phenomena that project light on the landscape. Within the several screenings after the expeditions, the use of color varied extensively between screenings in different contexts and countries.

CONCEPTS - COGNITION

105

106

salmofan | selection of papers that run the full spectrum of shades that can be called salmon pink | http://www.cooking-sections.com/Salmon-A-Red-Herring

iii. image

ii. film still Roald Amundsen | expedition sunglasses to distinguish | https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=OeEm5256pWQ&t=2s

| whiteout - unable to orient because of the arctc conditions | https:// www.flickr.com/photos/michaelhdavies/23428244199

i. image

ii.

iii.

OTHER WAYS OF SEEING POLITICS

Moving forward, I would like to assign these created colour codes to the goggles that were used in history to discover the north pole. During the next semester I will expand my research on the politics of colour to understand if colour has the ability to create a lens that highlights various perceptions and experiences. Perceptions that are related to each nation’s territorial or national claim. Because, just as these goggles highlighted or made invisible certain aspects, the generated colour by the AI depends on data that also excludes certain aspects from our perception.

COLOUR

At this point, the project experimented with the use of colour codes for various perceptions of the Arctic region, more specifically for each of the bordering nations. Reference project: Salmon: A Red Herring. Salmon is usually thought of as pink. The colour is even called ‘salmon pink’. However, farmed salmon today would be grey. To make them the expected colour, synthetic pigments are added to their feed. Salmon are farmed in open nets, whose runoff has a severe impact on wild salmon populations, as well as on the seabed of the west coast of Scotland at large. Salmon is the colour of a wild fish which is neither wild, nor fish, nor even salmon. The changing colours of species around the planet are warning signs of an environmental crisis. Many of these alterations result from humans and animals ingesting and absorbing synthetic substances. Salmon: A Red Herring questions what colours we expect in our ‘natural’ environment. It asks us to examine how our perception of colour is changing as much as we are changing the planet. CONCEPTS - COGNITION

107

diagram | construction method for building the AI | leads to a color code diagram for the perception of each nation

COLOR GENERATED MODEL SEE THE ARCTIC OCEAN THROUGH SEVERAL PERCECTIVES WITH THE USE OF A COLOR MODEL

PHASE 1 | TEXT TO SENTIMENT COLLECT TEXTS

i. author

SENT THROUGH AI TO CREATE A DATABASE FOR EACH COUNTRY’S PERCEPTION OF THE ARCTIC

CATEGORIZE TEXTS

CATEGORIZE EVERY TEXT AND CREATE AN EMOTION AND TONE OUT OF IT.

1. Matteo

PHASE 2 | DEFINE SENTIMENT FOR COLOR

PHASE 3 | LINK THE NATIONS SENTIMENT TO A COLOR

Leibniz of

analogy of visual

with

instruments magnification:

ONCE THE CHARACTERISTIC NUMBERS ARE ESTABLISHED FOR MOST CONCEPTS, MANKIND WILL THEN POSSESS A NEW INSTRUMENT WHICH WILL ENHANCE THE CAPABILITIES OF THE MIND TO A FAR GREATER EXTENT THAN OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS STRENGTHEN THE EYES, AND WILL SUPERSEDE THE MICROSCOPE AND TELESCOPE TO THE SAME EXTENT THAT REASON IS SUPERIOR TO EYESIGHT. 1 108

SEARCH IN GOOGLE, ARCTIC ... (COUNTRY) TO COLLECT ARCTICLES

2 COMBINATION OF TWO OR THREE MODELS - TAKE THE EMOTIONS FROM MODEL 2 OR 3 - TAKE THE TONE FROM MODEL 1

OTHER WAYS OF SEEING ARCTIC COLOUR P E R C E P T I O N

PHASE 1 | TEXT TO SENTIMENT

IBM MODEL EMOTIONS

TONE

- SADNESS - JOY - FEAR - DISGUSS - ANGER

- ANALYTHICAL - CONFIDENT - TENTATIVE

PRECEIVE API EMOTIONS

RANGE EMOTIONS

CALMNESS - AGITATION HAPPINESS - SADNESS LIKING - DISLIKING/DISGUST CERTAINTY - UNCERTAINTY

MOODPATROL API EMOTIONS - ANGER - FEAR - SADNESS - DISGUST - SURPRISE - ANTICIPATION - TRUST - JOY

ADDITIONAL EMOTIONS

ORGANIZE THE SENTIMENTS

DEFINE A SENTIMENT FOR EVERY COUNTRY BY COMBINIING THE SENTIMENTS OF EVERY ARTICLE MOST COMMON SENTIMENT WILL BE THE OUTCOME.

MAKING A COLOR CODE FOR EVERY SENTIMENT MAP THE DIFFERENT EMOTIONS TO THE HSV COLOR SPACE.

HSV COLOR SPACE USE OF THE HSV COLOR SPACE BECAUSE THE MAIN EMOTION HAS THE BIGGEST IMPACT ON THE COLOR OUTCOME.

DEFINING A COLOR TO EACH EMOTION WITH THE USE OF THE PLUTCHIK WHEEL OF EMOTION

- HUE (COLOR | TINT) LINK WITH THE MAIN EMOTION - SATURATION (SHADE) LINK WITH THE TONE - VALUE (BRIGHTNESS) LINK WITH THE SECOND MOST COMMON EMOTION

COMBINE PHASE 1 AND 2

PHASE 2 | DEFINE SENTIMENT FOR COLOR EMOTIONS - SADNESS (240 DEGREE) - JOY (60 DEGREE) - FEAR (120 DEGREE) - DISGUST (300 DEGREE) - ANGER (0 DEGREE) TONE - CONFIDENT (75%) - TENTATIVE (25%)

PHASE 3 | LINK THE NATIONS SENTIMENT TO A COLOR

LINKING THE CREATED SENTIMENT FOR EVERY NATION TO THE COLOR ACCOMPANIED WITH THE SENTIMENT

COLOR GENERATED MODEL THE DIFFERENT COLORS REPRESENT THE VARIOUS PERCEPTIONS AND LENSES THROUGH WHICH THE ARCTIC CAN BE PERCEIVED

CONCEPTS - COGNITION

109

plutchik | sentiment and color connection | https://www.envisionyourevolution.com/evolution-emotion/robert-plutchik-theory-of-emotion/2151/

i. diagram ii. author

visualization | output sentiment nation

ii.

JOY

60 %

JOY

69 %

JOY

66 %

SADNESS

23 %

SADNESS

31 %

SADNESS

38 %

ANGER FEAR

0% 12 %

RUSSIA

ANGER

FEAR

GREENLAND

NORWAY

% 69

iii.

author diagram | output of the created color codes for each bordering nation

38 31 23 12 5 JOY

SADNESS

FEAR

ANGER

2 JOY

SENTIMENT

SADNESS

FEAR

JOY

ANGER

JOY

66 %

JOY

55 %

SADNESS

19 %

SADNESS

19 %

ANGER

FEAR

ANGER

UNITED STATES

CANADA %

SADNESS

SENTIMENT

4 1 JOY

SADNESS

FEAR

ANGER

SENTIMENT

JOY

SADNESS

FEAR

ANGER

SENTIMENT

iii. 110

OTHER WAYS OF SEEING ARCTIC COLOUR P E R C E P T I O N

To highlight the concept of a moving border, a colour lens will be implemented to offer an alternative reality, a reality through which one sees when the island passes into another country’s jurisdiction, an act that is often invisible.

To create the colour code, the project will use an AI. This AI represents the perception of each bordering nation of the Arctic ocean. The perception is based on four emotions (joy, fear, anger and disgust) and the result of an analysis of three phases. The first phase of the AI consists of scanning the first hundred texts that come up in google. Within the second phase the AI compresses the texts and assigns a percentage for each of the four emotions. And in the third and last phase, these percentages are then translated into a colour code. By using this method, I try to reveal the fact that we currently see AI as an objective instrument of knowledge, a tool that is autonomous from humans. However these systems exist because of humans and only draw conclusions based on the historical databases created by humans. The next step will be to experiment with these created colour lenses to understand if they can function as an alternative way to understand sovereignty.

CONCEPTS - COGNITION

111

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

CONCEPTS SPECULATION AND WOLRDBUILDING

DESIGN SPECULATIONS CAN ACT AS A CATALYST FOR COLLECTIVELY REDEFINING OUR RELATIONSHIP TO REALITY. 1

This quote struction

114

serves of

as my

inspiration for research

the conquestions.

Fiona, and Anthony Dunne. Speculative Everything. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press, n.d.

