WILL SUPERCONDICTORS CHANGE THE WAY WE USE ENERGY?
The future of electricity and global connectivity
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SKINCARE AND ACNE
What is in your skincare and is it causing acne?
TREATING SKIN CANCER WITH SOAP
The science and the person behind the discovery
Editors-in-Chief:
Georgia Perriss
Sasha Phillips
Writers:
Oliver Morrow
Daniel Montgomery
Sophie Goodwin
Hebe Yeung
Emiliya Mitreva
Alex Blackburn
Lili Nagy
Rina Urabe
Flavia Le Vieux
Ruby Allenby
Luc Demierre
Kai Parker
Grace Newcombe
Marla Jeffery
Wayu Voraprukpisut
Raif Rahman
Sophie Siu
Editors:
Jazzelle Lee
Gabriella Todd
Alex Westbury
Andrey Savenko
Christie Yang
Emiliya Mitreva
Margaux Lefebvre
Art by:
Sasha Phillips
The Peculiar Habits of Superconductors
Can superconductors be used to improve energy efficiency on a global scale?
Should the government healthcare system place more emphasis on researching cognitive behaviour therapy as a cure for fears and phobias surrounding mental health conditions that are difficult to cure and diagnose
The Correlation Between Skincare Products and Acne Types
Euthanasia in the UK: the Potential Consequences of the Bill
Linux: the Operating System You’ve Never Heard of Memory and the Hippocampus
Green Chemistry: Transforming Science and Industry for a Sustainable Future
The Role of Alchemy in the Birth of Chemistry
From Calm to Chaos: Rethinking the Earth’s evolution
Aydemir Automotive: Engineering the Pinnacle of Speed and Precision
Will the Monkeys Write Hamlet: the Tricky Business of Infinity
Should we control resource allocation in times of drug scarcity?
The Soap that Cures Cancer
Space Travel: The Fastest Travel Method in the not-sodistant Future
Nanotechnology in Dentistry: Innovations in Enamel
Restoration and Cavities
Dear readers,
We are thrilled to publish our inaugural edition of Blueprint: the Oundle School science magazine 3 months ago, we pitched our idea for Blueprint to a group of 20 Oundelian scientists, but with the magazine still in its infancy, it seemed like we would never get it off the ground.
Despite this, articles continued to arrive in our inboxes over the Christmas holidays. By January, we had 17 creative, intellectual and thought-provoking articles, which were meticulously reviewed and page formatted by our editing team
‘The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.’ -
Artby:SashaPhillips
Albert Einstein
Curiosity is at the heart of every scientific breakthrough. It is this constant craving of knowledge that drives us to ask questions, seek answers, and push the boundaries of what we know. It fuels innovation, inspires problem-solving, and encourages us to explore the unknown Every great scientist, engineer, or innovator, past and present, started with a simple question: Why? or How?
In a world where science is evolving faster than ever, curiosity is not just important- it’s essential
Science is not just something found in textbooks or laboratories- it’s everywhere, shaping our future in ways we can’t yet imagine So, keep questioning, keep discovering, and most importantly, stay curious. The next big breakthrough might just start with you.
superconductivity published, providing an answer to its strange behaviours, by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Schrieffer This ‘microscopic theory of superconductivity’ (BCS theory) stated electrons form pairs from the vibration of the lattice of positive ions These behave like a single, larger particle, which is practically unaffected by the cations in the compound. Firstly, this has the effect of the first basic property of superconductors: they have no electrical resistance. A conventional conductor’s electrons occasionally collide with the nuclei of the material when current flows, leading to thermal energy release, resistance, and a loss of efficiency. A superconductor eliminates this, meaning extremely high currents can circulate indefinitely with no energy loss The second effect involves the expulsion of the magnetic field from the superconductor, be it partially or completely This is known as the Meissner effect and is vital in current applications of these materials
conventional wheeled train This is due to the use of superconducting magnets to propel and levitate the train above a track, minimizing friction and therefore energy loss Particle accelerators necessitate the use of superconductors to produce magnetic fields strong enough to focus and steer particle beams near the speed of light, such as the Large Hadron Collider in CERN, which has already been instrumental in the study of particle physics.
The future of superconductors seems to depend on finding a material that superconducts at room temperature, or close to Onnes used mercury in 1911 when he discovered the phenomenon However, it only entered the superconducting state at 42K degrees Celsius, cooled by liquid helium, which is expensive and impractical to source Gradually, more materials were discovered to display superconducting nature, some at significantly higher temperatures
critical temperature, or TC, at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, and could be feasibly produced has been the subject of much research. Most recently, in July 2023, South Korean researchers Sukbae Lee and Ji-Hoon Kim published two papers regarding a material they had created, known as LK-99, in which they claimed it was indeed a room-temperature superconductor Unfortunately, the paper was discovered to be flawed when peer reviewed However, this raises the question of what uses humanity would have for such a material According to John Durrell, a professor of superconductor engineering at the University of Cambridge, the main purpose of this material would be use in more compact electromagnets, removing the need for coolant in MRIs, reducing the size so that possibly every GP surgery might have one, or in the magnets generating magnetic fields strong enough to contain plasma in fusion reactors. With a superconductor that works without large and expensive cooling systems, we may even find uses impossible to imagine with our current materials.
temperatures. This discovery paved the way for a century of development and research into superconductivity, leading to more discoveries of materials which exhibit this property
Superconductivity is considered a quantum property but can still be explained classically Electrons flowing down the wire electrostatically attract the positive nuclei of the wire material, distorting the atomic lattice, and creating an area of higher positive charge density This positive charge attracts further electrons, allowing the continued flow of charge Over long distances, the attraction between ions can overcome the electrostatic repulsion of electrons and cause them to pair up. This only works at very low temperatures, as thermal energy can very easily overcome the attractive force between the particles, which is why superconductors have to operate in a cryogenic state.
The potential for the use of superconductors in power transmission is not to be understated
It could mean perfectly efficient energy transfer across continents, allowing for a complete interconnected global grid, whereby large-scale solar farms in Africa could be connected across the Atlantic to South America during its night providing energy at a time when its own sources may be limited, then power generated in South America could be returned to the African continent during its night, helping to eliminate one of the greatest issues with solar power Whilst this idea is of an extraordinarily large scale and unlikely to be feasible in the near future, on a smaller scale it could allow for solar farms across the Sahara region to transmit its power efficiently to the rest of the African continent, and even into Europe, which would improve energy security for the continent and provide an income stream through the sale of energy to neighbouring countries and continents
There have been many instances of superconducting materials found to date Most of the earliest found operate around 3 degrees Kelvin (-170C) and use liquid Helium as a refrigerant, which makes them impractical on a commercial scale due to the cost of producing liquid helium, which can reach up to 15USD per litre. However, the discovery of high-temperature superconductors (a set of superconductors which exhibit superconductivity at relatively high temperatures, above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77K, -196*C) in 1986 allowed liquid nitrogen to be used as a refrigerant Liquid nitrogen is much cheaper to produce, at around 015USD per litre) This brought the opportunity to commercialize the technology in power transmission
The largest example of superconductor power cables to date exists in Seoul, South Korea, where a 11km cable was built to supply the ever-increasing demand for energy in the urban city centre by connecting the existing Huengdeok and Shingal substations The superconducting cable was a more practical option in this case as the infrastructure needed to facilitate a new conventional cable would be too large to be practical.
Conventional cables require transformers at each end, to step up the voltage during long distance transmission to reduce energy loss, then to step down the voltage closer to the destination, to provide a suitable voltage for domestic and industrial needs. Superconducting cables do not need this infrastructure as there is no loss due to resistance, so power can be transmitted at the useful voltage that will be needed when the power reaches its destination. This reduces the footprint of the cables, which reduces the physical space needed to implement them making them more useful in urban centres, where space is more limited and power in greater demand
However, these cables come with their disadvantages: first, the complexity of utilising the technology; and second, the cost of installing and running the cables
Superconducting cables are much more complex than conventional cables, owing to the need for much more sophisticated insulation to prevent heat leaking in of temperature from the outside environment This would raise the temperature cause a resistance in the wire. In addition to this, refrigeration systems using liquid nitrogen need to be created in the cables, and there needs to be a constant supply of it to facilitate the technology. To add yet another spanner in the works, the cables have a very low tensile strength, meaning that any small bending in the cable is likely to cause it to break, due to the properties of the materials at cryogenic temperatures This means that long, straight conduits (cable ducts) need to be built to accommodate these cables, and overhead cables become difficult due to this constraint As well as this, in areas where there is substantial tectonic activity, earthquakes could cause these cables to become damaged, and any penetration of the vacuum seal would render them obsolete This limits the range of places where this technique could be relied upon entirely for power supply, as one event could, in a worst-case scenario, render an entire section of the power grid inutile In a global society where access to power is such a prevalent necessity, allowing such a risk to exist weighs heavily against the proposition to use this technology in these places.
