LED professional Review (LpR) – July/Aug 2025 – LpR#110

HumanHealth, Technology& Sustainability

We’reexcitedtobringyouanothereditionfilledwiththought-provoking contentandcutting-edgeinnovation.

Dr.Wunschopensthisissuewithacommentaryurgingustorethinkhow weperceivelightandlightsources—proposinganewpathtoward humanwellbeingthroughlighting.We’realsopleasedtofeaturean exclusiveinterviewwithtwoleadingLEDexpertsfromLumileds,Dr.Oleg ShchekinandDr.ToniLópez,whoofferinsightsintothelatest breakthroughsinsolid-statelighting.

AcompellingfieldstudyfromLumitechdemonstrateshowUV-CLED lightingcansignificantlyreducemicrobialloadunderreal-worldconditions —presentingahighlyeffective,automatedlightingsolutionfordisinfection.

Theteamat[o3u]introducesagroundbreakingcamera-basedsystem thatenablesreal-timephotometry,settinganewbenchmarkinlighting measurementanddevelopmentworkflows.

WewerealsohonoredtoattendZumtobel’s75thanniversarycelebration —afantasticeventfeaturingexperttalks,paneldiscussions,andan inspiringgalaevening.Inthisissue,wehighlightkeytakeawaysfromthis milestoneevent,reflectingonthemultifacetedperspectivesoflightthat wereshared.

Inthefirstpartofatwo-partarticleseries,Bartenbachpresentsan in-depthstudyonsustainabilityinpubliclighting,focusingon responsibilitiesandthematicchallenges.TapioRoseniusdivesintothe technologicaldimensionunderthetitle“FromCalmTechnologyto AmbientCommunication”.Tapiointroducesareal-timesystemforvisual environments—apowerfulnewapproachforlightingdesign.

Wehopeyouenjoyreadingthisissueandfindinspirationinitspages.

Warmregards,

YoursSincerely,

SiegfriedLuger

Founder&CEOofLugerResearche.U.

DISINFECTION

26 HowAutomated,Chemical-freeUV-C LEDSystemsSignificantlyReduce MicrobialLoadinReal-worldConditions byDIStefanieKern,Lumitech

MEASUREMENT

32 Real-TimePhotometrywith[o3u]-cam byMag.WilfriedPohlandMag.Christian Anselm,MSc.,[o3u]

ANNIVERSARY

38 75YearsofZumtobel–AnniversaryYear withMultifacetedLightPerspectives

SUSTAINABILITY

42 SustainablePublicLighting,PartI: ResponsibilitiesandThematicChallenges byDipl.-Ing.JohannesWeninger,MMag.Martina Ascher,MSc.MaximilianDick

LIGHTINGDESIGN

50 FromCalmTechnologytoAmbient Communication–PartII:ExploringPoet Creator;AReal-TimeSystemforVisual Environments byTapioRosenius,Co-FounderandCEOofPoet CreatorSoftware

LPSDIGITALTALKS

56 deLIGHTedTalks:GoodLight–Good Sleep

Dr.AlexanderWunsch

Dr.AlexanderWunsch,MD,PhD, isaphysician,lighttherapist, independentresearcher,and scientificconsultant.From2008 to2019,heservedasalecturerin theMasterofArtsprogramin ArchitecturalLightingDesignat WismarUniversityofApplied Sciences.Hisresearchisfocused onthephysiologicaland pathologicaleffectsoflighton humans,andhehasbeenavocal criticofthebanonincandescent lamps.Hisworkadvocatesfora paradigmshiftinthefieldof photobiologyandcallsfora health-centeredredefinitionof lightingstandards.

Dr.Wunschemphasizesthe necessityofshiftingfromthe utilizationofenergyefficiencyas thepredominantcriterionfor indoorlighting,promotinginstead theadoptionofsalutogenic lightingconceptsgroundedin humanbiology.Thisapproach prioritizesthebeneficialimpacton healthoverconsiderationsof technicaloreconomicfeasibility. wunschart@gmail.com

HealthyLightingBeyondDogma: RedesigningLightforHumanWellbeing

Foroveracentury,thedevelopmentof artificiallightinghasbeendrivenbytechnicalfeasibilityandeconomicefficiency. Fromthermallightsourceslikeincandescentbulbsto“cold”technologiessuchas fluorescentsandLEDs,theindustryhas prioritizedengineeringgoalsoverphysiologicalneeds—oftenattheexpenseof humanhealth.

Contemporarylightsourcesfocusonreducingheatlossandincreasingluminous efficacy.Butthisshiftledtoaspectral imbalance:thetransitionfromthermalto coldlightremovedessentialcomponents ofthespectrum,suchasnear-infrared (NIR),andintroducedflickerandpoor colorrendering.Whilesunlight,fire,and incandescentlampsprovideabiologically richandvisuallycomfortingexperience, manymodernsourcesfallshort-despite beingpromotedas“daylight-like.”

Thismarketingsleightofhandreliedheavily ontheconceptofcorrelatedcolortemperature(CCT),whichmimicsthelookofnatural lightbutnotitsspectralsubstance.CCT ignorescriticalbiologicaleffects,creating theillusionthatartificiallightcanreplace sunlightsimplybymatchingitsvisual appearance.

Inreality,thepursuitofmaximumenergy efficiencyleadstobiologicallyimpoverished light:thebestenergyefficiencyclass yieldstheworstspectralcomposition. Highenergyefficiencymeanslowinfrared (NIR)outputandexaggeratedshort-wave components.Thisspectralimbalance cancauseretinaldamage,increasevisual stressandinducehormonalmaladaptation. Atthesametime,thereductionofNIR deprivestheretinaandothertissuesof wavelengthsessentialforphotobiomodulation(PBM)-light-mediatedcellularsupport andregeneration.

Contrarytopopularbelief,“biologically effective”doesnotmean“biologicallybeneficial”.Lightrichinshortwavelengths canincreasealertnessduringthedaybutthesuppressionofmelatoninisonly aproxyforanavalancheofpotentially harmfulreactions.Iflightsourcespromote alertnessduringtheday,thiseffectis notmainlyduetomelatoninsuppression -sincemelatoninlevelsarealreadylowbutrathertoincreasedsecretionofstress

hormoneslikecatecholaminesandcortisol, whichcaninducesystemicstress.Fora populationthatexceeds30%ofthegeneral public-namely,individualswhorequire medicationforhypertension-theobjective isnottostimulatetheirphysiologythrough light,butrathertoimplementalighting schemethatishormonallyneutralanddoes notinducechronicstress.Lightcanbe pathogenic!

Moderndynamiclightingsystemscan adjustspectrumandintensitythroughout theday,butunlessdesignedwithbiological goalsinmind,theyriskdoingmoreharm thangood.Supportingcircadianhealth andvisualcomfortrequiresashiftfrom narrowperformancemetricstohumanoriented(nottobeconfusedwithhumancentric!)criteria.

Unfortunately,today’sregulationshinder ratherthanhelp.Thresholdsandstandards forlightingproductsoftenignorerecent scientificevidence.Health-supportivesolutions-suchasfull-spectrum,flicker-free, NIR-enrichedlighting-aresidelinedby energyefficiencyrulesthatfailtoaccount forlong-termphysiologicaloutcomes.

What’sneededisaparadigmshift:away fromatechnocraticfocusonwhatis efficient,andtowardasalutogeniclighting philosophy-onethatpromoteshealthby physiologicalcompatibility.Thismeans embracinglightingdesignsthatsupport circadianalignment,visualclarity,cellular regeneration,andpsychologicalwellbeing. WenowhavetheLEDtechnologyto delivertrulyhealthfullight.What’smissing isaregulatoryframeworkthatallowsits implementation.Lightingsuccessshould notbemeasuredinlumensperwatt alonebutinitscapacitytosustainhuman physiologyovertime.

Conclusion

Healthylightingisnotaluxury-itisa necessityinourincreasinglyindoorlives. Asprofessionals,researchers,andstandardsetters,wemusttakeresponsibilityfor creatinglightthatrespectsthecomplexity ofhumanphysiology.Thatmeansbeing honestabouttrade-offs,acknowledging thelimitsofcurrentstandards,anddesigninglightingthatalignswithourbiological blueprint-notjustourenergybudgets. ■

LightingEuropeDrives Harmonizationof

EnvironmentalDeclarations withOpenTechnical MemorandumforControl

Gears

www.lightingeurope.org

LightingEuropepublishesopentechnical memorandumtosupportreliableand harmonizedEPDsforcontrolgearsforlight sources.

LightingEuropeanditsmembershave recognizedtheincreasingdemandfromthe marketandtheimportanceofdelivering reliablesustainabilityinformationforlighting products,empoweringcustomerstomake informedpurchasingdecisionsandsupporting thereductionoftheenvironmentalfootprintfor municipalities,businesses,andindividuals.

LightingEuropepreviouslyidentifiedthe complexitiesandlackofharmonizationinLCA rulesforluminairesandcontributedactivelyto therevisionofadedicatedsetofProduct SpecificRules(PSRs)(PEPEcopassport PSR0014).Thiseffortbroughtvaluable lightingindustryknowledgetotheProgramme Operatorandresultedinthesuccessful publicationofrevisedrules.Theserulesare nowbeingpromotedforstandardization throughGlobalLightingAlliance,IEC standardizationinitiatives,andProgramme Operatormutualrecognitionagreements.

BuildingonthisexperienceLightingEurope identifiedthefurtherneedtodevelopclear rules,requirements,andguidelinestoconduct LCAsforkeyluminairecomponents,namely thelightsourceandthecontrolgearforthe lightsource.

Tomeetthisneedandtosupportthemarket’s growingdemand,LightingEuropehas publishedaneutralTechnicalMemorandum thatdefinesFunctionalandDeclaredUnits, ReferenceServiceLife,ReferenceFlow Elementsanddefaultscenariosforcontrol gearsforlightsources.

ElenaScaroni,LightingEuropeSecretary Generalemphasised:“Wehavepublished theserulestosupporttheincreasingneedfor

reliablesustainabilityinformationandto continuedrivingthehighestpossiblelevelof harmonizationofLCArules.Onlythrough accuracyandharmonizationcanEPDs becomeareliableandeffectivetoolforour industryandforthewidermarket.Therefore, thisdocumentisfreelyavailabletoall interestedLCAProgrammeOperatorsand StandardisationOrganizationsviathe LightingEuropewebsite.”

TeresaSelvaggio,DirectorofPublicAffairs remarked:”Thispublicationcomplementsthe previousworkcompletedbyLightingEurope andisintendedtointeractwithexistingcore ProductCategoryRulespublishedbydifferent ProgrammeOperatorsandStandardization Organizations.Inadditiontothisdocumenton controlgears,ourexpertsarecurrentlyalso workingondevelopingspecificrulesforLCA oflightsources.”

LightingEuropeinvitesfeedbackand questionsfromallinterestedorganizations andremainsopenforfutureexchanges.The TechnicalMemorandumonControlGearsfor lightsourcesisavailablehere (lightingeurope.org). ■

Lighting:ACritical,Yet Overlooked,Technologyin theEUGreenTransition

www.lightingeurope.org

AsEuropestridestowardsmoresustainability, theenergyefficiencyindustrialecosystemis pivotal,withlightingplayingacrucial,yetoften underappreciatedrole.Beyondmereutility, lightingenhanceslifequality,isacornerstone ofenergyefficiencyandshouldbebetter recognizedassuchinEUlegislation. Supportedby17ofournationalassociation members,wepublishastatementhighlighting thevitalroleoflightinginEurope’sgreenand competitivefuture.

Theimpactoflightingtechnologies

InEurope,lightingrepresentsabout12%of theelectricityconsumption.Transitioningto energy-efficientlightingoffersanimmediate opportunitytoreducebothenergydemand andCO2 emissions.Europeisonlyhalfway throughtheshifttoLEDtechnology,and combiningLEDswithsensorsandcontrols canunlockenergysavingsofupto80%.

Europe’slightingindustry:Ahubofinnovation. TheEuropeanlightingmarket,valuedatover €20billion,isahotbedofinnovation, sustainingaround120,000jobs,withover 600patentsfiledbetween2021and2022. ThesectorhasastrongEuropeanfootprint, withmostR&Dconductedonthecontinent.

ACallforRecognitionandAction

Tofullyleveragethebenefitsoflighting,we urgepolicymakersto:

• Recognizelightingasanessential technologyforthegreentransition, includingthroughincentivesandfinancing supportviaEUbudgetinstruments.

• Implementambitiousenergyefficiency measuresandrenovationpoliciesatthe nationallevel.

• Prioritizequalityandsustainabilityinpublic procurement.

• Simplifyandclarifylightingproductrules, withoutoverhaulingexistingrequirements.

• StrengthentheenforcementofexistingEU rules,especiallyinonlinemarkets.

HowtoAccesstheLightingEuropeStatement. Readthestatementandthefulllistof recommendationshere(lightingeurope.org). ■

EuropeanParliamentIMCO ReportFallsShortonProduct ComplianceOnline

www.lightingeurope.org

TheEuropeanParliament’sCommitteeonthe InternalMarketandConsumerProtection (IMCO)adopteditsdraftown-initiativereport entitled“ProductSafetyandRegulatory ComplianceinE-commerceandNon-EU Imports.”

“Whiletherecognitionofwidespread non-complianceinonlinesalesandthe acknowledgmentthatthecurrentsystemfails toadequatelyaddresstheseissuesare welcome,itisdisappointingthatthereport stopsshortofproposingameaningfulsolution toaproblemthatunderminestheintegrityof theInternalMarketanderodesthe competitivenessofEuropeancompanies”, stressedElenaScaroni,SecretaryGeneralof LightingEurope.

“EUlegislationshouldensurethatthereis alwaysaneconomicoperatorestablishedin theEUfortheproductssoldontheEU market,whetherofflineoronline.Neitherthe DigitalServicesAct,northeGeneralProduct SafetyRegulationaresettingrequirements thatareambitiousenoughtoclosethe existinglegalloophole”,addedMarionEbel, DirectorofCorporateAffairs.

The2024resultsofourmysteryshopping

exerciserevealalarminglyhighratesof non-complianceamonglightingproductssold ononlinemarketplacesintheEU.Ofthe275 productssurveyed(G4lampsonmains,LED stripsandChildren’sNightlamps),100%of thoseinspectedonlinewerefoundtobe non-compliant.Inaddition,20products, includingchildren’snightlightsandLEDstrips, wereselectedandtestedagainsttherelevant safetystandardsinanaccreditedlaboratory, andallwerefoundtobenon-compliant.

“Byfailingtoassignliabilitytoonline marketplacesincaseswhereproductsare soldbynon-EUsellerswithnoidentifiable importer,authorizedrepresentative,or fulfilmentserviceprovider,theEUeffectively enablesasystemthatfacilitatestheentryof non-compliantproductsintotheUnion.This notonlyoverburdensalreadystretched MarketSurveillanceAuthoritiesbutalso placescompliantEuropeanbusinessesata competitivedisadvantage”,concludedMarion Ebel.

Formoreinformation,pleasecontactElena Scaroni,SecretaryGeneralofLightingEurope, thoughelena.scaroni@lightingeurope.org.

AboutLightingEurope

LightingEuropeisthevoiceofthelighting industry,basedinBrusselsandrepresenting 32companiesandnationalassociations. Togetherthesemembersaccountforover 1,000Europeancompanies,amajorityof whicharesmallormedium-sized.They representatotalEuropeanworkforceofover 80,000peopleandanannualturnover exceeding15billioneuro.LightingEuropeis committedtopromotingefficientlightingthat benefitshumancomfort,safetyand well-being,andtheenvironment. LightingEuropeadvocatesapositivebusiness andregulatoryenvironmenttofosterfair competitionandgrowthfortheEuropean lightingindustry.Moreinformationisavailable atwww.lightingeurope.org. ■

SignifyNamesAsTempelman

asChiefExecutiveOfficer

www.signify.com

Signify(Euronext:LIGHT),theworldleaderin lighting,announcedthatAsTempelmanwill becomethenewChiefExecutiveOfficer (CEO)ofSignifyfromSeptember1,subjectto hisappointmenttotheBoardofManagement, withŽeljkoKosanovićcontinuingasinterim CEOuntilthen.

“WearethrilledtoappointAsTempelmanas CEOofSignify,”saidGerardvandeAast, ChairoftheSupervisoryBoardofSignify.“His strategicvision,energyandproventrack recordindrivingsustainablegrowth,while buildinganinclusivehigh-performance

culture,madehimtheclearchoicetoleadthe companyforward.”

“Withmorethan130yearsofhistory,Signify hasalwaysbeenapioneer.Theinnovation, passion,andpurposethatdefinethis companyareincredible,andthat’swhatdrew mehere.Iamveryexcitedtobejoiningthe team,”saidAsTempelman.“Lookingtothe future,Ibelievethereisarealopportunityto grow.Tobuildonexistingstrengths,unlock newpossibilities,andcontinuetoleadtheway inlightingandbeyond,improvinglivesfor peopleandcommunitiesaroundtheworld.”

“

AsTempelmancurrentlyservesasCEOof Eneco,anintegratedsustainableenergy companyoperatingthroughoutthe Netherlands,Belgium,Germanyandthe UnitedKingdom.Underhisleadership,Eneco hasdeliveredagainstambitiousbusinessand climateinitiatives,triplingcompanyprofitability since2020,whilereducingGHGemissionsby

40%perannum.PriortoEneco,Asheld seniorleadershippositionsatShellinAsia, Europe,theMiddleEastandAfrica.

AnExtraordinaryGeneralMeeting(EGM)will beheldinJuly,atwhichshareholderscanvote onAs’appointmenttotheBoardof Management. ■

CenterStageatLight+ Building2026

www.signify.com

Signify(Euronext:LIGHT),theworldleaderin lighting,announcedthatitwilljoinLight+ Building2026,theworld’sleadingtradefairfor lightingtakingplacefromMarch8to13,2026 atMesseFrankfurt.Thecompany’sexpansive exhibitionboothwillfeaturethelatest products,connectedsystemsandservice innovationsfromSignifyanditsglobalportfolio ofleadinglightingbrands.

“AsSignify,we’reproudtobedriving meaningfulprogress—andaswelookahead, wearemorecommittedthanevertoleadfrom thefront,withourecosystemofsmart, connectedandsustainablelightingsolutions Connect with our engineers for all your testing and certification needs.

thatcanelevateentertainment,enhance well-beingandproductivityforourcustomers andusers.”

Buildingonthecompany’sstrongheritage, Signifywillpresentanelevatedbrand presenceatLight+Building2026—witha focusonitsprofessionalandOEMofferings. FromSignifyinnovationssuchasmyCreation, NatureConnectandBrightSites,InteractIoT software,PhilipsLEDluminairesandDynalite lightingcontrols,aswellassmarthome brandsPhilipsHueandWiZ,Signifycontinues toleadthewayacrossthefullspectrumof lighting.

”We’reexcitedtoshowcasethelatest innovationsfromourportfolioofleading brandstocustomersfromacrossEuropeand beyond.”–ŽeljkoKosanović,CEOadinterim atSignify

CustomersvisitingtheSignifyboothcan interactwithSignify’secosystemofleading brandsacrossapplicationsincludingintelligent buildings,connectedpublicandoutdoor lightingandentertainment.

AboutLight+Building Light+Buildingistheworld’sleadingtradefair forlightingandbuildingservicestechnology. TheLight+Buildingeventwilltakeplacefrom 8to13March2026.

www.light-building.com ■

SignifyLaunchesInteract EmergencyLightingSystem forSeamlessCloud-based Control,Monitoringand TestingofEmergency Lighting

www.signify.com

Signify(Euronext:LIGHT),theworldleaderin lightinghaslaunchedanewwireless emergencylightingportfolioandmonitoring system,enablingbuildingmanagersto control,monitorandtestemergencylighting andproducecompliancereports,througha securecloud-baseddashboard.

PoweredbySignify’sInteractconnected lightingsystemdevelopedforintelligent

buildings,thenewsystemenhancesthe testingprocessbyautomatingfunctionand durationtests,whiledeliveringdatainsights andhealthstatusalerts.InteractBuilding Managerenablesbuildingoperatorsto monitorandmanagebothgeneraland emergencylightingthroughacloud-based dashboard.Thissupportsmultipletesting schedulesanddeliversdetailedreportsfor regulatorydocumentationandreporting.The systemalsosimplifiesmaintenanceand supportscompliancewithemergencylighting standardsasperlocalregulations.

GregNelson,ExecutiveVicePresidentSystems&ServicesatSignifysaid:“For buildingmanagersandmaintenanceteams alike,regulartestingandmaintenanceof emergencylightingiscrucial,butcanbe time-consumingandpronetohumanerror. Signify’snewwirelessemergencylighting portfolioandInteractBuildingManager providesvisibilityandcontroloveryour emergencylightingwithregularproofof performancetoensurecompliancewith relevantstandardswhilereducingoperational complexityandcost.”

Therearefourkeyconfigurationstomeetthe varyingneedsofbuildings:generallighting fixtureswithbuilt-inemergencycapabilities; wirelessDALI(DigitalAddressableLighting Interface)extendersandsensors;wirelessexit signsandemergencylights.Everythingfrom generallightingtoemergencylightingcanbe commissionedanddeployedunderone contractandonedashboard,enablingcost savingsandefficientmaintenanceand monitoringofanentirelightingsystem. Alternatively,emergencylightingcanbe installedandcommissionedonitsownto achievemandatorybuildingcompliance.

GregNelson,ExecutiveVicePresidentSystems&ServicesatSignifysaid:“Withour connectedwirelessemergencylighting portfolio,buildingoperatorscanfind tailor-madesolutionswhilealsoreducingcost, streamliningoperationsandmeetingessential compliancestandards.Signify’sexpertisein bothgeneralandemergencylightingmeans wecanactasasingletrustedpartnerfora widerangeofcustomerneeds.”

Interactalreadysupportsmillionsof connectedlightpointsinlarge-scale installationsworldwideandisbuiltonrobust cybersecurityprinciplestoensurethatthe confidentiality,integrity,andavailabilityof

users’dataisprotectedandmaintained.For moredetails,clickhere.

Thenewwirelessemergencylightingsolution isbeingfirstmadeavailableinAustraliaand NewZealandthroughthePierliteportfolio;it willbemadeavailableinEuropeinearly September.HereisalistofPierliteportfolio productsforemergencylighting:EmergencyPierlite. ■

EmergencyLighting:AKey PriorityAmidBuilding Remediation

www.mackwell.com

RecentdevelopmentstotheBuildingSafety Act2022,alongsidetheintroductionofthe LeaseholdandFreeholdReformAct2024, haveoutlinedsignificantchangestotheUK’s approachtobuildingsafetyandaccountability. Thesechangeshaveintroducedamore stringentframeworkforensuringthat buildings,particularlythosedeemedhigh-risk, undergoappropriateandoftenoverlooked duetofunding,remediation.Theintroduction ofremediationordersandasharperfocuson interimfiresafetymeasuresensuresthat residentsareprotectedwhilelonger-term worksareundertaken.

Thisrenewedscrutinyisdrivingawaveof remediationactivityacrossthecountry, particularlyinresidentialblockswithalready identifiedsafetydeficiencies.Sinceterrible tragediessuchastheGrenfellTowerfire, attentionhasbeenplacedoncladdingand structuralissues,alongsidefiresafety measures,suchasemergencylighting.Inthe eventofafireorpoweroutage,emergency lightingplaysaprimaryroleinsupportingboth evacuationandemergencyresponse.

Theupdatedlegislationmakesitclearthat buildingownersandaccountablepersons musttakefullresponsibilityforthesafety systemsinplace.Forcontractors,consultants andfacilitiesmanagers,thispresentsa growingopportunitytobringexistingsystems uptostandardanddelivernewsolutionsthat alignwiththelegalandsafetyrequirements.

Thechangesinlegislationnowplaceclear legaldutiesonthe‘responsibleperson’(often buildingownersormanagingagents)to identify,fund,andcarryoutnecessary

remedialworktoaddressriskstolifein buildings.Specifically,theBuildingSafetyAct introducedRemediationOrdersand RemediationContributionOrders,givingthe BuildingSafetyRegulatorandtheFirst-tier Tribunal(FTT)thepowertoenforce remediationoffiresafetydefects,including inadequateemergencylighting,faultyalarm systems,andothercriticalsafetyfailings.

TheLeaseholdandFreeholdReformAct2024 furthersupportsleaseholdersbylimitingthe financialburdenonresidents,placingtheonus directlyontheresponsiblepersons.Failureto followtheselegislationscannowresultinlegal penalties,andinextremecases,criminal liability.