1. Raby, Dunne and Raby | possible, probable, plausible and preferable | https://specksofspeculation.wordpress.com/2017/07/04/ sitrep09-critical-and-speculative-design/

i. diagram

DESIGN SPECULATIONS DIGITAL ENVIRONMENTS AS TESTING GROUNDS

possible | probable | plausibele | preferable 1: what if questions - tool to understand present and discuss future 2: what is likely to happen 3: space of scenario planning - what could happen 4: for who and who decides? (currently determined by government and industry)

The scenarios should, first, be scientifically possible, and second, there should be a path from where we are today to where we are in the scenario. A believable series of events that led to the new situation is necessary, even if entirely fictional. -> This allows viewers to relate the scenario to their own world and to use it as an aid for critical reflection.

CONCEPTS - SPECULATION AND WORLDBUILDING

115

116

exhibition Arseny Zhilyaev | the Institute for Mastering of Time (IMT) | https://www.arsenyzhilyaev. art/en/the-return#&gid=1&pid=16

i. picture

DESIGN SPECULATIONS ROLE

How will artistic artifacts be perceived by intelligent machines? Interesting point to take for the view of climate change, what is the difference between simulated models and our viewpoint of the climate impacts?

TIME

An organization that seeks to enhance the historical continuum, to condense time as much as possible through the optimization of the past. Impossible to position ourselves externally from our condition in the presen. This is why the project approaches objects from a future perspective BUT: to occupy such a metaposition we need artificial intelligence, to which human optics, including identification, emotional attachment and accumulated sensory experience are all alien. The given system is an imitation of scientific models made by popular with the emergence of structuralism, where art is presented not merely linearly through time but also as a matrix which determines its internal logic and immanent rules.

CONCEPTS - SPECULATION AND WORLDBUILDING

117

book Metahaven | digital takovsky | Metahaven. “Digital Tarkovsky (Part 1).” In Strelka: The New Normal. Zurich: Strelka Press, 2020.

i. “Digital Tarkovsky (Part 1).” In Strelka: The New Normal. Zurich: Strelka Press, 2020.

1. Metahaven.

Tarkovsky was interested in the flow of time that extends beyond the frame (time flowing in a direction other than forward. B-theory, developed in the context of relativity theory, which recognizes temporal relations - ‘earlier than’ and ‘later than’ - but does not identify a moving now. no playhead.

CINEMA CREATES A SORT OF TEMPORARY POCKET INSIDE A LARGER TIMESCALE, IN WHICH CINEMATIC CONSIOUSNESS BECOMES ACTIVE. 1

118

DESIGN SPECULATIONS ROLE

Computation as a filmmaker, already sees, senses, measures, and records its own unique kind of moving images, and thus, is building undeclared cinematic regimes, waiting to be discovered. Something as apparantly straightforward as a camera that films earth from a satellite in space, for example, is very good at holding the same shot for a very long time. re-map the experience from b-time back on a-time, so that it emerges as watchable for humans. this film will make us feel b-time.

TIME

The A-theory of time, the passage of time is not only a feature of our experience, but also characterizes time itself independently of any experience of it, time really flows with a now that constantly shifts the boundary between past and future. Cinema tends to instituitonalize this limited, linear idea, and place it in a black box - the movie theater (often cinema does not play with irreversibility, this is mostly the driving force of the narrative) A distant observer watching from afar might therefore have a very different experience than someone who is directly involved with the temporal object. (difference between outside of the world of the play and inside) Films may have no beginning, no end, only a measurement between points. Only then when an A-theory now makes a timeline, does it make the viewer of that timeline experience a kind of simultaneity with something quite more indefinite. As a result the beginning and end now do not signify the duration of the film, but the two moments when a viewer/player starts and stops watching. CONCEPTS - SPECULATION AND WORLDBUILDING

119

120

John Gerrard | simulated gasoline spill | 2017 https://hyperallergic. com/387348/adrift-in-thewaters-of-our-dark-befouled-planet/

ii. image

i. ii.

The use of game engines and video games as testing ground for the design of other worlds, institutions, forms of restitution and representation.

sense of the power of mobility of the oil, what can oil do and how do people react to an oil amount, massive built infrastructure as reaction to the discovered oil.

i. book Jussi Parikka | a geology of media | Institute, Strelka. “TTF Series: Jussi Parikka on Geology of Media – Strelka Institute – Podcast.” Accessed December 13, 2020. https://podtail.com/en/podcast/strelka-institute/ttf-series-jussi-parikka-on-geology-of-media/.

WORLDBUILDING

SIMULATING

Investigation into the material impact of our digital world In the way game engines are utilised as a testing ground for new worlds, new institutions, new forms of restitution and representation. Can architecture foster other forms of organization that respond to contemporary challenges?

DATA

Jussi Parikka reminds us that to understand contemporary media culture, we must look for those material realities that precede media themselves — Earth’s history, geological formations, minerals, and energy on which media depends. Develop innovative ways through which we can expand our relationships of these domains, experience these digital worlds through the means of new formats of exhibition. also the aspect that the gaming culture has taken over visual culture, turning art, cinema and architecture into extensions of other digital environments. Through which the distinction between reality and fiction become blurry.

CONCEPTS - SPECULATION AND WORLDBUILDING

121

APART | gaming the aftermath | “Gaming the Aftermath by Diffractions Collective.” Accessed January 25, 2021. https://apart.sk/gaming-the-aftermath-diffractions-collective/.

i.visualization

Surveying a planet fraught with climatic, biodiversity, governance and social crises, this lecture series aims to understand how ‘gaming’ as the supreme medium of our time invites engagement with questions related to systems-designing, that in effect, provides tools for orienting and working through our catastrophe-laden imaginary. We reflect upon whether games themselves can accompany how we engineer strategies aligned with models of adaptive intelligence, to interface and ‘melt’ into designing counter-worlds against the lock-in of futural disintegration. Through an examination of the role of logistics operating as the arteries of our world economy, we probe into how ‘walking simulators’ and ‘management games’ compel engagement with our ‘infrastructural unconscious’ and provide templates for ‘rafting-with’ the realities of supply-chain breakdown, displaced migrations, and a form of ‘bricolaging’ our way through adverse environments. 122

INTERFACE

AUGMENTED

You can move the island, island is the first person of the game. Tweaking time just like in this game by searching for other perceptions, other colors. Follow and track the colors to discover various platforms for new modes of sovereignty. Map shows arctic location, I will design the environement you walk through, the space you navigate. Based on real data of melting ice. Augmented reality, how do we perceive the presented reality? How can a complex system be told so people can understand and make use of it?

REALITY

These adverse environments are specifically rendered through the competing imaginaries of how our future ‘landscapes’ will transform and how their depiction further comes to anticipate what we will inherit and inhabit in the course of a world either with us or without us. Thus, how do gaming ‘landscapes’ involve players and particularly how are their depicted alternation whether through the contours of the ‘virtual’ or ‘talons of the real’ come to converge and gradually enmesh as an ‘actual world’ we come to traverse through our interfaces. Through the extension beyond the ‘mouse-eye-finger’ coordination complex, how does the constellation of other interfaces also encompass and extend the role of the body and its need to become ‘immersed’ in our Real and Virtual ruinous landscapes. Here, with the concept of ‘navigating through data sets’ interwoven with VR, AR, MR interfaces, can we envision how an ‘embodied choreography’ generated by specific games can serve as incubators to prepare and actively rebuild our landscapes and our infrastructural rewiring in the throes of catastrophe. CONCEPTS - SPECULATION AND WORLDBUILDING

123

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

CONCEPTS COLLECTIVE POTENTIAL ARCTIC OCEAN

Table | the roles of harder and softer law in enhancing ecological reflexivity: key questions, conjectures and indicators

i. This table shows how a different type of law lead to other responses to the impact of climate change. Both tables show the resislience or adaptive characteristics related to the use of soft or hard law. The tables are a summary of how the kyoto protocal, the copenhagen accord and the paris agreement all used another balance between both types of laws and how this had an impact on the ecological conditions. 126

ROLE OF LAW IN SUSTAINING PEACE ECOLOGICAL REFLEXIVITY

The framing of the game made me think of how law is configured within this thought. I came accross the concept of ecological reflexivity, a concept that searches for a new governance system that investigates how we can create more interaction between ecological and social systems. I think especially within the context of the arctic this is an important factor to consider since now there isn’t any law related to the area that is coming free.