In the case of Seoul, large straight conduits already existed before the cables, which minimised the
cost of laying the cables. However, despite this the project cost around 12 million USD to complete, substantially higher than the cost of conventional cables and this figure is even without the cost of building the conduits, which would lead the cost to run even higher, adding to the financial burden placed on any region or government which chooses to implement this technology at present For reference the cost of overhead and underground cables for a comparable distance would stand at around 205,000USD and 1,350,000USD respectively Operational costs are also higher for this type of cable Operational costs of superconductor transmission can cost upwards of 4 times that of conventional cable per kWh received at end destination, which means that, at least for the time being, this process is only realistically possible in the dense urban centres, where the much higher cost can be justified in the interests of getting the power to where it is needed. In many cases, this weighing of the balance will prove a critical factor in the decision to (or indeed not to) implement this technology and integrate it into the power grid
As with all emerging technologies, the cost will no doubt be reduced as new strategies and innovations are created to overcome the
challenges faced at present to create a more versatile and more easily applicable solution to a wider range of situations. This example can be considered the first step in a ground-breaking new application of the technology, which has the potential to revolutionise power transmission on a global scale. Some of the greatest innovations in this field will likely come in the form of new materials As the drive and incentive to create room-temperature and high temperature superconductors will only grow, the progress made in the field will also grow Recent steps in development provide hope that there may be a material that fulfils all the demands of these system and, with each new leap in research, become closer to being achieved
At present, the opportunity for using these superconductors for large-scale global commercial energy transmission is limited, and unlikely to be realised without large development of the technology and large governmental investment However, in places such as Seoul, where the demand for energy is so great, this technology may still provide the solution over short distances at present time. As more research is done into these, developments will be made into both materials and practices, which will create more favourable conditions for this application, which could pave the way for far improved power grids across nations, continents and even up to a global scale
Daniel Montgomery Sadler L6
“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” This famous quote from Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1933 inaugural address inspired confidence and hope in the people of America during the struggles of the Great Depression and became well-known across the globe Roosevelt’s expression implies that fear is a psychological obstacle that can paralyze the motivation to overcome challenges. Fear can be instinctive, taught, and learned Thus, it is important for us to understand whether we should view fear as a friend or a foe Fear can be connected to various mental health conditions, including depression, PTSD, anxiety, panic disorder, and many others. These conditions are difficult to diagnose and equally challenging to treat Yet, there is one remedy that organizations such as the NHS often claim to be as effective as, or even more effective than, medication: cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Cognitive behavioural therapy is a form of talking therapy that helps manage problems by changing one’s thoughts and behaviours CBT is based on the concept that our thoughts, feelings, and actions are closely linked, which explains how negative thinking traps us in a negative mindset. By working closely with a therapist, patients in CBT try to find solutions to overwhelming issues by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable sub-problems Unlike other talking therapies, CBT focuses on current problems rather than those from the past, while also discovering practical ways to improve our mental state each day. Learning about a problem can often help in finding a solution Similarly, understanding how fear manifests in humans can help us combat it
1 Instinctive fear is naturally occurring, such as the fear of pain, because of its survival implications
2 Fears that are taught occur because of cultural norms These fears influence the views, especially of young people, by manipulating their thoughts to believe in societally constructed perceptions of danger.
3 Learned fears, which result from previous negative experiences These experiences are commonly associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
For treating PTSD, current remedies include antidepressants and talking therapies, such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) In this form of therapy, individuals attend one-hour sessions with a therapist once a week or fortnight, where they work together to help patients communicate their thoughts, feelings, and actions, analysing their unhelpful thoughts and behaviours.
A study conducted by the academics at the University of Bristol, along with colleagues, published in The Lancet Psychiatry, addressed the “Long-Term Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of CBT as an Adjunct to Pharmacotherapy.” Over the course of 46 months (just under four years), 43% of CBT recipients showed improvements in their mental health, with at least a 50% reduction in depression symptoms, compared with only 27% who continued their care alone. Evidence like this highlights the benefits of such remedies.
However, one must note that while CBT may be effective in treating some mental health problems, it is not suitable for all patients This therapy requires commitment to achieve the greatest possible impact, meaning regular attendance, which some may find difficult to maintain It also involves confronting a patient’s emotions and anxieties, which can cause initial emotional discomfort Additionally, some critics argue that while CBT is beneficial for addressing current issues, it does not address the potential underlying causes of mental conditions, such as a traumatic childhood
Nevertheless, CBT has a structured treatment plan, offering various formats for patients to seek help For example, talking in groups, reading selfhelp books, or communicating online. This therapy teaches practical strategies that are applicable to everyday life.
Typically, after treatment is complete, CBT is found to be as effective as medication However, it is often introduced as an alternative when medication has failed to yield significant improvements in a patient’s mental health The treatment involves patient engagement, such as filling in worksheets or keeping a diary, and encourages activities to be completed outside of therapy sessions to support recovery
In conclusion, talking therapies, especially CBT, whilst daunting and nerve-wracking, have a significant impact on a person’s mental health and ability to conquer phobias and fears and should be encouraged by the government to provide a greater understanding of their effects Additionally, more funding for research in this area will provide the healthcare system and the NHS with a deeper understanding of the human brain, hormones, and how we respond to different situations This research will ultimately yield more data, leading to more accurate diagnoses for difficult and complex mental health conditions, making them easier to understand and treat more reliably.
Sophie Goodwin New House L6
The recurrence of acne can be seen worldwide. In this era of ever-changing climates and trends, the population's exposure to factors that assist the growth of acne is chronic and intense, resulting in this skin condition becoming more widely spread. Recognizing suitable skincare products is undoubtedly crucial in minimizing acne outbreaks. This article will outline factors affecting acne, appropriate chemical constituents, and the methodology used in skin care to assist in the recovery of various types of acne
Acne, or acne vulgaris, is caused by the blockage of skin pores by sebum, an oil produced by the body to prevent the skin from drying out and dead skin cells This type of acne is noninflammatory Inflammatory acne is caused by hair, dead skin cells, and sebum sticking together in hair follicles under the skin, allowing bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes originally on the skin, to grow. This eventually breaks the wall of the clogged follicle, spilling the inside contents into the nearby skin and creating inflammatory lesions. Hence, we deduce that the main factors of acne growth are sebum production, the number of dead skin cells, and the bacteria population A significant percentage of 85% of adolescents are affected by acne worldwide, while a much smaller percentage of 40% of adults are affected Hence, it is deduced that a significant factor in the growth of acne is related to changes during puberty Sebaceous glands, which produce sebum, are more stimulated
due to an increase in the production of sex hormones Other common causes include genetic factors, psychological conditions such as anxiety and depression, cosmetics that contain high compositions of oil, and high humidity in the environment, which would lead to swelling of the skin. Another notable factor is the consumption of food. Studies have shown that insulin and its related growth factors induce the production of androgens and glucocorticoids, which are types of steroid hormones and protein growth factors, all of which would lead to an increase in the formation of acne. A lowglycaemic, low-protein, low-fat, and low-dairy diet can reduce insulin production and hence should be achieved to relieve acne conditions It has also been found that caffeine and serotonin in chocolate may also increase insulin production, increasing acne formation
Foods that contain a high composition of fatty acids increase sebum production Dry environments can also prompt the skin to produce more sebum due to a lack of moisture, further increasing acne formation It has also been shown that sunlight and UV light can increase inflammatory acne lesions Although Ultraviolet A radiation can decrease the population of Propionibacterium acnes, allowing a decrease in inflammatory acne, ultraviolet B will increase the expression of signaling proteins to increase inflammation whilst increasing the rates of the increase of surface skin cells and production of sebum, leading to aggravated acne flares. Prolonged exposure to sunlight also leads to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), when an area of the skin appears darker after
inflammatory acne has been healed, especially among individuals with skin of color.
Different skin types and acne require different skincare products and chemicals to cure; hence, it must be determined before explaining how chemicals in skincare help relieve acne symptoms
There are five main types of skin: oily, dry, combination, normal, and sensitive Oily and combination skin types are shown to be more prone to acne Oily skin refers to the body's overproduction of sebum, leading to greasylooking skin The sebum produced also clogs skin pores, leading to acne formation. Combination skin has a similar mechanism to oily skin but has excessive sebum, usually in the T-zone, which refers to the forehead, nose, and chin. These two skin types have additional requirements when using skincare to treat acne.
As mentioned in the introduction, acne can be non-inflammatory or inflammatory. Noninflammatory acne can also be referred to as comedones, further categorized into open and closed comedones Open comedones, also known as blackheads, have the head of the hair follicle open They appear as small, dark dots on the skin, and their colour is due to melanin pigments On the other hand, closed comedones, also known as whiteheads, have fully clogged hair follicles, appearing as small white or fleshcoloured bumps
Inflammatory acne, known as pimples, is categorized into papules and pustules. Papules appear as small red bumps on the skin, while pustules look mostly similar but contain pus, leading to white or yellow spots in the middle. The above are more common cases of acne vulgaris.
Though relatively rare, acne breakouts can also occur deep beneath the skin This type of acne is called nodulocystic and includes nodules and acne cysts Nodules are large bumps that are flesh-coloured, brown, or red They occur due to further inflammation of papules and tend to be hard and painful to the touch Acne cysts, however, are softer as they are filled with pus They are also red or purple
Acne can also lead to secondary effects, mainly due to scratching or picking. Such actions can lead to excoriations, which refers to skin wearing off and scars of various types Recently healed spots often appear as red marks, also known as erythematous macules Pigmented macules may also appear as dark marks from old breakouts, especially among those with dark skin The above may also develop into postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) or postinflammatory erythema (PIE) PIH displays darkpigmented marks caused by the overproduction of melanin due to acne inflammation. A significant factor that intensifies PIH is exposure to sunlight. On the other hand, PIE, as shown in the image, displays red and purple marks on the skin due to blood capillary damage near the skin's surface. Significant factors include applying pressure such that skin cells are damaged, such as popping pimples.