Forbuildingsrelyingoninterimmeasuressuch aswakingwatches,responsiblepersonscan nolongerdelayaction.Wakingwatcheswere introducedasatemporaryfiresafetymeasure inhigh-riskbuildings,particularlythose identifiedwithcladdingorfire compartmentationissues.Theirincredibly costlybutessentialroleprovideson-sitefire wardenswhomonitorthebuildingaroundthe clockandraisethealarmintheeventofafire. Whileintendedasaninterimsolution,waking watcheshavefacedsignificantscrutinydueto theirastronomicalongoingcostsandthe inconsistencyineffectiveness.Asaresult, regulatoryfocushasshiftedtowardreplacing wakingwatcheswithmorereliable,long-term safetysolutions,suchastheinstallationof compliantfiredetectionandemergency lightingsystems.

Regulatorsareincreasinglyinsistingthat interimsolutionsbereplacedwithpermanent, compliantsafetysystems.Thisshiftshows thatinactivityisnolongertolerated,and proactive,accountableremediationisnow legallyimperative.

AtMackwell,weknowthatemergencylighting isthefoundationofaneffectivefiresafety strategy.Oursystemsaredesignedto performwhenitmattersmost,andwith increasingfocusondigitalmonitoringand data-ledmaintenance,we’rehelpingclients stayaheadofcompliance.OurAutomaticTest System(ATS),N-Light,helpsclientsstay aheadofcompliancerequirements.Itcanbe easilyintegratedintoexistingbuildingsusing ourwirelesstechnology,andwithour cloud-basedplatform,userscanremotely monitoroneormultiplebuildings.At

Mackwell,weremaincommittedtodelivering thetechnicalsupport,guidanceand high-performancesolutionsthatbuilding safetydemands.

Emergencylightingisnotabackgrounddetail -it’salife-savingmeasure.Asmorebuildings comeunderremediationscrutiny,nowisthe timetoreassess,upgradeandinvestin emergencysystemsthatmeettoday’s expectationsandtomorrow’sstandards.

ArticlebyDavidLang-Smith,Sales& MarketingDirectorUK&Europe|Emergency LightingExperts.

AboutMackwell

Mackwellisoneoftheleadingprovidersof technologysolutionsforthegloballighting industry,withtiestomanymajorinternational companiesinover40marketsandexport businesses.Withabackgroundfirmly groundedinelectronics,Mackwellhas developedawealthofexperienceinlighting throughouttheWorldandanenviable reputationforthedesignandmanufactureof reliable,innovativeelectroniccomponents. Thisenablesthecompanytoprovide customerswithinnovativesolutionsthatgive themacompetitiveedgeintheirtarget markets. ■

CUBESIGNII–The

Maintenance-freeLEDSafety

LuminairebyZumtobel

https://z.lighting

CUBESIGNIIbyZumtobel,therectangular successoroftheclassicCUBESIGNescape routemarkingcube,isnowevenmore versatilethankstoaprotectionclassofIP54, recognitiondistancesofupto60metersand multipleinstallationoptions,fromtheretail sectortoairportsandindustrial manufacturing.Thedurable, maintenance-freeLEDsafetyluminairesinthe CUBESIGNIIrangeallowemergencyexitsin roomsofdifferentsizestobeclearlymarked.

Safetyhasneverlookedsogood:thenew CUBESIGNIILEDsafetyluminaireby Zumtobelformarkingescaperoutes combinesmaximumvisibility,reliableoperation andflexibleuseinarangeofdifferent

surroundings.Thankstoitsoptimisedform factor,therectangularluminairewithanaspect ratioof1:2blendsintoanyroomdesignand candisplayawiderangeofpictograms.

Whetherinsupermarkets,largeDIYretailers, productionhallsorairports,CUBESIGNII ensuresemergencyexitsareextremelyeasy tofind–forincreasedsafetyinpublicspaces. Itisavailableintwosizeswithdifferent recognitiondistances:30metersfor medium-sizedroomsand60metersforlarger halls.ProtectionclassIP54ensures CUBESIGNIIisprotectedagainsttheingress ofdustandsplashesofwater–meaningitis alsosuitableforuseinharshindustrial environments.Thankstotheextended temperaturerangeofupto55°C,theLED safetyluminairecanwithstandevenhigher ambienttemperatures,suchasthosefoundin largedatacentres,forexample.

TheSwissarmyknifeofsafetylighting

ThewiderangeofCUBESIGNII’smounting accessoriescreatesavarietyofinstallation options.Dependingonindividualroom requirements,userscanchoosebetween installationdirectlyintheceiling,achain attachmentwithfoureyelets,awallbracketin whitesheetsteel,andthreedifferentpre-wired pendantvariantsinlengthsof30,50or100 cm.TheLEDsafetyluminairescanalsobe easilyintegratedintoexistingTECTONand TECTONIItracksystems.Thisflexibility significantlyreducesinstallationcostsandalso enablestheresource-savingutilizationof existinginfrastructures,forimproved sustainability.

Maintenance-freeanddurablethanksto modernpowersupply

Intermsofpowersupply,CUBESIGNIIusers canchoosebetweenconnection-freevariants withanintegratedbattery(E1D,E3D,E1BC, E3BC)andvariantsforconnectiontoan externalpowersource(ECD,ECP,ECCor

ELP).Theconnection-freeversionsofthe safetyluminaireshavealongservicelife thankstoinnovativelithiumironphosphate batteries.Thehigherenergydensityofthis batterytypemeansthebatterypacks themselvesaremorecompact,whichinturn reducespowerconsumptionandweightand extendsthepermissibletemperaturerange.It alsoextendstheluminaire’sservicelifeand minimizestheamountofmaintenance required.

Theself-containedversionscanbeconnected totheBluetoothCasambiwirelesslighting controlsystem,whiletheELPversionwitha centralbatterycanbeconnectedto Zumtobel’snBoxgroupbatterysystem. ■

FORVIAHELLAAdvancesthe

Developmentof

Software-onlyProductswith

NewlyEstablishedEntity

“IgnitebyFORVIAHELLA”

www.hella.com

TheinternationalautomotivesupplierFORVIA HELLAisintensifyingitsactivitiesintheareaof software-basedbusinessmodelsandis advancingthedevelopmentwithanew companyfoundedatthebeginningofthe year.HELLAIgniteGmbH(”IgnitebyFORVIA HELLA”)aimstoacceleratethedevelopment ofsoftware-onlyproductsinarapidandagile manner.Inparallelwithproductdevelopment, IgnitebyFORVIAHELLAiscurrentlybeing graduallyexpanded;bytheendoftheyear, thecompanyisexpectedtoconsistofan internationallydiverseteamofaround40 softwaredevelopmentexperts.

“Asitstandstoday,softwarehasbecome indispensableforeverydaymobility.Itplaysan essentialroleindriverassistancesystems, comfortandsafetyfeatures,in-vehicle entertainment,andvehicleconnectivity. However,softwarewillbeevenmorevitalfor themobilityofthefuture,withthemarket expectedtodoubleoverthenextfiveyears accordingtocurrentestimates,”saysKay Talmi,ManagingDirectorofIgnitebyFORVIA HELLA.“Weareamongthemostrenowned electronicssuppliersworldwideandalready integratesoftwarefunctionalitiesintomany productsinwhichwearemarketleaders.

Againstthisbackdrop,itislogicaland promisingtostrategicallyaddressthe softwaremarketfromthisrobustfoundation, supportedbyadedicatedunitestablishedfor thispurpose.”

Themainfocusofdevelopmentliesin softwareproductsthatarecloselylinkedto thecorebusinessesofFORVIAHELLA’sthree BusinessGroups—Lighting,Electronics,and LifecycleSolutions.Theseinclude,ontheone hand,businessmodelsinthefieldoflighting electronicsortheprocessingand monetizationofsensordata.Ontheother hand,IgnitebyFORVIAHELLAisalsoworking onentirelynewsoftware-onlybusiness models,suchasthe“TrafficRulesEngine” (TRE),whichwasintroducedasaconceptual innovationattheConsumerElectronicsShow (CES)2024inLasVegasandhassince undergonesignificantfurtherdevelopment.

Thissoftwaremodule,developedinclose cooperationwithTÜVRheinland,monitorsthe complianceofautomatedvehicles(SAELevel 3andhigher)withapplicableregulations, trafficlaws,andcaselawbasedonsensor andmapdata.Thesolutionistailoredtothe specificcountryinwhichtheautomated vehiclewillbedeployed.Plannedmaneuvers areassessedforlegaladmissibilityonthe samebasis.Shouldadeviationbedetected, real-timefeedbackisprovidedtothevehicle controlsystem.Toensurethatthelatest regulationsofeachcountryarealways applied,theTREcanbecontinuouslyupdated over-the-air.

ThetargetistointegratetheTREintoa vehicleforthefirsttimebyyear-endandto haveTÜVRheinlandvalidatethesoftwareona testtrack,usingreal-worldtrafficscenarios. Theinitialfocuswillbeonhighwaydriving, withvehiclesclassifiedunderSAELevel3 (“highlyautomateddriving”),whereincertain taskscanbeexecutedindependentlyand withouthumanintervention. ■

CertificateofAdvanced Studies(CAS)inLightand Chronobiology

https://ihcdp.org

TheCASLightandChronobiologyintegrates topicscoveringthebiologicaleffectsof daylightfromvariousfieldssuchas architecture,chronobiology,lightingdesign, medicineandpsychology.Thisopensup theoreticaland,aboveall,practical applicationsforimprovingpublichealth.

TheIntegrativeHumanCircadianDaylight Platform(iHCDP)isaprojectledbyfour researchersattheCentreforChronobiologyat UniversityofBasel/UniversityPsychiatric ClinicsBasel,MaxPlanckInstituteTübingen

andTechnicalUniversityMunich.Theplatform aimstocatalyzeanymeansnecessaryforthe useof(day-)lighttoimprovegeneralhealth, qualityoflifeandlivingconditionsacrossthe lifespan,basedonbiological,psychological andsocietalneeds.

Tobringtogetherresearchers,clinicians,light designers,architects,andeducatorsinthe fieldsofdaylightresearch,ophthalmologyand visionscience,andsleep-andcircadian medicinetheteamestablishedaCertificateof AdvancedStudies(CAS)inLightand ChronobiologyassociatedwithUniversityof Basel.

TheCASLightandChronobiologyintegrates topicscoveringthebiologicaleffectsof daylightfromvariousfieldssuchas architecture,chronobiology,lightingdesign, medicineandpsychology.Thisopensup theoreticaland,aboveall,practical applicationsforimprovingpublichealth. Attachedyoufindaflyer.We’dbegladifyou couldshareitwitheveryonewhomightbe interestedinthiscourse.Registrationisopen until31July. ■

www.goproled.com

Assemiconductorlighttechnologyadvances, thedemandforsafe,effectiveskincare solutionshassurged.LEDphototherapy, onceconfinedtomedicalsettings,now breaksintohomecare,offeringa breakthroughapproachtocommonskin concerns.However,themarketisflooded withinconsistentandpotentiallyunsafe devices,leavingconsumerssearchingfor professional-grade,reliablealternatives.

BackedbyGOPRO’s2019NationalAwardfor ScientificAdvancement,theXINYOU CosmeticLampmergesclinical-grade phototherapywithhomeusability,delivering medicalefficacyinauser-friendlydesign.

PrecisionLightTherapy:5Wavelengths,10

SkincareModesTheXINYOUCosmeticLamp combinesfivetargetedwavelengthsfor comprehensiveskinrejuvenation:

• 423nmBlue-VioletLight:Combatsacneby targetingP.acnesbacteria.

• 465nmBlueLight:Balancessebum productionandsoothesinflammation.

• 595nmYellowLight:Reducesrednessand strengthensskinbarriers.

• 635nmRedLight:Boostscollagenfor firmer,youthfulskin.

• 940nmNear-Infrared:Penetratesdeepto brightenandtighten.

InnovativeEngineeringforMaximumEfficacy:

• 396High-PowerLEDChips:Arrangedina honeycombmatrixfor51400cm²ofeven, full-facecoverage.

• OptimizedBeamAngle&GridDesign: Eliminatespatchyenergydistribution—a commonflawincheaperdevices.

ClinicallyProvenSafety,GloballyCertified Reliability

Developedwithcutting-edgeresearch, rigorouslytestedbyChongqingJunmei Hospitalthroughextensiveclinicaltrialsacross diverseskintypes,theXINYOUCosmetic Lampdeliversprovenefficacywithoutside effects.Itsproprietary”OpticalEnergyCode” technologyensuresprecisewavelength accuracy,evenenergydistribution,andstable lightoutput—backedbybigdatavalidation.

Safetyassuredthrough39stringentquality checks,includingspectralanalysis,energy consistency,andpulsestabilitytesting.Unlike genericalternatives,it’sSRRC&SGScertified withflicker-freeRG0bluelight(retina-safe), offeringcompletephototherapysecurity.

TechnologywithCare:XINYOUCosmetic LampIlluminatesHealthyBeauty

Movebeyondtraditionalskincareroutineswith limitedresults.XINYOUCosmeticLamp utilizesadvancedphototherapytechnologyto activatecellularrenewalfromwithin,delivering long-lasting,visibleimprovements.A cost-effectivealternativetoexpensiveclinical treatmentsandendlessskincareproducts,it’s designedforlastingvalue.

Now,everyonecanexperience scientifically-provenbeautycareathome. XINYOUCosmeticLampharnessesthe poweroflighttorevealhealthier,moreradiant skin—wherecutting-edgetechnologymeets everydaybeautyneeds,making professional-graderejuvenationaccessibleto all. ■

AlfaliteLaunchesSKYPIX,a NewCeiling-mountedLED PanelforVirtualProduction Environments

https://alfalite.com

Alfalite,theonlyEuropeanmanufacturerof LEDdisplays,announcesthelaunchof SKYPIX®RGBW&IM,anewseriesof ceiling-mountedLEDpanelsdesigned specificallyforvirtualproduction(VPXR) environments.Thisnewsolutionintroducesa capabilitypreviouslyunseenintheindustry: combiningRGBvideoplaybackwithan integratedwhitelightingchanneltodeliver morenatural,coherent,andadaptablescenes fromabove.

Witha3.9mmpixelpitch,upto9,000nitsof RGBbrightness,anda7,680Hzrefreshrate, SKIPIXofferspreciselightcontrol,acolor temperaturerangebetween3,200–6,504ºK, andaTM-30colorrenderingindex(Ra)of90. Itsaveragepowerconsumptionofjust35W

(90Wmax)makesitanenergy-efficientoption forlongstudiosessions.

AstandoutfeatureofSKYPIXisitsInvisible Marker(IM)system,whichreplacestraditional physicaltrackingmarkerswithavirtual, invisiblestickercompatiblewithexisting trackingtechnologies.Thissystemensures accurate,real-timesynchronizationandallows fortheconfigurationofcustomizableIM constellationsthatembedmetadatadirectly intotheshoot.

Lightingcontrolismanagedthrougha dedicatedapplicationthatenablesreal-time adjustmentofbothcolorandintensity—by zoneorbypixel—withuser-definedpresets tailoredtoproductionneeds.

“WithSKYPIX,we’retakingtheintegrationof imageandlightwithinvirtualproduction volumesonestepfurther,”saysLuisGarrido, ExecutiveDirectorofAlfalite.“Welistenedto studiosandlightingtechnicianstocreatea panelthatnotonlydisplayscontent,butalso lightsthescenewithunprecedentedrealism andcommunicateswiththebroader productionsystem.Iteliminatesthe maintenanceandsynchronizationissues associatedwithtraditionaltrackingmarkers. Onceagain,we’resurprisingthemarketwith acutting-edgesolutionunlikeanything previouslyavailableforfilm,television, advertising,andbroadcast.It’satool designedtoletcreatorsfocusonstorytelling withoutcompromisingtechnicalprecision.”

TheSKYPIXseriesisaimedatfilm,TV, advertising,liveevent,andbroadcast productionsworkingwithinVPXR environments,reinforcingAlfalite’s commitmenttodevelopingpurpose-built solutionsforthisrapidlyevolvingsector.

AboutAlfalite

AlfaliteisaleadingEuropeanLEDscreen manufacturerbasedinSpain,withdifferent facilitiesthatcarryoutLEDscreendesign, manufacturing,andcertification.Alfalite manufacturesscreensusingthebest materialsandcomponentsonthemarket, whichallowsthemtomeetthehighest standardsandthemostdemandingcustomer specificationsincriticalenvironments.Visit https://alfalite.com ■

pureLiFiUnveilsKitefinXEthe NextGenerationLiFiSystem

www.purelifi.com

pureLiFihasannouncedthereleaseofits latestLiFisystem,KitefinXE,designedto protectnetworksinaneramarkedbygrowing securitythreats.Thiscutting-edgewireless technology,firstreleasedexclusivelywithinthe NationalSecuritycommunity,isnowavailable toawiderspectrumofsectors,from governmentanddefencetoenterprise customersandbeyond.

Guaranteeingdatasecurityhasbecomean increasinglycomplextaskforboth governmentalbodiesandprivatebusinesses. TheKitefinXEsystemisfoundedon technologycraftedfortheNationalSecurity communityandhasdemonstrateditsreliability inthemostsecuresettingswhere communicationsafetyisparamount. CustomershavereportedthatKitefinXE allowsthemtointroducewirelesscapabilities wherepreviouslynotpossible,improving missionviabilityandsuccess.

Thisrevolutionarysystemallowsfor high-speedwirelessinternetconnectivity throughInvisibleLightratherthanRadio Frequencies(RF)usedintraditionalwireless technologiessuchasWiFiandCellular.LiFi providesarevolutionarylevelofsecurity unmatchedbyRFtechnologiesasitisnot susceptibletodetection,interceptionand jamming.LiFialsooffersmassivecapacity thatoutperformsWiFiinreal-world environments,anditslowlatencycapabilities offerabetteruserexperience.

AlistairBanham,CEOofpureLiFi,stated, “Securingsensitivedata,whetherit’scriticalto nationalsecurity,protectingintellectual property,andcompanydata,isbecoming increasinglychallengingforbothgovernments andenterprises.KitefinXEwillenablewireless communicationinpreviouslyimpossible scenariosandrevolutionisetheway companiesdeployconnectivity,providing confidenceandprotectioninthisevolving securitylandscape.”

pureLiFiispartofIn-Q-Tel’s(IQT)portfolio,the not-for-profitstrategicinvestorfortheU.S. nationalsecuritycommunityanditsallies.

ClaytonWilliams,ManagingDirectorofIQT,

remarked,“IQTisexcitedtosupportthe broaderlaunchofKitefinXE.Thisinnovation hasthepotentialtotransformhowour partnersapproachwirelessconnectivity—and helpenterprisesstaysecureintoday’s complexcybersecuritylandscape.”

KitefinXEisthelatestinaseriesofKitefin systemsdevelopedforgovernmentand defencethatsavemissionsandlives.Kitefin TacticalandKitefinOfficeweredeployedwith theUSArmyinthefirst-everlarge-scale deploymentofLiFi.Buildingontheir predecessors’success,KitefinXEoffers room-fillingLiFicoverageofover80Sq. MetersandprovidesGbpscapacity,makingit thehighest-performingLiFisystemavailable onthemarketforgovernmentanddefence, whichcomplieswithIEEE802.11bbstandard. AllpureLiFisystemsarebasedonIEEE 802.11protocols,makingthemthesimplest LiFisystemstointegrateintoexisting networks.KitefinXEisalsoavailableforboth Ethernetandfibredeployments.

WithKitefinXE,pureLiFisetsanewstandard insecure,high-capacitywireless communicationtechnology,pavingtheway forafuturewheredatasecurityis uncompromised. ■

NewUniqueOnlineToolfor PlanningPIRSensorswith EnergyandAmortization Calculation

https://relux.com

SensCalcisthefreeonlineplanningtoolfor PIRsensors.Theonlyonlinetoolintheworld. Calculatetheenergyefficiencyand amortizationofyoursensorinstallationwith certifieddatainaccordancewithIEC63180 andsensNORM2022.

ARELUXplanningtooldevelopedin co-operationwithEnergieSchweiz,BFE, METAS,sensNORMandSchweizerLicht GesellschaftSLG.

SensCalcprovideselectricians,plannersand privateindividualswithafreeonlinetoolfor planningPIRsensors.Theplatformenables energyandamortizationanalysesdirectlyon thewebsite-innovative,practicaland user-friendly.

RequirementsfortheplanningofPIRsensors

PlanningPIRsensorsrequiresalargeamount ofdataandcalculations.Inadditiontothe spatialconditions,suchasroomsizeand utilization,parameterssuchaslightintensity, sensorrangeandpotentialenergysavings mustalsobetakenintoaccount.Planning errorscanleadtoinefficientsystemsthat eitherdonotprovidethedesiredlevelof comfortorfailtoachievethedesiredenergy savings.

Functionalityandadvantages

Theonlinetoolisaccessibleviathehomepage www.senscalc.ch.Afterloggingin(asaguest orwiththeirownaccount),userscanplanPIR sensorsdirectlyinthebrowser.Thetooloffers awiderangeoffunctions:

• Energysavingcalculation:SensCalc calculatesthepotentialenergysaving accordingtoSIA387/4basedonthe parametersentered.

• Amortizationanalysis:Thetoolcalculates theamortizationperiodoftheplanned installationandprovidesimportant economickeyfigurestohelpyoumakea decision.

• Visualizationofsensorefficiency:Thetool displaysthesensorcoveragegraphically, makingtheoptimumplacementvisually visible.

• Userfriendliness:Thankstotheintuitive userinterface,evencomplexprojectsare easytocarryout.Thetoolissuitablefor bothexperiencedprofessionalsand beginners.

Relevancefortheindustry

TheimportanceofPIRsensorsinthecontext ofenergyefficiencyshouldnotbe underestimated.Accordingtotheguidelines oftheSwissLightingSociety(SLG),the targeteduseofPIRsensorscansaveupto 60%ofenergyinthelightingsector.These savingsnotonlyresultinareductionin operatingcosts,butalsomakeasignificant contributiontosustainabilityandthefulfilment oflegalrequirements.

Bysimplifyingcomplexplanningandclearly visualizingtheresults,thetoolreduceserrors andsavestime.Plannersandelectriciansare givenasolidbasisformakingdecisionsand optimisingtheinstallationofenergy-efficient systems.

Practicalapplication

Itisveryeasytouse:afterenteringthebasic data-suchasroomsize,typeofuseand installedlightoutput-thetoolautomatically calculatestheoptimumnumberand positioningofthePIRsensors.Inaddition, energysavingsandamortizationtimeare displayedbasedoncurrentenergyprices.

TheGTIN/EANnumbersoftheproductsnot onlymakeiteasiertoplanandpresent argumentstobuildingownersand decision-makers,butalsoshowwherethese productscanbepurchased.

ManufacturersofPIRsensorscanmaketheir productsavailableonSensCalc.

WithanentryinSensCalc,youcanmakeyour sensorproductsavailabletoabroad community.Thedatashouldbesuppliedin GLDFformat.Alternatively,thedatacanalso besuppliedintheformofanExcelfile.This alsoincludesL3Dmodels,productdata sheets,installationinstructionsandmarketing documents.Acorrespondingtemplatecanbe foundonthelandingpage.Thesensorsmust bemeasuredonameasuringsystemin accordancewithSensNORMorIEC63180so thattheproductscanbepresentedinthebest possibleway.

Voicesfrommanufacturersandusers

SensCalcistheresultofapowerfulinitiative forusage-dependentefficiencyinlighting. ThishasbeenourcentralconcernasSteinel formanyyears.SensCalcremovesfurther hurdlesforallmarketparticipantsandthus representsanimportantsteptowards sustainabilityandresourceefficiencyaspartof thenationaltargets. ■

LegrandUnveilsWattstopper

i3Platform

www.legrand.us

Legrand®,agloballeaderinelectricaland digitalbuildinginfrastructures,announcedthe launchoftheWattstopperi3Platform,a next-generationlightingandbuilding intelligencesolutionpoweredbyKODELabs, agloballeaderofadvancedsmartbuilding technology.

ThepartnershippositionsLegrandtoleadthe lightingcontrolsindustryintoaneweraof unifiedexperiences,seamlessintegrations, anddata-drivencontrol,makingiteasierto transformbuildingsintointelligent,responsive environments.