How the law can have impacts on climate change effects as well as on existing politcal sturctures. Questions such as: WHY DO HUMANS CREATE CERTAIN LAWS WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THESE LAWS ON THE EXISTING LEGAL WHICH INSTITUTIONS ENVIRONMENT ARE THESE LAWS COMING INTO FORCE BECAUSE OF THE EXITING ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

come into view when thinking about sustaining peace within an new ungovernened area that has such high economic potentials. The term lawfare can hereby work to understand how law can be used to sustain peace or just lead to military action. And the term proportionality comes back within this framework. It can be thought of as a mechnaism for reshaping the juridical space within the arctic in which the borders are now unclearly defined. Within this grey zone, the concept of proportionality can be used to make choices.

CONCEPTS - COLLECTIVE POTENTIAL ARCTIC OCEAN

127

Eyal Weizman | the lesser evil | Weizman, Eyal. The Least of All Possible Evils. London: Verso Books, 2017.

i.book

visualization | model in the court room | Weizman, Eyal. The Least of All Possible Evils. London: Verso Books, 2017.

ii. artist

ii.

Physical presence of the model within the court, disturbed the legal protocol and introdeced its own rules of language. As a result the legal process came to resemble a design session, with the parties making their points on the model, sometimes balancing their pens on its miniature topography to try out alternatives

128

ROLE OF LAW IN SUSTAINING PEACE PROPORTIONALITY

Can in this line the law be pushed to cover certain types of state violence? -> this way of approaching a geopolitical issue turns it into a humanitarian one, the nature is at once framed following a human construction.

This case study uses different means of representation to argue a position: topographic maps, plans, aerial perspectives, photographs, video documentation. Legal positions where in this way translated into variations in the route of lines, and these routes became diagrams plotting the tensions, debates and force relations!, the law got another physical format. Namely the one of a model presented at court. This model generated the geographical grammar for the law, to shape physical reality. Moreover the trial illustrates the way in which the high court of jerusalem uses the doctrine of proportionality to legitimiwe israel’s occupation of the palestinian territories As a result, we could say that material proportionality used as an analysis helps to configure structures and territorial organization. It is the process by which an ethical/legal economy intersects with the science of engineering and the making of things.

CONCEPTS - COLLECTIVE POTENTIAL ARCTIC OCEAN

129

extract film | model metropolis - a theory of how cities die | Logic Magazine. “Model Metropolis.” Accessed October 29, 2020. https://logicmag.io/play/model-metropolis/.

i. author

How do cities work, based on the work urban dynamics, a computer simulation methodology that offers a controversial theory of how cities grew and declined. use of this theory to transform the cities he was designing from static maps of buildings and roads to vibrant models of a growing metropolis. BioChemFX, simulation company, exemple of inherent subjectivity in videogames. 1 | Katrina, natural disaster or an artificial one? If the system has failed it’s because of poor execution of the rules that govern the system, or because of the rules themselves that were broken. 2 | This company can predict the flow of gas, but we need to find a different simulation to convert an understanding of the physical world into a set of values that drive impossible decisions. 130

PERSUASIVE VIDEOGAMES A SYSTEM AGAINST

TO PROTECT PASSIVITY?

Political videogames use procedural rhetorics to expose how political structures operate, or how they fail to operate, or how they could or should operate. Videogames that engage political topics codify the logic of a political system through procedural representation. By playing these games and unpacking the claims their procedural rhetorics make about political situations, we can gain an unusually detached perspective on the ideologies that drive them. The simulation of the city can be speed up if too slow, or slowed down if too fast, playing with time and space is an essential factor in this game. This has as result that the simulation can be adapted to your personal preferences, what means it’s subjective. Your subjective sense of time is distorted, when you play the game in real life, the time your spending in front of your computer. ‘lost’ inside of a computer game Your power and perspective is not limited to the government, you control the city’s budget, economic and residential growth, transportation, police and fire-services, zoning and so on. CONCEPTS - COLLECTIVE POTENTIAL ARCTIC OCEAN

131

Silvia Federici | re-enchanting the world | Federici, Silvia. “Defining Commons.” In Re-Enchanting the World Feminism and the Politics of the Commons, 93–96. PM Press / Kairos, 2018.

i. book

Ryan Cook | Worl war E | Cook, Ryan. “WORLD WAR E.” Film, AA, 2019. https://www. pantopia.xyz/investigations-1/ project-one-pk9g2.

ii.

ii. visualization

Responding to the urgency of the IPCC report on Climate Change, the project proposes the definition of a new contextual condition - World War E. He suggest a right to work the commons, but what are these commons? As Silvia Federici pointed out in her notion of the commons, throughout history these commons are plundered, by enclosure, privatisation and neglect!

132

ALTERNATIVE JURISDICTIONAL PLATFORM NOTION OF THE COMMONS

What has the proposal from Ryan cook for an alternative london public charter to do with privatised territories? In his proposal the idea is to search for new public space and transform it to genuinely public space, which has the ability to transform from day to day. -> Think about this in the framework of the Arctic

The formation of a new institution - the Environmental Defence Agency - is proposed as a merger between the ecological expertise of existing environmental bodies and the logistical capabilities of the Ministry of Defence estate. The militarization of crisis, what to do with this factor, even comes back in gameplay. The possible need for democratic concessions. Through enforced land transformation, the project explores the accelerated paradigm of a new citizen, politics and state borne out of a period of climatic war.

CONCEPTS - COLLECTIVE POTENTIAL ARCTIC OCEAN

133

Leopold Lambert | political archipelago | reimagine the current system of political organization | https://thefunambulist.net/history/ politics-the-political-archipelago-for-a-new-paradigm-of-territorial-sovereignty

i. image

The metaphor of the archipelago is used here to describe a multiplicity of discrete extraterritorial zones, the spatial expression of a series of ‘states of emergency’, or states of exception that are either created through the process of law (through which the law is in fact severely undermined or annulled) or that appear de facto within them. They are extraterritorial because they are positioned outside of the sovereignty and jurisdiction that surrounds them, different kinds of ‘islands’ that collectively form an archipelago, although they are not encircled by either sea or ocean. Pirates very well understood the potential of these islands of alternative power, taking advantage of their geography to set up political and legal havens in order to achieve swifter and deadlier systems of flow, without hindrance from the established order. 134

ALTERNATIVE JURISDICTIONAL PLATFORM POLITICAL

Here the project questions the notion of sovereignty, in which we grant rights to human beings under a written constitution and speculates for an alternative political system in a region which should be perceived as a global common? Can this ice island, be a character in the narrative who highlights the current border disputes in the Arctic ocean, and offers a new mode of representation that lets us experience the effects of the climate in this region? Can the movement of this island be a lens through which to critique the current acts of claiming because it exposes territorial limits? And can

ARCHIPELAGO

In the case of T-3 the limits of territorial settlements are exposed. This moving ice island creates another viewpoint to look at how a changing environment of shifting mobile ice sheets can be governed. With the use of the notion of the political Archipelago from the philosopher Edouard Glissant, the project will investigate how a combination of these ice island that follow the same governing system of T-3 provide a framework to reimagine the current system of political organization.

CONCEPTS - COLLECTIVE POTENTIAL ARCTIC OCEAN

135

still film | Lawrence Lek Sinofuturism | 2016 | https:// strelkamag.com/en/article/humanizing-the-non-human-in-virtual-worlds

i. Strelka Mag. “Empathy for the Machine: Inside Lawrence Lek’s Virtual Worlds.” Accessed February 10, 2021. https://strelkamag.com/en/article/ humanizing-the-non-human-in-virtual-worlds.

1. 136

It is a problematic situation when the conscious human attempts to speak on behalf of the non-human other. How can you, as the author, the observer, or the filmmaker, take the position of speaking on behalf of an ethnic, gendered, or non-human minority? But this goes back to the idea of personification, where you temporarily imagine yourself in the position of that other being. This embodiment in the other mind might help open up ethical and political dimensions that evolve discourse on what AI might become. Instead of anthropomorphizing AI, I started to explore ways in which I behave like a deep learning algorithm. I don’t mean this as a call for some transhumanist viewpoint. But I started to think from another perspective, like a kind of empathy for the machine.

