Vegetation Classification System for Indigenous Knowledge Communication with Outside by lanqing1221

VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR KNOWLEDGE COMMUNICATION

Involving indigenous knowledge to solve the environmental and social conficts

Contents INTRODUCTION / 2 [ SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS, DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERS ] / 3 [ RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PEAT SOIL AND ITS FOREST COVER AND THEIR ECOSYSTEM ] / 4 [ HUMAN IMPACT ON SOIL CHARACTERS ] / 5 [ INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ITS TWO PARTS ] / 6 [ INDIGENOUS COGNITIVE SYSTEM AND THEIR CONFLICTS WITH OUTSIDE ] / 7 [ POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL REASONS OF CONFLICTS ] / 8 [ PROBLEMS OF CURRENT LAND USE SYSTEM AND COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK ] / 9

2015 indonesian peatland fire

[ SELECTION OF CLASSIFICATION MODEL AND GENERATION OF MID LEVEL ] / 10 [ GENERATION OF COMPLETE FOREST SUCCESSION MAP OF MID LEVEL ] / 11 [ GENERATION OF FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF LOWER LEVEL ] / 12 [ GENERATION OF SUCCESSION COMPOSITION OF LOWER LEVEL AND LOCAL SURVEY ] / 13 [ VEGETATION REPORT SYSTEM AND GENERATION OF LOCAL COGNITIVE MAP OF ROTATION CYCLE ] / 14 [ PREDICTION OF SHIFTING FARMING LOCATION FROM INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IN TWO CONDITIONS ] / 15 [ APPENDIX: FINAL MAP FOR COMMUNICATION AND INTERVIEW ] / 16

illnesses caused by haze

orangutan losing habitat

[soil classifications, distribution and characters] [USDA soil classification and soil formation]

[distribution and characters of different soil types]

[soil types with peat distribution]

[distribution map of different soil types]

[other soil types and soil formation]

[map of soil physical and chemical characters]

[relationships between peat soil and its forest cover and their ecosystem] [map of aboveground biomass, belowground organic carbon and their ecosystem]

[peat soil's relationships with vegetation cover and their functions or disaster]

[map of aboveground biomass]

[development and ecological functions]

[map of belowground organic carbon]

[map of the sum of organic carbon]

[degradation, destruction and disaster]

[human impact on soil characters] [different human activities and their impact on soil characters] [impact mechanism of human activities to soil characters]

[distribution map of human impact on soil physical characters]

[distribution map of human impact on soil chemical characters]

[distribution map of fire impact on soil characters]

[indigenous knowledge of natural resources management and its two parts] [indigenous knowledge of natural resources management] [stages of indigenous knowledge of natural resources management]

[two parts of indigenous knowledge system: outside and inside village]

[photos of the field trips outside and inside village]

[indigenous cognitive system and their conflicts with outside] [indigenous cognitive system]

[cognitive conflicts between indigenous people and outside]

[village survey of three cognition groups]

Indegenous People Activity

Vegetation

Canal

Local People Activity

Burned Soil

Vegetation

Canal

[test of the inside-village knowledge communication card]

[indigenous cognitive knowledge circle]

Outside People Burned Soil

Activity

Vegetation

Canal

Burned Soil

POPULATION INVESTIGATION

COGNITION DISTRIBUTION

Type 1

COGNITION TYPES

Type 3

Type 2

Type 5

Type 4

Type 6

1. Enconomic impacts... 2. Social impacts... 3. Religious reasons...

PERCENTAGE OF THREE COGNITION GROUPS

Indegenous

Local

Outside

Local

Indegenous Outside

ANALYSIS OF THREE COGNITION GROUPS Chemical

Mining

Logging

Wild

Vegetation

Fruit Tree

Blocking

Plantation

Drainage

Burning

Peatland

VILLAGE SURVEY

PARENTAL GENERATION - card information

A. Human activity

B. Vegetation

C. Canal condition

D. Soil condition ?

A1. Farming A2. Mining A3. Logging A4. none

FILIAL GENERATION - information combination

A1B2B3C1D1

C1. Blocked C2. Blocked C3. Unblocked ...