Wattstopperi3unitesLegrand’sestablished WattstopperDLMandWattstopperPLUS systemsunderacohesiveinterface.With

KODE’saward-winningOSatitscore,the platformconsolidatesdatafromlighting, HVAC,occupancysensors,andthird-party buildingsystemsintoactionableinsights. Wattstopperi3allowsoperatingteamstoplug intonewandexistingsystemstocontroland optimizebuildingsystemsinasingle,intuitive dashboard–whetherforasinglepropertyor entireportfolio.“TheWattstopperi3Platform representsthefutureofsmarterbuilding management,”saidTomLowery,Presidentof LightingandBuildingControlSystemsat Legrand.“Byconsolidatingcriticalbuilding systemsintoasingleinterface,we’reenabling buildingmanagerstomakedata-driven decisionsthatimproveperformanceand reduceoperationalcosts.Thispartnership allowsustooptimizeabuilding’svalue–todayandinthefuture.”

WiththelaunchofWattstopperi3,Legrandis deliveringmorethananoperatingsystem,the companyisdeliveringastrategyforthefuture ofsmartbuildings.Theplatformfeatures: Seamlessplug-and-playintegrationsacross existingandlegacylightingcontrol ecosystemsOccupancy-basedautomation, dynamicscheduling,andreal-timezoning Energyoptimizationandpredictiveinsightsfor faster,smarterdecisionsAunifiedlookand feelacrossLegrand’snetworkedlighting controlinterfacesforapremium,consistent experienceThiscombinationenables integratorstodelivermorewithlesseffort, allowingLegrand’spartnerstoofferlighting solutionsthatareeasiertoimplementand morecompetitivethaneverbefore.

DisruptingaFragmentedMarketInamarket dominatedbyproprietarysystemsandsiloed platforms,Wattstopperi3deliversa compellingalternative:anopen,agileplatform designedforrapiddeploymentandfuture scalability.

“BeingchosentopowerWattstopperi3isa proudmomentforus,”saidEtritDemaj, co-founderofKODELabs.“Togetherwith Legrand,we’remakingitpossibletodeploy smarterlightingsystemswithease,integrate withalmostanything,andgivecustomersthe open,data-richenvironmentsthey’vebeen waitingfor”

EmpoweringaSmarterEcosystem

Thislaunchmarksanimportantstepforward inhowOEMsandsoftwareplatformscan worktogethertomeettheevolvingneedsof theindustry.Asinteroperability,speed,and intelligencebecomemorecritical,the Wattstopperi3Platformhelpsposition Legrandtobettersupportclientslookingfor smarter,moreconnectedbuildingsolutions.

BypartneringwithKODELabs,Legrandisnot justenhancingitstechnologystack,it’s changingthewaylightingcontrolsare specifiedacrossthemarket.From streamliningintegrationswithleading

ecosystems,toenablingdigitalservices, AI-poweredoperations,andreal-timedata analytics,Legrandisarmingitspartnersand customerswithtoolsthatredefinelighting controlasaservice.WithLegrand’sglobal scaleandKODE’sdisruptiveplatform, Wattstopperi3isredefiningwhat’spossiblein lightingcontrolandsmartbuilding management.Thislaunchmarksamajorstep forwardfortheindustry–andaclearsignal thatthefuturebelongstointelligentand connectedsolutions.

AboutLegrandandLegrand,Northand CentralAmericaLegrandistheglobal specialistinelectricalanddigitalbuilding infrastructures.Itscomprehensiveofferingof solutionsforresidential,commercial,anddata centermarketsmakesitabenchmarkfor customersworldwide.TheGroupharnesses technologicalandsocietaltrendswithlasting impactsonbuildingswiththepurposeof improvinglifebytransformingthespaces wherepeoplelive,workandmeetwith electrical,digitalinfrastructuresand connectedsolutionsthataresimple, innovativeandsustainable.Drawingonan approachthatinvolvesallteamsand stakeholders,Legrandispursuingastrategy ofprofitableandresponsiblegrowthdrivenby acquisitionsandinnovation,withasteadyflow ofnewofferingsthatincludeproductswith enhancedvalueinuse(energyanddigital transitionsolutions:datacenters,digital lifestylesandenergytransitionofferings). Legrandreportedsalesof€8.6billionin2024. ThecompanyislistedonEuronextParisand isacomponentstockoftheCAC40,CAC40 ESGandCACSBT1.5indexes.(codeISIN FR0010307819).https://www.legrand.us/

AboutKODELabsDetroit-basedKODELabs isasmartbuildingsoftwarecompany transformingrealestatemanagementand tenantexperiencethroughitsinnovative, data-centricoperatingsystem,KODEOS.The openenterpriseplatformleveragesa software-as-a-service(SaaS)modelto optimizebuildingperformance,integrating datafrombuildingmanagementsystems,IoT, andoperationalsystemsintoaunified, cloud-basedsolution.KODELabsenables thousandsofrealestateportfoliosgloballyto operatetheirbuildingsseamlessly, economically,andsustainably.Formore information,visitkodelabs.com. ■

Arkalumen’sORBWins“Best inCategory–Drivers”atthe 2025LightFairInnovation Awards

www.arkalumen.com

Arkalumenisproudtoannouncethatits groundbreakingORBproducthaswonBestin Category–Driversatthe2025LightFair

InnovationAwards,recognizingitasthetop innovationindrivertechnologyandaleading advancementintunablecolorlighting solutions.

PresentedatLightFair,theInnovationAwards celebrateproductsthatsetnewstandardsfor performance,creativity,andimpact.TheORB stoodoutforitsuniquecombinationof high-precisiontunablespectralcontrol, modularflexibility,andcompact, high-performancedesign.TheORBisthefirst productofitskindtointegratemulti-channel tunablecolorcapabilitiesintoafullymodular, Zhaga-basedformfactor.Itsupportsupto fiveindependentlycontrolledoutputchannels, enablingprecisespectraltuningforwhiteor full-colorlighting.TheORBintroducesa transformativeapproachtoround(50mm diameter)tunablespectrallightsourcesby combiningadvancedthermalperformance withunmatchedmodularity.Itsdesignallows fordirectthermalcontactbetweentheLED moduleandtheheatsink,enablingcooler, moreefficientoperationandhigherlumen outputperLESarea.Attheheartofthe ORB’sinnovationisitsmodular architecture—deliveringfullyintegrated systemstailoredtospecificperformance requirements,includingawiderangeofLED moduleoptionswithdifferentLESsizes, lumenoutputs,andcustomspectralmixes.

TheORB’sopticalefficiencyisdrivenbyits compact8mmheightandanexceptionally shortlightpathtotheoptic—aslittleas 4.5mm—resultinginsignificantperformance advantagesovertraditionalintegrated solutions.Thesedesignefficienciescontribute toa20–30%increaseinoverallsystem efficacy.Additionally,theORBiscompatible withoptionalattachablelightguides,which furtherimproveopticalcontrolbyguidinglight directlytothebaseoftheoptic.Thisenables tighterbeamanglesandareducedeffective LESsize,givingdesignersgreaterflexibilityin achievingpreciselightdistribution.

“Wearehonoredtoreceivethisprestigious recognitionfromLightFair,”saidSeanMurray, PresidentatArkalumen.“TheORBreflects ourteam’sdeepcommitmenttoadvancing lightingtechnologyandprovidingourpartners withflexible,high-performancesolutionsthat enablegreatercreativityandprecision.This awardaffirmsourvisiontoleadthewayin next-generationillumination.”

TheORBisredefiningwhat’spossiblefor fixturedesign,offeringanunparalleledbalance

ofcolorquality,systemefficiency,anddesign versatility.Formoreinformationaboutthe ORBproductfamily,visit www.arkalumen.com ■

RedefiningHorticulturewith Light,Intelligence,and Innovation

https://ams-osram.com

Whatdoesthefutureofhorticulturelooklike? ForamsOSRAM,itcentersoncustomized light,intelligenttechnology,andsustainable systems.AtGreenTech2025,thecompany willshowcaseitsroleasaglobalinnovation leaderinprofessionalhorticulturelighting, sensingandplanttreatment—presentinga portfoliothatsetsnewbenchmarksfor efficiency,sustainability,andcropoptimization.

FromJune10to12inAmsterdam,GreenTech visitorscanexplorehowthelatest-generation LEDandsensorsolutionsfromamsOSRAM enhanceplantgrowth,saveenergy,and promotesustainablefarming.AtHall05, Booth05.357,attendeeswillexperience hands-ondemonstrationsofUV-Cdisinfection systems,chemical-freeweedcontrol,and high-performancegreenhouseLEDs, includingaUV-Croboticarm,adrone,andan algaereactor—allbringingsustainabilitytolife.

Sparkcuriosity.Fuelgrowth.Shapethe future.ThemajorhighlightofamsOSRAM’s tradefairpresentationwillbethenew high-powerLEDOSCONIQ®P3737GEN2withthehighestefficiencyinitsclassanda strongfocusonsustainability.Itistheperfect choiceasatoplightmountedongreenhouse ceilings,forinterlightingbetweenrowsof plantsandflowers,andasastandalonelight sourceforverticalfarming.Thankstoits 82.4%totalefficiencyinHyperRedanda photonfluxof6.09µmol/swithminimal energyconsumption,itsignificantlyboosts photosyntheticperformanceandnoticeably shortenscropcycles.Comparedtoits predecessor,theGEN2versionprovides3.2 %moreperformance,2.2%higherefficiency, andsupportsamaximumdrivecurrentof 2,800mAinbothHyperRedandFarRed. ThisreducesthenumberofLEDsrequired, lowersenergyconsumption,andenables compact,multi-channelluminairedesigns. TheOSCONIQ®P3737GEN2ispartofa comprehensivehorticultureportfoliocovering

allkeywavelengths—fromHyperRedandFar RedtoDeepBlue.Anotherversionofthe high-powerLED,theOSCONIQ®P3737 Batwing,willbelaunchedlaterthisyear.

Sustainable,innovativesolutions:disinfection attheflickofaswitch

Sustainablehorticultureapproachesthatams OSRAMispushingforwardalsoinclude cutting-edgeUV-CLEDsandspectral sensors.UV-CLEDtechnologyoffers numerousadvantagestofarmersand agriculturalholdings.UV-Clightpositively influencesavarietyofkeyparameters:it facilitatespestanddiseasecontrol, acceleratesgrowthrates,boostscropyields, andimprovesbothnutrientuptakeandplant resistancetopathogens.UV-CLEDsfrom amsOSRAMaretailoredtomatchtheunique demandsofeachapplication,strikingthe perfectbalancebetweengermicidal performance,top-levelquality,efficiency,and cost-effectiveness.Thecompanyalsooffers innovativesolutionsforsustainableweed control:camera-basedsystemscombined with455nmlaserdiodesfromamsOSRAM enablefarmerstoboosttheirproductivity throughefficientandreliableweeddetection anderadication.Chemical-freeandwithhigh precision.

Anewkeyinnovationforintelligentlighting systems

State-of-the-artdronesandagriculturalrobots canbeequippedwithaversatilerangeof spectralsensorsandcamerasdesignedto collectvaluabledataonplanthealth, phenotyping,andwaterstress.Withthe additionofthenewTCS3448,a14-channel multi-spectralsensor,thecompanyhas furtherstrengtheneditssensorportfolio. Compact,efficient,andsoftware-compatible withexistingsolutionssuchastheAS7343, theTCS3448simplifiesthedevelopmentof next-generationminiaturizedspectral systems—perfectforurbanfarming,medical technology,industriallightingcontrol,and muchmore.Withaspectralrangeof350to 900nm,integratedflickerdetectionupto1 kHz,andanultra-compactfootprintofjust3.1 ×2.0×1.0mm,theTCS3448deliversprecise lightandcolordataforawiderangeof applications. ■

Youmaysendyourinternationallightingnews to editors@led-professional.com

Inthisexclusiveinterview,LumiledsexpertsDr.OlegShchekin(CTO)and Dr.ToniLópez(Scientist)revealhowcutting-edgeLEDinnovations—from low-blueoutdoorlightingtometasurface-enhancedmicroLEDs—are shapingthefutureofenergyefficiency,visualcomfort,andsustainable design.Theyshareinsightsontechnicalbreakthroughs,real-world applications,andwhat’snextfortheindustry.

lumileds.com

LEDprofessional: Lumiledsisadvancingoutdoorlightingsolutions withreducedbluecontent.Whatare theprimarygoalsbehindthisinitiative,andhowdotheyalignwith publichealthandenvironmentalconcerns?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Weobservedagrowingpublicconcernwith thebluecontentinoutdoorlighting.Further,weareseeingmunicipalitiesactingonthisconcernbyaddressingboth CCTandbluecontentinoutdoorlightingordinances.Whileitispossiblefor amberorphosphorconvertedamber (pcamber)LEDstomeetcolorimetric orphotometriclowbluerequirements, wecreatedabettersolutionintermsof efficacy(lm/W).Itisalsoimportantto understandthatthebluecontentvaries substantiallybetweenpcamberLEDs. OurproductsthatuseNightScapeTechnology™1 havethebluecontentclearly specified,forexample,atlessthan2%, andeachLEDistestedtomeetthose specifications.Thiscreatescertainty andconfidenceforourcustomers,who makelightfixtures,andengineersand designerswhospecifythesefixtures.

LEDprofessional: Fromatechnology standpoint,howdidyouachievea low-bluespectrumwhilemaintaining colorqualityandefficiency?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Itis somewhatsurprisingthatIncandescent lampsorHigh-PressureSodiumlamps arereferredtoashavinglowbluecontent,whiletheystillproduce6.5–7.0%

1https://lumileds.com/technology/led-technology/ni ghtscape/

oftheirlightvisiblebetween400nmand 500nm.Forreference,a2,700KLED producesabout12%inthatrange,and itisstillabout2.9%for1,800KLEDs.

LumiledsLUXEONNightScapeTechnologyLEDs significantlyreducethepercentofbluecontent between400nmand500nmtolessthan2%.

Ourgoalwastooptimizeefficiencywhile meetingablue%thresholdoflessthan 2%,whilekeepingcolorrenderingand overallvisualappearancefunctionaland pleasing.Lumileds’R&Ddrewonits extensivephosphorlibraryandemployed highphosphorloadingtechniques—to preservereliability—andidentifiedan optimalsolutionat1,900K,achieving lessthan2%ofvisiblelightemission between400nmand500nm.

LEDprofessional: Howdothesesolutionscomparetotraditionaloutdoor lightingintermsofenergyefficiency, longevity,andvisualcomfort?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Because weusewell-establishedbuildingblocks forourlowbluecontentLEDs,they achievethesamelongevityandrobustnessastheir3,000Kor4,000Ksiblings. Colorrenderingiscomparabletoapc amberLEDsourceandisgoodfordistinguishingcolorsbecausethespectral

distributionisbroad.Inthatsense,itis verydifferentfromlow-pressuresodium lamps,whicharenearlymonochromatic, andonlyrendershadesoforange.Anotherimportantelementforvisualcomfortischromaticity(orcolorpoint).The sourcethatwecreatedcloselymimics thechromaticityofacandleflame,which ispleasingtomanypeople.Finally,we wereabletoachievea13%improvementinefficiencyvs.1,800K(whichhas moreblue)andPCAmber.

LEDprofessional: YourecentlyannouncedabreakthroughinmicroLED technologyincollaborationwithEindhovenUniversityofTechnology2.Can youexplainthecoreofthisinnovation?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Theteam wasabletointegratestructuresofafew tensofnanometersinsidethemicroLED chip.Thisresultedinincreasedlightextractionfromthechipandanarrower forwardbeam.

LEDprofessional: Whatarethekey performanceadvantagesofyourmicroLEDscomparedtoconventional LEDsorOLEDs?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Ouraim istocreatemicroLEDswiththesame efficiencyasregularLEDs.Whilewe arenotthereyet,theycanalreadybeat OLEDs,andaswecontinuetodevelop them,extendtheirefficiencyadvantage. MicroLEDsalsohavebetteroutputstabilitythanOLEDsandcanbemultiple ordersofmagnitudebrighter.

2https://lumileds.com/breakthrough-microled-devel opment-delivers-improved-emission-directionality-and -efficiency/

LEDprofessional: Whatarethemain hurdlesinbringingthismicroLED technologytomassproduction,and howisLumiledsovercomingthem?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Fortunately,Lumiledscanproducehigh-grade microLEDswithitscurrentepireactors andwaferprocessingtools.Themain challengesformassproductionseem tobemoredownstream,includingthe areasofhigh-yielddisplayassemblyand makingsurethatvariouspartsofthe valuechainarewellconnected.

LEDprofessional: Whatmakesmetasurfacesasuperiorapproachforcontrollinglightdirectionalitycompared totraditionaloptics?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Theadvantageofmetasurfacesisthattheysit insidethechipandcanbecompactly integratedneartheactiveregionat sub-wavelengthdistances.Theelectromagneticfieldcanthustightlycouplerightfromtheemittersourcetothe metasurface,whicheffectivelyactsas ananoscaleantennaarraytocollectivelyradiatethefieldwithahighsteering degree.Thegeometricalfeaturesand opticalcharacteristicsofthemetasurface combinedwithitscloseproximitytothe sourceenablesthemanipulationoflight propertiessuchasamplitude,phaseand polarizationinwaysthataresimplynot possiblewithtraditionaloptics.

Acomparisonofangularintensitydistribution highlightsthatdoubleon-axisintensitywas achievedwithmicroLEDscontainingembedded metasurfaces.X-Axis:IncidenceAngle(degrees), Y-Axis:Far-fieldIntensity(outputnormalized, arbitraryunits).

LEDprofessional: Howdoyouensure theseadvancedstructuresarecompatiblewithcurrentLEDfabrication andpackagingprocesses?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Photonic metasurfacescanbeengineeredand designedincompactformfactorswith

structuresizesfeaturinglowaspectratiosandindustrystandardmaterials.The researchteamsearchedforcompatible methodsthatfallwithinthecapabilities ofadvancedsemiconductorfabrication waferprocessingtoolsandprocessesas weusethemtoday.TheLEDpackaging processesareessentiallynotimpacted.

LEDprofessional: Whichmaterialscienceadvancementshaveenabled youtoeffectivelymanipulatetheLocalDensityofOpticalStates(LDOS) inyourdevices?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Thisinnovationistheresultofadecades-long advancesinseveralkeyareas:epitaxy structure,refiningnanoscalefabrication methods,andimprovingdevicedesign. Amajorfocushasbeenengineeringhow lightandelectronsinteract.Thisensures betterefficiencyandperformanceinour devices.Theseachievementscomefrom yearsofresearchcombiningmaterial science,photonics,andLEDfabrication,withanimportantcollaboration fromEindhovenTechnicalUniversitythat helpedspeedupourprogress.

LEDprofessional: Embeddingmetasurfacescanraisethermalandreliabilitychallenges.HowisLumileds addressingtheseissuesinproduct development?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Whenwe movefromresearchtoproductdevelopment,weaddressoverallproductperformance,includingthermals.Weforesee thatmetasurfacescanbeimplemented withoutthermaldrawbacksathighcurrentdensities.FormicroLEDsindisplay applications,whichoperateatrelatively lowcurrentdensity,thereshouldnotbe issues.

LEDprofessional: Howcloseareyou toreal-worldintegrationofmetasurfaceenhancedLEDsinareassuchasAR glasses,wearables,orautomotive HUDs?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Itwill beafewyearsbeforemetasurfaceenhancedmicroLEDsendupincommerciallyavailableproducts.Weare workingcloselywithsystemintegrators tobringthetechnologytoconsumers. Wehavedonethisbefore,whenwe broughtcameraflashtomobilephones, LEDbacklightstolargedisplays,and

helpedintroducethefirstcarswithLED taillightsandheadlights.

LEDprofessional: Doyouseemetasurface-enabledLEDsasmarket disruptorsormoreasperformance boostersforexistingapplications?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Wewould considerthemasavitalboosterofthe disruptingproductcategoryofmicroLEDs.

LEDprofessional: WhichindustrysectorsdoyoubelievearebestpositionedtoadoptmicroLEDandmetasurfacetechnologiesinthenext2–3 years?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Metasurfacetechnologyhasbenefitsfordirectviewdisplaysbecauseithelpsdeliver higherintensityandbrightnessfroman evensmallerchip,whichhelpsreduce theoverallsystemcost.Theincreased directionalityalsobenefitsAugmented Realityapplications.

LEDprofessional: Couldyoushare anexampleofareal-worldcustomer applicationthatdemonstratesthe potentialofyourcurrentresearch?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Youcan thinkofapplicationsthatuseasecondaryoptictonarrowordirectthelight distribution,suchasarchitecturalwall grazersorentertainmentlighting.

LEDprofessional: Howdoesyour roadmapsupportindustrytrendslike miniaturization,integration,andmultifunctionality(e.g.,combiningsensing andlighting)?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Lumileds supportsitscustomersintheAutomotive,GeneralIllumination,andConsumer Electronicswithmodulesthatintegrate severalsystemcomponents.Customers appreciateourcontributionintheproductdefinitionanddevelopmentphase whentheydon’thavethebandwidthor capabilitytodotheseintegrations.We havemultipledecadesofexperience withthese“L2”products,andweare alsoavaluablepartnerintheproductionoftheseintegratedLEDproducts, becauseweapplythesamequalityproceduresandmindsetaswedoinour front-endandLEDproduction.

LEDprofessional: Withgrowingpressurearoundenergyuseandcarbon footprint,howdoyourlatestdevelopmentssupportglobalsustainability goals?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Withour lowbluecontentLEDs,wehopetocontributetoreducinglightpollutionthrough abetterspectralsolutionandbycreating awarenessoftheissue.Propershieldingandaimingtoavoidlightgoingupor sidewaysalsosupportreducedskyglow andlessecologicaldisruptionresulting fromlightatnight.

Meta-surfaceoptimizedmicroLEDsreducedisplaypowerconsumption,especiallyforanear-eyedisplaythatispartof AugmentedRealityglasses.Atafraction ofthesizeofalargeTV,butstillappearinglikeonethroughyourglasses,italso consumesafractionofthepower.

Wesupportcustomerswithintegrated modulescontainingaheatsinkand sometimesdrivecircuitry,especiallyin theautomotivemarket.Theseimprove therepairabilityof,forexample,acar headlampbecausetheLEDmodulecan bereusediftheheadlamprequiresreplacement.

LEDprofessional: Lumiledsrecently improvedlumen-per-dollarperformanceinhigh-powerLEDs.What specificinnovationsenabledthisleap insystemefficiency?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: WerecentlyannouncedupgradestoLUXEON HL2X,whichcamefromimprovedefficiencyandoutput,butalsofromcontinuedimprovementstotheproduction process.Theefficiencyimprovementsof these700mA2.7Vpartshavebeenrelentless,andwenowhaveanoutputof 370lmwithanefficacyofover190lm/W at85°Cjunctiontemperature(for70CRI parts).

LEDprofessional: Multi-colorarrays areanotherofyourrecentinnovations.Canyouexplainthetechnologicalbackgroundandthemarket demandtheyaddress?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Tobe accurate,theLumiledsR&Dteamhas achievedmultiplecolorswithinindividualmicroLEDsbycreatingastackof multiplecolorsseparatedbyonlyafew microns,realizedinasingleepitaxial

LUXEONHL2X-Visthelatestadditiontothe HL2Xfamily.Itoffersanew,high-powervalue optionofthealreadypowerfulandrobustLUXEONHL2X.LUXEONHL2X-Vpartsofferaneven higherlm/$valuepropositionthatenablesexistingsolutionsusingahigh-power3535LEDto improvetheirpositioninthemarketandfornew lightingsolutionstooffernever-before-possible performance.

growth.TheadvantagefordisplayapplicationsisthatyoureducethemicroLED countfrom3to1perpixel.ForAugmentedRealityDisplaysorHeadUp Displays,thereisnolongeraneedto bringthelightfromthreeseparatepanels together,asallthreecolorssitwithinthe samepanel.

Thisapproachalsohasadvantagesfor othermulti-colorsystems(forexample, Red,Green,Blue)becauseoneLEDcan delivermultiplecolorsfromtheexact samesource,whichresultsinperfect colormixingbecausethecolorssitright ontopofeachother.

LEDprofessional: Deepdimmingis essentialinhigh-qualitylightingsystems.WhatapproachdoesLumileds usetoenableprecisedimmingwhile preservingcolorstability?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Asan LEDmanufacturer,wehavelongrecommendedthatourcustomersusepulse widthmodulation(PWM)forverylow outputlevelstoensureconsistentoutputandcolorbetweenindividualLEDs. Thechallengewiththatapproachisthat ifthedrivermodulationfrequencyisinsufficient,itcanresultinflickerorghosting.ByimprovingtheLEDchipmaterial consistency,wecannowachievegood consistencyatverylowcurrentlevelsin ourdeepdimmingLEDs.Customerscan nowachievedeepdimmingwithcurrent amplitudemodulation,withouttheneed forhigh-frequencyPWMdrivers.