REPRESENTING OTHER THAN HUMANS ANTROPOCENTRIC

Lawrence Lek questioned if putting the existing world in a different time, place, political structure, or environmental scenario could result in a form of spatial practice that reflected the world in a different way. Here, the medium enables you to create a collage of places, environments, soundscapes, and fragments of reality in a single place. Thus when constructing a world, it also changes your mental perceptions, because you become more playful with the possibilities of reality, while also observing reality in greater detail. -> ing

interestmethodology

BIASE

Instead of humanizing the non-human, I’m interested in other ways of being. After all, there is often an implicit assumption that humanism is the ideal for contemporary society. But this ideal is socially constructed, and takes the form of anthropocentric bias, the primacy of the rational mind, as well as ethical concerns about freedom and individualism. When I was researching deep learning, I noticed that the portrayals of AI in the media mirrored those of Chinese industrialization. In the case of the technological workforce, the equation of human workers to a “nameless, faceless mass” capable of endless work is exactly how robots are presented as a threat to human livelihood. I AM INTERESTED IN HOW FICTION FRAMES REALITY IN A CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK LOOP, WHERE THE PRESENT IS INFORMED BY A FUTURE SPECULATION. 1

CONCEPTS - COLLECTIVE POTENTIAL ARCTIC OCEAN

137

book Eduordo Kohn | How forests think | Eduardo, Kohn. How Forests Think. Londen: University of California Press, 2013.

SOUL BLINDNESS: hunting fishing and trapping place the Runa in a particular relationship with the many beings that make up the ecology of selves in which they live. All these creatures that they hunt have points of view THE OPEN WHOLE: rethink human language and its relationship to those other forms of representation we share with nonhuman beings Ethnography of signs beyond the human. 138

REPRESENTING OTHER THAN HUMANS ANTROPOCENTRIC

BIASE

Understanding the relationship between distinctively human forms of representation and these other forms is key to finding a way to practice an anthropology that does not radically separate humans from nonhumans - Multispecies relations - How humans represent jaguars and how jaguars represent humans can be understood as intergral, parts of a single, open ended story. Understanding this dream and what it can tell us about survival calls for a shift not only regarding anthropology’s object -the humanbut also regarding its temporal focus. It asks us to recognize more generally how life – human and non-humanis not just the product of the wight of the past on the present but how it is also the product of the curious and convoluted ways in which the future comes to bear upon the present. In the life of signs future is also closely related to absence. All kinds of signs in some way or other re-present what is not present.

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139

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

CONCEPTS EXTENDED NOTIONS OF TERRITORY

drawing Winslow Wedin | Buckminster Fuller - Geoscope (Miniature Earth) | 1956 | http://www. brokennature.org/digital-earth/

Gore’s intention with digital earth was to provide an educational system with the planet as central focus. He described Digital Earth’s interface as a virtual spinning globe—a representation and a tool to work with all the data captured by a fleet of corporate and military satellites, airplanes, and sensors across and around the globe. This daring amount of information would be distributed among different computers around the world. Gore compared the project with the early ambitions of the Internet—the creation of a new system for the exchange of scientific knowledge and further human understanding of Planet Earth. The final aim of Digital Earth was to implement a new educational system with the planet as its central focus, in order to advance the earth sciences to address the most pressing problems of humanity. 142

INCLUSIVE CARTOGRAPHY G

For centuries, modern maps are the spearhead of colonialism, to move away from this connotation we need new maps. Our current techno-political realities have bot, global aspects and different meanings and histories in different zones of the world. Geozones are the term to describe trans-continental regions that defy common carthographical logics. Both the view of Gore and Fuller show the invasion of their sovereign territories through the automated gaze of satellites. This utopian vision are never realised, but google maps can be seen as an example of these views only by using another interface.

Gore based his vision on Buckminster Fuller’s Geoscope 1962 proposal. Fuller envisioned Geoscope as a two-hundred-foot-diameter (sixty-one meter) globe made of glass and light bulbs, controlled by several electronic computers. Historical and contemporary data would be projected on the globe, and viewers would be able to experience the data flows by standing in the middle of the immersive installation and by looking around in all directions. Symbolically, the globe was to be installed adjacent to the UN headquarters in New York and be publicly accessible, representing humanity’s potential to know the planet and therefore to create a better future. Fuller’s aim was to create awareness among the public about humans’ place on the planet and their impact on the Earth’s geological system. As such, Geoscope was the product of a globalist political and cultural ideology that aimed to create a global history and spark imagination. In addition, Fuller also planned a series of smaller globes on which the orbital perspective of different hemispheres would be projected in order to present the public with different worldviews, literally.

CONCEPTS - EXTENDED NOTION OF TERRITORY

143

144

ii. still film November | The mythological creature kratt - This citizenship is limited by territorial rootedness | https:// verticalatlas.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/en/islandeu

ii.

i. still film mera | carthography of multiple anthorpocentric biomes | https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xNUGBZo40oE

INCLUSIVE CARTOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY FOR BOTH HUMANS AND NONHUMANS

What happens future, when is fully

in the the ice melted?

Platform of borders and boundaries that switch meaning from lines to gradients? Citizens are the cornerstones for new policies, but what with non-human users in this system?

carthography of multiple anthorpocentric biomes, the object of this carhtography should not only be people but also its ecosystems. - ecological systems by definition extend beyond state borders - combination of anthropogenic biomes with different origins and purposes A speculation about a new jurisdictional platform that defines spatial and temporal logics of goverance of the whole thickened layered existence of species that are living in the region. Another interesting reference is the e-residency in estonia. They decouple the economic and geographic location from each other and offers a legal framework for algorithmic accountability. This framework opperates outside the traditional legal sectors (not according to maritime or financial law) Estonia thinks about the Kratt-law to implement in their AI-policy. This law is based on a myth of old farmers that used a kratt to steel from their neighbours (this myth was used to explain and understand technological developemts) CONCEPTS - EXTENDED NOTION OF TERRITORY

145

146

FRAMING TERRITORIES P L A SCALE

Experiments with understanding or sensing the earth while being on the ground. project parameters: cosmos atmospheres ocean surveil flows -> examine their movements to unstitch and restitch narratives about earth.

T A R Y NETWORKS

one belt, one road project, trade routes for global connectivity -> data dirven framework for environemental efforts (rethinks understanding of environmental governing) Registering solar: how is geocinema informed through the processess of how the environements are sensed -> reference for the color perception and representation of environmental influences on the ice island Editing worlds: how traces movement back down to the ground with satellite measurements? Distributing otherwise: show event that never happened because they were not registered -> project speculates about in-between and beyond modes of sensing operations -> influence by real data, but every real data sometimes has some gaps, speculate about these moments and other possible scenarios?

CONCEPTS - EXTENDED NOTION OF TERRITORY

147

148

i. Image Khorgoss port | the New Normal - Seiche | speculative megastructures | https://www.forbes. com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/02/20/khorgos-thenew-silk-roads-central-station-comes-to-life/

FRAMING TERRITORIES POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF EARTHLY TERRITORIES

Each line always has a materiallity, track the materialities of borderlines in the Arctic! The political divisions of eartly territories (land, sea, air, cyber) each of these three have a particular interpretation of geometry of sovereign spaces as well as a specific topology of segmentation and jurisdiction. These orders are unfixed and so redesignable think beyond the line, such as happened with colonization and piracy, both broadened the known world.

BRI (East china’s belt and road initiative) as example of a megastructure that serves as an instrument for statecraft. Invites a million little sites and machines into one big geopolitical brand and so becomes real not only by its technical interiority, but also by its conceptual coherency. Khorgos management of freight is also a site of intensive algorithmic governance of both people and things. The site is a convoluted jumble of nested state microjurisditions and private special zones. How to move between the various mini-special economic zones, nested in political borders? Here the small emerging ports in the Arctic are microcosms in the geopolitical world. They are formed by multiple overlapping borders.

CONCEPTS - EXTENDED NOTION OF TERRITORY

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author diagram | summary the Stack - Benjamin Bratton

T OF

O R THE

A L STATE

TREATH WORLD

OF OF

THE INFORMATION

T E R R INTEGRITY

CLASH

TWO

LOGICS

GOVERNANCE

A PARASTATE

a region that seeks or claims but does not have the status of a recognized independent state.

a community formed by people and exercising permanent power within a specified territory

STATE

BETWEEN:

TWO GEOMETRIES OF TERRITORY

VERTICAL STACKING

H O R I Z O N TAL DIVISION

the earth the air the cloud

linear division of earth with lines on a 2D map. formal limitation of a state

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FRAMING TERRITORIES POLITICS PLATFORM

What if the server farms are outside territorial waters altogether, like google’s patented offshore data centers, which for sensible energy-conservation reasons would also put the physical infrastructure of the global cloud outside regular territorial jurisdiction. Can these megastructures reorganize our political and economic authorities?

OF TECHNOLOGIES

Platforms are institutional, they centralize just as states, but also decentralize just as markets. This is why they can set the stage for action. The Stack, comprises six interdependent layers: Earth, Cloud, City, Address, Interface, User. Each is considered on its own terms and as a dependent layer within a larger architecture, and each is drafted from the superimposed image of the geographic and computational machines we now inhabit and the ones we might yet make. Google is one example of the US-Headquartered corporation but also a transnational actor that has taken on many traditional functions of nation-states. These is a collection of all genres of computing that are brought together and are seen as a totality, a coherent whole.