Skincare products provide over-the-counter (OTC) acne treatment and can hence be easily accessed Del Rosso et al's study has stated four significant components of an acne-treatment regimen: cleansing, medicating, moisturizing, and photoprotection (2015)
Firstly, cleansers remove dead skin cells and bacteria, preventing blockage of hair follicles and inflammation and, hence, lesions They can also remove excess sebum A relatively traditional form of cleanser is true soap, which is a combination of alkali and fatty acids. It contains anionic surfactants that emulsify debris in skin pores by forming salts, which prevents inflammation. However, as the alkaline constituent tends to be more alkaline than the skin surface, it would cause damage to the cell membrane and proteins on the skin, leading to irregular skin moisture levels and causing more outbreaks
Hence, most people nowadays use liquid cleaners instead. Widely seen constituents of liquid cleansers and acne medications include benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), azelaic acid, retinoids, and antibiotics.
An article by Del Rosso, 2008 on benzoyl peroxide has shown that it can significantly reduce inflammatory acne lesions and Propionibacterium acnes while moderately reducing non-inflammatory acne lesions A study on a 10% benzoyl peroxide cleanser had shown a 975% reduction in Propionibacterium acnes over 15 days, showing that benzoyl peroxide is toxic to the bacterium and effective in its reduction, which reduces inflammation in skin pores This is caused by the production of highly reactive oxygen radicals, which Propionibacterium acne is not resistant to (Tanghetti, 2008) Another study using an 8% benzoyl peroxide cleanser showed 37.23% and 28.03% reductions in inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne lesions, respectively, due to its effective removal of bacteria and dead skin. Hence, cleansers containing benzoyl peroxide are recommended, especially when there are more inflammatory acne lesions. However, it may irritate users based on concentration and
Salicylic acid is a beta-hydroxyl compound that removes dead skin cells and keeps pores clear It also has anti-inflammatory properties However, unlike benzoyl peroxide, it cannot kill bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes Hence, salicylic acid is more commonly used for treating noninflammatory acne lesions Salicylic acid may lead to drying, redding, or even scaling of the skin and should be used considerably.
Sodium lauryl sulfate, or SLS, penetrates skin cell layers quickly, distorting membrane proteins (Mizutani et al., 2016). It can, hence, remove sebum by disturbing lipids in the skin, further leading to decreased bacteria. However, this would increase transepidermal water loss (TEWL), as shown in a study by Leoty-Okombi et al, 2021 The skin barrier would then reduce its function and lead to a decrease in natural skin moisturization, which would lead to sebum production and, conversely, increase acne lesions Frequent use of SLS would also lead to skin irritation and redness Hence, skincare products containing SLS are not recommended
According to an article by Sauer et al, 2023, azelaic acid has antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties due to its ability to inhibit thioredoxin reductase of bacteria, which further inhibits the synthesis of bacterial DNA and, hence, bacteria population It is also shown to reduce excess keratinization, which would increase the number of dead skin cells, allowing it to reduce both inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions However, its most notable property is that it reduces hyperpigmentation. Tyrosinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA and DOPA-quinone, which leads to the production of melanin, which produces color pigments, leading to scarring. At the same time, thioredoxin is an enzyme that regulates tyrosinase activity as azelaic acid can inhibit both of the above pigment level decreases whilst not affecting standard skin color Hence, people with skin hyperpigmentation are recommended to use products containing azelaic acid
Retinoids are a type of vitamin A, and common agents in acne treatment include tretinoin, adapalene, and tazarotene A study by Callender et al, 2021 states that retinoids have different medicative properties based on the different intranuclear retinoid acid receptors (RAR) they bind to. Tretinoin binds to alpha, beta, and gamma RAR, while adapalene and tazarotene selectively bind to beta or gamma RAR. They can reduce the rate of the increase of surface skin cells and normalize the differentiation rate of hair follicles, allowing less clogging of skin pores and reduced sites of acne formation. Retinoids are hence widely used to treat noninflammatory acne Another function of retinoids is the correction of hyperpigmentation It inhibits the transfer of melanosomes, organelles that store melanin pigments, to keratinocytes, allowing reduced discoloration, increasing the epidermal turnover rate, and removing scars However, due to its properties, skin peeling will occur, which may lead to irritation in some users
Common antibiotics used to treat acne are clindamycin and erythromycin They are usually used in combination with retinoids to lower the chances of bacterial resistance and improve the effects against inflammatory acne lesions However, such medication may lead to dryness and peeling of the skin Erythromycin is generally less used than clindamycin due to its low efficiency, as Propionibacterium acnes can develop resistance to it quickly Secondly, moisturizers can reduce the adverse effects of drying, scaling, and irritation caused by cleansers and medications while maintaining skin hydration to prevent excessive sebum production They should also strengthen the skin barrier, which is particularly important concerning TEWL. Chularojanamontri et al., 2014, stated that moisturizers must have one or more properties: occlusive, humectant, and emollient.
Occlusive agents prevent TEWL by forming a hydrophobic layer on the skin's surface and between surface skin cells. They are usually greasy products, such as niacinamide, lanolin, and mineral oil Hence, people with oily skin should avoid using such products, as this will increase their skin's greasiness, leading to higher acne formation
Humectant agents attract water from the environment and the dermis into the epidermis, making the skin more moist Examples include glycerin, hydraulic acid, and alpha-hydroxyl acids Hence, people with dry skin should avoid using such products, as this will further reduce the hydration in the dermis, increasing irritation and skin sensitivity
Emollient agents fill in gaps between dry skin with oil, resulting in soft and smooth skin Some examples of these agents include dimethicone and isopropyl isostearate. This property can also be combined with either occlusive or humectant agents, such as petrolatum and panthenol, respectively.
Last but not least, a consensus developed by Goh et al., 2022, recommends using broad-spectrum SPF ≥30 sunscreen for photoprotection in the regimen This blocks harmful radiation to the skin, reducing the chances of triggering inflammation and aggravating acne flares and PIH Inorganic UV filters such as zinc oxide are also recommended as significant components of the photoprotective product due to their less potential to trigger allergic reactions
The same consensus recommends fragrancefree products in general, as chemical constituents may easily trigger allergic reactions, leading to worsened skin conditions Alcohol-free products are also recommended, as alcohol damages skin cell membranes, making them more prone to inflammation and increasing TEWL.
From the above, we can summarise that inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne lesions require different treatments; essential components of a skincare routine include cleansing, medication, moisturizing, and photoprotection with appropriate constituents Listed are the recommendations for different skin conditions: When treating non-inflammatory acne lesions, salicylic acid cleansers and retinoids are recommended. They allow a reduction in the amount of dead skin cells, preventing skin pores from being blocked. On the other hand, benzoyl peroxide cleansers and a combination of retinoids and antibiotics can be used when treating inflammatory acne lesions. They allow bacteria on the skin, such as Propionibacterium acnes, to be significantly reduced, further preventing inflammation Moisturizers that can neutralize irritation caused by cleansers and medications, repair the skin barrier, and regulate skin hydration should be used Individuals with dry skin are recommended to use occlusive agents, while those with oily skin can use humectant agents Emollient agents tend to provide additional smoothness of the skin for comfort
Broad-spectrum SPF ≥30 sunscreen should be used for photoprotection to reduce inflammation, PIH, and potential underlying skin complications. Aside from following a standard skincare routine, a low-glycaemic, low-protein, low-fat, and low-dairy diet should also be taken to relieve acne vulgaris, along with reduced consumption of chocolate and foods that contain a high amount of fatty acids. Abundant volumes of water should also be taken throughout the day. By correlating chemical constituents in products with various types of acne, this article aspires to recognize and use appropriate skincare products among the plethora of products in the cosmetics and skincare market, inducing alleviation of and preventing further significant impacts of acne vulgaris on the skin of affected individuals
The Terminally Ill Adults Bill was introduced into Parliament by Labour backbencher, Kim Leadbeater, on the 2nd of November 2024 The initial bill set out a new opportunity for adults who are terminally ill to request an end to their life, with assistance from medical professionals Euthanasia was first formally legalised in the Netherlands in 2002, with other countries including Luxembourg, Belgium and Canada soon following So, it comes as no surprise that UK politicians have become more welcoming in recent times of widening the breath of autonomy that UK citizens have.
What does the bill entail?