Wefirstintroducedthisapproachfor AutomotiveRearSignalingLEDsthat combinebrakeandtaillightfunctions.

LEDprofessional: RedInGaNLEDs havelongbeenachallengeinthe industry.Wheredowestandtodayin termsofperformanceandscalability?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Forvery smallmicroLEDsize(<5µm),InGaNRed isalreadymoreefficientthanthealternativesofRedbasedonAlInGaPorblue convertedwithquantumdots.Lumileds hasdemonstratedInGaNRedatalong

Lumiledshasextendeditsrecord-settingadvancesinitsInGaNRedLEDdevelopment.TheInGaNmaterial systemisanattractivealternativetoAlInGaPforcreatingredlightsourcesbecauseitharmonizes manufacturingwithGreenandBlueLEDs,whicharealsobasedonInGaN.

dominantwavelengthof620nmof14% wallplugefficiencyforhighpowerdevicesandisnowworkingtoportthose resultstomicroLEDs.Ourteamachieves theseRedInGaNresultsusingourhighvolumeproductionequipment,which makesusconfidentthatitcanscaleto highvolume.

LEDprofessional: Wheredoyousee themostsignificantuntappedpotentialformicroLEDsoverthenext5to 10years?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: MicroLEDs havethepotentialtochangedisplays thatweknowtoday,likeOLEDorLCD, orhelpcreatenewcategorieslikeAugmentedRealityDisplaysordisplaysin glass.Allareexciting.Thetechnology continuestoholdpromiseandopportunitiestosticktoourmantratomakethe never-before-possible,possible.

LEDprofessional: Doyouanticipate metasurface-enhancedLEDscould onedayreplacelegacydisplayor lightingtechnologiesatscale?

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Narrowingthebeamandimprovingthesource efficiencyhaveinherentadvantages. Weexpectthatthistechnologywillfind itswayintomanyapplications.The achievementofenhancedlightextraction andradiativerateisapreludetofuture LEDproductswithhigherefficiencythan whatispossiblewiththecurrentstateof-the-arttechnologies.

LEDprofessional: Thankyousomuch forthisexclusiveandextensiveinterview.Itwasapleasuretalkingwith you.

OlegShchekin&ToniLopez: Thank youverymuch. ■

Dr.OlegShchekin istheChiefTechnologyOfficerofLumiledsandisresponsiblefortechnologyroadmapandincubatingnewtechnologiesandproduct conceptsthatenableLumiledstolead theindustry.Olegbringsover20years ofinnovation,technicaldevelopmentand organizationalleadershipinsemiconductorsandLEDstohisrole.Dr.Shchekin joinedLumiledsin2005andhasheld anumberoftechnicalandleadership roles.HehasguidedLEDproductefficiencyroadmaps,phosphormaterials development,incubatedandtransferred newtechnologiesandproductstodevelopment,andestablishedanddeveloped anumberoftechnicalcompetencies inR&D.Dr.Shchekin’spreviousprofessionalexperienceincludesepitaxial semiconductorcrystalgrowth,semiconductorlasers,andflexibleorganic semiconductorintegratedcircuits.His workhasbeenrecognizedbyvarious awardsaswellasindustryreviewjournals.Dr.ShchekinholdsPh.D.andM.S. degreesinElectricalEngineeringanda B.S.degreeinPhysicsfromtheUniversityofTexasatAustin.

https://www.linkedin.com/in/oleg-shche kin-2276a42/

Dr.ToniLópez isaDistinguishedScientistandmemberoftheR&Dgroupat Lumileds,whereheplaysakeyrolein advancingLEDandMicroLEDtechnologies.Hisworkfocusesonenhancing lightemissionefficiencyanddirectionalitythroughnanophotonicsengineering. PriortojoiningLumileds,Toniworked atPhilipsResearchLaboratories,where hefocusedonenhancingpowersemiconductordevicesinswitched-mode powersuppliesforautomotiveandcomputerapplications.Toniholdsover100 grantedpatentsworldwideandover30 conferencepapers,journalpublications andinvitedtalks.HereceivedhisB.Sc. inelectricalengineeringwithhonors,his M.Sc.inelectronicsandcommunication engineering,andhisPh.D.withthehighesthonorsatthePolytechnicUniversity ofCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain. https://www.linkedin.com/in/toni-lópez -1092964/

www.lumileds.com

ImageofLumileds’polychromatic9x12µmmicroLEDwith theInGaNredjunctionenergized.Theverticalorientation ofthegreenandbluecontactpadsdeterminesthe light-uppattern.Capturedonalaboratoryprobestation underamicroscope.©Lumileds.

DIStefanieKern1,TeamleaderR&DatLumitech

Thetopicofnecessarydisinfection hasbeenomnipresentnotonlybeingunderscoredsincetheCOVID-19 pandemic.Whensomeonecoughs orsneezes,countlesstinyvirusmicrodropletsarereleasedintotheair, whichcancauseinfectionbyinhalationdirectlyorsettleonsurfacesand thencausesmearinfectionbytouch. Ithasbeenknownforsometimethat UVlightcankillupto99.9%ofviruses andbacteria.Thelightdestroys(by cracking)themolecularcomponents, becausesubsequentlyUV-CsuccessfullydisablestheDNA&RNAofthe microorganismrenderingitunableto replicate(schematicrepresentation inFigure 1).Stoppingtheirreproductionconsequentlypreventsthemfrom infectinganyoneelse.Therefore,ultravioletlight(whichisalsopartof sunlight)isalongstandingtoolinthe battleagainstmicrobialpathogens.

Inanutshell:withaproperdose(timeand emittingpower)UV-Clightcankillallsorts ofbacteria,fungi,andvirusparticleswithout(toxic)chemicals,suchaschlorines,or otherresiliencecausingmaterials.

FromMercuryTubestoLED Innovation

TheUVlightiscurrentlymainlyproduced bymercurytubes,whichhavethefollowingdisadvantages:thedangerousmercurycontentperseandthelimitedtube lifespan,especiallyforhighswitchingfrequencies.However,thankstotheLED technologythereisadisruptiveinnovation juststarting(similartothegenerallighting) inordertoreplacethetubetechnologywith environmentallyfriendlyLEDs.Moreover, LEDsmakeafreechoiceofform-factor possible,whichmeansdesignisnolonger restrictedtopreviouslymandatorytubedesign.

ProductOverview:The UV-CLEDDisinfector

Thefollowingdetailedfield-studyilluminatestheresultsofdisinfectionwithUV-C lightpowered/generatedbyLEDsfor disinfectionintheparticularlydemanding environmentofachildcarefacility.Thisis donebytheso-calledUV-CLEDdisinfector(Figure 2),developedbytheAustrian companyLumitech.Itisasmall,ceilingmounteddevicesimilartoasmokedetector(regardingitsdesign),withanintegrated UV-CLEDmoduleforsurfacedisinfection.

ProductFeatures

• Fullyautomatedsurfacedisinfectionby UV-CLEDirradiation

UV-CLEDdisinfector(Lumitech).

• Integratedsensorintelligenceforhighest safetyinautomaticmode:rooms/surfacesareirradiatedbyUV-Clightonlyif nopersonsarepresent

• Visualindicationfordisplayingtheoperatingmode

• Timingcontrol

• PossibilityforintegrationintoDALInetworks

• Simplemountingandinstallation:standalonedeviceonthesurface,onlytobe connectedtomainssupplyvoltage

• UV-CLEDdisinfectionofa50m2 room in8hours

• Generalproofofconceptavailablefrom OFI(Austrianresearchandtestinginstitute),testedonbacteriophages(viruses thatinfectandreplicatewithinbacteria) ofthetypePseudomonasphagephi6.

PilotStudySetupand Methodology

Itiscommonlyknownthatinstitutionssuch asschoolsorespeciallychildcarefacilities tendtobeaffectedbyahighergermload thanotherplaces,sinceinfectionscan spreadmoreeasilyamong(little)children. Therefore,applyingUV-CLEDdisinfection

Figure1: UV-Clight:modeofaction.

Figure2:

inchildcarefacilitiesseemstobeavery sensibleapproach,whichise.g.already describedin [1].Inchildcarefacilities,itis notuncommonfortoddlerstoputalotof thingsintheirmouths.Forinvestigatingthe effectivenessoftheUV-CLEDdisinfector inarealenvironment,3grouproomsofa childcarefacilityinthevillageSanktMartin anderRaab(locatedintheSouth-Eastof Austria)weremadeavailableasatesting field:1nurseryroomwithchildrenbetween theagesof1and3(denotedasGR1in thefollowing)and2childcarefacilityrooms withchildrenbetweentheagesof3and6 (denotedasGR2andGR3inthefollowing).

Eachgrouproomwasequippedwith2UVCLEDdisinfectorsinasimplifiedoperation modeasrequestedbythechildcarefacilitystaff:thesensor-controlledautomatic modewasdeactivated,andthetiming functionwassettoafixedUV-CLEDradiationbetween22:00and06:00.The numberofinstalledUV-CLEDdisinfectors wasbasedonasimplifiedcalculationofthe providedUV-CLEDradiationdose:Startingfromaradiatingpowerof~276mW (transmissionoftheusedquartzglass coverincluded)andtheradiationdistributionofthedisinfectorswithpeakwavelengthof275nm,thenumberofUV-CLED disinfectorsforeachroomaswellasthe testpositions(distancebetweendisinfector andtestposition2m-2.2monaverage) waschosen.Thatway,andsettingaradiationduranceof8hours,anaveragedose valueof30mJ/cm2 wascalculated,which approximatelycoverstheknowndosevaluesneededforeliminatingSARS-CoV-2 andinfluenzavirusesandE.colibacteriaup to99.99%(log4),describede.g.in [2] fora typicalUV-Cwavelengthof254nm(based onstandardmercurylowpressurelamps), butalsoin [3] forhigherUV-CLEDwavelengths.

Thechildcarefacilitypilotstudywascarried outoveranoverallperiodofthreeweeks, splitintotwoweeksinSeptember/October 2024andoneweekinNovemberofthe sameyeartoincludeweather-relatedinfluences(occupanciesindoor/outdoor).

Therewerefourfixedtestdatesdefinedfor eachtestday:

• 06:30:openingtime,beforefirstcontaminationafterUV-CLEDdisinfection overnight

• 09:00:directlyafterfirstplaytimeinthe childcarefacility(childrenareindoors)

• 11:30:directlyaftersecondplaytimein thechildcarefacility,beforelunch

• 14:30:afterlastcontaminationcaused bychildren’sattendanceandbefore standardmanualcleaningprocess.

Figure3: Grouprooms,positionsofUV-CLEDdisinfectorsandsamplepoints.

Foralltestruns,thegermcontaminationof thespecifiedsurfacesinthegrouprooms wasdeterminedbyusingdipslidesoftype HygicultTPC [4] forthemostcommon bacteriaandfungi.Aftersampling,these dipslideswereincubatedandthenevaluated,partiallybyanexternallab(W.H.U. GmbHBischofshofen-Labor,Prüf-und Inspektionsstelle).Analysisdatawereexpressedinso-calledCFUpercm2,where CFUmeanscolonyformingunit(standard unitformicrobiologicalinvestigations).It shouldbenotedthattherearenoconcrete regulatoryCFU/cm2 limitvaluesforsurfacesine.g.childcarefacilities,butonly generalhygienicrecommendations [5] Figure 3 showsGR1,GR2,GR3withthe positionsoftheinstalledUV-CLEDdisinfectorsandthepositionsofthesample

points.Thesepointswerechosenafter consultationwiththechildcarefacilitystaff primarilyaspointswithhigh“touchingfrequency”andlessconsideringtheiroptimumUV-Cradiationposition. Table 1 summarizestheattendancesandroomoccupanciesofthewholetestperiodaswell asthechosentestsetup:

• NoUV-CLEDdisinfectioncarriedout, standardcleaningprocessperformed

• UV-CLEDdisinfectioncarriedoutbetween22:00and06:00(everynight,also duringtheweekend),nostandardcleaningatthesamplepoints

• UV-CLEDdisinfectionbetween22:00 and06:00(everynight,alsoduringthe weekend)andstandardcleaningatthe samplepointsperformed.

Results:GermLoad ReductioninPractice

Fortheresults,presentedinthefollowing,allobtaineddataunderwentavalidity check3.Validdatawereaveragedtogeneratecurvesforthegermload,dependingonthechosentestsetup,thatareas genericaspossibleinthecontextofthis concretepilotstudy.Itisnotedthatgerm loaddatabelongingtotesttime11:30 havebeenexcludedinthefinalevaluationoftheresultsbecausetherewasno significantchangetothegermloaddata belongingtotesttime09:00(changesonly

3Clearly,thepilotstudyissubjecttosomeslightuncertainties(100%reproduceableresultsarenotpossible e.g.duetodailyroutines,children’sbehavioretc.arenot completelycomparablefromdaytoday).

23.09.2024

24.09.2024

9children

Occupancyuntil~10:45 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

9children

Occupancyuntil~10:45 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

25.09.2024 9children

Occupancyuntil~10:45 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

30.09.2024

8children

Occupancyuntil~10:45 (afterwardsoutdoors) Setup:cleaningonly

01.10.2024 10children

Occupancyuntil~10:45 (afterwardsoutdoors) Setup:cleaningonly

02.10.2024 10children

Residenceonlyindoor Setup:cleaningonly

25.11.2024 10children

Occupancyuntil~12:30

Setup:cleaningonly

27.11.2024 10children

Occupancyuntil~12:30 Setup:cleaningonly

28.11.2024 11children

Occupancyuntil~12:30

Setup:cleaningonly

14children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

13children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

15children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

13children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:cleaningonly

14children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:cleaningonly

16children

Residenceonlyindoor Setup:cleaningonly

14children

Occupancyuntil~11:00 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED,nocleaning

16children

Occupancyuntil~11:00 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED,nocleaning

16children

Occupancyuntil~11:00 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED,nocleaning

18children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

19children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

19children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:UV-CLED+cleaning

18children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:cleaningonly

17children

Occupancyuntil~10:15 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Setup:cleaningonly

16children

Residenceonlyindoor

Setup:cleaningonly

15children

Occupancyuntil~11:00 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Between12:30and~15:002children present(afternooncare)

Setup:UV-CLED,nocleaning

14children

Occupancyuntil~11:00 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Between12:30and~15:004children present(afternooncare)

Setup:UV-CLED,nocleaning

15children

Occupancyuntil~11:00 (afterwardsoutdoors)

Between12:30and~15:005children present(afternooncare)

Setup:UV-CLED,nocleaning

Table1: Attendances,roomoccupanciesandtestsetupsofthepilotstudy.

Figure4: Resultinggermloadcurveforstandardcleaningprocessonly.

Figure5: ResultinggermloadcurveforUV-CLEDdisinfectiononly.

Figure6: ResultinggermloadcurveforUV-CLEDdisinfectionincombinationwithstandardcleaning process.

withinthecalculatedvariation).Explanation:typically,notcontinuousoccupancyof theroomsbetween9:00and11:30dueto severalactivities.Furthermore,itisnoted thattransitionsbetweendifferentgermload valuesareillustratedaslinearapproximationsin Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 8 foraclearerdemonstrationofthe results.

Inadditionto Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 8,itcanbesummarizedthat:

• Figure 4:WithoutUV-CLEDdisinfection,butcarryingoutthestandard manualcleaningprocess,themaximum germloadof100%detectedat14:30 onatestdaywasreducedtoaminimum germloadof62%detectedat06:30in themorningonthefollowingtestday, wherebetweenthesedatesnochildrenwerepresent. Obviously,62%is quiteahighrestgermloadleveland showsthatstandardcleaningmight notbesufficient,especiallyforhigh absolutemaximumvaluesase.g. 1,500CFU/cm2,whichwasdetecteda fewtimesduringthepilotstudyforsetupswithoutUV-CLEDdisinfectionand forwhich theconsultedexternallab madetheurgentrecommendation foradditionaldisinfectingmeasures

• Figure 5:WithactiveUV-CLEDdisinfectionbetween22:00and06:00, butwithoutthestandardcleaningprocessperformedfortheselectedsamplepoints,themaximumgermload of100%detectedat14:30onatest daywasreducedtoaminimumrest germloadof37%detectedat06:30in themorningonthefollowingtestday, wherebetweenthesetimesnochildren werepresent. ThisshowsthatUV-C LEDdisinfection(inthesettingchosenforthispilotstudy)hasaclearly higherimpactongermloadreductionthanstandardcleaningonly

• Figure 6:WithactiveUV-CLEDdisinfectionbetween22:00and06:00,and carryingoutthestandardcleaningprocess,themaximumgermloadof100% detectedat14:30onatestdaycould bereducedtoaminimumrestgerm loadof13%detectedat06:30inthe morningonthefollowingtestday,where betweenthesetimesnochildrenwere present.

• Thesmallestmeasuredvalueforrest germcontaminationinthemorningwas 5CFU/cm2 forthesetup“UV-CLEDdisinfectionincombinationwithstandard cleaningprocess”, whichcanbeinterpretedasnoexistinggermload

• Figure 7 showsacomparisonofdip slideswithbacterialgrowthafterthree daysofincubation.The topslides refer tosamplestakenatatestpositioninthe afternoonat14:30,whilethe bottom slides showthesamplestakenatthe samepositionthefollowingmorning, aftercleaningandovernightUV-CLED disinfection.

Figure7: Dipslidesafterincubation,beforeand aftercleaningandUV-CLEDdisinfection.

TheseimpressiveresultsshowthatapplyingUV-CLEDdisinfectionwiththechosen product,evenifusedinasimplifiedoperationmodeforthe8hourperiodduringthe night,leadstoaconsiderablyhigherreductionofmicroorganismsonthesurfaces thanapplyingonlythestandardcleaning process.Analreadyhigherreductionofthe germcontaminationasastartingpointin themorningfuthermoreleadstoaflattened increaseofthegermcontaminationinthe courseoftheday(Figure 8)andtherefore toageneralreducedriskforinfections.In addition,itcouldbeseenthatUV-CLED disinfectiononly(withoutcleaning)might notbesufficientregardinggermloadbecausethereisofcoursealsodust,dirt,etc. Therefore,theneedforstandardcleaning processesstillremains.

ItcanbeclearlystatedthatUV-CLEDdisinfection,basedonthegivenradianceparameters,canmakeanimportantcontributiontothereductionofbacterialloadin institutionswithapossiblehighpresenceof infectiousgerms,evenifonlyusedduring theclosinghours.

Asanupsidepotential,thegermload curvesforactiveUV-CLEDdisinfection (Figure 8)couldbeflattenedfrommorningtoafternoonbyswitchingtotheau-

tomaticmodeoftheUV-CLEDdisinfector(asstatedearlier).Outdoortimeslots wouldberecognizedbythedisinfectoras nopresencesothatthedevicewouldactivateitselfforUV-CLEDdisinfectionduring thedayaswell.

Regardingconcernsaboutpotentialmaterialdamage,testshavebeenconductedon variousmaterials(especiallyplastics).They haveshownthatnoyellowing,brittleness, etc.,occurred.Basedontheaveragesolar irradiance(2.24mW/cm2 at270–380nm), thefollowingcomparisoncanbemade: Oneyearofcontinuous(24/7)irradiationby theUV-Croomdisinfector(mountedonthe ceilingataheightof3m)correspondsto onlyonehourofdirectsunlightexposure. Anegativeimpactontheconditionofirradiatedmaterialsandsurfacescantherefore beruledout.

ConclusionandOutlook

Thefieldstudyimpressivelydemonstrates theproveneffectivenessofgermicidalultraviolettechnologybasedonUV-ClightgeneratedbyLEDsfordisinfectioninstandalonesafeoperatingmode.

LUMITECHasLEDinnovation-leaderdevelopsandmanufacturesstateoftheart UV-CLED-technology(COBaswellas SMT)inAustria,withbestinclassUV-C efficiencycombinedwithspecificoptics, wellconsideredthermalmanagement, andoptimizedlayout-andconnectiontechnologyespeciallyforUVliketheUV-C room-disinfector,thatwasusedinthefield studydescribedaboveandwhichcanbe usedautonomouslywhileguaranteeing intrinsicallysafeoperation.Allthisasan upper-roomgermicidalsysteminawellknowndesignforsurfacemountingonthe ceilingsimilartocommonlyusedsmoke detectors. ■

References

[1] G.Messina,R.Bosco,D.Amodeo,N.Nante,I.De Palma,C.Petri,G.Cevenini. SaferschoolwithnearUVtechnology:novelapplicationsforenvironmental hygiene.26.01.2023

[2] M.Heßling,K.Hönes,P.Vatter,C.Lingenfelder. Ultravioletirradiationdosesforcoronavirusinactivation –reviewandanalysisofcoronavirusphotoinactivation studies. 14.05.2020

[3] Y.Gerchman,H.Mamane,N.Friedman,M.Mandelboim. UV-LEDdisinfectionofCoronavirus:Wavelengtheffect. 04.02.2021

[4] HygicultTPCDipSlideAbklatschprobenGesamtkeimzahl. Link. Aktualisiert2025

[5] RecommendationoftheCommissionforHospital HygieneandInfectionPreventionattheRobertKoch Institute(RKI). HygieneRequirementsforCleaning andDisinfectingSurfaces. 2022

DIStefanieKern,Lumitech. https://www.linkedin.com/in/stefanie-kern77693a220/

lumitech.com

Figure8: Comparisonofresultinggermloadcurvesforthedifferenttestsetups.

Real-TimePhotometrywith [o3u]-cam

Mag.WilfriedPohlandMag.ChristianAnselm,MSc.,[o3u]

TheLightingMarket

TheEuropeanlightingindustryfacesmajor challenges.

LEDmanufacturersofferawiderangeof high-qualityLEDswithvariouspowerratings,efficiencies,colortemperaturesand CRIs.Opticalcomponents(lensesandreflectors)andlightenginesareavailableat lowcostandinhighqualityforalmosteveryapplication.Variouswiredandwireless controlsystemsenableproject-specificand user-centerdcontroloflightingsystemsfor almosteveryapplication.

Thismeansthatthebarriertoimplementing attractive,highlyfunctionallightingisbecomingsmallerandsmaller,andcompetitivepressureisincreasingmassively.New companiesareenteringthemarketwithout previousexperienceinthelightingindustry, butwithcost-optimizedsupplychains(e.g. fromtheFarEast)andscalednetworksin manufacturing(containers/mass-produced goods).

Cost-down-approach>Me-too ManyEuropeanlightingmanufacturersare thereforefocusingonevershorterproduct developmentcycleswithreduceddevelopmentbudgets.Minimizingtheircosts increasinglylimitsdifferentiationtotheexternaldesignofthehousing.Onecredois platformthinking,withtheaimofcreating asextensiveacatalogueofluminairesas possibleforeveryapplication.Thelighting technologyisofteninterchangeable,the productscomparable,andthelowprice promisescapacityutilizationandmarket share(downwardorientation).

Level-upinnichemarkets>Differenti-

ation

Afewsmallerlightingmanufacturersare buckingthemainstreamtrend,reducing theirportfoliosandfocusingonnicheproductsofthehighestqualitytomeetindividualcustomerneeds.Theprojectsrequire intensiveconsultation,thevolumesimplementedaresmaller,andthemargins arehigher(upwardorientation).Inaddition tohigh-qualityproductdesignandcom-

pleximplementation,thequalityofthelight playsacentralrole.

Focusonlightquality

Successfulservicetotheupmarketsegmentrequiresmorethanjustthetraditional supplyof(standardized)luminaires.Luminairemanufacturersareusuallypartnersto architectsintheimplementationofindividualprojectrequirements.Thedesignofthe luminaireitself,acustomized(miniaturized) sizeforintegrationintothearchitectural environment,andthepositioningofthe luminaireareallimportantfactors.High qualityintermsoffunctionandmaterials,a well-thought-outinstallation,easeofmaintenanceandflexiblecontrolareessential. Minorcompromisesinsystemefficiency areacceptedinordertoachievethehighestpossiblelightquality.Theproductis definedbythefeasibilityofindividuallightingdesignideas.

Future:Individual(personalized)lightingproduction

Automationinindustryisincreasinglybeing replacedby‘intelligent’robots,whichwill enablecost-effectiveindividualmassproductionofproductsinthefuture.Various manufacturersalreadyoffercustomersthe optionofusinga‘configurator’toselect individualcombinationsofaccessoriesand lightingcomponents(e.g.opticswithdifferentlightpackages,lightdistributions,etc.).

Inthefuture,customerscouldcreatetheir ownindividualdesignsfordecorativeparts usingspecialdesignmodelling(e.g.using acomputer-assistedmorphingalgorithm) andhavethemmanufacturedusingadditivemanufacturingmethods.