B1. Gelam B2. Kelakai B3. Rubber ...

A2B1B2C1D1

A1B3C1

water higher*

water lower*

D1. Soft

D2.

Soft burned lately* unburned*

D3. Hard

burned lately*

There is a plant which be reported only few times, does it have any certain functions? If the plant is in wild area, did it massively exist before but extinguish now? If it is planted, is it only for home consuming?

...

In this area, we are in lack of the reports about vegetation/canal condition/soil (burning) condition; can you add more?

In the area where A1B2B3C3D2 exists, is there any specific relationship between these certain soil factors? For example, is the condition of B2 (kelakai) determined by the condition of C3 (unblocked canal) or D2 (unburned soil)?

...

DATA PROCESS

IMFORMATION GATERING & DECOMPOSING (into data)

landuse map

GENE VARIATION - abnormal combination

A2B1B2C1D1D2

A2B1B?C1D1

There are two conflicting reports in the same area, are there any mistakes?

Someone reported a new type of vegetation/activity/soil/canal condition; can you give us more details?

Farming

Water Content

Mining

GENE EXPRESSION - detail information

How often do you water the xx in dry season? Do you ever use any chemicals during A2 (mining)? What is the frequency and type? Have you used any fertilizers? What is the frequency and type? Can you tell us the income of different activities, or rank them from high to low?

if this is an logging area?

if this is an mining area?

if this is an burned area?

trend = b

if there is datas from report within 1km?

reassign b

output water content = a its trend =b

Water Content

if there is data from a ground data within 1 km?

Sand Content

if this is an farming area?

soft/hard deep/shallow

Fire

Report and Conversation What is the peatland depth range that the vegetation in your reports can grow on? How is the growing condition of the reported vegetation? How worse is the pests and diseases of vegetation?

reassign a

Logging

Sand Content

water content = a

DATA COMPOSING (into local language again) & FEED BACK

recovering/ stabled no flooding/ flooding

Peatland Depth

unsticky/sticky

Fertility Cation Exchange

water content = a

Cation Exchange

Watering Chemical Fertilizer

pH Level

seban waste land

Did the soil get more suitable for plantations after the fire? Can you step on these sponges, and tell us which more like the soil softness is?

Did soil characters changed after the drainage? Did soil characters changed after flooding?

vegetable/rice

Burning Softness

Organic Carbon

Organic Carbon rubber/fruit

Drainage Flooding

Depth

Stept 1: Bring in the datasets from ground level (to correct the original soil data)

Stept 2: Predict the changing trend of this soil character (based on existing landuse map)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT - regional interaction

PROFESSIONAL VERSION FLOW MAP ?

PHEOTYPE - human related soil characters

Ⅰ

Ⅱ

Ⅲ

Ⅱ

Ⅲ

Ⅶ

PUBLIC VERSION FLOW MAP

Ⅱ

Ⅲ

In your village, for example, someone used chemical or burning, will it spread and impact other soil through water or land? In other village, for example, someone used chemical or burning, will it spread and impact your village through water or land?

Ⅰ:The soil is dry. The soil is hard. the vegetation above is not growing well. The price of plantation is low. Ⅱ:The soil is wet. The soil is soft. the vegetation above is not growing well. The price of plantation is low. Ⅲ:The soil is wet. The soil is soft. the vegetation above is growing well. The price of plantation is high. ...

FURTHER CONVERSATION STRUCTURE

Stept 3: Correct the changing trend of this soil character (based on pre-modified report database)

monoculture Depth

fishing

[soil Rubik's Cube]

[map of cognitive conflicts before and after 2009]

[political and historical reasons of conflicts] [history of the laws and the related land classification methods leading to conflicts]

[period of indigenous customary forest]

[major laws related to classification methods in different historical periods]

[history before 1945 independence]

History of the development of Major land classification systems and their relationship with Indonesian law systems Law catogories

Before 1945 independence

1945-1965

1992-1999

• In 1945, after independence, Indonesia simply transplanted the Dutch colonial laws to the Indonesian law system and they are still maintained today.