This bill proposes that euthanasia in the UK would only be accessible to a small number of people in very dire situations. A person is only determined “terminally ill” if suffering from an illness or disease which is irreversible with treatment, and an end to their life in the following six months is expected because of said illness or disease This excludes mental disorders and disabilities, limiting euthanasia to physical illnesses and conditions which cause death
A terminally ill person will only qualify for a euthanasic procedure if they are aged 18 and over, has the capacity to make the decision to end their own life, and, most importantly, there is no suggestion that the decision is not coerced or involuntary
Leadbeater has proposed that the process of deciding if a person has six or fewer months to live would be determined by two doctors and a judge over a 21-day period. While expertise can never guarantee the validity of a decision, the requirement of a unanimous decision between medical professionals and the influence of the judiciary over the cases would maximise the effectiveness. This gives a sense of comfort to friends and families, who commonly attempt to preserve the life of a loved one
However, it is much harder to detect coercion and a sense of pressure, particularly from younger patients who have been reliant familial figures throughout their illness or condition This stresses the importance of ensuring that the patient is fully competent to make the decision to end their life Additionally, the narrow scope of the bill may be cause for concern. Many adults who do not qualify may still seek euthanasia abroad, suggesting that the bill would not be able to satisfy everyone who would be willing to take advantage of the procedure. Despite these concerns, it is important to consider that the bill may not have even got as far as the committee stage in parliament if harsh boundaries had not been set in the proposal
In other countries, where euthanasia is already legalised, the percentage of eligible individuals who choose euthanasia is relatively small compared to the total number of people who qualify, generally ranging from about 2% to 5% of all deaths However, for those who seek it, it can give them the autonomy to make one final active decision, which may make them more comfortable in their final moments alive
The House of Commons waits for committee recommendations on the bill before voting for a final time If the majority vote in favour once again, the bill will be passed into the House of Lords
To start, Linux, at a very base level, is not an operating system, but an open source (meaning the source code is accessible to and in this case often modifiable by all) kernel The kernel is the core part of the operating system, and can be thought of as an engine inside a larger car being the operating system Without the engine, the car will not run, but in order to interact with the engine, you need a gearbox, an accelerator, a break pedal etc. In an OS, these components collectively are known as the shell The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel and in an OS context exists usually either in CLI (command line interface, like command prompt) or GUI (graphical user interface) format GUI is that which we are most familiar with however Linux tends to focus more on CLI than its competitors (more on that later).
Operating systems are a key part of all of our lives You are in fact reading this article using an application which is hosted by an operating system. Your TV very likely also runs using an operating system, as does your phone. But what options are available when choosing an operating system? Must desktop computers run Windows or MacOS? In fact, there are quite a few options available to us – and no, desktops are able to run operating systems other than Windows and MacOS The best third option (that you’ve likely never heard of) is called Linux. So what is it and how does it work? And why should you use it?
Another important fact to note is that there is no one Linux operating system you can download and install onto a computer. Instead, you install a Linux ‘distro’ or flavour. Returning to the car analogy, the distro can be thought of as the sort of car you buy; which you choose depends on factors such how you intend to use it, which features you’d like to have, and how you’d like it to be structured. So what exactly do all these distros have in common? They all share the same core (or engine): the Linux Kernel. As for the amount of distro options available to the user, well, they aren’t quite endless, but they may as well be The distribution ‘tree’ on the left of this page demonstrates the sheer amount of distros that exist relatively well The most popular distros include:
A challenging and very beginner hostile option which allows you to build your operating system from the ground up and choose exactly what you want on your system It also features a very large repository of apps useful for pretty much anything Done wrong, it’ll break
A lot (learnt by experience). Done right, it will provide you with the experience you seek after, whatever it may be
Probably the most well-known distro It’s easy to install and use, it serves the purposes of most ordinary users, it has good hardware compatibility and is probably most well supported by developers In short, it just works.
Debian:
Debian is one of the oldest mainstream distr is the distro which both Ubuntu and Linux Mi based on. It’s stable and secure like Ubunt perhaps more difficult to use and favou developers.
Linux Mint:
The most beginner friendly of the four It has its own custom-built UI (rather similar to that of windows) and everything works out of the box Not so well supported as Ubuntu and so is better suited to users who don’t intend to use specialist software
But the customisability doesn’t end there Even beyond the distro you choose, most distros support a range of different Desktop Environments (DEs) This can be thought of as the decoration or interior of the figurative car. It determines the visual style and GUI of the distro, but little more. This of course makes things quite a lot easier than operating the system from a command line interface (CLI). Even within these DEs, the look and feel of the system is still very much customisable, though as you can see from these photos, some are already rather stylish A crucial aspect of DEs are the display server protocols they run on These are tasked with controlling how the GUI interacts with hardware, notably ensuring that things are displayed on the screen as they should be The choice here is binary for the most part X11 has been around since the 1980s and is most certainly the most stable of the two; it works by running a display server which takes care of rendering and input handling. The other option is Wayland. Instead of relying on a middleman server, rendering and input jobs are sent directly to a central program which completes tasks more simply, efficiently, quickly and securely than X11 however stability issues remain a large disadvantage hence many opt to stick with X11.
Free as in freedom and free in monetary terms. Unlike with MacOS or Windows, there is no big corporation charging vast amounts of money for software that allows them to have far more control over you than perhaps you’d like. Windows for example now tries to force all users to link their OS installation to a Microsoft account. Whether that’s for data collection purposes or otherwise. You’re also free from unwanted programs installed on your PC, and many needless restrictions on what you can do with your system On top of that, a base windows installation key costs nearly £100! There are very few Linux distros which charge a penny for their software
Do you have an old computer lying around too old to run windows and so useless? Well, Linux is the solution for you Linux is built to be far more efficient and resource light than Windows - meaning that lower performance computers are able to thrive with Linux Additionally, this also means that using Linux is generally a far smoother experience than using Windows (breakages aside).
The amount of malware written to infect windows systems is vast Just one wrong click can completely ruin your system and cause a lot of frustration Linux is far more secure than Windows (or even MacOS) for two reasons: it’s open source, and it isn’t widely used The open-source nature of the OS means that it is constantly being improved upon by members of the community and industry experts alike. Linux (less so the typical user’s distro but at the very least the kernel) is used by the majority of industrial servers worldwide making its maintenance instrumental to thousands of global corporations. Secondly, the fact that there simply aren’t that many regular users of Linux means that writing malware to work on Linux is far less worth the time of cybercriminals than developing Windows malware. Since the two operate totally differently, malware designed for Windows will oftentimes have little to no effect on a Linux system.
Alex Blackburn Sidney 5th
The Hippocampus is a part of the brain within the limbic system. It cannot be seen from the outside but can be found just behind the fornix and thalamus in a sagittal section, resembling the shape of a sea horse. It is a paired system, meaning there is one located in either hemisphere. Each of these consists of two parts, the Cornu Ammonis : formed by the enfolding of the inferomedial part of the temporal lobe into the lateral ventricle, and the Dentate Gyrus: found between the Para hippocampal gyrus and the hippocampus. The Hippocampus has a key role in navigation as well as recollection and consolidation of declarative memory.
Declarative memory is an explicit recollection, such as “I drank coffee this morning” or “The Berlin wall fell in 1989” and consists of semantic memory, or facts and knowledge, and episodic memory, or events Case Studies support the role of the hippocampus in declarative memory as far back as 1957. Patient H.M (Henry Molaison) is perhaps one of the most famous patients of neuroscience. His development of severe amnesia following experimental surgery to control his seizures was a subject of study across five decades, until his death in 2008.
H.M began having seizures after a childhood bicycle accident, these became progressively more severe, at 27, despite being heavily medicated with high doses of anticonvulsant, he was incapacitated to the extent of being unable to work Scofield, a neurosurgeon in Hartford, Connecticut, offered HM an experimental surgery previously carried out on psychotic patients
The surgery was successful in controlling epilepsy, however a student completing her doctoral research called Brenda Milner observed patient HM to be someone who forgot new memories almost as quickly as they occurred
Patient HM did not appear to lose an intellectual function as a result of this surgery These early observations as well as the results of formal developed amnesia as a result of a removal of the medial structures of the left temporal lobe. tudies reflected this once they were published (Scofield and Milner 1957). The patient remained a subject of study for several decades until his death in December 2008, while the paper became one of the most cited neuropsychology publications. H.M was also famous for having more severe amnesia than the two other patients observed by Milner during her doctoral research (PB and FC) both of whom had
These cases demonstrate the significance of the Hippocampal regions in regard to memory through an identifiable causal relationship between lesions in the medial temporal lobe and the development of amnesia.
Lili Nagy New House
Defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as, “The design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances,” green chemistry has become integral to making industry both efficient and sustainable
The 12 principles of green chemistry were published in 1998 and were published by Paul Anastas and John Warner who were working for the Office of Pollution prevention and Toxins in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the aim of the 12 principles setting a clearer way for green chemistry to ultimately, reduce waste in chemical processes for a more eco-friendly environment
1 Prevention - Prevention ensures that the problem does not have to be dealt with in the first place because no harm has been done yet to the environment
E.g. A new encapsulated biochar-based fertiliser was invented by the University of Malaysia, Sarawak for precision agriculture; this is a fertiliser that controls the release of fertiliser to ensure that the plants gain more nutrients, while ensuring that groundwater contamination, nutrient imbalances, and greenhouse gas emissions are minimised.
2. Atom economy - Atom economy is a concept that reduces the by-products produced in chemistry that are potentially harmful to the environment
E.g. The use of bio catalysts57% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are chiral and most only have one enantiomer that can be used as an API Enantiomers are molecules that have the same structural formulae, but different chirality.
Historically, it has been difficult to separate the two enantiomers as they have the same molecular formula, but bio catalysts use enzymes so that these chemical reactions can occur at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure which prevents isomerisation, and rearrangement of the APIs, preventing the creation of other stereoisomers
3. Less hazardous chemical syntheses - Avoid using dangerous reactants that could cause potentially dangerous by-products.