Thecombinationofdigitalconfigurators andadditivemanufacturingcanopenup entirelynewdimensionsintermsofflexibilityandefficiency.Customerswillbenefit fromanunprecedentedvarietyofdesign optionsandcantailorproductsprecisely totheirrequirements.Thedirecttransferof configurationdataintotheproductionprocesseswouldsignificantlyreducethetime fromideatofinishedproduct.

Manuallineproduction(top),individual massproductionusingrobotics(bottom)[1].

Inprinciple,thesedesignoptionsarenot limitedtoaestheticfeaturesbutshould alsoincludeopticalpropertiesinthefuture. Thisrequiresarapidopticaldesignprocess thatenablesproject-specificopticaldevelopmentintheshortestpossibletimeand includesthemanufactureofopticsusing 3Dprinting.

RapidOpticalDesign

Theimplementationofinnovativeproducts inthelightingindustrygenerallyfollows theclassicdevelopmentsteps [2].Inthe developmentprocess,oncetherequirementshavebeenclarified,asystemconceptisdevelopedandtheopticalsystemis workedoutindetail.Simulationprograms areusedtosimulatethelightingperformancedatatothenproduceafunctional modelorprototype.

Opticalsimulationprogramsworkwith mathematicalmodelsthatcannotaccuratelyrepresentvariouseffects(e.g.scatteringonsurfacesandtransmittingmaterials,manufacturingtolerances,etc.).In addition,therelevantopticalmaterialparametersareoftennotavailableinpractice, leadingtosometimessignificantdeviations inthesimulationsresults.Realfunctional modelsandprototypesarethereforenec-

Figure1:

essarytoverifytheresultsoftheoretical calculationsandtocarryoutthefinaloptimizationsandadjustments.

Time-consumingtestingcycle

Thesefunctionalmodelsandprototypes aremeasuredusinggoniophotometersystems,andthecorrespondingplanningdata isprovided(e.g.Eulumdatfiles).Thesystemanalysisiscomputer-assisted,whilevisualizationtakesplaceseparatelybystandardlightingdesignprograms(e.g.Dialux, Relux).Conclusionsaboutthefunctionality oftheluminairesamplesrequiretheentire processchainofmeasurement,analysis, evaluationandseparatevisualization.This takestimeandtiesup(specialist)human resourcesandequipment(infrastructure).

RapidOpticalDesign

Inmanycases,thedesireddevelopment goalcanbeachievedmuchmorequickly ifthedevelopmentprocessandfinalfine adjustmentsarecarriedoutexperimentallyonrealsamples(experimentalcircle).Untilnow,thisapproachhasrequired cumbersomemeasurementswithagoniophotometertoevaluatetheresultsphotometrically.Thiscyclecanbesignificantly shortenedwiththe[o3u]-cam,andtheresultofanexperimentisimmediatelyvisible photometrically,enablingacontinuous optimizationprocess(Figure 2).Another majoradvantageofthisapproachisthat theeffectofvariousimprovementmeasurescanbeexperiencedinrealtime.

The[o3u]-cam

Goniophotometersareusedtomeasure theangle-dependentluminousintensity distribution(LID)ofalightsource.There areavarietyofdifferentdesignprinciples forgoniophotometers,butsuchmeasuring systemsgenerallyrequirespecialenvironments,andthemeasurementcycles(includingmountingofthetestobject)range fromafewminutestohours,dependingon theresolutionandintegrationtimerequired, withthemeasurementdurationincreasing significantlywiththeselectedangularresolution(e.g.fornarrow-beamsystemsand detectionofcut-offedges).

Thegoniophotometerthuscharacterizes thelightsourceitselfmoreorlessprecisely anddescribesitslightingdistributionbehavior.However,inordertoevaluatethe effectoflightsourcesandluminairesina lightingapplication,simulationprograms suchasDialuxorReluxarerequired,which mapthelightfromthelightsourceontoreflectivesurfaces(illuminance)andgenerate perceptibleeffects(luminance)fromthis.

Thepatent-pending[o3u]-cam [3] (Figure 4)evaluatesthereflectedlightfrom ameasurementsurfaceandprovidesabsolutemeasurementvaluesinrealtime. Thesoftwareoffersallcommonanalysis methodsaswellasspecialfeaturesandvisualizationsforevaluatingindustry-specific parameters,e.g.formedicalstandardsin thecaseofanalyzingsurgicallights.This allowstoimmediatelymeasureandvisualizetheeffectsofmodificationstothe optics,changestothehousing,etc.onthe distributionitselfandkeyobservables.

Thisallowsthelightingeffecttobedirectly relatedtothemetrologicalcharacteristics oftheunderlyingopticalsystem.Changes totheopticsandmodificationstoluminairescanthusbeexperiencedbothin termsoftheirlightingeffectintheroomor onthereflectivesurfaceandintermsof theirphotometriccharacteristics.

Themeasurementmethodisbasedon capturingthereflectedlightfromadiffuse measurementsurfacewithacameraand, togetherwithgeometricparameters,calculatingphotometricvaluessuchastheluminousintensitydistribution(LID).Calibration withacalibratedLuxmeterorspectrometer

convertstheinitialrelativevaluesintoabsolutemeasurementvalues.

Thedataisprocessedinproprietary‘light characteristicsoftware’(LCS)andevaluatedandvisualizedintermsofboththe reflectivesurfaceandthesource.Comprehensiveaccesstorawdata,typicalexports ofmeasurementdatainlightingdesignformatsandcustomer-specificreportsenable easyfurtherprocessingofthemeasurementdata.

Figure4: The[o3u]-cam.

Oneofthemainadvantagesisthatthe entireLIDiscapturedinasingleimagein fractionsofasecondwithhighresolution (typically1-5pixels/mm).

Inluminaireoropticsdevelopmentenvironments,changessuchasdifferentaccessories,theinfluenceofmaterials/surface

Figure2: Reductionindevelopmenttimes(designcircle)through[o3u]-cam(experimentalcircle).

Figure3: Lightdistributionsuperimposedwith thephotometricmeasurementdata.

propertiesorzoomconceptscanbemeasuredveryquickly.The[o3u]-camandLCS analysissoftwareprovidedirectsupport forthedevelopmentprocessoflighting componentsandluminairesandgivedirect numericalfeedback,e.g.formodifications:

• tothelightengine(differentLEDpackages),

• totheoptics(e.g.reflectors/lenseswith differentbeamangles,zoompositions)

• thelightingcomponents(attachmentof diffusionfoils,honeycombstructures)

• themechanicaldesign(apertures,diaphragms)

• thesurfaces(glossy/mattorcolored/ white/blackhousing)

• etc.

Figure 6 showsanexampleofthechange inLIDwhenacut-offdevice(honeycomb attachment)isadded:thefullwidthathalf maximum(FWHM)decreasesfrom28.2° to15.4°,andtheefficiencyfrom76.8%to 52.6%.

Mobile,flexibleapplications,e.g.forcheckingorcomparingluminairesinaplanning projectonsite,arealsopossiblethanksto thecompactdesignandsimplesetupwith amobileorexistingmeasuringsurface.

The[o3u]-camwithfeedbackviatheprojectorlinkstheappearance(perception) withthephotometrickeyfigures.Inthis way,theusergetsafeelforthephotometricdata,themetricsbecometangible forthem,andthedataislinkedtosensory perception.

Thisapproachcreatesacontinuousworkflowthatprovidesasoundbasisforlighting decisionsrightfromthedesignanddevelopmentphase.Thedirectfeedback betweenvisualimpressionandprecise measurementnotonlyallowsforfaster evaluation,butalsofortargetedoptimizationoftheopticaldesign–withouthaving togothroughmultiplesoftwareordevice levels.The[o3u]-camthuscreatesanew qualityofcollaborationbetweendesign, technologyandapplication,particularly inthedevelopmentofarchitecturallyintegratedfunctionalluminaires.Theearly integrationofobjectivedatasupportscreativeprocesses,minimizesunnecessary iterationloopsandsignificantlyaccelerates theimplementationofsophisticatedlighting concepts.

Thehighmeasurementspeedalsoenables useinqualitycontrolinmanualorautomatedproductionlinesforluminairesor opticalcomponents.

Figure5: Functionalprincipleofthe[o3u]-cam.

Figure6: LIDmodificationwithahoneycombaccessory.

The[o3u]-camforQuality ControlinDevelopmentand Production

The[o3u]-camasacompactandfast measurementsystemisalsosuitablefor seamlessinlinequalitycontrolofoptical components,lightengines,andluminaires duringproduction.Unlikesinglepointmeasurements,theentirelightdistributioncan beanalyzedforqualitycontrol.Whether testspecimensareinsertedmanuallyor automaticallybyrobotichandlingsystems, [o3u]-camintegrateseffortlesslyintomanufacturinglinesorlaboratoryenvironments. Infractionsofasecondthesystemcapturesreflectedlightanddeliversacomprehensivesetofphotometricperformance parameters.Theseincludeluminousflux, illuminance,anduniformity,aswellasdetailedmetricssuchasluminousintensity distributioncurves,beamangles,andopticalefficiency.Thisdepthofanalysisallows foracompletecharacterizationanddocumentationoftheopticalbehaviorofeach componentorproduct.

Bycomparingthemeasureddatawithpredefinedsimulationtargetsorpreviously approvedreferencesamples,customized qualitycriteriaandrejectionthresholdscan bedefinedforvirtuallyanylightingperformancemetric.Thisenablesaprecise pass/failevaluationforeachunitundertest. Defectiveorsubparopticalcomponents areimmediatelyidentifiedandsortedout beforetheyenterthenextproductionstep. Thisnotonlyreduceswasteandrework costsbutalsoensuresaconsistentlyhighqualityassemblyprocess.Additionally, allmeasurementresultscanbearchived, enablingfulltraceabilityandtheabilityto retrospectivelyanalyzetheopticalperfor-

manceofeveryindividualcomponentor luminaireproduced.

The[o3u]-camthusprovidesapowerful toolformanufacturerswhodemandreliability,precision,andtraceabilityinoptical qualityassurance—whetherinsmall-batch productionorfullyautomated,high-volume environments.

InAutomatedMassProduction

Figure 8 showsanexampleofposition control:ontheleft,thelightintensitydistributionwhentheLEDiscorrectlypositioned;ontheright,whentheLEDis slightlymisaligned.Thisincorrectpositioningisimmediatelydetectedby[o3u]-cam andrejectedfromtheproductionline.

Figure8: Effectsofincorrectpositioningofan LEDintheoptics.

The[o3u]-camissuccessfullyusedinthe productioncontrolofopticalcomponents. Themeasurementofphotometricperformancedataisintegratedintothemanufacturingprocessofthelightengine/optics/luminaireinsuchawaythatdefective

photometriccomponentscanbedetected andrejectedbeforetheyareinstalledinthe luminairehousing.Expensivepost-process stepsareavoided,andtheproductionof defectiveassembliesiseliminated.

TheTestBoxforManualComponentTesting

Astandardizedtestboxhasbeendevelopedforindividualqualitychecksonopticalcomponents.Itworksinmuchthe samewayasthetestinautomatedproduction,withtheonlydifferencebeingthat thecomponentstobetestedcanbeinsertedintothetubemanually.Thetarget valuesfortheopticstobetestedareenteredviaaneasy-to-useinterface,andthe LCSprogramthendetermineswhetherthis targetvalueisachieved(goodtestitem)or whetherthetestitemmustberejected.

Figure9: Manualqualitycontrolwiththetestbox.

TheMedicalTestStand

The[o3u]-camsystemcanalsobeused toperformhigh-precisionqualitycontrolof surgicalluminairesinaccordancewithEN 60601-2-41(3rdedition).Thisstandard definesstringentrequirementsforsurgical lighting.Thedefinedparametershaveso farbeendeterminedusingtimeconsuming,selectiveindividualmeasurements.The [o3u]-camsupportsmanufacturersand laboratoriesinmeetinganddocumenting compliancereliablybyautomaticallymeasuringthefullphotometricalbehaviorin seconds,andcompletelynewperformance indicatorscanalsobederivedfromthis.

Amongotherthings,thistestbenchhas thefollowinguniquefeatures:

•

ComprehensiveLightFieldAnalysis

[o3u]-camperformsanin-depthevaluationoftheilluminance(Ec)andlight distribution,includingthemeasurement ofD50andD10diameters,whichare criticalforcharacterizingtheusablelight fieldandhomogeneity.Thisensuresthat thesurgicallightprovidesconsistentilluminationattherequiredintensityand withminimalfalloffacrosstheworking area.

• RealisticShadowSimulation

Anotherfeatureof[o3u]-camisitsabilitytomeasurethereductioninlightintensitycausedbyrealisticshadowing.

Figure7: [o3u]-camwithsuperimposedphotometricparameters(herehalf-valueandtenthangle).

Bysimulatingthepresenceofsurgical staff—suchasasurgeon’shandsorassistant’shead—thesystemquantifies howshadowsaffecttheilluminationfield, offeringinsightsintotheshadowdilutionperformanceoftheluminaire.This isespeciallyimportantinsurgicalenvironmentswhereuninterruptedvisibilityis critical.

• SpectralandColorimetricMeasurements

Inadditiontospatiallightdistribution, [o3u]-camcanintegratemeasurement deviceswithspectralmeasurementcapabilitiessuchas.

•ColorRenderingIndex(CRI)anddetailedRivalues

•CorrelatedColorTemperature(CCT)

•Colorconsistencyandchromaticity analysis

Thisenablesuserstoassesswhether thelightsourcemeetsthevisualrequirementsforaccuratetissuedifferentiation andlowvisualfatigueduringprocedures.

• VisualizationandClientCommunication

[o3u]-camincludestheoptionforintegratedorexternaldisplaysystems, allowingreal-timevisualizationofmeasurementresults.Thesedisplayscan show:

•Lightfieldoverlays

•Distributioncurves

•Shadowsimulationoutcomes

•SpectralgraphsandCRIcharts

Thismakesthesystemidealnotonlyfor internalqualitycontrolandproductdevelopment,butalsofordemonstratingoptical performanceattradefairs,showrooms,or duringclientpresentations.

FromLightingDesigntothe Luminaire

Theintegrationofthe[o3u]-camintolightingdesignmarksadecisivestepforward: architectsandlightingdesignerscanimmediatelyexperienceandoptimizethe effectoftheluminairestheyhaveplanned. The[o3u]-camthusclosesthegapbetweentheoreticalplanningandtheactual lightingeffect.

Thisapproachcanbeextendedtoentire lightingscenarios:ifyousetupalighting scenarioinarealroomthatisdesigned experimentally(e.g.witha‘lightingsynthesizer’)accordingtoaestheticandemotional requirements(perception),youcanusethe [o3u]-camtocapturetheimage,determine thephotometricdataofthescene,and thenblenditintothescenewiththeprojec-

Figure10: Overlayingphotometricdatawithappearance.Top:Exemplarymeasurementsetup(lightimage) withsuperimposedmeasurementinformation(projector).Bottomleft:Imageofthelightdistribution.

Bottomright:Lightimagesuperimposedwithhalf-valueandtenthvalueofmaximum/centralilluminance.

torsothatitoverlapswiththeappearance whenviewingthescene.

Oncethedesiredappearanceforthescene hasbeendefined,thephotometricrequirements(e.g.LID)forvariousluminaire arrangementscanbedeterminedatthe touchofabuttonusingthe[o3u]-camand theassociatedLCSsoftware.

Thismeansthatdifferentlightingsolutions canbestudiedandcomparedinavery shorttime:youcanseetheappearance andphotometricdataataglance,i.e.you canimmediatelyreadthephotometrictargetvaluesforadesiredappearance,or viceversa,youcanimmediatelyseehow thespecifications(requirements)needto bechangedforaparticularsolutionwith certainphotometrickeydatainorderto achievethedesiredappearance.Photometrictargetvaluesare,forexample,visual indicatorssuchasilluminance,uniformity, shadows,lightcolors,butalso‘health’ (non-visual)indicatorssuchasmelanopic equivalentdaylightilluminance(mEDI).All thiscanbedoneinamatterofminutes;it isjustaquestionofcomputingpower.

InnovationExample:Linear Sun

The“LinearSun”isanexampleoftheexperimentaldevelopmentoffunctionallyintegratedlighting.Thebasisforabalanced spatialeffectinarchitecture-integratedsolutionsisthecompleteconcealmentofthe luminairesthemselvesandtheretentionof thearchitecturalelements.Thisrequires, ontheonehand,preciselightcontrolwith accurateopticsand,ontheotherhand, passiveapertureswhose(surface)design canbefreelyadaptedtotheceilingenvironment.Theideabehindtheartificialsun wastocombineseveralnarrow-beamindividualopticsalongalineinsuchaway thattheyoverlapatadefineddistanceto formastrongsunspot.Withthehelpof the[o3u]-cam,theindividualopticsareadjustedfortherespectiveapplicationsothat theypreciselyachievethephotometrictargetvalues.Specialcut-offtubesconceal theluminaire,whichismountedbehinda slot,invisiblyintheceiling.

Suchproject-specificsolutionsnotonly openupnewcreativefreedomforarchitectsandlightingdesignersbutalsorequire preciseandflexibleimplementationinthe productdevelopmentprocess.Fromthe initialsketchtofinalproduction,asystematicapproachisessentialtoensurethe desiredlightquality,energyefficiencyand suitabilityforeverydayuse.Theinteraction ofstate-of-the-artsimulationandmea-

surementtechnologiesisessentialhere, asitallowsconclusionstobedrawnatan earlystageaboutthesubsequentlighting appearanceandperformanceinarealenvironment.Inthisway,everynewproduct ideaisaccompaniedbyasophisticated processthatideallycombinescreativevisionandtechnicalfeasibility.

Summary

The[o3u]-camclosesagapinthedevelopmentprocessbycreatingadirectlink betweenvisualperceptionandtheobjectivephotometricevaluationoftheluminaire. Itcapturesthecompleteappearanceofa luminaireandimmediatelyconvertsthese visualimpressionsintoprecisephotometric data.Thismakesitpossibletoquicklyand easilyevaluatetherelationshipsbetween design,lightdistributionandfunctionalrequirementsatanearlystage.Sourcesof errorthatpreviouslyarosefromseparate measurementandvisualizationstepsare minimizedandthedevelopmenttimeis significantlyreduced.Thisincreaseinefficiencyopensupnewscopeforcreative lightingdesignandenablestargetedfinetuningoflightingparametersrightfromthe functionalprototypestage. ■

References

[1] Repro-light:SustainableIlluminationforPeopleand theEnvironment.LEDprofessionalReviewLpR86 2021.

[2] FreiformflächenoptikenfürdieUmsetzungvon Dynamic-WhiteBeleuchtungskonzepten.Tagung Licht2016.

[3] AbsoluteBeleuchtungsstärke-undLVK-Messungin Sekunden.TagungLicht2025.

Mag.WilfriedPohl

Universitybackgroundinphysicsand mathematics.Morethan40yearsofexperienceinthelightingindustry.Headof Researchandmemberofthemanagement boardatBartenbachGmbHuntil2021. Hasbeenworkingatopticaldesignunit gmbh[o3u]since2023.Dealingwithbasic, aswellasapplication-orientedresearch inartificiallighting,daylightingandbuildingphysics,visualperceptionandlight andhealth.Leaderofvariousinternational planningandR&Dprojectsinthesefields. Severalscientificpapersandpresentations. w.pohl@o3u.at

Mag.ChristianAnselm,MSc.

Co-founder,shareholderandCEOofopticaldesignunitgmbh[o3u](www.o3u.at). Universitybackgroundinphysicsandengineeringmanagement.Morethan30 yearsofexperienceinthelightingindustry.HeadofDevelopmentandmember ofthemanagementboardatBartenbach GmbHuntil2022.[o3u]offersresearchand developmentservicesinthefieldoflighting technology.Theseincludeperceptionand applicationresearchaswellasconcrete opticsandproductdevelopment,andthe distributionofthe[o3u[-cam.[o3u]hasa widerangeofpatentedcoretechnologies.

c.anselm@o3u.at

Figure11: Fromlightingdesigntotheluminaire.

Figure12: LinearSun,PhotoofaMock-up(left),Visualisationofanapplication.

Mag.WilfriedPohl(left)andMag.Christian Anselm,MSc.(right).

75YearsofZumtobel–Anniversary

YearwithMultifacetedLight Perspectives

75yearsofZumtobel–75yearsof passionforlight,technologyanddesign.OntheoccasionofZumtobel’s 75th anniversary,itgivesspacetoa widerangeoflightperspectivesata temporaryexhibitionattheDornbirn LightForum.Sincemid-May,fascinatinglightartinstallationsfromartists likeBrigitteKowanz,FrançoisMorellet,MiriamPrantlandSofiaHagen havebeenondisplay,aswellasexpressivephotoportraitsofemployeesandaFutureLabinstallationfrom acollaborationwiththreeinternationaluniversities.Inparallelwiththe openingoftheexhibition,Zumtobel launchedTECTONII,thesecondgenerationofitssuccessfulcontinuousrowluminairesystem.

“WhatweallsharewithintheZumtobel Groupisapassionforlight.Thereishardly amorebeautifulproductthanlight:highly emotionalandsophisticated”, says Alfred Felder,CEOoftheZumtobelGroup, andadds, “Themixofdifferenttalentsand alsotheinteractionbetweendifferentculturesiswhatwestandforandwhatkeeps usflexible.Ourinnovativeculturereflects curiosityandopen-mindedness.”

KarinZumtobel,Chairwomanofthe SupervisoryBoardoftheZumtobel Group, says: “Wepassontheessence ofwhatZumtobelisabout.Withourprofoundknowledge,committedemployees andpartnersandthehighdemandswe placeonourselves.Wewantpeopletoget togetheratourcompanyinordertocreate newthingsandcontributeoursharetoa positivefuture.”

DornbirnLightForum–expertiseand meetingpointattheoriginalsite Zumtobeliscelebratingattheplacewhere thesuccessstoryoftoday’slightinggroup beganin1950.15yearslater,another productionfacilitywith4,000squaremetersofspacewascommissionedatthe originalsiteinDornbirn’sHöchsterstrasse. Today,thisformerfactoryhallishometo theZumtobelGroup’sLightForum:alight space,wherethestrongbrands–Zumtobel,ThornandTridonic–showcasetheir expertiseinlightingaswellasthelatest technologies.Aspacetoexperiencelight, designedincooperationwiththeInnsbruck studiooftheNorwegianarchitecturalfirm Snøhetta.

PatrickLüth,Snøhettapartnerand ManagingDirectoroftheInnsbruck studio, extendscongratulationsonthe anniversary: “IampleasedthattheZumtobelGroup’sLightForumplaysaspecial roleinthecelebrationsofthecompany’s anniversary.AttheveryplacewhereDr. WalterZumtobelfoundedhiscompanyin Dornbirn,SnøhettaworkedwithZumtobel todesignaspaceforco-creation,presentationsandanexchangearoundthetopic oflight,whichisalsoopentothepublic. Now,asthen,thebuildingrepresentsthe company’sidentityandinnovativestrength

andoptimallyembodiesthecorporateculture.”

InspiringPersonalities

TheopeningoftheexhibitionwasaccompaniedbyaroundtabletalkwithverypersonalinsightsfromJürgandFritzZumtobel –bothofwhomsteppeddownin2020afterdecadesatthehelmofthecompany –andKarinZumtobel,Chairwomanofthe SupervisoryBoard.RenatoTurri,CEO World-Architects,hostedthistalkaswell asthetwodaysandtheroundtableonthe launchofTECTONIIwithZumtobeland theguestsofpartnerPininfarina,theItalian designstudioandengineeringgroup.

Theaudiencewasinspiredbythekeynotes ofLondonartistDominicHarrison“Color, LightandTechnology:AHolyTrinity”,of VitraDesignMuseumDirectorMateoKries, whotalkedabout“OutoftheBox–ShapingFutureswithaMuseum”,andtherepresentativesoftheFutureLabcontributions fromdifferentuniversities:Anett-Maud Joppien,TUDarmstadt,AdrianAllen,CentralSaintMartins,UniversityoftheArts London,andCherineSaroufim,Académie LibanaisedesBeauxArts(Alba),Lebanon. ContributionsbyVorarlbergartistMiriam Prantlon“Light–theEssenceofPerception”andLondon-basedVorarlberg designerandarchitectSofiaHagenon “RoboticReincarnation:Crystalline”were equallyinspiring.Bothartistsarecurrently showingtheirlightartinstallationsatthe ZumtobelGroupLightForuminDornbirn.