CONCEPTS - EXTENDED NOTION OF TERRITORY

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Diagram cryptocurrency | the New Normal - Sever [svr] | http:// fsbrg.net/sever/

A speculative design project created by Alexey Platonov, Francesco Sebregondi, Inna Pokazanyeva, and Ilda Iakubov at the Strelka Institute, in Moscow, aimed at protecting the Arctic Ocean through the creation of an Arctic-based cryptocurrency. 152

FRAMING TERRITORIES ARCTIC

Arctic, zone-in-becoming, a former terra incognita (inhospitable to human settlements) NOW: fast becomiing a site of intense geopolitical and infrastructural intrigue, with incompatible and interlocking claims made by multiple jurisditions and sovereignties. This local currency shared between the Arctic cities, facicilitates the integration of this hyperborean society. It identifies an emergent geographic megastructure that is already there. It is a speculative gathering and renaming that would lead to an economic union, bypassing regularities of poltical division.

CRYPTOCURRENCY

As the ice of the Arctic is melting, a new ocean is emerging and with it, new financial opportunities. Countries like the United States, Canada, Denmark, and Russia are involved in a fierce geopolitical game of trade and sovereignty over the oil-rich waters. At the same time, NGOs are advocating to make the Arctic Ocean into a wildlife sanctuary. As a response, SEVER [SVR] proposes an alternative: the issuing of a cryptocurrency bound to the latitude of the Arctic, to thwart wealth extraction and the impoverishment of the communities living there. As soon as the tokens are transferred south, their economic value decreases exponentially. At the same time, the blockchain works as a register for each step in the production of goods in the automated factories and ports around the North Pole, making each unlawful polluting action virtually traceable, and its perpetrators accountable. In this way, a third option is opened between exploitation and preservation, creating a more sustainable solution.

CONCEPTS - EXTENDED NOTION OF TERRITORY

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image Kate Stuteville | frontier\ http://www.katestuteville.com/new-index-1#/frontier-short-film/

FRAMING TERRITORIES HUMAN EXCLUSION ZONES

what does this mean and does it exists, can it be part of the machine landscape character? - interesting film to get inspiration about how to embed several agents inside the view without necessarily showing them. - the use of sound to introduce these agents, thinks about the bird sounds while moving through the automated port, atypical sound to experience there.

American culture has been closely tied to the “Old West” since the 19th century, with theorists like Frederick Jackson Turner arguing that, for better or for worse, the frontier was a process that formed a composite nationality for the American people. At some point however, this place disappeared from view, and American identity began to be shaped by modern society; shifting from wide open country, to dense cities and suburbs. Today, the west is changing again. In many areas, empty plains become solar fields, and small towns populated in the days of western expansion begin to depopulate, while automated warehouses and data centers take their place. The west’s population is becoming sparse again, but with the help of automation, no less industrious.

CONCEPTS - EXTENDED NOTION OF TERRITORY

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ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

CHARACTERS

author visualization | Arctic region | start of the game

Ice, Arctic cod, Machine landscapes, Arctic terns, all these characters live in the same environment but perceive and claim their territories different. This game questions the acts of claiming and in doing so, visualizes different angles to look at sovereignty. 158

NARRATIVE

C H A R A C T E R S

Machine landscape

Along the Russian Arctic coast, an autonomous shipping crane lifts the first containers into the full of an unmanned ship, the Venta Maersk. Its early September 2018, I start my journey in Vladivostok and hope to reach St-Petersburg by the end of September. I’m operated from the seventh floor of Maersk main office in Copenhagen. My cargo carries 3600 containers of frozen Russian fish and South Korean electronics. I’m travelling across empty ports and emerging robot cities that form their own geographical network along this new silk road. I’m the first one, but soon this coastline will transform into the busiest shipping route in human history.

Arctic cod

It’s 1980, I’m moving around in the Bering Sea, between Russia and the US. The water is getting warmer, and the ice above me is melting, the summer is coming so new dangers are coming too. I hear ships above me, it seems like they are coming from Japan and China and they are fishing in these international waters. I need to move, going to the save place of the exclusive economic zones of the surrounding nations of the ocean. A ship is throwing its nets, a lot of nets, way more than I’m used to, looks like there is no regulation here, my friend got caught, he screams: fast, go, leave these waters!

Ice sheet

Arctic tern

Our group just returned from Antarctica, where we spend the winter. I’m a small, slender grey and white bird with angular wings. Every year I migrate from the Arctic to Antarctica, it’s a very exhausting journey but eventually, we have light all year long. Today, Its April so the breeding season starts, we are back in the Arctic and flying around the Russian coast to look for a new place for our nests, but the whole area is covered with oil. It seems that one of the fuel tanks of the Russian power plant collapsed and leaked 21,000 metric tons of diesel all over our breeding spots. My friends got upset because of this new dramatic example of exploitation of our territory!

CHARACTERS - NARRATIVE

I’m an ice island, I move through the Arctic ocean and pass several territories and sovereignties along my way. I will be the protagonist of this game and introduce you to the Arctic ocean. August 1980: I lost some of my ice but luckily, the winter is coming, and the snow will freeze it back. August 2010: I lost a chunk of ice four times the size of Manhattan, I hoped the winter would be better but even then there was almost no snowfall. August 2012: we got surprised by a late-season cyclone. This caused a record, I’m the smallest I ever was. August 2020: It stays extremely hot, but luckily the rules became stricter and consequentially, I didn’t break my record of 2012 again. August 2050: The efforts to lower the carbon dioxide emission extended the melting but it wasn’t enough. I lost all my ice this summer.

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i. author visualization | timeframe storyline | The time frame of the narrative allows for future speculation and worldbuilding, but also grounds each character’s story in reality via a collection of data visualised within this timeline. This data allows the player to experience the altered physical appearance of the arctic region caused by global warming and geopolitical situations and makes the game context specific.

NARRATIVE

i. CHARACTERS - NARRATIVE

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i. author diagram | datasets ice island | extent sea ice - thickness sea ice - border claims - supranational organisations

ICE ISLAND DATA

SETS

CHARACTERS - ICE ISLAND

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ii. diagram ice sheet | stages of melting ice | https:// www.theguardian.com/us-news/ ng-interactive/2020/oct/13/ arctic-ice-melting-climatechange-global-warming

ii.

i. image kadir van lohuizen | ice sheet with river of meltwater | https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/ world/arctic-climate-change-military-russia-china

ICE ISLAND

MELTING

ICE

In the Arctic, the warm summer months melt away ice and the winter snowfall freezes it back. But as the climate warms, the Arctic loses more ice than it gains back. Arctic ice in August 1980: The Greenland Ice Sheet is no longer growing. Instead of gaining new ice every year, it begins to lose roughly 51 billion metric tons annually, discharged into the ocean as meltwater and icebergs. August 2010: A chunk of ice four times the size of Manhattan breaks off the Petermann Glacier, causing the ice sheet to retreat 18 kilometers. With little snow falling during winter, Greenland’s ice cap is subjected to record melting which lasts 50 days longer than average. August by a Arctic hits a

2012: Driven in part late season cyclone, summer sea ice extent record low.

August 2020: Following intense summer heat, Arctic sea ice melts to its second-lowest extent on record, nearly reaching 2012 levels.

CHARACTERS - ICE ISLAND

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166

iiI.

author diagrams | prediction models for creation of a real time simulation of the melting of the ice

ii. diagram | Kwok and Cunningham | thickness ice | https://www. nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/icesat-20090707r.html

i. diagram | ice extent | 1900 2100 | https://www.eea.europa. eu/data-and-maps/figures/observed-and-projected-arctic-september-sea-ice-extent-1900-2100 Ice extent (million km2)

0 1900 1920

Observations 1940 1960

Mean of models 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

Mean ± standard deviation of models

iii.

ICE ISLAND EXTENT NESS

AND SEA

THICKICE

ii.

iii.

CHARACTERS - ICE ISLAND

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ii. map | rising Arctic air temperature | 2020 | https:// www.climatecentral.org/news/ arctic-sea-ice-sets-recordlow-peak-for-3rd-year-21268

ii.

burning arctic | Smoke rises from wildfires near Berezovka River in Russia| https://www.geospatialworld.net/ blogs/the-burning-arctic-pandemicsand-the-need-for-a-green-recovery/

i. image

ICE ISLAND

COLOUR VISION changing colour from blue to red | ocean warming | temperature of the water (gradually rises) GENERAL VISION no focus dues to the co2 emissions | atmospheric condition of greenhouse gases (gradually rises) DISTANCE VISION very limited till next ice block, horizaontal (no vertical extent) SOUND sea ice can generate sounds at frequencies from below 1hz - 10khz, most of it at lower frequencies of this range

CHARACTERS - ICE ISLAND

169

still film | author visualization | perception ice island | colour depends on temperature level 1980

i. still film | author visualization | perception ice island | colour depends on temperature level 2100

ii.