E.g. Previously the production of propylene oxide (a major chemical used for the production of polyurethane plastics) had been using chlorine, propylene and water which produced chlorinated waste water, and increased CO2 emissions due to the highly energy intensive process
This was, compared to the new HPPO (Hydrogen-peroxide-topropylene-oxide) process which only creates a by-product of water by using a titanium-based catalyst
This new process uses less hazardous chemicals to create fewer toxic by-products
4. Designing safer chemicalsCreate new alternatives for other chemicals that are toxic to achieve the same goal.
E.g. Fire retardants had formerly been formulated with toxic chemicals such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers which are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which can bioaccumulate and pose health hazards such as neurodevelopmental disorders
However, now scientists at the Hangzhou Normal University have found lignin-based flame retardants that come from renewable materials and biodegrade into the environment
5. Safer solvents and auxiliaries - Using solvents that are nontoxic and are not volatile.
E.g. Super compressed carbon dioxide (scCO2) is used in the decaffeination of tea and coffee and is a great alternative for previous solvents such as methylene chloride, a carcinogen and is considered a hazardous waste solvent by the EPA
6 Design for energy efficiency
- Using less fuel intensive processes such as reactions at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
E.g. The photocatalytic production of hydrogen converts solar energy into chemical energy which then supplies renewable hydrogen which is done by using sunlight to split hydrogen from water. This process only requires sunlight as an energy source and hence cuts down on CO2 emissions
7. Use of renewable feedstocks - Using renewable materials that can be regrown orreplaced
E.g. The use of biobased polymers from natural materials such as algae, an abundant resource, can create biodegradable packaging which can replace single-use plasticssuchasbubblewrap
8. Reduce derivatives - The simplifying of processes to decrease the number of intermediates used
E.g. One pot synthesis starts with raw materials and completes all the complicated stages to form pharmaceuticals like antibiotics, without producing any intermediaries such as salicylic acid in the production of Aspirin
9. Catalysis - Speeding up the rate of reaction while being energy efficient, and minimising waste
E.g. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) reduces harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and water using metal oxide catalysts such as vanadium-based catalysts
10. Design for degradation - Designing everyday goods to be able to biodegrade and prevent waste from accumulating
E.g. The invention of biodegradable semiconductors and circuit boards made from renewable materials which can hopefully help to reduce the 6 million tonnes of e waste produced by the UK each year
11. Real time analysis for pollution prevention
E.g. Monitoring pollution levels of lethal gases like carbon monoxide in factories that can alter conditions and stop production when toxic gases are formed in order to cut the pollution at the source and allow action to be taken immediately before the pollution becomes increasingly more severe
12. Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention - Preventi id t b f th happen, as well as us even if an accident o environmental conce
E.g. In the process of converting unsatu saturated fats) hig catalysts, and flam hydrogen were used fire hazard, but mo catalysts such as ca lower temperatures t
Overall, these prin reactants and cre minimising risks a benefits not only th help raise the safe health Ultimately, g everyone whether in as using a biodegrad in industrial setting solvents such as the s
Alchemy can be described as both an ancient practice and a form of speculative thought, being associated with words ranging from ‘chemistry’ to ‘witchcraft’ and even ‘magic’. Passed down from Arabia and Egypt to Rome and Greece over the centuries, alchemy was the birth of chemistry; fundamentally built around what people of the time considered the three most pivotal aspects of life: knowledge, youth, and wealth To encapsulate the vast connotations of alchemy, its three aims consisted of finding the Stone of Knowledge, the secret of eternal youth and health, and the transmutation of metals
Alchemy introduced a new wave of independent thinking and analytical skills, paving the way for chemical techniques such as the manufacturing of glass and the refinement of ores. The periodic table is merely a more developed version of the alchemist’s attempts to classify and organise substances Nearly 1,500 years ago, alchemists believed that every metal was fundamentally the same as another, with their varying characteristics depending on their level of purity Gold was considered the ‘purest’ metal due to its resistance to tarnishing, and it was believed that all other metals would eventually turn to gold. In the modern day, we are aware of the existence of different elements, therefore disproving the alchemist’s theory. However, their willingness to experiment and desire to speed up this natural process led to a trial-and-error way of thinking, which is one of the foundations of modern chemistry
The elixir of life was a name given to the alchemist’s idea of a substance bringing immortality and eternal youth, and the process of distillation originates from the quest to find this substance The widespread modern-day application of filtration also originates from alchemy, as well as that of precipitation techniques which was commonly used in the attempt to transmute metals.
Alchemy acted as the bridge between science and spirituality, not only establishing essential chemical techniques and processes, but also introducing scientific thinking through the experimental trials performed under a shroud of secrecy From alchemy to chemistry, this was the beginning of a series of stepping stones needed for humankind to reach the point we are at today in the world of science.
Flavia
At 120 miles in width and 062 miles in depth, this crater was believed to result from the 4-9-mile-wide asteroid impact. This sudden event single-handedly produced a thin layer of clay containing minerals abundant in meteorites and soot from the wildfires triggered by the meteor impact From this point of view, catastrophism bears some influence over the present-day geological composition of areas
Catastrophism, rooted in Cuvier's research dating back to the 17th century, was the dominant geological theory until the early 19th century This theory attributed most of the Earth's features to short-lived, sudden, and violent events These events were thought to be at a much larger scale than our present-day natural disasters - shaping features from deep oceans to canyons to unconformities. Cuvier identified six main catastrophes that he believes have shaped our Earth. It fitted within the biblical time scale whilst maintaining the support of many naturalists. Each of our geological epochs was thought to have ended with a rapid disaster, exterminating life where it occurred and causing new fauna and flora to appear
A notable mass extinction event is the impact of the asteroid that marked the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods (65 million years ago, at the same time as the extinction of the dinosaurs) Impact structures such as the Chicxulub impact structure in the Gulf of Mexico are a testament to catastrophism, which shapes our present-day geological features
Let's take glacial tilt - ancient glaciers were so heavy that they tilted the Earth's crust beneath When the glacier retreated in North America 20,000 years ago during the last ice age, the weight was released, and the land moved too (in a process called glacial isostatic adjustment or GIA) Recent studies have shown that GIA changed the course of the Missoula mega flood 15,000-18,000 years ago; they have shaped present-day features such as the Hellgate Canyon As a result, biblical phenomena (eg, flooding) were argued to be the defining features of the Earth's geology
However, by the 19th century, Cuvier's works came into question. Hutton and Lyell, amongst many other uniformitarians, argued that geological processes have always occurred at the same rate. Essentially, 'the present is key to the past,' whereby present-day rock strata, geological formations, and fossil records suggest a gradual change.
Gradualism also concurs with Darwin's theories about the emergence of new species, which takes millions of years What drove this change was a fundamental shift in scientific reasoning - away from religious influence Cuvier argued that the Earth existed because of an unexplainable, sudden event. This implied the possibility of supernatural happenings, evidencing parts of the Bible, such as 'Noah's Flood' On the contrary, Hutton and Lyell concluded that natural laws do not change over time Therefore, every event must have evidence, given that these historical processes can be likened to present-day ones.
Hutton's observations of the Scottish landscape supported the idea that slow geomorphic processes, such as erosion, weathering, transportation, deposition, and uplift, could form structures. Evidence to support this viewpoint includes the erosion of mountains (both Fluvial and Aeolian), as the Grand Canyon demonstrates that millions of years of gradual wearing away by the Colorado River can cause such a vast erosional feature. Furthermore, sedimentation (where sediment is carried downstream by rivers and deposited in lakes/ oceans) causes sedimentary layers to build up very gradually, such as the rims of the White Cliffs of Dover Volcanic islands are progressively formed due to volcanic eruptions over millions of years (e.g., The Hawaiian Islands), where present-day lava flow is supposedly like ancient volcanic activity
The time and nature of geomorphic events can summarize these arguments' clashes. As well as the apparent short-lived vs. steady processes debate, the cyclic patterns of processes (eg, land subsidence) are not directional according to uniformitarianism
On the contrary, Lyell labelled these as 'unconformities,' where erosion caused a loss of strata They were also interpreted as living forms that were not well preserved
Whilst both theories paved the way for contemporary geology, they are significantly outdated as stand-alone theories and require more nuanced explanations to complete the whole picture Uniformitarianism assumes that present-day processes occur at the same intensity as in the past. However, they are now less extreme. It neglects the extreme events, such as the Somma eruption in Italy, which are now understood to have significantly impacted the landscape We have also entered the Anthropocene, where the direct human impact on processes (and Earth systems) was not considered a factor shaping the landscape. Bizarrely, the 'signature species' of the Anthropocene will be chickens (according to the British Society Journal Open) due to the enormous quantities of chicken humanity slaughters and consumers per year - a figure at 74 billion currently.
In conclusion, both theories are helpful to modern geologists They are the building blocks for our current integrated view of the evolution of the Earth's geology The holistic view of geology, where slow processes are standard but were interspersed by catastrophic events, may reshape the Earth in short periods. As for the moral of the story, theories that may seem mutually exclusive can complement each other to form the whole picture Furthermore, the intersection between religion and science has slowly evolved alongside each other. Perhaps it is time for STEM to be considered to have a strong relationship with theology.
Aydemir Automotive is all about innovation The team behind Aydemir spent countless hours refining and creating their car in order to bring their vision of redefining the limits of automotive performance to life.
Aydemir is fully focused on making a totally new car that manufacturers have not dared to match- to engineer machines that look like they’ve come out of the Louvre while moving so quick that it’ll pass you in the blink of an eye They aim high and hope to achieve a perfect balance between incredible performance and timeless artistry
With the potential to become a leading figure of the hypercar industry, Aydemir Automotive is a brand new company with the aim of creating vehicles that blend art and speed into one design The company’s first car, the Ares-25 is estimated to push the boundaries of speed and style: with over 1500 horsepower, the hypercar promises innovation and uncompromising standards in its field. This article will dive into the art of creating such a masterpiece, and the story behind the car’s success.