LightArt–PacemakerforTechnologicalDevelopment Formorethansevendecades,Zumtobel hashelpedshapethelightingindustry: throughstate-of-the-arttechnology,its owndesignaspirationsandlightsolutions whichhavealwaysalignedwiththeneeds ofpeopleandtheenvironment.Timeand again,thecollaborationwithartistsand architectswasapacemakerfortechnologicaldevelopment.The“LightArtPath”on theoccasionofthe75-yearanniversaryat theLightForuminDornbirnsymbolically showsacross-sectionoflightartobjects/installationsandZumtobelMasterpieces, includingworksbySamDurant,Ólafur

AconversationwithJürgZumtobel(right),SupervisoryBoardChairwomanKarinZumtobel,FritzZumtobelandhostRenatoTurri(left)offeredpersonal insightsintothefamilycompanyhistory.Photo:©NinaBröll.

ForthedevelopmentofTECTONII,thenextgenerationofitssuccessfulcontinuous-rowluminaire,ZumtobelpartneredwiththeItaliandesignstudioandEngineering companyPininfarina.AtaroundtabletalkattheLightForumontheoccasionoftheproductlaunch,PininfarinaCEOSilvioAngori(left),FabioCalorio,SVPBrand& CollaborationPininfarina(secondfromright),aswellasAndreasFussenegger,SeniorDirectorProduct&ApplicationManagementatZumtobel(right),reportedonthe successfulcollaboration.TheconversationwashostedbyRenatoTurri,CEOWorld-Architects.Photo:©NinaBröll.

LondondigitalartistDominicHarris,knownforhisimmersivecombinationsofart,technologyandnature,titledhiskeynotespeech “Colour,LightandTechnology:AHolyTrinity”Photo:©NinaBröll.

MateoKries,DirectorVitraDesignMuseum,inspiredwithhiskeynotespeechattheLightForumon“OutoftheBox–ShapingFutureswithaMuseum”.

Photo:©NinaBröll.

LightexperiencespaceLightForumDornbirn.Photo:©NinaBröll.

Elíasson,ZahaHadid,BrigitteKowanz, DanielLibeskind,FrançoisMorellet,Miriam Prantl,JamesTurrellandBenVautier.

KarinZumtobel: “Lightartistsandarchitectschallengeusextremely:Theyseek perfection.Theywanttocreateanimpact. Thisishowuniquepiecesorspecialproductsmadeinsmallnumbersarecreated.”

AlfredFelder adds: “Weoftenhaveto balancearchitecturaldesiresandtechnical feasibility.Butitisexactlythesechallenges thatmotivateusagainandagaintomake theseeminglyimpossiblepossible.”

NewLightInstallationfromtheArtistic CooperationwithMiriamPrantl Anewlightsculpturehasbeencreated duringtheanniversaryyearinalongstandingcooperationbetweenZumtobel andVorarlbergpainterandlight,videoand soundartistMiriamPrantl:theSPHERES. CurrentlyondisplayinfrontoftheLight Forum,itembodiestheinteractionof shape,light,colorandmovement.Four intertwinedsteelrings–likelarge,interwovenwheelsoflight–formasinglesphere. Changinglightsequencesandshimmeringcolorsflowinpulsatingkineticsthrough andalongthelightsculpture.Tocreatean impressionoffloating,whichisimportant toMiriamPrantl,thepointsoflightfrom

theLEDlinesmovealongtheringstructuresinoppositedirections.Collisionsand harmoniesoflightalternatewithintheprogramming.

“[…]Atnight,thesurfaceshimmeringby dayrecedesintothebackground,andthe playoflightinSpherescomestolife.The sculpturepulses,creatingcircuitsandnetworksoflight,colorandmotion.Itssphere expandsintothesurroundingspace,envelopingtheenvironment.Animmersive andspatialfieldofinfluenceemerges,” MiriamPrantldescribestheinstallation. ■

Forfurtherinsights,listentotheZumtobel Grouppodcast “MakingLightanExperienceinArt” featuringMiriamPrantland SofiaHagen. Listenthepodcast...

ZumtobelGroupAG

TheZumtobelGroupaimstocreatewellbeingandimprovepeople’squalityoflife throughlight–asagroup,andthroughall itsindividualbrands,Thorn,Tridonicand Zumtobel.Asaleadingsupplierofinnovativelightingsolutions,theGroupoffers itscustomersaroundtheworldacomprehensiveportfolio,wherethefocusis invariablyonpeopleandtheirneeds.The company’sknow-howabouttheeffectsof lightonpeople,acquiredoverdecades,

formsthebasisforsustainableandfutureorientedlightingsolutionsthatareincreasinglyenergy-andresource-efficientwhile providingthebestpossiblequalityoflight. TheGroupislistedontheViennaStock Exchange(ATXPrime)andcurrentlyholds aworkforceofaround5,300employees. Inthe2023/24financialyear,thecompany postedrevenuesofEUR1,127.0million. TheZumtobelGroupisbasedinDornbirn intheVorarlbergregionofAustria.Forfurtherinformation,pleasevisitz.lighting

Zumtobel.Thelight.

Ourpassionistocreatequalitylightingsolutionsthatdelivertotalperfection.Weare drivenbyaconvictionthattherightkindof lightcancreatetherightatmosphereina buildingatanytimeofdayornight.When tailoredtopeople’sindividualneeds,light becomessomethingofanexperience.We arealwaysexploringnewwaystocomeup withinimitableandtimelessdesignsand areinspiredbyauniquecreativeambition. Whenworkingonthelightingoftomorrow, wearedrivenbyourinnovativecorporate philosophyofcontinuouslyimprovingthe aestheticsoflight.Withpassion,asense ofbeautyandaforward-lookingapproach, weareconstantlyseekingtouselightto helpimprovepeople’squalityoflife.

ResponsibilitiesandThematic Challenges

Dipl.-Ing.JohannesWeninger1,2

,MMag.MartinaAscher1,MSc. MaximilianDick1;Bartenbach

Lightinginpublicspacesisincreasinglysubjecttocomplexrequirements. Inadditiontogeneralsustainability goalssuchasimprovedenergyefficiencyandreducedresourceconsumption,futuresystemsarealsoexpectedtosignificantlypromotethe recyclabilityofindividualcomponents. Moreover,theyshouldcontributeto anoverallenhancementofthequality ofpublicspacesandgeneratefewer negativeenvironmentalimpacts,such aslightpollutionandeffectsonurban biodiversity.

OnbehalfoftheAustrianMinistryfor ClimateAction,Environment,Energy, Mobility,InnovationandTechnology (BMK),Bartenbachdevelopedcomprehensiverecommendationsforactionbasedonastakeholdersurvey, withtheaimofsupportingthelongtermachievementofnationalandinternationalsustainabilitygoals.This firstpartofatwo-partarticleseries focusesonthefindingsrelatedtoresponsibilities,environmentalawareness,andthematicchallengesinthe contextofpubliclighting.

Introduction

Globalelectricityconsumptionforpublic lightingisroughlyequivalenttoGermany’s annualelectricityusage [1].Themajority ofthisdemandcomesfromcities,where lightingcanaccountforupto65%ofmunicipalelectricitybudgets.Withcontinued urbanizationandanestimated60%ofthe world’spopulationexpectedtoliveincities by2050 [2],boththedemandforpublic lightingandtheassociatedfinancialand environmentalburdensareincreasing.

AlthoughtheadoptionofLEDtechnology hasledtoageneraldeclineinenergyconsumptionforartificiallighting [3],further improvementsinenergyefficiencyremain essentialtoreduceglobalelectricityuse. However,achievingcurrentclimateand environmentalpolicygoalsrequiresamore comprehensiveapproachthatconsiders theentirelifecycleoflightingsystemsfrom resourceuseandenergyconsumptionto planningstrategiesthatminimizenegative environmentalimpacts.This,inturn,demandstheinvolvementofallstakeholders acrosstheentirevaluechain [4,5]

disruptionofcircadianrhythmsbynighttimelighting [7]

Balancingthesediverseandsometimes conflictingdemandsmakesdesigning publiclightingsystemsparticularlychallenging.Forexample,lightlevelsneeded toensureageneralfeelingofnighttime safetycannegativelyimpacthealth,reduce visualcomfort,andincreaseenergyconsumption.Ontheotherhand,low-energy lightingscenariosmaynotprovidesufficientvisibilityormeetuserexpectations. Thus,sustainabilitytargetsmustbeassessedcontextuallyandapproachedfrom abroader,system-levelperspective.

1 BartenbachGmbH,6112Wattens, Austria

2 Johannes.Weninger@bartenbach.com www.bartenbach.com

Thebroaderavailabilityofadvancedtechnologiesishelpingtoaddressmanyof today’schallenges,butitalsointroduces newdemands.Forinstance,thecontrol componentsinlightingsystemsoftenhave shorterlifespansthantheLEDmodules themselves.Toensurelong-termresource efficiency,standardizedinterfacesand modular,manufacturer-independentcomponentsarebecomingincreasinglyimportanttomaintainsystemfunctionalityand technologicalsovereignty.Inadditionto technicalconsiderations,publiclighting mustmeetarangeofapplication-specific needs,includingvisualperformance,psychologicalcomfort,andlong-termhealth. Theserequirementsalsoincludeattention togender-specificperceptionsofsafety [6] aswellasphysiologicaleffects,suchasthe

OnbehalfoftheAustrianMinistryforClimateAction,Environment,Energy,Mobility,InnovationandTechnology(BMK), Bartenbachconductedacomprehensive evaluationofcurrentandemerginglighting technologies,assessingtheirecological, economic,andsocialpotential.Thisincludedmappingtechnologicalcapabilities againstacomplexsetofrequirements andidentifyingimplementationbarriers throughastakeholdersurvey.Theresult isadedicatedactionguideforAustrian authorities,designedtoensurethattechnologicaladvancementsinpubliclighting cancontributeaseffectivelyaspossibleto reducingenvironmentalimpactsby2035. Thefindingsofthestakeholdersurveyare presentedinatwo-partarticleseries.While thesecondpartwillfocusontechnological solutionsandstrategicrecommendations, thefollowingsectionswillexploreresponsibilities,environmentalawareness,and thethematicchallengessurroundingpublic lighting.

StakeholderSurvey

Toachieveacomprehensiblepictureofall existingrequirementsandlimitationsacross theentirevaluechain,thetargetgroups ofthesurveyrangedfromlocalauthorities

andlightingdesignerstomanufacturers andregulatoryinstitutions.Dependingon thegroup,participantswereaddressed atbothnationalandinternationallevels. Forthetargetgroupofpublicauthorities, participationwaslimitedtocountrieswith regulatoryframeworkscomparabletoAustria.

Theoverarchingaimofthesurveywas toquantifythecurrentstatusofhowkey issuesinoutdoorlightingarebeingaddressed,assessthepotentialofemerging keytechnologies,andidentifyperceived barriersbetweentheindividualstakeholders.Whiletheoverallobjectiveswereconsistentacrossalltargetgroups,thesurvey wasspecificallytailoredtoreflecttheresponsibilitiesandareasofexpertiseofeach group.

Intotal,approximately70individualquestionsweredevelopedpergroup.Completingtheentirequestionnairetookan averageofabout25minutes.

StakeholderSurvey

Atotalof1,264individualswerereached throughtheonlinesurvey.Followinga qualitativereviewoftheresponses,239

datasetswereconsideredusable,representing18.9%oftheindividualsreached (Figure 1).Amongthegroupssurveyed, thehighestnumberofresponsescame frompublicauthorities(126datasets, 52.7%),followedbylightingdesigners (70datasets,29.3%),themanufacturing industry(27datasets,11.3%),andregulatoryinstitutions(16datasets,6.7%).In total,70.7%ofresponsescamefrommale participantswithahigheducationalattainment.

Thesurveyedmunicipalitiesshowedwide structuralandlighting-relateddiversityand expressedaclearshifttowardenvironmentallyconsciouspractices,suchasdimmingorreplacingupward-facingsystems. However,publicinvolvementinlighting decisionswasratedlow(12%),withmost choicesguidedbyregulationsandpolitics ratherthancitizeninputortourismmarketingpotential.

Mostofthelightingplannerssurveyed operatedinsmallenterprises(77%)with astrongself-reportedinnovationfocus. Nearlyhalfhaddevelopedlightingmaster plansandfrequentlydesignpubliclighting installations,favoringlowcolortempera-

Figure1: Usableandnon-usablesurveyresponsesbystakeholdergroupnormalizedbytotalsurvey responses.

Figure2: Assessmentofthesocietalrelevanceofkeytopicsrelatedtooutdoorlighting;rankingtask;sorted inascendingorderaccordingtothemeanratinglevel.

turesanddimmingstrategieswhilelargely avoidingupward-facingsystems.

Thelightingindustrysurveyedshowedconsiderablediversityinenterprisesizeand aclearfocusonhigh-quality,innovative products.Innovationsaremainlydrivenby currentstandards,withastrongemphasis onfunctionalandcreativesolutions,while cutting-edgetechnologiessuchasmachinelearningarerarelyimplemented.

Regulatoryinstitutionsshowedastronger focusonsustainabilitytopics,whileurban designandtechnologieswerelessprioritized.Currentlightingnormsareconsideredsufficientfortrafficsafetyandurban attractivenessbutfallshortinaddressing environmentalandhealthimpacts,promptingcallsforgreaterinclusionofexpertrecommendationsinregulations.

Responsibilitiesand EnvironmentalAwareness

Toaccountforpotentialconfoundingfactors,allsurveyparticipantswereasked questionsabouttheirenvironmentalawarenessandtheresponsibilitiesofvarious stakeholdergroupsinachievingenvironmentalprotectiongoals.Theaimwasto assessboththelevelofsupportforenvironmentalandspeciesprotectionandhow responsibilityisassumedorassigned.

SocietalRelevanceandClimate Policy

Giventhatoutdoorlightinginvolvesmultiple,sometimesconflictingdemands, participantswereaskedtorankthesocietalrelevanceofrelatedtopics(Figure 2). Maintaininghumanhealthwasranked highestbynearly70%ofrespondents, highlightinggrowingawarenessofhealth impacts,despiteitbeingarelativelynew issueinlighting.Preventingenvironmental harmandcreatingattractivelivingenvironmentsfollowedclosely,eachrankedhighly byabout50%.

Incontrast,areaslikeeconomicimprovement,crimereduction,safety,andtechnologicalprogresswereratedsignificantly lower.Surprisingly,safety(traditionallyconsideredakeycriterioninoutdoorlighting) receivedarelativelylowpriority.Environmentalconcerns,bycontrast,wereseen asequallyormoreimportantthanhumanrelatedfactorsandwererankedwellabove economicandtechnologicalgoals.This reflectsincreasingpublicconsensusonthe importanceofenvironmentalprotection, supportedbyscientificresearchandcommunication.

Onthetopicofclimatepolicy,about75% ofrespondentsbelievedAustriashould takealeadingrole,whileonly15%favored aligningwithothercountries’pace.Around 10%choseaneutralstance.

ResponsibilityandTrust

Whenaskedtorankinstitutionalresponsibilityforenvironmentalgoals(Figure 3), thefederalgovernmentorlegislativebodies wereratedhighest,with85%rankingthem firstorsecond.Themanufacturingindustry followedwithnearly50%,andinstitutions responsibleforcreatingtechnicalguidelines camethird.Privateindividuals,researchinstitutions,andplanningprofessionalswere assignedlowerlevelsofresponsibility.

Thelowrankingofplanningprofessionals isnoteworthy,giventheirkeyroleinenvironmentallyconsciousimplementation (e.g.,selectingappropriatetechnologies andapplyingexpertknowledge).Interestingly,plannersratedtheirownresponsibility significantlyhigherthanothergroupsdid. Especiallylocalauthoritiesperceivedplanners’contributionsasminimal,possibly reflectingalackofawarenessorreliance onin-houseplanninginsmallermunicipalities.Regardingtrustacrossgroupsunder challengingconditions,scientistsreceived thehighesttrustscores.Respondentsalso showedmoderatetrustintheexpertiseof manufacturersandevaluators.However, trustincurrentnormsandplanners’knowledgewasonlyaverage,aligningwithearlier findingsoflowassignedresponsibility.

Afurtherkeyfindingofthispartofthe stakeholdersurveyisthattrustcollapses whenfinanciallimitationsarise.Costlybut environmentallyfriendlysolutionswere seenasunrealistic,andthemanufacturing industrywasnottrustedtopursuesustainabilitywithoutprofitincentives,despitetheir claims.Overall,thesurveysuggeststhat environmentalgoalsoftenfailwhenthey implytaxincreasesorfinancialtrade-offs.

ThematicChallenges

Thetopic-specificquestionsofthestakeholdersurveyfocusedonkeyareasrelevanttooutdoorlighting,which,aspart ofamultifunctionalfieldofrequirements, includenotonlysustainabilityandenvironmentalissuesbutalsosafety-related, psychological,andhealth-relatedfactors. Theaimofthesequestionswastoquantifyparticipants’awarenessofthetopics, assesscurrentmarketconditions,andestimatepotentialdevelopmentsoverthenext 10years,incomparisontoascientificperspectiveontheindividualareas.

Safety,Security,andUrbanAttractiveness

Lightingsignificantlyaffectsvisualperception,particularlyobjectrecognitionand visualperformancemetricssuchasvisual acuityandcontrastsensitivity [8].These aspectsarecriticalformaintainingobjectivesafetystandardsintraffic,asreflected incurrentregulatoryguidelines.However, lightingalsohasconsiderableinfluence onsubjectivefactorssuchasperceived safetyandurbanattractiveness.Although theseaspectsareoftenincludedinlighting recommendations,theyarecurrentlynot addressedsufficientlyinlegalregulations.

Scientifically,perceivedsafetyinurbanareasiscloselytiedtostudiesoncrime.A 1995systematicreview [9] foundnoclear linkbetweenlightingandcrimereductionin studiesuptothelate1980s.Morerecent findingsremainmixed.Forexample,one studyfoundthatturningoffstreetlighting increasedburglariesandvehiclecrimebut decreasedviolentcrime [10],whileanother foundareductioninviolentcrimefollowinglightingupgrades [11].Thecomplexity stemsfrommultipleinteractingfactors suchasurbandesign,escaperoutes,and witnessvisibility,whichobscuretheiso-

latedimpactoflighting.Assuch,thedirect effectoflightingoncrimeratesremains inconclusive,thoughitsimpactonfearof crimeisclearer.

Accordingtothetheoryofplacecharacteristics [12],featureslikevisibilityand concealmentopportunitiesinfluencefear levels.Afollow-upstudyemphasizedlighting’sroleinreducingfear,withdarkness andshadowsincreasingit,andgoodlightingofferingreassurance [13].However, lightingmainlyrestoresthelevelofperceivedsafetypeopleexpectduringdaylight [14],anditseffectivenesscanbefurther limitedbyarchitecturalfeatures.Ingeneral, uniformlightingandincreasedbrightness areseenasbeneficialforperceivedsafety. Therefore,warmwhitelightisnotrecommendedforsafetyperceptionduetoits lowerscotopic-photopicratio.Whileno optimallightinglevelsarecurrentlydefined forfacialrecognition,lightinghasbeen showntoimproveperceivedsafetythrough enhancedspatialawarenessandaesthetic experience [15]

Inaddition,lightingalsoenhancesnighttimeaesthetics.Althoughattributeslike uniformity,brightness,andspatiallightdis-

Figure3: Usableandnon-usablesurveyresponsesbystakeholdergroupnormalizedbytotalsurvey responses.

Figure4: Assessmentofthesocietalrelevanceofkeytopicsrelatedtooutdoorlighting;rankingtask;sorted inascendingorderaccordingtothemeanratinglevel.

tributioninfluenceperception,lightcolor appearstohavethestrongestimpacton emotionalandenvironmentalresponses. Whitelightincreasesbothperceivedsafety andaestheticpreference [16].Addressing subjectivesafetyandattractivenessthus presentsavaluableopportunityforlighting design.

Whilehigherlightinglevelsbenefittraffic safetyandperceivedsecurity,theyraise concernsinotherareas.Increasedbrightnesscontradictshealthrecommendations aimedatminimizingcircadiandisruption, leadstohigherenergyconsumption,and likelyharmsnocturnalwildlife.Furthermore, highercorrelatedcolortemperaturesmay alsointensifynegativeeffectsonhumans andecosystems.

Today,thesetrade-offsarewellrecognized.Stakeholdersratedawarenessof thistopicashightoveryhigh(Figure 4). Solutionsarepursuedevenwithlimited publicacceptance.Normativeregulations andplanningguidelinesareviewedasadequate,andboththeavailabilityofproducts andthedemandinplanningarestrong.Investmentinsafety-relatedlightingiswidely seenasjustifiable.

Lookingahead,theimportanceofaddressinglighting-relatedchallengesconcerning safety,security,andurbanattractiveness isexpectedtogrow(Figure 5).However, 35%ofrespondentsforeseelittleorno change,likelyduetoconfidenceinexisting regulationsandtheircontinuedeffectivenessoverthenextdecade.

LightandHealth

Outdoorlightinginherentlyinvolvessignificanthealth-relatedaspectsbydirectly contributingtotrafficsafetyandthereby reducingthelikelihoodandseverityofaccidents.Theseeffectsareprimarilydriven byvisualperceptionfactors,rootedinthe visualprocessingofsensoryinformation. Beyondvisualmechanisms,however,light alsoexertsmajoreffectsthroughnon-visual pathways,whichmainlyinfluencelongtermhealth.Theseunderlyingconnections haveincreasinglybeenstudiedinrecent years.

Itisnowwidelyacceptedthatnon-visual effectsoflightarelinkedtothesensitivity ofintrinsicallyphotosensitiveretinalganglioncells(ipRGCs),whichareespecially responsivetoshort-wavelengthlightand differsignificantlyfromthesensitivitycurves associatedwithbrightnessandcolorperception [17].Thestrengthoftheseeffectsisdeterminednotonlybyilluminance levelsbutalsobyspectralcomposition. Theserelationshipsarecurrentlydescribed

throughtheconceptofmelanopicequivalentdaylightilluminance(MEDI),where photopicbrightnessisweightedagainst daylight-basedbiologicaleffectiveness [18]

Studiesontheeffectsofnighttimelighting pointtoassociationswithseveralhealth concerns.Themostfrequentlycitednonvisualmechanismaffectinghealthisthe suppressionofmelatonin,ahormone closelyassociatedwithcircadianrhythm regulation.Artificiallightatnightdisrupts melatoninsecretion,impairingthebody’s abilitytomaintainitsnaturalsleep-wakecycle [19].Thisdisruptioncanleadtoshorter andpoorer-qualitysleep [20],resultingin fatigueandreducedperformancethenext day.

Inaddition,long-termcircadiandisruption issuspectedtocontributetoserioushealth conditions,includingcancer,particularly breastcancer [21].Melatoninsuppression isalsoassociatedwithinflammatoryprocesses,increasedfataccumulation,and impairedimmunefunction [22].Today, theseeffectsarerecognizedbyorganizationssuchastheInternationalCommission onIllumination(CIE)andtheWorldHealth Organization(WHO),andpublicawareness ofhealthriskslinkedtolightingissteadily growing.Asaresult,theAmericanMedical Association(AMA)issuedrecommendationsin2016warningagainsttheuseof blue-richLEDstreetlights [23]

Beyondhormonaleffects,neurologicaland psychologicalimpactsofnighttimelighting arealsoagrowingconcern.Studieshave shownassociationsbetweenlightexposureanddepressivesymptoms,cognitive impairments,andevenanincreasedriskof autismspectrumdisorder [24].Inadequate lightinghasfurtherbeenlinkedtostressrelatedphysiologicalchanges,including reducedcardiovascularregulation,which maycontributetoheartdiseaseovertime. Althoughsomestudiessuggestoutdoor lightingmayhavenegligiblehealtheffects,

thepotentialharmofnighttimelightingis widelyacknowledged.Leadinglightingorganizationsnowrecommendminimizing melanopic-effectiveilluminanceatnight, withadverseeffectspotentiallyoccurring fromaslittleas1lxMEDI.

Whilethesehealth-focusedgoalsoften alignwithobjectivesinenergyefficiency andenvironmentalprotection,current health-basedlightingrecommendations mayconflictwithsafetyrequirements. Practicalimplementationisthereforelimited bytheneedtoensureminimumlighting levelsforvisibilityandsafety,especiallyin outdoorenvironments.

Despitebeingarelativelyrecentresearch area,awarenessofhealth-relatedlightingimpactsshowedtobehighacrossall stakeholdergroups(Figure 4).However, whilecurrentguidelinesareviewedassufficient,productavailabilitystilllagsbehind demandduetothenoveltyofthesestandards.Moreover,justifyinghighercostsfor health-optimizedlightingwasratedaschallenging,astherearefewrobustevaluation mechanismstoclearlydemonstratetheir long-termbenefits.