• In 1965, Soeharto’s New Order replaced Soekarno’s Guided Democracy and they killed the communists who supported the land reform program at the local level.

• In 1945, the Indonesian Constitution (Undang-Undang) was enacted, which was the basic law of indonesian law system.

• In 1967, Indonesia enacted The Basic Forestry • In 1998, after the Asian Financial Crisis and the Law (Law 5/1967 or BFL) and established the end of Soeharto’s reign, Law 22/1999 and Law Ministry of Forestry to govern Indonesian's public 25/1999 to support the regional administration forest. and financial balance between local autonomy and central government.

• In 1960, Indonesia enacted a new law called The Basic Agrarian Law (Law 5/1960 or BAL) about the agricultural affairs.

1945 Constitutions and laws (Undang-undang) passed by DPR

1965-1992

1999-2008

2008-2020 • In 2014, Law 8/2014 acknowledged the so-called Adat village and declared their authority of forest is not under the forest system of Ministry of Forestry. However, it was only practiced in a few areas.

• In 1992, Law 24/1992 about spatial use management was issued to promote the efficiency of spatial utilization, while the growing number of population and migration put more settlement on the forest and other natural reserve area.

• In 1999, the new Forestry Law (41/1999) was issued and took place of the 1967 Basic Forestry Law.

• In 1965, Soeharto’s New Order replaced Soekarno’s Guided Democracy and they killed the communists who supported the land reform program at the local level. • In 1970, to help the operations of logging companies, several government regulations like Government Regulation 21/1970 stated that the Adat land use right in the concession area cannot interfere with the companies’ activities and it was supported by many ministerial regulations. • In the 1970s, the Adat land use right in Central Kalimantan was investigated by Directorate General of Agrarian Affairs and they declared that the Adat institution had been diminished. In the late 1970, the government enacted a law and replaced the role of Damang with government-pointed leader.

• In 1982, Forest Land Use Consensus (TGHK), which was a harmonization among different government ministries, and gave a basis for the government to designate forest of Central Kalimantan as a state land and authorized the Ministry of Forestry to manage the land based on BFL (Law 5/1967).

• In 1984, the Ministry of Home Affairs stopped the authorities of the local communities to provide statement on their land ownership so they lost the legal protection of their land.

Government regulations, presidential regulations and ministerial regulations

• In 1993, Presidential Decree 75/1993 about national spatial use management coordination was issued • In 2002, the Ministry of Forestry issued a ministerial regulation to take back the authority of local Regency to issue concession permits. and establish BKTRN chaired by State Minister for national development planning with members including the related ministers but excluding the minister of Forestry. • In 2007, the central government issued a Presidential Decree 2/2007, which focused on managing the ex-Mega Rice Project area.

• In 2009, under the REDD program, Norway pledged 1 billion USD to Indonesia in exchange for a two year’s moratorium on primary forest and peatland, which will started from 2011 by Presidential Decree 10/2011.