Through my eyes, you see the connection between the emerging climatic conditions existing in this region and the border claims made by the nations that surround me. I see the ice melting because of the increasing levels of carbon in the atmosphere, produced by humans. This carbon increases the air temperature which speeds up my melting. now, I’m surrounded by more sea instead of ice. This water is exposed to the sun and heats my surroundings even faster. This whole process generated an accelerated feedback loop through which I will be extinct by the year 2100. 170

ICE ISLAND

P E R C E P T I O N

ii.

CHARACTERS - ICE ISLAND

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172

ii. author visualization | map ice island - data categorized into the melting of the ice, the claiming of territory, the border claims made by the surrounding nations and the emerging supranational organizations.

ii.

i. author visualization | film still| environment third person ice island

ICE ISLAND

test narrative embodying each individual character. Told via their perspective. The melting ice and related overlapping border claims of the five nation Arctic states .

We now embody the ice perception, I’m an ice island, I move through the arctic ocean and pass several territories along my way. Over the last years I lost some chuncks of ice. This gave rise to political and geographic conflict over the previously untouchable land masses. It’s 2006, there is an increase in interest from the bordering nation states of the arctic ocean. A shield right in front of me pops up. It’s the first border claim in the area, made by Russia. I function as an anomaly and challenge the assumed notions of territory. I first belonged to the land but gradually transformed into the territorial field of the sea. I ask for new form of networked geopolitics, in which aerial volumes, oceanic depths and cloud networks are included. We move forward to august 2018, The north west passage is now ice free. More ships pass me. This increased shipping activity accelerated the transformation of my mass. I’m gradually transforming into liquid and merge with the sea, a sea that is ready to pass through and claim.

CHARACTERS - ICE ISLAND

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174

i. author diagram | datasets arctic cod | marine areas - ocean health index - fish shipping density fishing grounds - swimming patterns

ARCTIC COD

DATA

SETS

CHARACTERS - ARCTIC COD

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i. diagram AMAP | ice cycle | https:// www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/12/ nations-agree-ban-fishing-arcticocean-least-16-years

ARCTIC COD

FISHING

CONTROLS

As the summer sea ice becomes thinner and its edge retreats northward, more sunlight is penetrating the water, increasing production of plankton, the base of the Arctic food web. These sunfed plankton are gobbled up by Arctic cod, which in turn are hunted by animals higher up the food chain, including seals, polar bears, and humans. Under international law, these high seas are open to anyone. In the absence of an agreement, fishing there would not be illegal, but it would be unregulated—and some researchers, environmental groups, and policymakers fear it could harm the fragile and rapidly changing marine ecosystem. In the late 1980s, fishing trawlers from Japan, China, and elsewhere crowded the international waters in the Bering Sea between Russia and the United States and removed millions of tons of pollock. By the early 1990s, the pollock population had crashed. It has still not recovered.

CHARACTERS - ARCTIC COD

177

diagram sea regions | ice cycle | https://www.cfr. org/emerging-arctic/#!/

Other strategies may help mitigate the damage to the ecosystem and its inhabitants. The Yupik village of Newtok in northern Alaska, where thawing permafrost has eroded the ground underfoot, will be relocated by 2023. Conservation groups are pushing for the establishment of several marine conservation areas throughout the High Arctic to protect struggling wildlife. In 2018, 10 parties signed an agreement that would prohibit commercial fishing in the high seas of the central Arctic Ocean for at least 16 years. And governments must weigh further regulations on new shipping and extractive activities in the region. 178

ARCTIC COD

FISHING

CONTROLS

Traditionally, overfishing in the Arctic has not been a major concern given its ice cover and lack of commercially attractive species. However, warming conditions and migrating populations are prompting calls for new regulations, particularly on the high seas. Arctic coastal states manage fisheries within their EEZs, but international waters are exposed to overexploitation by non-Arctic states. Conservationists cite the overfishing of pollock in the Bering Sea “donut hole” in the 1980s as a cautionary tale. In 2013, a majority of Arctic states pushed for an accord that would ban industrial fishing on the open water until further study was done on fish stocks, but an agreement has yet to be reached. Experts say several existing treaties provide useful precedents, including the 1995 UN Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks

CHARACTERS - ARCTIC COD

179

iii.

diagram | hearing arctic cod | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC7051002/#:~:text=Although%20the%20sounds%20 that%20fishes,frequency%2C%20 and%20between%20calls%20that

ii. diagram | range vision arctic cod | https://www. offthescaleangling.ie/ the-science-bit/fish-vision/

180

ii.

iii.

i. diagram | light penetration underwater | https:// www.earthlife.net/fish/ sight.html

ARCTIC COD

P E R C E P T I O N

VISION GENERAL blurry, can’t focus on objects (movement and contrast no actual detail) bifocal vision, close focused from light in front, distanced focused form the side or behind (all round vision) DISTANCE VISION distance of 150 feet COLOR VISION longer wavelenghts - red orange absorbed at shallow depths, shorter wavelenghts - bleu and violet absorbed deeper, 3m | sun, moon, red light absorbed, 10m | red, oragne yellow light absorbed eventually all colour turns into blue and black. -> this process happens vertically as well as horizontally HEARING The sounds that fishes hear are confined to low frequencies 20 Hz up to 150 KHz, but they also hear ultrasounds, 38KHz at 185-200Db The sound travels faster underwater (5x), fishes use auditory cues to seek out the location of a sound source, they use it to navigate, forage prey, detect predators and communicate or even use it for habitat selection. CHARACTERS - ARCTIC COD

181

still film | author visualization | perception arctic cod | refraction of sun defines the colour of the water - orange yellow between 3-10m

i. still film | author visualization | perception arctic cod | refraction of sun defines the colour of the water - blue between 50-100m

ii.

My perception of the arctic ocean is always foggy. It only gets lit by various colours when the sun is shining. The absorbtion degree of light into the water defines the colour I see. Following these colours allow me to navigate through the region. I’m currently in the year 2100, the water is extremely blurry and almost everything got the same colour, even though international organizations drew lines to preserve the ecosystem of the ocean, I experience that the dynamic natural landscape I move through is not following these lines.

182

ARCTIC COD

P E R C E P T I O N

ii.

184

ii. author visualization | map Arctic cod data categorized into ocean features and swimming patterns

ii.

i. author visualization | third person environment Arctic cod

ARCTIC COD

test narrative embodying each individual character. Told via their perspective. The environmental implications visible in the environment when no political constructed borders are in place.

Now we transform into the arctic cod. It’s 1980, I’m moving through the arctic ocean, no regulations are in place and a lot of my friends got caught by the nets of passing fishing boats. Jumping forward to 2006, the ocean is categorized into 17 different marine regions from high ecological importance. I move through one of these borders that positively influenced our population and decreased the harm that was done to our living environment. From this moment on we could freely swim within the areas defined as international waters. The increased heat of the last years revealed more sea surface area, more sunlight is penetrating into our swimming waters which means an increase in plankton, my food. Moving to 2040, this positive effect does’nt exist anymore, our resting places to hide from predators such as the arctic tern are limited, and commercial shipping radically increased and generates noise within our swimming areas.

CHARACTERS - ARCTIC COD

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i. author diagram | datasets arctic tern | geologic map - arctic region - migration patterns - oil spills

ARCTIC TERN

DATA

SETS

CHARACTERS - ARCTIC TERN

187

map | migration Arctic tern | http://go2moon.com/image/ Birds/Arctic-Tern/ArcticTernMigrationMap.html

i. map | magnetic field | https://sorendreier.com/ earths-second-magnetic-field/

ii.