Lookingahead,moststakeholdersexpect theimportanceofaddressingthesehealth impactstoincrease(Figure 5).However, someforeseestagnation,drivenbythedifficultiesindemonstratinglong-termeffects inreal-worldapplicationsandthechallengesofgaininguseracceptanceforthe associatedhighercosts.

SustainabilityandBiodiversity

Foralongtime,artificiallightingsystems primarilyaddressedhumanneeds,especiallythoserelatedtovisualperception. However,asawarenessofthepotential negativeeffectsofnocturnallightinghas grown,increasingattentionisnowbeing paidtoenvironmentalimpacts,particularlylightpollution.Theseeffectsarenot limitedtohumansbutextendtootherlivingbeingsandhaveproventobehighly

Figure5: Assessmentofthefutureimportanceofkeytopicsrelevanttooutdoorlightingoverthenext10 years;7-pointLikertscale(1–significantlylessimportant;4–nochange;7–significantlymoreimportant).

complexduetothevaryingsensitivities ofdifferentspecies.Atabroaderlevel, greaterenvironmentalconsiderationregardingthepreservationofbiodiversityin urbanareasisnowseenasessential.A recentreportonSDG15,whichconcerns thesustainableuseofsharedecosystems, illustratesthisneed.Thereportnotesa significantdeclineinbiodiversity,withextinctionratesdroppingfrom0.82in1993 to0.73in2020,andfurtherprojectedtofall to0.69by2030 [25].Thisdeclineislargely attributedtohabitatdestruction,andlight pollutionmustthereforeberecognized asanadditionalthreattobiodiversity.As SDG15isconsideredoneofthesixmost at-riskgoals,urgentactionisneededto reduceanthropogenicimpactsonterrestrial ecosystems.

Thenon-visualeffectsoflightonanimals arenowwell-documentedacrossbothterrestrialandfreshwaterenvironments.For example,basedonsystematicreviews, melatoninsuppressioninbirds,rodents, andungulateshasbeenobservedatlight levelsofjust0.3lx,0.03lx,and2.3lx,respectively [26].Inamphibiansandreptiles, nighttimelightinghasbeenshowntoaffect reproduction [27] andnocturnalactivity [28].Evidencealsopointstodisorientation infrogs,lizards,andsnakesinurbansettings.

Negativeeffectshavealsobeenobserved ininvertebrates,whicharecrucialforbiodiversityandecologicalbalance.Earlystudiesindicatethatartificiallightingaffects insectmigration,growth,feeding,predation,andreproduction [29].Thisdecline ininsectpopulationshasadverseconsequencesforpollination,pestcontrol,and nutrientcycling.Economically,theseeffectsaresignificant.Bees,forinstance, areessentialpollinatorsandcentralto agricultureandbiodiversity.Theirglobal populationdeclineislargelyduetohabitat andfloralloss [30],towhichlightpollution contributessubstantially.Environmental impactsmustthereforebeevaluatednot onlybydirecteffectsonindividualspecies butalsothroughabroadersystemicperspective.Sincemanyplantsrelyoninsects forpollination,disruptionsininsectbehaviorindirectlyaffectplantreproduction. Studieshaveshownthatartificiallighting canreducepollinationsuccessthrough cascadingeffectsbetweenhostplants, predators,andprey [29] andinfluences plant-insectinteractions [31].Additionally, exposuretolow-intensitystreetlightingcan delayfloweringandreducecropyieldsby 20–40%,particularlywhenplantsareilluminatedbydecorativelightingwithhighlevels ofphotosyntheticallyactiveradiation [32]

Translatingsuchcomplexfindingsintoactionablelightingguidelinesremainsachallenge.Assessingthefullenvironmental impactofoutdoorlightingisdifficultdue tothediversityofspeciessensitivitiesand theneedtoaccountforecosystem-level interactions.Addressingthisrequiresindepthknowledgeofspectralsensitivities andecologicalinterdependencies.Many currentbiologicalstudieslacktechnical lightingdataorrelyonlux,whichisinadequateforspecieswithdifferentspectral sensitivities.

Asaresult,defininglightingrequirements fordiverseurbanspeciesremainsdifficult. Whileindividualstudiesidentifyspecific mechanisms,currentregulationsprimarilyfocusonreducinglightintensityand switchingofflightsatnight.Thesegoals generallyalignwithgoalsforenergysavingsandpublichealth,buttheyoftenconflictwithsafetyrequirementsandarethereforelimitedbyregulatoryconstraints.

Althoughawarenessoftheseenvironmentalissueshasgrowninrecentyears (Figure 4),existingrecommendationsremainbroad,anddetailedplanningguidanceisstilllacking.Inlinewiththis,the stakeholderssurveyedreporthighawarenessbutnotealackofregulatorysupport, inadequatespeciesdata,limitedproduct availability,andaresultingdifficultyinjustifyingadditionalcosts.

Lookingahead,moststakeholdersexpect growingimportanceforthisissueoverthe nextdecade(Figure 5).However,dueto thelackofcomprehensivestandards,the potentialforfullyaddressingtheproblem remainsuncertain.

EnergyefficiencyandResource Conservation

ThetechnologicaltransitionoflightingsystemstoLEDsourceshassignificantlycontributedtoreducingenergyconsumption. Atthesametime,however,theproductionofLEDlightingproductsrequiresmore energy,andrecyclinghasbecomeincreasinglychallengingduetothecomplexityof thenecessaryelectroniccomponents.To betterassessandaddresstheenvironmentalimpactsofelectricalandelectronic equipment,theseproductshavebeensubjecttolegalregulationworldwideinrecent years.Theregulationsadoptalifecycle approachtoadequatelyaddressthemanufacturingprocess,materialuse,andoperationofproducts.Whilethisapproach isalsorelevantforlightingproducts,they representauniquecaseamongelectronic devices.ThelonglifespanofLEDs,combinedwiththeirhighenergyuseduring operation,meansthattheusagephase

overwhelminglydominatestheirenvironmentalimpact.Multiplelifecycleassessment(LCA)studiesconfirmthattheuse phaseaccountsforapproximately99% ofenvironmentalburdensassociatedwith lightingproducts [33].Fromasustainability standpoint,optimizingproductoperationis thereforesignificantlymoreimportantthan optimizingproductionordisposal.

Resourceconsumptionduringuseisprimarilydeterminedbytheoverallefficiency oftheluminaire.Thisefficiencyisinfluencedbythermalmanagementaswell asthecombinedperformanceofthelight source,driverorballast,andopticalsystem.Inrecentyears,LEDefficacyhas improveddramatically,andadvancesin powerelectronicshavealsoledtoefficiencygainsinLEDdrivers,withupto92% efficiencyreportedinoutdoorlightingapplicationsasof2019 [34].By2035,target valuesinclude95%efficiencyfordrivers andoptics,overallefficiencyof86%,and luminousefficacyof214lm/Wforoutdoor LEDsystems [34].Incomparison,conventionallightingachievesonly85lm/W [35], underscoringtheresource-savingbenefits ofLED-basedsystems.Additionally,LEDs offerakeyadvantageovertraditionallighting:aselectroniccomponents,theyenable software-basedcontrolandadvancedregulationstrategies.Energysavingsofupto 84%comparedtouncontrolledsystems havebeendemonstratedinoutdoorcontexts [36],farexceedinggainsachievable solelythroughimprovedcomponentefficiency.Controlapproachescanbecategorizedintoscheduled(time-based),zonal (group-based),anddemand-drivenstrategies,oftenlinkedtodaylightavailability.

Manymarketsolutionstodaymostlyuse basictimeordimmingcontrols,withtimebasedsystemsbeingmostlycommondue totheirsimplicityandcompatibilitywith legacyinfrastructure.Thesesystemscan bepreprogrammedtoswitchoffduring specificnighttimehours.Wherecomplete shutoffsarenotfeasibleduetosafetyor visibilityconcerns,dimmingistypically usedtoreduceenergyusewhilemeetingregulatoryrequirements [37].Even basicimplementationscanyieldmajor benefits.AretrofitprojectattheUniversityofPalermo,Italy,usedtimeanddimmingcontrolsinpublicLEDlightingand achievedenergysavingsof84%,equivalentto163.2tonsofCO [36].Despitethis potential,adoptionremainslimited:only about20%ofoutdoorsystemsusetimebasedcontrols,andfewerthan1%use sensor-basedsystems [35]

Asacolorcentralconcernofthelighting industry,theawarenessofthoseissues

wasunsurprisinglyratedhighlyacross allstakeholdergroups(Figure 4).While productavailabilityandplanningareconsideredverygood,regulatoryframeworks areviewedasonlymoderate,aligningwith previousassessmentsofregulatoryinstitutions.

Theimportanceofaddressingthesechallengesisalsoexpectedtogrowoverthe nexttenyears(Figure 5),reflectingboth thetopicalrelevanceandtheinherentconnectionbetweenlightingandenergyuse. Increasedproductefficiencyisseenasa keycompetitiveadvantage,andfewerthan 10%ofrespondentsexpecttheimportance ofthisissuetodeclineinthefuture.

InteroperabilityandTechnological Sovereignty

Consideringthegrowingtechnologization andtheopportunitiesarisingfromdata generatedthroughtheuseofsensorsand enhancedsystemnetworking,strategic sovereigntyisbecomingincreasinglyimportantinbotheconomicandregulatory contexts.Theoverarchinggoalisnotonly tomaintainacountry’sinnovativecapacity butalsotopreservetechnologicalcapabilitiesandassets.Manyrelatedconceptsrevolvearoundprivacyprotection,trust,and thereliabilityofdigitalcontent [38].Additionalchallengesstemfromtheactivities ofcertaintechcompanies [39],especially inrelationtoartificialintelligence,cybersecurity,accesstocriticaltechnologies,and technologicaldependenciesinpublicprocurement.

Ingeneral,identifyingstrategictechnologiesisfarfromstraightforward.Thistask becomesevenmorecomplexwithinmultilateralgeopoliticalbodiessuchasthe EU,wheresovereigntyisunderstoodasa functionofachievingsharedgoals.Strategicdecisionsmustthereforecloselyalign withEuropeanprioritiesforasustainable, digital,andhealthysociety.Addressing thesechallengesrequiressignificanttechnologicalandinnovativebreakthroughsin digitaldomains(e.g.,edgecomputing,artificialintelligence,cloudinfrastructure,and InternetofThingstechnologies),environmentalfields(e.g.,sustainableproduction, biologicallyengineeredmaterials,energy efficiency),andhealthcare(e.g.,e-health solutionsandpreventivecare).

Lighting,inparticular,holdssignificantpotentialtocontributetostrategicsovereignty. Asdiscussedinothersections,artificial lightingisakeyfactorinenvironmentalimpactandenergyconsumptionandalso playsanimportantroleinsupportinghumanhealth.However,lightingtechnology remainsrelativelyunderdevelopedinterms

ofdigitalintegration.Althoughemerging applicationssuchastheInternetofThings (IoT)andSmartCitiesshowpromise,and somesystemsolutionsalreadyexist,currentmarketsarestilldominatedbyproprietarysystemswithpoorinteroperability.

Giventhatmanyofthesetechnologies aredevelopedandoperatedbyEuropean companies,thegrowingdigitalizationof businessmodelsandservicesinthelightingsectorsuggestsconsiderablepotential attheEuropeanlevel.Torealizethispotentialinthelongterm,existingchallenges mustbeaddressed,particularlythrough regulatorymeasuresconcerningdatausage.Ensuringaprogressive,secure,and competitiveEuropeandigitalspacefor datacollectedvialightingsystemsinSmart Citieswillrequirenotonlycoherentpoliciesbutalsotheremovalofbarriersto establishingadigitalsinglemarketand competitivecloudinfrastructures.Aclear andconsistentlegalframework,particularly oncybersecurityanddatatransfer,must alsobeestablished.TheEUhasalready demonstrateditsleadershipinthisarea throughtheGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR),whichcompelledcompanies worldwidetocomplywithEuropeandata standards.

Moreover,broaderadoptionofstandardized,openinterfacesisnecessaryforIoTbasedsolutionstosupportopenandaccessibleinformationexchange.Technologicalsovereigntydoesnotimplycomplete independence,butrathertheabilitytoretainadegreeofautonomyinkeytechnologiesandavoidone-sideddependencies, especiallyonlessreliableinternationalpartners.Inthiscontext,recenteffortstorevive Europeanindustrialpolicy [40] shouldincorporateeconomicobjectivesintopolitical instrumentstoachieveasharedunderstandingofsovereigntyatbothnational andEUlevels.

Althoughsysteminteroperabilitycanpromotefuture-orienteddigitalbusinessmodelsandpolicyinterventionscansupport technologicalsovereignty,thisthematic areaisrelativelyisolatedfromothers.Asa result,awarenessofthistopicremainslow (Figure 4).Around30%ofsurveyparticipantsreportedlittletonofamiliarity.Market demandandregulatoryframeworkswere alsoperceivedasweak,likelyduetothe complexityofdigitalsolutionsandtheirlimitedattractivenessinprojectplanning.

Also,thefutureimportanceofthistopicis perceivedwithmixedopinions,although thereisaslighttrendtowardincreasedrelevance(Figure 5).Thelightingindustry isknownforitsslowadoptionofinnova-

tions,especiallyinoutdoorapplications wheremultiplestakeholderswithdiffering prioritiesareinvolved.Asaresult,simple, low-techsolutionshavetypicallyprevailed. Theaddedcomplexityofdigitalizedsystemsmayexplainwhyexpertsfamiliarwith thesebarriersareskepticalaboutsignificantprogressinthenextdecade.

Conclusion

Asthisarticlehasshown,modernoutdoor lightingsystemsareembeddedinacomplexfieldofinterrelatedchallenges,ranging fromenergyefficiencyandresourceconservationtohumanhealth,biodiversity, safety,anddigitalsovereignty.Meeting thesechallengesinthelongtermrequires afundamentalshiftinhowlightingisdesigned,regulated,andimplemented.

Thefindingsofthestakeholdersurveyconfirmahighlevelofawarenessacrossmost professionalgroupsregardingtheecological,health-related,andsocietalimplicationsofpubliclighting.Atthesametime, thesurveyrevealssystemicbarriersthat limitthepracticalimplementationofsustainablesolutions.Theseincludealackof interdisciplinarycooperation,fragmented regulatoryframeworks,insufficienttechnologicalinteroperability,andpersistentcost concerns.Particularlystrikingisthesharp declineintrustwhenfinancialtrade-offs areintroduced.Evenstakeholderswhoexpressstrongenvironmentalcommitment oftenviewsustainablesolutionsasunrealisticiftheyentailhighercosts,highlighting agapbetweenvaluesandactionableoutcomes.

Fromatechnicalperspective,thelighting industryiswellpositionedtocontribute meaningfullytosustainabilitygoals.InnovationsinLEDtechnology,controlstrategies, andlife-cycleoptimizationalreadyoffer substantialpotentialforreducingenvironmentalburdens.However,thesegains arenotautomatic.Theyrequiredeliberate planning,supportiveregulations,andclear guidancetailoredtospecificapplications andurbancontexts.

Onthesocietalside,thesurveyunderscorestheevolvingunderstandingoflighting’sbroaderfunctions.Publiclightingis increasinglyrecognizedasadeterminantof environmentalquality,psychologicalcomfort,andlong-termhealth.Topicssuch asmelatoninsuppression,circadiandisruption,andtheeffectsofartificiallighton biodiversityaregainingprominenceand areexpectedtoplayagreaterroleinfutureplanning.Yet,integratingthesediverse concernsintocohesivedesignstrategies

remainsamajorchallenge,particularly whentraditionalsafetynormsarestillprioritizedinpublicdiscourseandregulation. Crucially,theresultsalsopointtogapsin institutionaltrustandperceivedresponsibility.Whilefederalauthoritiesandindustry actorsareseenashavingthegreatestresponsibilityforenvironmentalprotection, keycontributorssuchaslightingplanners andresearchersareundervaluedbymany stakeholders.Thisdisconnectmayhinder progress,especiallyinsmallermunicipalitieswherein-houseexpertiseislimitedand externalplanningresourcesarenotfully utilized.Toaddressthesemultifacetedissues,asystemicandinclusiveapproachis needed.Thisincludesestablishingclear, cross-sectoralgoalsthataligntechnologicaldevelopmentwithecologicaland socialimperatives.Regulatoryframeworks mustevolvetointegratehealthandbiodiversityconsiderationsalongsideestablishedcriteriasuchasenergyefficiency andsafety.Moreover,interoperabilityand datasovereigntymustbestrengthened toensurethatthegrowingdigitalizationof lightingsystemssupportsratherthanhinderssustainabilityobjectives. Publicengagementwillalsoplayacritical role.Currentdecision-makingprocesses remaindominatedbyregulatoryandpoliticalforces,withminimalpublicinput.A moreparticipatoryapproach,groundedin transparentcommunicationandaccessible data,canenhancetrustandfosteracceptanceofinnovativesolutions,evenwhen theyinvolvecomplextrade-offs.

Insummary,sustainablepubliclighting isadeeplyinterdisciplinarychallenge.It demandstechnicalinnovation,regulatory reform,ecologicalsensitivity,andasocietal shiftinexpectationsandpractices.The pathforwardliesnotinisolatedadvancements,butincoordinatedeffortsthatrecognizelightingasbothatechnicalinfrastructureandaculturalasset.Inthissense, thefirstpartofthearticleserieslaysthe groundworkforfutureaction.Theupcomingsecondpartwillexploretechnological strategiesandimplementationpathwaysin greaterdetailtohelptranslatetechnological potentialintomeasurableprogress. ■

Acknowledgements

Theresultspresentedweredeveloped onbehalfoftheFederalMinistryforClimateAction,Environment,Energy,Mobility,InnovationandTechnology(BMK) aspartoftheR&DserviceNOBEL(FFG No.904102)withintheGreenPhotonics 2022fundingprogram.Thecomplete projectreport,whichalsoincludesthe individualsurveyresults,isavailablein Germanandcanbeaccessedat https: //projekte.ffg.at/projekt/4832875

References

[1] TheWorldBank(2023).LightingTransformation. [Online]Availableat: https://www.esmap.org/node/5 6868

[2] Laing,D.,Park,C.&Wang,P.(2005).Amodified Harris-Todaromodelofrural-urbanmigrationfor China.CriticalissuesinChina’sgrowthanddevelopment,245-264.

[3] InternationalEnergyAgency(2022).LightingTrackingReport.[Online]Availableat: https://www.iea.org/ reports/lighting

[4] Shahzad,K.,Cucek,L.,Sagir,M.,Ali,N.,Rashid,M. I.,Nazir,R.,...&Ismail,I.M.I.(2018).Anecological feasibilitystudyfordevelopingsustainablestreet lightingsystem.Journalofcleanerproduction,175, 683-695.

[5] Rossi,F.,Bonamente,E.,Nicolini,A.,Anderini,E. &Cotana,F.(2016).Acarbonfootprintandenergy consumptionassessmentmethodologyforUHIaffectedlightingsystemsinbuiltareas.Energyand Buildings,114,96-103.

[6] Polko,P.&Kimic,K.(2022).Genderasafactordifferentiatingtheperceptionsofsafetyinurbanparks. AinShamsEngineeringJournal,13(3),101608.

[7] Evans,J.A.&Davidson,A.J.(2013).Healthconsequencesofcircadiandisruptioninhumansand animalmodels.Progressinmolecularbiologyand translationalscience,119,283-323.

[8] Fotios,S.,Cheal,C.&Boyce,P.R.(2005).Light sourcespectrum,brightnessperceptionandvisual performanceinpedestrianenvironments:Areview. LightingResearch&Technology,37(4),271-291.

[9] Boyce,P.R.&Gutkowski,J.M.(1995).Theif, whyandwhatofstreetlightingandstreetcrime:A review.InternationalJournalofLightingResearchand Technology,27(2),103-112.

[10] Davies,M.W.&Farrington,D.P.(2020).Anexaminationoftheeffectsoncrimeofswitchingoffstreet lighting.Criminology&CriminalJustice,20(3),339357.

[11] Chalfin,A.,Hansen,B.,Lerner,J.&Parker,L. (2022).Reducingcrimethroughenvironmentaldesign:Evidencefromarandomizedexperimentof streetlightinginNewYorkCity.JournalofQuantitativeCriminology,1-31.

[12] Fisher,B.S.&Nasar,J.L.(1992).Fearofcrime inrelationtothreeexteriorsitefeatures:Prospect, refuge,andescape.Environmentandbehavior,24(1), 35-65.

[13] Nasar,J.L.&Jones,K.M.(1997).Landscapes offearandstress.Environmentandbehavior,29(3), 291-323.

[14] Fotios,S.,Monteiro,A.L.&Uttley,J.(2019). Evaluationofpedestrianreassurancegainedby higherilluminancesinresidentialstreetsusingthe day–darkapproach.LightingResearch&Technology, 51(4),557-575.

[15] Fotios,S.,Unwin,J.&Farrall,S.(2015).Road lightingandpedestrianreassuranceafterdark:A review.LightingResearch&Technology,47(4),449469.

[16] Zhao,J.,Dai,Y.&Liu,Q.(2022).Effectsofcolor inLightingonaestheticpreferenceandpercieved safetyduringtheevening.EnvironmentalEngineering &ManagementJournal(EEMJ),21(8).

[17] Schlangen,L.J.&Price,L.L.(2021).Thelighting environment,itsmetrology,andnon-visualresponses. FrontiersinNeurology,12,624861.

[18] CIE(2018).CIES026:CIESystemforMetrology ofOpticalRadiationforipRGC-InfluencedResponses toLight.Vienna:InternationalCommissiononIllumination.

[19] Lewy,A.J.,Wehr,T.A.,Goodwin,F.K.,Newsome,D.A.&Markey,S.P.(1980).Lightsuppresses melatoninsecretioninhumans.Science,210(4475), 1267-1269.

[20] Hu,K.,Li,W.,Zhang,Y.,Chen,H.,Bai,C.,Yang, Z.,...&Yao,Y.(2022).Associationbetweenoutdoor artificiallightatnightandsleepdurationamongolder adultsinChina:across-sectionalstudy.EnvironmentalResearch,212,113343.

[21] Kubatka,P.,Zubor,P.,Busselberg,D.,Kwon, T.K.,Adamek,M.,Petrovic,D.,...&Kruzliak,P. (2018).Melatoninandbreastcancer:Evidencesfrom preclinicalandhumanstudies.Criticalreviewsin oncology/hematology,122,133-143.

[22] Baxter,M.&Ray,D.W.(2020).Circadianrhythms ininnateimmunityandstressresponses.Immunology,161(4),261-267.

[23] AMA(2016).AMAadoptsguidancetoreduce harmfromhighintensitystreetlights.[Online]Availableat: https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/pr ess-releases/ama-adopts-guidance-reduce-harm-h igh-intensity-street-lights

[24] Xie,Y.,Jin,Z.,Huang,H.,Li,S.,Dong,G.,Liu,Y., ...&Guo,Y.(2022).Outdoorlightatnightandautism spectrumdisorderinShanghai,China:Amatched case-controlstudy.ScienceofTheTotalEnvironment, 811,152340.

[25] UN(2020).TheSustainableDevelopmentGoals Report2020.Rome:UnitedNations.

[26] Grubisic,M.,Haim,A.,Bhusal,P.,Dominoni, D.M.,Gabriel,K.M.,Jechow,A.,...&Hölker,F. (2019).Lightpollution,circadianphotoreception,and melatonininvertebrates.Sustainability,11(22),6400.

[27] Onorati,M.,&Vignoli,L.(2017).Thedarkerthe night,thebrighterthestars:consequencesofnocturnalbrightnessonamphibianreproduction.Biological JournaloftheLinneanSociety,120(4),961-976.

[28] Dananay,K.L.&Benard,M.F.(2018).Artificial lightatnightdecreasesmetamorphicdurationand juvenilegrowthinawidespreadamphibian.ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyB:BiologicalSciences, 285(1882),20180367.

[29] Owens,A.C.,Cochard,P.,Durrant,J.,Farnworth,B.,Perkin,E.K.,&Seymoure,B.(2020).Light pollutionisadriverofinsectdeclines.BiologicalConservation,241,108259.

[30] Goulson,D.,Lye,G.&Darvill,B.(2008).Decline andConservationofBumbleBees.AnnualReviewof Entomology,53(1),191-208.

[31] Boom,M.P.,Spoelstra,K.,Biere,A.,Knop,E.& Visser,M.E.(2020).Pollinationandfruitinfestation underartificiallightatnight:lightcolourmatters. Scientificreports,10(1),18389.