• In 1995, the Mega Rice Project was endorsed through Presidential Decrees 82 and 83/1995. It • In 2008, the Ministry of Forestry also issued a was located in Central Kalimantan by changing the ministerial decree containing a plan for forest area • In 2011, prior the start of moratorium, under the influence of big companies and associations like the Indonesian Oil Association, the government declared that the existing plantation investment would not be affected, and peatland into paddy rice field through a network conservation and rehabilitation of peatland. Under the Palm the Ministry of Forestry released thousand of hectares of land including primary forest before the moratorium and changed them into unprotected area. new decree, there was only 10000 ha for oil palm and 7500 ha for rubber can be allocated for of canals and transmigration from outside. plantation, which is much less than in the 2003 Central Kalimantan Spatial Planning Regulation and 89700 ha area should be changed for peatland rehabilitation. However, only the peatland in However, it failed to bring transmigration families about • In 2011, after negotiation with local governors and forest area can be managed by the Ministry of Forestry. and caused envrionmental damages and local other ministers, the Ministry of Forestry issued a conficts. Ministerial Decree (49/2011), which is the national level forestry plan (RKTN) 2011-2030 and indictive direction • In between 1993 and 1994, the Minister of Forestry issued Ministerial Decree No.726/Kpts-II/93 to synchronize TGHK map and RTRWP map in all provinces and then he got supports from Minister of map. They used 21 different maps to analyze and generate the forestry plan into 6 categories, which was still Home Affairs and State Minister. used today.

• In 1999, the new Forestry Law (41/1999) declared the state controlment of forest. It emphasized that the controlment is not ownership. The state government had right to designate forest area, change the forest function and issue concession license in the reserve. Also some power will be devolved to the local

• In 2011, after the forestry plan, the Ministry of Forestry released a Ministerial Decree (323/2011), which is the indivative moratorium map. The protection area was primary forest in the production forest and protection and conservation forest as well as peatland.

• After 2011, the President had still allocated many IUPHHK permits in the forest moratorium area because the secondary forest cannot get protection and they were changed into APL (moratorium).

governments.

• In 2014, the Indonesian government issued a Government Regulation (71/2014), which said that the Minister of Forestry should determine the function of peatland area. The protection area on peatland should be at least 30% and the area beyond 30% should be peat of more than 3 meters depth and those in the protection forest area and for special species. And also in the cultivation area, the groundwater table should be maintained over 40 centimeters.

• In 2016, the Indonesian Government issued a Presidential Regulation (1/2016) on peatland restoration agency and established BRG. Then, BRG published a map of peat restoration priority

zone. Its main works are monitoring, rewetting by canal blocking and digging wells, revegetation and revitalization of local people. However, the BRG had no law enforcement and should seek for relevant legal agencies’ help. • In 2016, the Indonesian government issued a Government Regulation (57/2016), which said that the existing HTI and concession area overlapped with the peatland protection area can remain valid but should change as soon as it expires.

• In 2017, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry issued a Ministerial Regulation (16/2017) with the National Peat Ecosystem Function Indicative Map to clarify the peatland into protection and cultivation function. However, there is no specific regulation to clarify the work of supervision. • In 2019, the President issued a Presidential Decree which extended the peatland moratorium to permanent validity. • In 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry issued a ministerial regulation (10/2019) which allowed the human activity in the peat dome outside peak. • In 2019, the Ministry of Forestry issued the Ministerial Regulation (41/2019), which is the revised national level forestry plan (RKTN) 2018-2030. Compared with the plan in 2011, the forest area decreased by 4760000 ha, and the biggest decline happened in the convertible forest area and permanent production forest. In the landcover map, there was a big drop in secondary forest with a slight increase in the primary forest area.

• In 2001, before the local authority policies took effect, the Kapuas Regency issued as many concession permits as possible and started to • In 1999, the new Forestry Law (41/1999) declared impose charges on concession companies. the local government had right to mange the • In 2001, the Ministry of Environment issued a Ministerial Decree 5/2001, which demanded the forest in their region and issue concession license concession area should get environmental assessment, but neither the regency government nor the company did it. in non-forest area. • In 2003, Provincial Government Regulation 8/2003 gave the local government right to issue oil palm and mining concession permits. Although the central • In 1993, based on the Law 24/1992, all provinces are obliged to make RTRWP (Provincial Spatial Plan) and regional regulations, which includes guidance for forest area and cultivation area. However, there were many conflicts in forest functions and changes in boundaries between the TGHK map and provincial RTRWP map.