Devin Aydemir, the company’s founder, hopes to create vehicles that look both visually striking and can compete at world class levelstheir slogan, “Speed Meets Elegance”, totally encapsulates this aim. While they have yet to receive investment or sponsorship, Devin says that it will aim to deliver its first set of products in the next 5 years.
As any car, the journey of the Ares25 begins in the design studio, designers such as Eliel Valkama, Chief Designer for Aydemir, spend thousands of hours refining the vehicles designs and lines, to achieve maximum performance while maintaining their art Engineers connect with the designers to make sure the aerodynamic qualities are up to standard, such as the front splitter and vents in the doors Making sure every curve provides advantage to the car
On the 1st of January 2025, the Ares-25 was officially released However, a lack of investors forced Aydemir to delay its manufacturing until further notice, Although the hypercar has yet to be built, Aydemir is not simply waiting around for investors to come- far from it: features like the carbon monocoque and large crumple zones in the bonnet allow lightweight performance but maintain safety for the driver and passenger.
This allows the car to have Ares’ active aerodynamics bodywork and floor. Aydem floor: it will have a full diffu downforce on the bodywork. Air runs through the channels and canards of the bodywork to produce over 1000 kilograms of downforce at 250 km/h.
The Ares-25 has to stop as fast as it goes, so it has some of the largest brakes of all hypercars- the technology required for this has been meticulously developed by the renowned Brembo®. They are carbon ceramic, with 18-inch rear and 16-inch front discs, with six piston callipers: this allows the car to almost instantly stop, yet still ensures safety for its passengers.
Only 25 Ares-25 models are planned, with five variants: R, S, RS, FT, HT All the variants serve different purposes, such as the S (Spyder) with a removable roof The RS’ focus is on speed, with an aim of breaking the previously impossible 500 km/h barrier Another special edition will be made for the founders of the company, Luc Demierre and Devin Aydemir, called the LD (Luc Devin) Only two units will be made for them, and prices for these cars could range from €3 to €8 million
Luc Demierre Fisher
Aydemir Automotive truly lives up to the phrase ‘art on wheels’, and ensures that its vehicles will remain at the cutting edge of performance and art. With new innovation and engineering with every model, the Ares25 is sure to deliver artistic performance. The company continues to explore the hypercar world. and will use the Ares-25 to set a ground-breaking precedent and define the future of the hypercar industry.
Very little was known about infinity in the early development of mathematics. Since the 19th century, it has been established as the foundation of modern mathematics and become the common language in many areas of the subject. In this article, we will explore the paradoxical implications of the infinite
What number comes after 1? 2? That is the next whole number, but what about 11? 101? 1001? We can keep this pattern going, adding another 0 after the decimal point to find a smaller number after 1 This would suggest that the number we are looking for is 1 followed by infinitely many 0s then a 1 or 101 But this expression is nonsense - it violates the principles of the notation used We cannot place a digit after an infinite number of 0s, any position we pick for the 1 is already taken up by a 0 We can never say for certain what the next number is after 1 or any other number It is impossible to count up the real number line
Not all infinities are created equal
1density d(A) of a subset of the positive integers A is defined as d(A) = limn→∞ |A(n)| n where A(n) = A ∩ {1, 2, 3, , n}
We cannot count the number line that includes decimals, the real numbers, but the sequence of natural numbers (positive whole numbers) is entirely familiar Both are infinite sequences of numbers, but one is countable and one is not Something clearly distinguishes the impenetrable decimals from the orderly natural numbers This feature is crucial in defining the size of an infinity A set that is countable has a cardinality (size) of ℵ0, pronounced ‘aleph 0’. Another example would be the positive even numbers that are countable and therefore have cardinality ℵ0 like the naturals. So, the set of natural numbers and the set of even numbers are of the same size. This seems counter-intuitive that a subset of the naturals should have exactly the same size as it: that the set of evens should not be half of the naturals. It is worth noting that while its cardinality is not, there is a mathematical function, density , that yields this result. Try assigning each natural number to each positive even number in order: 1 7→ 2, 2 7→ 4, 3 7→ 6, 4 7→ 8 and so on The values of the evens grow twice as fast as the naturals, but as they go on infinitely this is inconsequential Every natural number will be assigned to an even number as if at some point one could not be, either of these sets would have to terminate: it would be finite If we can map a set onto the natural numbers in this way, then it must be countable, in fact, this is the definition of a countable set
Does it really go on forever?
An immortal monkey hitting keys on a typewriter infinitely is said to eventually type any desired string of characters - like Shakespeare’s Hamlet This idea is known as the infinite monkey theorem and can be proved using elementary probability The conclusion is entirely valid if their typing is truly random but if it is governed by another infinite process there is no such guarantee For example, if each character is said to correspond to a different two-digit number and a very obedient monkey chooses each letter corresponding to every successive two digits of pi
The monkeys and their writing excursion with pi shows us why we must be careful around infinities and not take for granted what they mean It is of great importance that mathematics with infinity is rigorous in its approach, proving results involving the infinite rather than making assumptions An example of this is twin primes These are prime numbers which differ by 2: such as 3 and 5, 11 and 13 or 1019 and 1021 Although harder to find, computer search suggests that these pairs continue to crop up - that there are infinitely many twin primes However, the question is open as no concrete proof can be found to show that will we never run out of primes like this
Pi’s digits are determined by the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter This calculation is very precisely defined: anything but random It is impossible to say, for example, that pi contains everyone’s phone number or PIN somewhere in its digits. This is because we would need a proof explaining that it contains infinitely many of each digit. The idea that pi has this property has been conjectured but not proven. There is simply no way to check every digit of a number that goes on forever - it could even be the case that at some point very far into its decimal expansion, pi is only 0s and 1s. This would greatly restrict the monkey’s typing, certainly ruling out the great works of Shakespeare with only a few letters The notion of infinity does not immediately open the floor to any and all possibilities - we have to check that it is what it appears to be
Many mathematical questions take this form of proving that a pattern that seems obvious in examples does indeed go on forever. Infinite conditions can offer certainty and exactitude, in the example of the perfectly random monkeys, but scrutinise our rigour, in the example involving pi. The infinity is handled is the key as to whether it will rise to be or not to be immensely mathematically powerful!
Kai parker laxton
Drug scarcity is something that impacts countries across the world regardless of their economic status, and the UK has been particularly affected by this in recent years. Drug shortages in the UK more than doubled between 2020 and 2023, and this is due to the COVID19 pandemic, but also due to the UK leaving the EU in 2020.
The pandemic meant that resources needed to make medicines that were normally sourced internationally were in shorter supply as they were more difficult to come by This was due to decreased international shipping and countries closing their borders as well as decreased production of the resources themselves Because of this, drug production and shipment was made more difficult across the world and so many drugs became scarce Brexit has meant that the UK no longer shares the European Medicines Agency as the regulatory body of medical drugs nstead, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency has been created to approve new drugs for UK use This means that the UK’s MHRA has to assess every new drug released, as opposed to relying on the EMA which approves drugs for the whole of the European Union. The lack of division of labour means that the MHRA has a much larger number of drugs to approve on its own and the consequences of this were
seen when in 2022 the MHRA approved 56 drugs slower than the EMA, and only 4 faster 8 EMAapproved drugs had still not been approved by the MHRA at the end of 2022 Drugs being approved slower means that they take longer to become available to patients, potentially prolonging suffering unnecessarily.
To protect essential drug supply in the UK around 100 drugs were banned from parallel export to the EU in 2020 It was said that this was because they were needed to treat UK patients with COVID-related illnesses and therefore couldn’t be exported to the EU Because of the increased demand for drugs that the pandemic had created, the UK’s industry was struggling to cope and so the government felt forced to ensure its resources stayed within its borders and limit its allocation of these essential drugs to patients in the UK. While the UK government has shown that it will intervene and allocate essential drugs to its citizens in times of crisis, global attitudes to allocation of less immediately essential drugs are much less intrusive. For example, one drug that has been in the news recently for increasing non-essential use is Ozempic This is an injectable semaglutide which was approved by the FDA to help lower blood sugar in Type 2 Diabetic patients However, it has the side effect of causing weight loss and so has become popular with non-diabetic patientssupposedly particularly in celebrities who are looking for a simple method of cosmetic weight loss In the UK it is solely available via prescription and so is usually only prescribed to non-diabetic patients if they are struggling with obesity, however it is likely that an illegal market will have formed considering its surge in popularity. As a result of the growing demand for off-license prescriptions of Ozempic a shortage of the drug has been ongoing since 2022 according to the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. This shortage seems to be less about a failing in
supply, but rather an unprecedented increase in demand.