Breeding Season: April/May in the Arctic summer, when the young have fledged and become independent, they then fly to Antarctica (including the juveniles) where they winter during the Antarctic summer before flying back again to the Arctic to breed the following year. specifications: 20 years yearly cycle for breedign areas 35 till 40 km/h 188

ARCTIC TERN

MIGRATION

A small, slender grayand-white bird with angular wings, the Arctic Tern is well known for its long yearly migration. It travels from its Arctic breeding grounds to Antarctica where it enjoys the Antarctic summer, covering around 25,000 miles. Breeding birds sport a full black cap, short red legs, and a red bill. Arctic Terns are social birds, foraging in groups and nesting on the ground in colonies. They often rest on ice and fly on graceful and buoyant wings. "Arctic Terns are one of the few non-breeding birds that are present in Antarctic waters during the summer. This means the birds are not constrained to a nest site but can move to where the best feeding sites are located. "By following the journeys made by these birds, we can monitor changes in the location of these hot spots and get some insight into environmental changes that are taking place in these very remote locations; areas to which few scientists ever venture or monitor."

ROUTES

map arkGIS - WWF | oil regulation | https://storymaps. arcgis.com/stories/3529e3c459cf48dd9801c6e531cffcda

i. image Yuri Kozyrev | Novoportovskoye oil field | https://www.washingtonpost.com/ graphics/2018/world/arctic-climate-change-military-russia-china/

ii.

In Siberia, giant craters pockmark the tundra as temperatures soar, hitting 100F (38C) in the town of Verkhoyansk in July. This spring, one of the fuel tanks at a Russian power plant collapsed and leaked 21,000 metric tons of diesel into nearby waterways, which attributed the cause of the spill to subsiding permafrost. Other strategies may help mitigate the damage to the ecosystem and its inhabitants. The Yupik village of Newtok in northern Alaska, where thawing permafrost has eroded the ground underfoot, will be relocated by 2023. Conservation groups are pushing for the establishment of several marine conservation areas throughout the High Arctic to protect struggling wildlife. In 2018, 10 parties signed an agreement that would prohibit commercial fishing in the high seas of the central Arctic Ocean for at least 16 years. 190

ARCTIC TERN

OIL

EXTRACTION

AREAS

According to international figures, 25% of the world’s undiscovered petroleum resources are located in the Arctic Ocean (Walsh, 2012). The Barents Sea is a part of the Arctic Ocean with a sea area of 1 300 000 km2 and is the most promising area for exploration by the international oil industry. Because of global climate change and rising temperatures, the sea ice is receding and the Arctic Ocean is now open for petroleum research and production. However, these marine areas have very important functions in the structure of the ecosystem of the Barents Sea because the important species of fish, birds and whales use these sea areas as spawning grounds in the spring and summertime. The search for new oilfields in the Arctic Ocean is potentially dangerous because large oil spills kill fish, birds and young mammals in particular. In the Arctic, with low sea temperatures and ice conditions, large oil spills have a greater capability of damaging large ecosystems for long periods

CHARACTERS - ARCTIC TERN

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ii. diagram vision angle | human vs bird | https://www.earthlife. net/birds/vision.html

binocular

monocular

HUMAN binocular

monocular

ARCTIC TERN

ii.

i. diagram color spectrum | human vs bird | https://www. demilked.com/bird-vs-humanvision/

ARCTIC TERN

COLOR VISION 4 fields: UV, and red

blue,

green

DISTANCE VISION distance about 7 times as far as humans, in order to catch a prey -> sharper vision - 20/5 (human norm 20/20) we object sharp at 5 feet, eagle at 20 feet eyes on the side allow for wide field of view -> approx. 300 degree range vision GENERAL VISION -> monocular vision, each eye is focused on the same object at any particular moment -> vision affected at a molecular level to draw information of the earths magnetic field to navigate SOUND avian sound hearin, narrow range of frequencies from 1 - 4 KHZ in a range of 52-95 dB no ultrasound as the cod, higher thresholds which means less sensitive to a specific frequency of the sound, they can detect sound we hear very faint

CHARACTERS - ARCTIC TERN

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i. author visualization | perception Arctic tern | Looking though my eyes, you see the whole arctic area via 4 different colour fields, UV, Red, Green and Blue. These colours together with the magnetic field allow me to navigate to the arctic. It’s march, I’m returning from Antarctica and saw an ice sheet to land on in the distance, I can focuss 7 times farther than you, but everything around the ice is out of focus. When I landed, I was surprised by a new substance floating around in the water, it’s oil, it covered us and we couldn’t wash it off. I was to heavy to fly, so we were stuck in the arctic during this winter.

ARCTIC TERN

P E R C E P T I O N

i. CHARACTERS - ARCTIC TERN

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ii. author visualization | map Arctic tern - data categorized into oil extraction areas and migration patterns.

ii.

i. author visualization | third person environment Arctic tern

ARCTIC TERN

test narrative embodying each individual character. Told via their perspective. Environment constructed via data regarding the environmental implications of oil extraction when no political constructed borders are in place .

Another animal that lives in this area is the arctic tern, My migration pattern goes all the way from the arctic to antarctica and back. It’s April and we are returning to our breeding areas, positioned around the arctic coast and visualized by the green shields. Our breeding spots are gradually decreasing due to increasing international awareness about the richness and ressources located underneath the ocean floor. It’s 1980 and none of border claims made by the surrounding nation state are ratified. This means oil companies can’t exploit and destroy our territories yet. But from now on every year we will definitely see more and more power plants popping up around our breeding spots. Due the increased melting of the ice, the previously untouchable ressources are accessible. I’am flying around, it’s 2020 now, I’m looking for a resting place, but since they started digging into the ground, oil spills were unavoidable and the ice around these plant completely melted. Not only we got affected by these activities also our food, the arctic cod, decreased radically in population. CHARACTERS - ARCTIC TERN

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i. author diagram | datasets machine landscapes | shipping ports - roads - railways

MACHINE LANDSCAPE DATA

SETS

CHARACTERS - MACHINE LANDSCAPE

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diagram the arctic institute | emerging new shipping routes | https://www.researchgate. net/publication/323456779_Why_Alaska_and_the_ Arctic_are_Critical_to_the_National_Security_of_the_United_States/figures?lo=1&utm_ source=bing&utm_medium=organic

ii.

diagram NSIDC | density of the russian northern sea route | exactearth

Development of the shipping route (1) 1930: beginning of the international commercial shipping (2) 1930-1950s: construction of the Arctic fleet and the ports and the spread of the term Northern Sea Route in Soviet official discourse (3) 1950 to 1970s: regular seasonal (summer and autumn) use of the route (4) 1970s: year-round exploitation of the NSR

200

MACHINE LANDSCAPE NORTHERN

SEA

ROUTE

The route plays a key role for community development and domestic supply within the local transportation networks. It is crucially important for its eastern sector (i.e. Chukotka) and plays a significant role for its “central” segments (Yakutiya and Krasnoyarskiy Kray), where alternative means of transportations, such as rivers and the Transsiberian Railway, are available. Finally, it boosts economic development in the booming oil extraction regions (Nenets-and Yamalo-Nenets Districts) in its western segment. While the largest ports in the Arctic cities of Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Norilsk have developed urban infrastructures, smaller communities (e.g. Dikson, Pevek, Provideniya) suffer tremendous population loss and request urgent infrastructural modernisation. At the same time, the emergence of new ports (e.g. Sabeta on the Yamal Peninsula constructed for the export of liquefied natural gas) is connected with the current oil and gas extraction projects.

CHARACTERS - MACHINE LANDSCAPE

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image Davide Monteleone | icebreaker that opened the route for ships to sail from Murmansk, in Russia, to Huanghua, in China | https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/12/24/ polar-express.

The ship travels accross a coastline that will soon be transformed into one of the busiest shipping lands in human history. This new silk road is only existing because of the changing climate of the earth. The only reason why these machine landscapes are located where they are is because the trial validated that this shipping lane is economically more viable. They operate irrespective to city regions or national jurisdiction, they create their own geographical network, they are new site of our continuous planetary network in which they form the new geological formations. 202

MACHINE LANDSCAPE FRIST

CROSSING

Along the Russian Arctic coast, an autonomous shipping crane lifts the first container into the full of an unmanned ship, the Venta Maersk. This ship was making itself ready in early september 2018 for an expedition. The Danish mearsk line starts in vladivostok and hopes to reach st-petersburg by the end of september, it carries a cargo of 3600 containers full of frozen Russian fish and south korean electronics and navigates through the northern sea route for the first time. The ship is operated from the seventh floor of Mearsk main office in Copenhagen, the journey is expected to take fourteen days shorter than the convential route via the Suez Canal which makes the current connection between east asia and Western Europe. During this trail, the ship will collect data to understand if the northern sea routs will be economicaly viable for the future. After the first passage, the ship traversed empty ports, and sailed by the emerging robot cities of the mega shipping industry, this environment forms the new silk road. CHARACTERS - MACHINE LANDSCAPE

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i. visualization Richard Vijgen | architecture of radio | http:// www.architectureofradio.com/

MACHINE LANDSCAPE V

How es

are

these spacoccupied?