[32] Chen,C.L.,Su,Y.H.,Liu,C.J.&Lee,Y.C. (2009).Effectofnightilluminationongrowthandyield ofsoybean.JournalofTaiwanAgriculturalResearch, 58(2),146-154.

[33] Zhang,H.,Burr,J.&Zhao,F.(2017).Acomparativelifecycleassessment(LCA)oflightingtechnologiesforgreenhousecropproduction.Journalof cleanerproduction,140,705-713.

[34] Pattison,M.,Hansen,M.,Bardsley,N.,Elliott,C., Lee,K.,Pattison,L.&Tsao,J.(2020).2019lighting R&Dopportunities(No.DOE/EE-2008).SolidState LightingSolutions(SSLS)Inc.,SantaBarbara,CA (UnitedStates).,

[35] Penning,J.,Stober,K.,Taylor,V.&Yamada,M. (2016).EnergySavingsForecastofSolid-StateLightinginGeneralIlluminationApplications.Washington, DC:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy.

[36] Beccali,M.,Bonomolo,M.,Brano,V.L.,Ciulla, G.,DiDio,V.,Massaro,F.&Favuzza,S.(2019).Energysavingandusersatisfactionforanewadvanced publiclightingsystem.EnergyConversionandManagement,195,943-957.

[37] Pracki,P.&Skarzynski,K.(2020).Multi-Criteria AssessmentProcedureforOutdoorLightingatthe DesignStage.Sustainability,12,1330.

[38] Benhamou,B.(2018).DigitalSovereigntyand EuropeanDataRegulation–ProspectsoftheGDPR intheAftermathoftheCambridgeAnalyticaCrisis. [Online]Availableat: http://www.netgouvernance.org /DigitalSovereigntyandEuropeanDataRegulation.pdf

[39] Gueham,F.(2017).DigitalSovereignty–Stepstowardsanewsystemofinternetgovernance.[Online] Availableat: https://euagenda.eu/upload/publication s/untitled-77045-ea.pdf

[40] Archibugi,D.&Mariella,V.(2021).IsaEuropean recoverypossiblewithouthigh-techpubliccorporations?.Intereconomics,56(3),160-166.

Dipl.-Ing.JohannesWeninger studiedarchitectureattheLeopold-FranzensUniversityofInnsbruckwithfocusonarchitecturaltheoryandworkedasanexternal lecturerandresearchassociateatvarious universitiesinAustriaandGermanyinthe fieldofArtificialIntelligenceandCyberphysicalSystems.Until2018hewasaresearch associateattheKarl-Franzens-University GrazintheDepartmentofBiologicalPsychology.Since2016hehasbeenworking atBartenbachresearchonthetopicsof non-visuallighteffects,digitizationandmachinelearning.Since2022,hehasbeen leadingBartenbach’sresearchteam.

MMag.MartinaAscher studiedpsychologyandeducationalscienceattheUniversityofInnsbruck.Since2008shehas beenworkingatBartenbachresearchon thetopicsofvisualperception,visualand non-visuallighteffectsandarchitectural psychologyinseveralnationalandinternationalresearchprojects.Shecompleted theacademycourseforlightingdesignersattheBartenbachLightingAcademy (2009)andthecourseforarchitecturaland residentialpsychologistsatIWAP(2021) andsupervisedstudentprojectsandmaster’sthesesattheBartenbachLighting Academyintheuniversitycourseinlighting design(2012-2014).

MaximilianDick,MSc studiedpsychologyattheUniversityofInnsbruck.Since 2019hehasbeenworkingatBartenbach researchonthetopicsofvisualperceptionandnon-visuallighteffectsinvarious nationalandinternationalprojects.From 2020-2023,healsoworkedattheUniversityofInnsbruckasaresearchassociate intheworkinggroupClinicalPsychologyI andiscurrentlyfinishinghisPhDthere.

AboutBartenbach

Lightisapowerfulinstrument.Itdesigns spaces–andcreatesqualityoflifeforthe peopleinthem.Increasingwell-being, makingtaskseasier,enrichingtheatmosphere,promotingsocialinteraction:holisticlightingdesigndoesitall.Andmuch more.Inthisway,energy-efficientlighting solutionscanmakeadirectcontributionto yourcompany’ssustainabilitystrategyand savecosts.

Asthemarketleaderforinternationallightingdesign,Bartenbachdesignsandimplementssophisticateddaylightandartificial lightingsolutionsfromasinglesource. Whatmakesitspecialisthatallofourconceptsarescience-basedanddrawonthe in-depthlightingknow-howofourresearch anddevelopment.”TheLightingInnovators”–thisisnotonlyourclaim,butalso ourpromisetoourcustomers.

www.bartenbach.com

AbouttheAustrianMinistryforClimate Action,Environment,Energy,Mobility, InnovationandTechnology(BMK) AkeyfieldofactionoftheBMIMI(former BMK)istransportpolicy.Thisincludes,in particular,hydraulicengineeringwithregardtowaterwaysandtransportregarding therailways,shippingandaviation.This alsocomprisestheregulationofaccess torailwayinfrastructure,shipverification, shipping-specificaffairsofhydraulicengineeringwithregardtowaterways,airtraffic control,aeronauticalmeteorologicalservices,advertisingforpassengerandfreight transport,automotiveengineeringandaffairsofthetrafficpolice,accidentresearch, roadconstructionandtheconstructionand maintenanceoffederalroads.

TheBMIMIisalsoresponsibleforthe managementoftheequityoftheFederalGovernmentintheAutobahnen-und Schnellstraßen-Finanzierungs-Aktiengesellschaft(ASFINAG),andintheAlpen StraßenAktiengesellschaftandtheÖsterreichischeAutobahnen-undSchnellstraßenAktiengesellschaft,aslongasthe FederalGovernmentisashareholderof thesecompanies.

TheBMIMIisresponsibleforhydraulicengineeringwithregardtothenavigablerivers DanubeandMoravaaswellastheThaya fromthestateborderandotherwaterways, aswellasthewatersupplyandsewerage system,insofarastheydonotfallwithin thescopeofadifferentFederalMinistry,or alsofortheadministrationoftheMarchfeld Canal.

Issuesofcommercialpassengerandfreight transportincludingthecommercialcarriageofgoodsinpipelineswiththeexceptionofwaterpipeaffairsarealsohandledbytheBMIMI.Itscompetencealso comprisesaffairsofthecarriageofpassengersandgoodsinplanttraffic,the AustrianFederalRailwaysincludingthe constructionandadministrationofstructuresandpropertiesoftheFederalGovernmentdedicatedtothepurposesofthe AustrianFederalRailways,affairsofthe managementoftheFederalGovernment’s equityinotherrailwayundertakingsand intheSchieneninfrastrukturfinanzierungsGesmbHoraffairsofcompaniesthatexist fortheinterestsoftherailinfrastructure,as longastheFederalGovernmentisashareholder.

AnotherfocalpointfortheBMIMIisresearchandtechnologydevelopment.This includeseconomicandtechnicalresearch, insofarasitdoesnotfallwithintheaffairsoftheAustrianResearchPromotion AgencyandtheAustriaWirtschaftsserviceGesmbH.TheBMIMIalsofocusesonindustrialpropertyrights,particularlythe patentandutilitymodelsystem.Lastbut notleast,outerspaceaffairsalsofallwithin thescopeoftheBMIMI.

forVisualEnvironments

TapioRosenius,DesignerandTechnologist,andCo-Founderand CEOofPoetCreatorSoftware

Inthefirstpartofthisseries,weoutlinedtheconceptualgroundworkfor ambientcommunication.Avision shapedbydecadesofresearchinto calmtechnology,peripheralinteraction,andbehavioralnudgingthrough light,media,andrhythm.Inthissecondpart,wetakeamoretechnical view,unpackinghowPoetCreator softwareturnstheoryintofunctioning, real-timeenvironments.

PoetCreatorisacontrolandcontent systemdevelopedspecificallyforthe builtenvironment.Itallowslighting, projections,LEDsurfacesandeven soundtorespondtohumanactivity andcontextualdata,live,intelligently, andautonomously.Ithasbeendeployedinoffices,stadiums,cultural institutionsandpublicspaces.Itspurposeistoenablespacesthatcommunicatemeaningfullyandenableinstrumentalbenefitsfortheendusersand buildingoperators.

ASelf-RegulatingLoop

Attheheartofthesystemisaclosed-loop model: Data → Content → Output → Sensing

1. Data iscollectedviasensors,APIsor internalinputs.Thiscanincludecrowd density,weather,calendartriggers,demography,andevenemotionalstate.

2. Content isthevisualoutputgenerated ormodifiedinreal-timebyPoet’sinternalengines.Theseincludeintensities, tonalities,generativeanimations,and livevideolayers.

3. Output referstohowthecontentis expressedinphysicalspace.Poet cansendcontenttolightfixtures(via DMX,DALI,sACN,Art-Net),LEDvideo screens,videoprojections,andsound systems.

4. Sensing isnotpassive.Itclosesthe loop.Peopletracking,noise,andbehavioralpatternsarecapturedandfed backintothesystemtoinfluencethe nextroundofoutput.

Thisfeedbackarchitectureallowsspaces tocontinuouslyadaptandoptimizewithout manualprogramming.Theresultisanenvironmentthatcanevolveovertime,respond tosubtlehumancues,andremainmeaningful.

KeyFeatures

MapBehaviors

Poet’sbehavior-mappingfeatureenables thesoftwaretodistinguishmovement typesandpatterns,includingcrowddensityandflowdirection,andeventodifferentiatebetweenadultsandchildren. Thisallowscontenttoadjustnotjustto presence,buttothetypeofpresence.For example,playfulanimationsforchildrenin amuseumsetting,orcalminglightpatterns duringpeak-hourstressperiodsinaworkplace.

CrowdResponsive

AI-integratedsensorsandmicrophones allowPoettoreadcrowdenergyinreal time.Cheering,clustering,ordispersed quietzonescanalltriggerdifferentambientmodes.Thisisdeployedinstadiums wherethemediafacadeandinteriorlightingresponddynamicallytocrowdbehavior, shiftingtheentiremoodofavenueinmilliseconds.

LiveWithEmotion

Forsportsandliveeventcontexts,Poet integrateswithreal-timedatafeeds:goals, redcards,andmore,totriggeremotional responsesacrossmediasystems.This synchronizationbetweenliveeventsand spatialexpressionhelpsaudiencesfeel moreconnectedandimmersedinthemoment.

Thesamemechanismisnowbeingtested incareandexecutivesettings.Ouremotiondetectionmodule,currentlyinbeta, allowsspacestoadjustbasedonthedetectedemotionalstate.Forexample,calminglightscenesduringhigh-tensiondiscussions,orsubtlesupportivegestureswhen stressisdetectedinacaresetting.Early testresultsshowsurprisingaccuracyand promise.

PoetCreatorisacontrolandcontentsuitedevelopedspecificallyforresponsiveenvironments.Theuserinterfaceincludesa3Dpreviewandafullsuiteoftoolsto managelighting,videoprojections,andscreens,aswellastocreateinteractiveandgenerativevisualcontent.

PoetCreatoroperatesonaclosed-loopsystem:Data → Content → Output → Sensing;enablingcontinuous,autonomousadaptation.Thisfeedback-driven architectureallowsenvironmentstoevolvecontextually,respondtohumanbehavior,andremainrelevantwithoutmanualreprogramming.

Poet’sbehavior-mappingfeatureenablesthesoftwaretodistinguishmovementtypesandpatterns,includingcrowddensityandflowdirection,andevento differentiatebetweenadultsandchildren.Thisallowscontenttoadjustnotjusttopresence,buttothetypeofpresence.

AI-integratedsensorsandmicrophonesallowPoettoreadcrowdenergyinrealtime.Cheering,clustering,ordispersedquietzonescanalltriggerdifferentambient modes.Thisisdeployedinstadiumswherethemediafacadeandinteriorlightingresponddynamicallytocrowdbehavior,shiftingtheentiremoodofavenuein milliseconds.

PoetCreatordeliversafullyintegratedVisualFanExperienceSystem,transformingvenuesintodynamic,responsive,andmonetizableenvironments.Thesystem collectsbehavioralandsensorydatadirectlyfromthebowlusingAI-drivenactiontrackingandreal-timegamestatistics.

Asinglesystemprocesseslivedatatodriveadaptivecontentacrossmultipleoutputareasandmediassuchasmediafacades,vomitoria,F&B,andVIPzones,all reactingtocheers,crowdflow,andclientprofilesinrealtime.

Forsportsandliveeventcontexts,Poetintegrateswithreal-timedatafeeds:goals,redcards,andmore,totriggeremotionalresponsesacrossmediasystems.This synchronizationbetweenliveeventsandspatialexpressionhelpsaudiencesfeelmoreconnectedandimmersedinthemoment.

ISO27001-compliantremoteaccessenablessecure,real-timeupdatesandcontrol.Thiseliminatestheneedforcostlyon-sitereprogrammingandallowsintegrators andclientstomanagetheirenvironmentsfromanywhere,securelyandefficiently.

HowIt’sUsed

Inworkplacesettings,PoetCreatorserves asacentralnervoussystemforambient lightingandcommunication.Itlinkslighting tobehavioralgoals,contextualdatasuch asweather,timeofdayandhumanbehavioralpatterns.Thisunlocksnewopportunitiesforwellnessrelatedinterventions, measurablebehavioralchangeandgamification.Inhigh-performanceenvironments suchasboardroomsandcustomerexperiencecentersthesystembecomesalive engineforambientdatavisualizationon ceilings,walls,andembeddedsurfaces.It enhancesfocuswhilereducingcognitive overload.

Instadiumsandarenas,PoetCreatordeliversafullyintegratedVisualFanExperience System,transformingvenuesintodynamic, responsive,andmonetizableenvironments. Thesystemcollectsbehavioralandsensory datadirectlyfromthebowlusingAI-driven actiontrackingandreal-timegamestatistics.Thisdataisprocessedliveandused togenerateadaptivecontentacrossmultiplezones,includingthemediafacade, vomitoria,F&BareasandVIPzones.For instance,thelightingonthefacademayintensifywithcrowdcheers,whilevomitorium projectionsshiftbasedoncrowdflowand matchtempo.F&Bzonesstayconnected tothegameaction,andVIPloungescan beindividuallytailoredtoclientprofiles,all fromasinglesystem.Foroperators,the benefitsareclear:automatedcontentcreation,reducedstaffingneeds,improved crowdexperience,andenhancedsafety throughdynamicwayfinding.

OperationalBenefits

PoetCreatorisdesignedwiththeoperator inmind.Thesolutionincludesasecure, ISO27001-compliantremoteaccesssystemthatenablespoint-to-pointencrypted connectionsforsoftwareupdates,content deployment,andreal-timecontrol.This eliminatestheneedforon-sitereprogrammingandallowsintegratorsandclientsto managetheirenvironmentsfromanywhere, securelyandefficiently.

Therealstrengthliesinitsunifiedcontrol oflighting,screencontent,projectionsand sound,allowingtheentirevisualexperience ofanyarchitecturalspacetobeupdated inminutes.Whetherintroducinganewdesignthemeforaspecialoccasion,adapting toachangingemployeeortenantprofile, orreactingtoseasonalevents,operators andownerscanshifttheentiretoneand contentlandscapeofabuildingwithout technicaldelaysorexcessivecost.

Thisagilityensuresthatspacesremaindynamicandrelevant.Insteadofbecoming visuallystaleovertime,environmentspoweredbyPoetCreatorretaintheirexpressive potential,deliveringnewexperiencescontinuously.Forclients,thismeansalonger designlifespan,loweroperationalcosts, andaconstantalignmentbetweenspatialcommunicationandevolvingbusiness goals.

Conclusion

PoetCreatordemonstrateshowintelligent systemscanbeembeddedinarchitectural environmentswithoutcompromisingtheir spatialoraestheticintegrity.Byintegratingreal-timesensing,adaptivecontent, andunifiedcontrol,itenablesdesignersto createenvironmentsthatremainrelevant, functional,andemotionallyattunedover time.Ratherthandesigningforafixedmoment,webegindesigningforcontinuous interaction,wherecontentevolvesalongsidepeopleandpurpose.

Aslightingandmediasystemsbecome morecomplex,thedemandforoperational clarityincreases.PoetCreatoroffersa rarecombination:asystemthatsupports creativeexpressionwhilemeetingtherigorousdemandsofbuildingoperation.Its real-timeadaptability,secureremotemanagement,andbehavioralresponsiveness turnarchitecturalmediafromastaticassetintoadynamictool,onethatsupports boththepeopleusingthespaceandthose maintainingit. ■

Formoreinformationvisit https://poet.software

TapioRosenius isaFinnishdesigner, technologist,andco-founderandCEOof PoetCreatorSoftware.Hisworkexplores theintersectionoflight,data,andhuman behaviorinarchitecturalenvironments. TogetherwiththeteamatPoetCreator software,heisonamissiontobringambientcommunicationtotheeverydayspaces welive,work,andmovethrough.

tapio@skandal.tech

deLIGHTedTalks:GoodLight–

GoodSleep

LearnhowlightaffectsyoursleepinpresentationsbyDr.Renske LokandDr.JeffreyHubbardandmoderatedbyDr.VirginieGabel.

Inourfast-paced,technology-drivenworld, whereartificiallightdominatesourenvironments,therelationshipbetweenlightand sleephasneverbeenmorecritical.Exposuretotherighttypeoflightattheright timeisessentialforregulatingourcircadian rhythms—theinternalclockthatgoverns sleepandwakefulness.Insufficientlight exposureinthemorningorexcessivelight intheeveningcandisruptsleep,impair alertness,andreduceproductivityduring theday.Joinusasweexplorehowgood lightcanoptimizemelatoninproduction, supportrestfulnights,andenhanceoverall well-being.

Talk:Howdaytimelightexposure shapesnighttimesleepqualitybyDr. RenskeLok.

Lightismorethanjustavisualstimulus—it playsafundamentalroleinregulatingvariousphysiologicalandbehavioralprocesses beyondvision.Thesenon-image-forming effectsincludemaintainingalertness,enhancingcognitiveperformance,andregulatingmelatoninproduction.Whilemany peoplerecognizetheimportanceoflightfor wakefulness,itsimpactonsleepisoften overlooked.

Sleepisfundamentaltooverallhealthand well-being,playingacriticalroleinimmune function,cognitiveperformance,andemotionalregulation.Ourresearch,spanning bothcontrolledlaboratoryexperimentsand real-worldfieldstudies,revealsthatdaytimelightexposurehasaprofoundimpact onnighttimesleepquality.Specifically,exposuretohigh-intensitylightduringtheday enhancessleepdepth,minimizesnighttime awakenings,andimprovesoverallsleep efficiency.Theseeffectsnotonlypromote morerestorativesleepbutalsoreduce next-daysleepinertia,leadingtogreater alertnessuponwaking.

Thesefindingshaveimportantimplications forbothpublichealthandpersonalized sleepstrategies.Givenmodernlifestyles,

wheremanyindividualsspendthemajority oftheirdayindoorsunderartificiallighting, understandinghowlightexposureshapes sleepcanhelpinformbetterlightingdesigns,workplacepolicies,andbehavioral interventionstoimprovesleephealth.

Talk:Theopposingforcesoflightand darknessonsleepandwakingbehavior:LessonsfromnocturnalanddiurnalanimalsbyDr.JeffreyHubbard.

Lightisapowerfulregulatorofsleepand wakefulnessinmostanimals,exertingboth acuteandsustainedeffectsonthesebehaviors.Althoughtheinfluenceoflight exposureoncircadianrhythmsiswellcharacterized,itsdirect,non-circadian effectsonsleepandwakinghavebeenless explored.Infundamentalneuroscience, animalmodelsallowfordetailedinvestigationsonhowlightanddarknessimpact sleepandwakingusingbothnocturnal species,suchaslaboratorymice,anddayactivespecies,suchastheSudaniangrass rat,Arvicanthisansorgei.Thistalkwillexplorehowlight—anddarkness—modulate sleepandwakefulnessthroughdirecteffectsondistinctneurobiologicalsystems andcanreshapesleep/wakearchitecture.Bycomparingtheeffectsinthesetwo species,wecanexaminehowthesame environmentalcuescanproducedivergent behavioralandphysiologicalresponses, dependingonthetemporalnicheoftheanimal.Asartificiallightingincreasinglyblurs theboundariesbetweendayandnightin oursocieties,uncoveringhowexposureto lightshapesfundamentalbiologicalprocessesiscrucial.Bydeepeningourinsight astowhetherlightcansupportordisrupt naturalsleepintheseanimals,thisprovidescontextastohowweconsiderour livingcircumstancesinaworldthatisnever completelyindarkness.

https://youtu.be/mG_Y62eea5Y LpSDigital,supportedby

PREVIEW∗

Sept/Oct2025|LpR111

LightingOutlook

Getreadyforaforward-lookingedition packedwithinsightandinnovation.We explorethegrowingroleofnear-infraredLED lightinnext-genapplicationsandpresentan exclusiveinterviewwithCIEonthefutureof globallightingstandards.Don’tmissPartIIof Bartenbach’sfieldstudyonoutdoorlighting, offeringnewdataandperspectives.We’ll alsohighlightthelatesttrendsinoptics,and examinehowlightingcansupportcoexistencebetweenhumansandnature.

∗ Subjecttochangewithoutnotice.

DEADLINES|LpR111

ADCLOSE

Advertise

led-professional.com/advertise

info@lugerresearch.com

Subscribe

led-professional.com/misc/subscribe

info@lugerresearch.com

September1,2025

MATERIALDUE

September1,2025

DIGITALPUBLICATION

September15,2025

PRINTPUBLICATION

September30,2025

AnnualSubscriptions

LpRDigitalMagazine

• eMagazine(PDFdownload)

• 6IssuesperYear(Bi-monthly)

• FullArchiveAccess (allpreviouseMagazineissues)

• BusinessIssuetoshareandusewithin organizations

• EUR78.80

LpRPrinted&DigitalMagazine

• PrintMagazineincludingshipping

• eMagazine(PDFdownload)

• 6IssuesperYear(Bi-monthly)

• FullArchiveAccess (allpreviouseMagazineissues)

• Shippingcostsincluded

• EUR97.80

Imprint

LEDprofessionalReview(LpR) ISSN1993-890X

PublishingCompany

LugerResearche.U.|©2001–2025 InstituteforInnovation&Technology Moosmahdstrasse30,A-6850Dornbirn,Austria,Europe info@lugerresearch.com|www.lugerresearch.com P+435572394489|F+43557239448990

Publisher

SiegfriedLuger

TheresaKönig

+4369911335570 s.luger@lugerresearch.com

+43557239448970 editors@led-professional.com

ElioA.Farina +43557239448970 editors@led-professional.com

Art&Design

SarahRauchlechner +436802305445 hallo@moments-of-aha.com

AccountManager ChristineLuger +4369911335520 c.luger@lugerresearch.com

China,Hong-Kong LoloYoung +85297922081 lolo@castintl.com

Germany,International ArminWezel +493052689192 armin@eurokom-media.de SouthKorea Jung-WonSuh +8227858222 sinsegi@sinsegimedia.info

Taiwan LeonChen +886225681786-10 Jeon@jkmedia.com.tw Benelux,France,Ireland,Scandinavia,UK ZenaCoupé +441923852537 zena@expomedia.biz

USA&Canada LesleyHarmoning +12186866438 lesley@lhmandco.com

JillThibert +12182802821 jill@lhmandco.com

Copyrights–LugerResearche.U.

Theeditorsmakeeveryreasonableefforttoverifytheinformation published,butLugerResearche.U.assumesnoresponsibilityforthe validityofanymanufacturers,nonprofitorganizationsorindividuals claimsorstatements.LugerResearche.U.doesnotassumeand herebydisclaimsanyliabilitytoanypersonforanylossordamage causedbyerrorsoromissionsinthematerialcontainedherein, regardlessofwhethersucherrorsresultfromnegligence,accident oranyothercausewhatsoever.Youmaynotcopy,reproduce, republish,download,post,broadcast,transmit,makeavailableto thepublic,orotherwiseuseLEDprofessionalReview(LpR)content withoutpriorwrittenconsentfromLugerResearche.U. ©2001–2025LugerResearche.U.–InstituteforInnovation&Technology–VATNo.ATU50928705,EORINo.ATEOS1000046213, CommercialRegisterFN316464p,RegionalCourtFeldkirch,Austria, Europe ■

CoverPage: DALILightingAwards2024/2025Winners —ShenzhenSunricherTechnologyCo.,Ltd.receivedthe “InnovationinLighting”Award.©SunricherTechnology, 2025.