This opinion is illustrated by Doctor of Pharmacy Christiana Bookwalter who explained that ‘the demand for [Ozempic] increased, and the supply could not meet the demand’ The shortage means that Type 2 Diabetic patients may not have access to this potentially lifesaving drug Other drugs used to mitigate and treat T2D exist, but many patients respond less well to a drug if they were previously being treated with a different one and so they would suffer if they had previously been using Ozempic but no longer had access to it Equally, patients sometimes only find a drug that works the best for them after trying a few different medications, and so by not having access to Ozempic T2D patients are potentially being put at risk of ineffective treatment and thus unnecessary complications caused by their condition. This dilemma raises the question of whether governments should allocate drugs to those who need them most in times of scarcity, and whether celebrities should be able to seemingly bypass medical regulations. A lesser appreciated industry that suffers due to drug shortages is the veterinary industry Vets are allowed to prescribe medications to
animals off-licence using a scheme known as the cascade, but only when there isn’t a licenced version of the same drug This means vets are permitted to prescribe human medications to animal patients as long as they stay within the legal guidelines. This system is in place to prevent unnecessary suffering of animals caused
by a lack of development of drugs licensed for animals and is mostly used to prescribe medications to dogs when they are only licensed for cats, or vice versa However, drugs only licensed for human use can also be prescribed and therefore any animal
prescribed a ‘human’ drug will also be affected by any shortages in these drugs There are no legal restrictions prioritising human use over animal use of scarce drugs, and so veterinary use of scarce human drugs could potentially contribute to shortages However, a survey of more than 800 vets in 2023 found that human medications were prescribed an average of less than once a week (depending on the area of specialisation), and so it is unlikely that the veterinary profession contributes in any meaningful way to human drug scarcities Drug scarcity is a concept that seems foreign when considering a well-established medical system like the NHS, but it is a problem that is prevalent in the UK as well as the rest of the world. The UK government has forcefully allocated scarce drugs to its own citizens in times of crisis, but in the absence of crisis leaves the allocation of scarce resources up to individual doctors, potentially leaving room for nonessential use to be prioritised over essential use
The Scientist Behind The Discovery
Heman Bekele, a middle schooler based in Virginia, has found the cure for cancer.
At the age of 14 he has been named both the Times Magazine “Kid of the Year” as well as the grand prize winner in the “3M Young Scientist’s Challenge” because of his invention of what looks like an ordinary bar of soap
At the age of 4, he moved from Ethiopia to America. His years spent in Ethiopia motivated him to find a cure for one of the most common cancers as he saw, firsthand, the damaging effects that working long hours in the sunlight could have Ethiopia is a deeply agrarian country; thus, subsistence farming is a common way of life for many of its citizens. Given the low recovery rate of melanoma in sub-Saharan Africa, he desired for the soap to be for everyone and accessible in developing countries, where treatment is unavailable or unaffordable for many
With his award-winning invention, Bekele’s next goal is to move to the human-testing phase once acquiring FDA certification By 2028, he would like to have created a charitable organization so that the soap, approved, can be distributed equally to as many as possible; he plans to use the $25,000 in prize money from the Young Scientist’s Challenge to fund his future research.
Skin cancer is the 17th most common cancer worldwide. In 2022 alone, there were over 330,000 new cases officially documented. Skin cancer is an umbrella term for many different cancers which can be separated into melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers
Nonmelanoma skin cancer can refer to any cancer that forms in the basal, squamous or Merkel cells of the epidermis, which form the top layer of skin Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer which forms in the basal cells of the skin It’s typically caused, like almost all skin cancers, by exposure to UV light, from the sun or from tanning beds.
The risk of contracting BCC is increased by exposure to the sun, radiation therapy, increasing age, having fair skin, being on medication that suppresses immunity, exposure to arsenic, or having a family history of skin cancer Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) develops in the flat, squamous cells that are located in the middle and outer layers of the epidermis SCC begins as cells growing on the skin and this generally develops in areas exposed to the sun, however it isn’t limited to these areas Ethnic factors play a role in where SCC develops. In white individuals, due to their fair skin, it develops in sun exposed areas and, in skin types with more melanin, brown and black people, it is more likely to grow in areas not exposed to the sun SCC is common and easily treatable by can be life-threatening if not treated as the tumour can grow and spread to
other areas of the body; SCC is described as a metastatic disease, which causes serious complications Like BCC, it is, too, caused by UV light Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive type of skin cancer that forms in Merkel cells, which are at the base of the uppermost layer of the epidermis. Until recently, the causes have only been speculated, but one concrete cause is Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) Approximately 80% of MCC tumours have been infected with MCV How MCV is transmitted remains unknown.
Melanoma is a cancer that develops in the skin’s melanocytes which are pigment producing cells in the top layer of the skin Like nonmelanoma skin cancers, it too is caused by UV radiation UV light triggers cancerous changes in the melanocytes, causing them to multiply rapidly. Melanoma habitually manifests as brown moles on the skin
The most common existing treatment is a cream containing the chemical Imiquimod. However, the average price for this treatment to be effective is $40,000 as it must be administered over time Therefore, Bekele’s work has created an affordable alternative to avoid these extortionate prices The most well-known forms of cancer treatment, namely chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are not usually used in treating skin cancer. Chemotherapy is avoided due to the drug resistive nature of skin cancer and is only used, albeit rarely, in treating advanced melanoma, where melanoma has moved to another part of the body. Radiotherapy can be used to treat skin cancer but is not often used first as it is not effective; Mohs surgery is most typical This procedure removes the tumour whilst leaving as much healthy tissue as possible Radiotherapy is used for tumours that occupy a large area or sometimes for nonmelanoma tumours, such as BCC or SCC.
The Science Behind The Soap
Aptly named the Skin Cancer Treating Soap (SCTS), once applied, cancer-fighting drugs are transported into the skin by lipid nanoparticles These nanoparticles contain the drug Imiquimod, a chemical already used in treating skin cancer. Through application, the lipid nanoparticles form a layer on the skin. The layer is not visible once the soap is washed off. The lipid nanoparticles remain on the epidermis after washing and helps the relevant chemicals penetrate the skin Given the early stages of Bekele’s research, he’s uncertain of how efficiently the lipid nanoparticles permeate living tissue. These lipid nanoparticles have been used before: they were FDA approved in 2018 as a drug delivery vehicle and have been consequently used in the COVID-19 vaccines distributed by the companies Moderna and Pfizer
The main cancer-fighting component of the soap is the chemical Imiquimod. Imiquimod is an immune-response modifier, thus it’s an immunotherapy, with both antiviral and antitumour characteristics The cream containing Imiquimod helps the immune system to produce natural substances which help fight BCC, actinic keratosis or the viruses that cause the growth of warts. Imiquimod stimulates the release of proteins that act as chemical messengers called cytokines, signalling to cells where to go and what to do They can stimulate cells to move towards an infected area, so that the cells kill the harmful microbes. There are several cytokines, but the main types used in fighting cancer are interferon (INF) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
TNF has two main uses; it helps regulate inflammation and sends signals to immune cells that kill tumour cells. When it was first discovered, it was thought to be a substance that killed tumours During primary experiments, TNF could rapidly induce haemorrhagic necrosis of experimental tumours Essentially it caused enough damage to cancerous cells to prevent venous blood from leaving (waste products were stopped from leaving the cell), causing haemorrhage Moreover, the tissue cannot be oxygenated, as arterial blood cannot enter the
cell, thus the tissue died (necrosis) TNF has also been described as a ‘soluble mediator of cytotoxicity to tumours’, cytotoxicity referring to how much damage a substance can inflict on a healthy cell, thus a cytotoxic compound causes cell damage or death However, later, TNF was found to play a dichotomous role in cancer, both inhibiting the growth of a tumour and aid its growth. For some cancers, TNF has had a positive role in stopping the growth of tumours, especially when TNF was injected both locally and repeatedly in high dosages
INF triggers immune cells to fend against viruses and the growth of tumours by inhibiting their growth, survival and migration to other areas of the body. INF therapy has been effective in treating myeloproliferative neoplasms, a type of blood cancer that occurs in patients with mutations in the stem cells of their bone marrow Given its role as a biological response modifier, it can also inhibit the division of cancerous cells, thus slowing the multiplication of tumour cells. However, similarly to TNF, INF signalling can both stimulate an immune response and suppress an immune response
Imiquimod is already used in the pharmaceutical industry for treating acne and warts and is used in some antifungals Imiquimod has been FDA appro basal and sometimes squ carcinoma (nonmelanoma skin also used to treat eyelid tumour keratosis BCC, the most co cancer, is about 80% of all recor skin cancer Actinic keratosis threatening if not treated and caused by regular and long-term UV radiation; this exposure cause of skin cells called keratinocytes recommended as actinic ke develop into SCC
The cream form of Imiquimod applied over a 6–12-week period, stimulates a strong immune rea cause lots of irritation to both the outer surface of the eye, the ocula
The soap, as a whole, is said to be other soaps, but this is key to th the nanoparticles and the ch medicinal components of the remain on the skin so that they c the epidermis and thus combat t
As of now, Bekele has used digital molecular testing to select the ingredients for his soap This method uses computer programming that simulates the effect of different chemicals, in this case, in combatting tumours By using this method, Bekele could test different chemicals in different combinations to observe the synergistic effects of different substances working together.
Bekele chose to give the soap a slightly bumpy texture so that it can simultaneously act as both a cancer fighting treatment and more simply as an exfoliant
Considering the environmental impacts the soap could have if used en masse, Bekele opted for biodegradable packaging not only to minimalize contribution to landfill but also, considering the targeted demographic of the soap, not all countries have an efficient garbage system that also recycles waste components of the soap must remain on the skin so that they can permeate the epidermis and thus combat the cancer.
Have you ever seen or heard of astronauts landing on the moon or traveling to space?