Do they require a framing of borders, to link them to a specific territory? Are just al

more than computationinfrastructures?

The dominant view of machine landscapes is not the eye but the dominant view of the algorithms and neural nets that see coded sets of rules.

they

Are they cultural tion of

forming a construcour age?

In this sense do they require a framing of borders, to link them to a specific terrioty?

In the machine landscapes, space is being reformed for a new client, to be made as human exclusion zones, regulations derived from turning circles, machine vision systems, optimal operating temperatures, the metrics of computation become the metrics of space. The machine sees the systems of communication, observation and navigation in the arctic region via radio signals send out via cell towers, access points (cables) and overhead sattelites. These waves function in the field of 3 kilohertz - 300 gigahertz and 100km - 1mm. In this field an antenna is able to pick up enery from space, mostly used in communication such as television, mobile phones and radios. The signals are received and converted to sound waves from the vibrations. They register sounds in sounds in the frequency range from 20–40 KHz at 175-179 dB.

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i. author visualization | perception Arctic tern | I see via three different devices, the camera, sonar and radio. When combined I have a full overview of the environement. This allows me to pass through the arctic ocean, while registering all the other passing machines that are still operated by offices located thousands of kilometers to the south.

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test narrative embodying each individual character. Told via their perspective. The rise of shipping routes and emerging logistical settlements dotted along the Arctic coast - microcosms formed by multiple overlapping state borders .

Now we transform into the machine landscape, I operate irrespective to city regions and national jurisdictions. I create my own geographical network in which I’m a new type of geological formation, positioned in the contiuous planetary network. I’m dotted along the arctic coast, and form a microcosm, I don’t listen to state borders, because my communication happens via infrastructure positioned is all territorial domains, in the sea, the sky, the space or on the earth. I could expand my field because of the melting ice, new shipping routes were open. I travel through the arctic ocean and pass empty ports and robot cities along my way. The area is getting ready for the busiest shipping route in human history. Moving to 2100, our population expanded, the ice is completely melted, we influence the tern and the cod but they are slowly adapting to the new infrastructural landscape that I created.

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GAMEPLAY ALTERNATIVE ARCTIC PERCEPTION

BORDERS LIMINAL CONDITION

triggered by the promises of global warming, the Arctic is a site of intense geopolitical and infrastructural intrigue, with incompatible and interlocking border claims rooted in colonial and cartographic history. These claims are political constructs with a liminal condition, they are presented via the current cartographic imagination that renders the world as a Cartesian space, crossed by bidimensional border lines. This arrangement of territorial division expresses a particular evolving geometry of sovereign space based on political decisions rather than scientific ones. It lacks the capacity to function as a suitable instrument to design and govern our world, especially in times of the climate crisis, as they do not take into account the complexities of the region. Within this game you will move through several geozones, which are transcontinental regions that defy the common cartographic logics. By including global aspects as well as different meanings and histories of several agents, these zones aim to construct an alternative representation that accounts for the dynamic complexities of the arctic landscapes.

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ICE ISLAND

As the ice is melting, a new ocean is emerging. The first flag was planted in 2007 by Russia, an act that transformed the Arctic ocean, a former terra incognita, into claimable territory. It didn’t have any legal consequences but memorized how European powers gained possession over terra nullius, demonstrates the colonial connotation of sovereignty and heated up the tensions between the surrounding nation states of the ocean. These promises of global warming transform the Arctic region into a site of intense geopolitical and infrastructural intrigue with incompatible border claims made over the previously untouchable land masses. The immaterial nature of these claims currently constitute a battleground for political and geographic conflicts. None of them are ratified yet, which allows us to rethink the current bioregional jurisdiction of the Arctic ocean and move towards a new form of networked geopolitics.

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i. author visualization | character selection | Ice island: Extinct by 2100 Distance perception defined by high carbon levels Color perception defined by increasing temperatures Frame perception: horizontal sound perception : beolow 1hz - 10 khz

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i. author visualization | hitting a border | Gradually more and more sea surface is exposed which generates an accelerated feedback loop, and thus speeds up the melting. Following the predictions, the area defined as international waters will be ice free by the end of 2100.

THE EXTENT OF THE ICE

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i. author visualization | border claims | The first claim created via scientific data regarding the extent of its continental shelf was made by Norway in 2006. In the following years, the other nations also submitted their claim to the continental shelf notification.

THE

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ARCTIC TERN

From 2013 onwards, the region is subject to a fierce geopolitical game of trade and sovereignty over the oil rich waters, discovered via the recent international interest and investigations. The Arctic tern returns every April from Antarctica to the Arctic, finding his way via the magnetic field. Their breeding grounds are categorized by virtual boundary lines advocated for by NGO’s, who aim to transform the Arctic region into a wildlife sanctuary.

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i. author visualization | character selection | Arctic tern: Distance perception up to 21 miles - Colour perception in the visible light and UV spectrum, red, green, blue and ultraviolet - frame perception monucular - sound perception narrow band from 1-4khz - speed 35-40kmp

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i. author visualization | oil extraction breeding grounds Arctic tern | In 2020 one of the oil rigs in Verkhoyansk exploded and covered the Tern’s breeding grounds all along the Russian coast. This spill damaged the surrounding ecosystem, recovering from this event will take a long time due to the Arctic’s climatic conditions.

THE ES OF

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P E R C E P T I O N

The new knowledge about the richness of resources positioned underneath the arctic ocean floor fuelled the interest in the region. Within the international waters, the border claims aren’t settled yet, but within each country’s exclusive economic zone, the first regulations around places to extract came to rise, at these places’ multinationals settled large oil infrastructures and started drilling into the ground.

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ARCTIC COD

Traditionally, overfishing in the Arctic was not a major concern because of its ice cover, but the increasing melting asked for regulations, not only within the exclusive economic zones of each nation but also regarding the international waters. At the moment, these high seas are open to anyone. In the absence of an agreement, fishing here is thus not illegal, consequently in the late 1980’s, these waters were crowded by fishing trawlers from Japan, China and elsewhere, they removed billions of tons of fish and placed the ecosystem in danger. This overexploitation of the marine regions forced international organizations to map out and divide the dynamic landscape by political borders to limit the harm done to the ecosystem.

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i. author visualization | character selection | Arctic cod lifetime max 25 years - distance perception max 150 feet Colour perception specturm from red to black, depends on sun refraction angle - frame perception bifocal - sound perception low frequencies and ultrasound - speed 2-5cm/s

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i. author visualization | arctic cod perception | the recent melting led more sunlight penetrate into the water, it increased the production of plankton, the cod’s food and it colored up their foggy living environment, which make navigating easier. But at the same time, the thinner sea ice meant their resting places to hide from predators higher up the food chain, such as the arctic tern and shipping boats, are limited.

P E R C E P T I O N

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MACHINE LANDSCAPE

The region is getting ready for the busiest shipping route in human history, the new silk route of the north. This boat is one element of this new geographical network, a network in which communication happens via infrastructure positioned anywhere, in the sea, sky, on the earth and even in space. It sees the environment via waves, it maps the empty ports and robot cities dotted along the coastline as well as the passing machines, operated by offices located thousands of kilometers to the south. it registers the political borders constructed by multiple state jurisdictions, that together form our continuous planetary network, but they don’t listen to them.

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i. author visualization | character selection | Machine landscape: lifetime 2018-... - disntance operception 1mm100km - frame perception: coded set of rules from algorithms and neural networks - sound perception 20-30khz - speed 40 - 45 kmph

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P E R C E P T I O N

Several ports rise along the Arctic coastlines. These ports are human exclusion zones, guided by the metrics of computation. Yet, these landscapes are central to the production of our urban environment and thus serve as a proxy for the human. They are microcosms formed by machines and operate irrespective of city regions and state jurisdictions. These landscapes are time materialized; they never stand still, just as time, they are in a constant state of becoming. This introduces the dynamic and global nature of border conflicts and asks for an alternative perception of state borders.

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ALTERNATIVE ARCTIC PERCEPTION

LENA GEERTS DANAU

research 2 0 2 0

booklet 0 2 1

with thanks to my tutors | Ippolito Pestellini Laparelli & Kamil Hilmi Dalkir & Rhiarna Dhaliwal

ADS8 | data matter - the gaming edition

Alternative Artic perception constitutes an alternative cartographic representation for the Arctic. A region in which the climate radically transforms the geographic area as well as the geopolitical governance. The gaming environment functions as a testing ground for a new visual strategy to communicate the liminal condition of politically constructed borders within the Arctic region.