And have you ever wondered if it is a possibility that you yourself can go to the moon, or even further? Well, the idea of commercial space travel might be closer than you think!
Since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972 no other humans have landed on the moon In 2017
The Artemis Program was established, with the goal of sending humans to the Moon once again NASA wishes to achieve further exploration on the Moon, then establish a sustainable, continuous, presence there The first mission, Artemis I, was launched without crew in November 2022, and the next mission is planned to launch in April 2026: to send 4 astronauts to fly by the moon to test human safety in space outside the Earth This program is seen to be a steppingstone towards human settlement on the moon and further exploration of Mars.
In 2021, the first all-civilian space flight was launched by NASA. They orbited the earth for three days using the Crew Dragon spacecraft. The companies SpaceX and Blue Origin are also focusing on not just sending astronauts to space for informative purposes, but more “ordinary” people who just want to witness
the beauty of space. Blue Origin has been a pioneer in the space tourism field, by building a new, reusable, rocket called the New Shepard. Its unique capsule shape with large windows gives an incredible view of Earth from above and space.
However, there are numerous challenges to space travel, the biggest one being cost Space missions are extremely expensive, with the price of building spacecraft and the fueling and launching of rockets being the main contributor Long-term missions, such as Mars exploration, are a great challenge when it comes to cost Current propulsion methods are also too slow to travel to a planet like Mars, which can take 8 – 9 months This has led to the making of Nuclear Thermal Propulsion, which has higher efficiency and can significantly reduce travel times
Space tourism is an ever-growing sector, and space travel is very likely to happen within the next 5-10 years. The only goals that we still need to bypass are costs and speed of travel.
Wayu Voraprukpisut, Sadler, 3rd
With the development of nanotechnology, dentistry is changing dramatically and has the potential to revolutionise oral healthcare By manipulating materials on an atomic and molecular scale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres, scientists can produce tools and materials with remarkable accuracy thanks to nanotechnology These developments are especially important in the battle against enamel erosion and dental decay, two of the most common oral health issues in the world There are approximately 23 billion people who suffer from dental caries in their permanent teeth, as stated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) This highlights the critical need for more effective preventative and therapeutic therapies Traditional approaches, while helpful, often fall short in addressing the root causes of these problems or in repairing damage at the earliest stages Nanotechnology offers a new frontier, where microscopic materials and innovations can not only halt the progression of oral diseases but also promote enamel regeneration
The toughest material in the human body, tooth enamel, is essential for shielding teeth from harm, both chemical and physical. However, once enamel is lost, it cannot be restored, thus early intervention is crucial The creation of bioactive nanoparticles that closely resemble the composition and functionality of natural enamel has been made possible by nanotechnology, providing fresh hope for its regeneration One of the main ingredients of enamel, hydroxyapatite, has been created at the nanoscale to successfully repair mineral density and fill in tiny fissures It has been demonstrated that toothpaste formulations incorporating nano-hydroxyapatite greatly increase enamel hardness and even reverse the initial phases of erosion For instance, after only three weeks of treatment, nanohydroxyapatite increased
enamel strength by 40%, .......... according to a 2022 study published in Scientific Reports.
In a similar vein, calcium phosphate nanoparticles have become popular as a mineral reservoir that can help remineralise enamel by releasing ions. These developments provide a double layer of protection that conventional products are unable to provide by strengthening teeth against future deterioration in addition to fixing existing damage.
Nanotechnology is proving to be an effective solution for cavity prevention in addition to enamel restoration Cavities, also known as dental caries, are caused by oral bacteria that produce acid, which erodes tooth enamel While they can be somewhat successful, traditional techniques like fluoride treatments and consistent brushing don't always stop plaque accumulation or bacterial colonisation in difficult-to-reach places A potential remedy for this issue is antimicrobial nanoparticles, like those derived from zinc and silver oxide Streptococcus mutans, a major cause of dental decay, is one of the dangerous bacteria that these nanoparticles may target and eradicate For example, compared to conventional toothpaste, toothpaste containing zinc oxide nanoparticles decreased plaque formation by 56% during a four-week period, according to a 2021 clinical trial.
Additionally, by encapsulating fluoride in nanoparticles, nanotechnology has improved fluoride delivery systems. This lowers the chance of overexposure, which can be hazardous in high doses, and permits a controlled and prolonged release, guaranteeing long-term protection against demineralisation. When combined, these developments could greatly lower the incidence of cavities and improve oral health in general. Researchers are investigating cutting-edge uses of nanotechnology in dentistry that have the potential to completely transform dental care, making the future of this field even more intriguing The creation of intelligent nanomaterials that react dynamically to modifications in the oral environment is one area of emphasis For instance, pHsensitive nanoparticles would be able to recognise when the mouth becomes overly acidic, which is frequently a sign that a cavity is about to form, and release antibacterial medicines to counteract the danger Using nanorobots tiny devices that could move within the mouth cavity and carry out complex operations like plaque removal, enamel repair, and even the direct administration of medicinal substances to injured tissues is another ground-breaking idea Early prototypes, such as those created at the Indian Institute of Science in 2022, have demonstrated potential in identifying and breaking down bacterial biofilms, albeit still being in the experimental stage Dental implants are being improved by nanotechnology in addition to these cutting-edge technologies Implant surfaces with nanoscale coatings integrate better with bone, lowering infection risk and accelerating recovery These advancements point to a time when dental procedures will be more individualised, less invasive, and more successful
Although nanotechnology holds great potential for dentistry, a number of obstacles need to be overcome before these advancements may be extensively used The high expense of creating and producing nanomaterials is a major obstacle that
may restrict their availability, especially in areas with low incomes edge technologies like nanorobots raises concerns about privacy,
Furthermore, the long-term safety of nanoparticles in the human body is a matter of concern Even though preliminary research has indicated that these materials are biocompatible, more testing is required to make sure they won't have any negative long-term impacts Since the use of cuttingautonomy, and fair access to care, ethical issues are also important To solve these problems, scientists, legislators, and healthcare professionals must work together to create standards that put safety and inclusion first.
By offering cutting-edge approaches to cavity prevention, enamel restoration, and general oral health enhancement, nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionise the dental industry. These developments, which range from antibacterial nanoparticles and smart dental materials to nano-
hydroxyapatite toothpaste, mark a substantial progress in dental care The use of nanorobots and other cutting-edge technology may further at the front of a dentistry revolution that will make oral treatment more
improve the efficacy and accessibility of oral therapies as research advances. Millions of people's lives could be improved by nanodentistry, which could guarantee stronger teeth and healthier smiles for future generations with the right funding, moral supervision, and international cooperation We are effective, preventive, and individualised than ever before by adopting these stateof-the-art advancements
In 1987, Japanese scientists discovered certain sequences in the DNA of E. coli bacteria. These ‘phrases’ of genetic material were oddly precise: not only were they interspersed regularly between ‘spacers’ in the DNA, but they were also palindromic – the same whether read from right to left or vice versa
Around a decade later, the term CRISPR - Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats - was officially coined in the Netherlands after these sequences were discovered in different strains of bacteria Most importantly, the research team found that the spacers seemed to vary based on the strain carrying it The spacers themselves matched the DNA in bacteriophages, viruses that attack bacteria and often kill them However, the bacteria with these sequences seemed immune to attack This is where CRISPR – the revolutionary gene editing technology –originates The immune system of humble prokaryotes
Upon infection from bacteriophages, for example, proteins in bacteria known as Cas1 and Cas2 (CRISPRassociated sequences 1 and 2) cut out sections from the DNA of the pathogen and insert it at the front of the CRISPRsequence containing DNA (the CRISPR array). There, the inserted material becomes a spacer, a memory of a pathogen, and the spacer in turn helps form crRNA (CRISPR RNA) Cas recognises the pathogen the next time the virus is infected and is guided by the crRNA in cutting the DNA of the bacteriophage, defending the bacterium.
In this way, CRISPR is extremely suited for gene editing. It is
comparatively simpler and more efficient than other gene therapy techniques, and can make controlled, precise cuts in DNA Further development by a team of scientists in 2012 has turned CRISPR into what we know it as today: a multipurpose gene editing technology that can add, delete, and locate genes, promising future applications of saving lives that would otherwise be taken by genetic diseases or reducing harm to the planet by enhancing crops To think, all this stemming from tiny life-forms trying to survive even tinier life-form
Sophie Siu Dryden 3rd
I am an odd number
Take away a letter and I become even What number am I?
Sudoku:
Each 9 cell row, column, and box, must contain the numbers 1 to 9
Crossword:
Fill in the grid by answering the STEM related questions below
Measurement with both direction and magnitude (oh yeah) (6)
The study of matter and its interactions (9)
The most wealthy seismic scale (7)
Unit of electrical resistance (3)
Fundamental particle sounds like a dairy product (5)
Job requires energy, in a way (4)
The variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment (11)
Two nibbles taken from data (4)
Fundamental particle with a magical flavour (5)
The powerhouse of the cell (12)
Planet of beauty, burns so bright (5)
Element found in coal and diamonds (6)
Feeling sore? this unit might resonate with you (5)
Shape of a planet’s orbit (7)
Equations for uniform motion (5)
special thanks
Special thanks goes to Christie for helping to name Blueprint, and Grace and Mr Dale for featuring on our OSCAR radio show last broadcasting season.
This edition of Blueprint stands as testament to the passion and tenacity of STEM students at Oundle We hope you enjoyed reading!