Local regulations applied at the regional level

• After 2011, the boundary of moratorium can be revised half a year by the local government, so once the primary forest and peat land was cleared by people or fire from concession area nearby, it can be changed to APL (nonforest area) and get concession permits.

government took back their authorities, they still allocate permits so the overlapped permits caused confusion.

• In 2003, the Kapuas Regency declared that about 327853 and 345340 ha of the ex-Mega Rice Project area was suitable for oil palm and rubber plantations according to the report of IAARD, Ministry of Agriculturea and issued the 2003 Central Kalimantan Spatial Planning Regulation, which allocated 36900 ha for oil palm and 41536 ha for mining area.

• In 1998, the governor of Central Kalimantan Province released a statement which said that land under • In 1967, Indonesia enacted The Basic Forestry Adat law within 5 kilometers to the river bank should be given back to local community. However, it had no further law effect. However, their dominance was very tenuous Law (Law 5/1967 or BFL) emphasized on the in other islands including Borneo because of • In 1945, the Indonesian Constitution corporate and private ownership, which conflicted • In 1999, the new Forestry Law (41/1999) declared the indigenous people’s resistance. (Undang-Undang) states the recognises and with the Adat law. within the state-controlled forest, the existence of respects integrated legal indigenous local community forest and Adat law will be • In 18th and 19th century, villages acknowledged but they cannot conflict with recognized the Damang (a adat council) as communities and their traditional customary rights as long as these remain in existence national law and interests of development. an Adat Judical Institution. and are in accordance with the societal • In 1894, in the Tumbang Anoi between the Dutch indies colonial government and local people, the role of Damang was extended to provide help and support for the development. government. • In 17th century, the Dutch ships came to Indonesia archipelago and controlled Java.

Adat (Customary Law)

• In 1928 the Adat authority over land use right was recognized by the colonial government and the local communities had right to protect and manage the forest and collect the forest product.

•In 1945, Indonesia became independent and started a natioinalisation program in the late 1950s, which meant the role of Adat law was changed from defending land against foreign empire to serving the development of Indonesia.

• In 1953, the new government continued to endorse Adat jurisdiction. Later on, the central government tried to limit Adat authority and reduce its role in natural resource management.

• In 1999, although the local government had acknowledged the Adat land use right according to the Forestry Law, the recognition work has never started because they need to confirm the land territories destroyed by the concession and Mega Rice Project.

• In 2011, the national level forestry plan (RKTN) 20112030 issued by Ministry of Forestry gave the local people 5 social forest management plan to deal with the conflict, which includes rural forests, community forests, community plantations, forestry partnerships and

• After 2001, the government started the compensation of the ex-Mega Rice project to the local communities. However, most of the boundaries of their territories had been destroyed by the agricultural drainage and plantations. So each of them can only get compensation for the land within 90 meters and 150 meters from then river bank.

• In 2016, the President issued a Presidential Decree (9/2016) to use 'one map' initiative to settle the land conflicts.

• After 2004, a lot of conflicts arose in the village in between legal forest functions, concession areas and village boundaries.

customary forests. However, only a few areas were recognized by the government.

• In 2014, Adat village's authority of forest was separated from the national forest system of Ministry of Forestry by Law 8/2014. However, it was only practiced in a few areas.

• In 1960,the Basic Agrarian Law stated that its basis is Adat with western land right system attached to it. However, the continued existence of managing the land had to be proven and it can always be overridden by the public interest.

• In 1905, ICALRD (Indonesia Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research) was established. It provides national leadership of the soil survey program and national land resources inventory and gives information for agricultural producers to decision maker at a state level.

• In 1950s, Indonesia soil classification used Dudal and Soepraptohardjo, the National Soil Classification System of Indonesia..

• In 1982, TGHK classified all the state forestland into 5 categories including Natural Reserve, Protect forest, Limited production forest, Permenant production forest and convertible production forest. TGHK was developed as an agreement of regional division

between different provinces and spaitial management plan of business interest and natural resources between different ministries.

Land classification systems

• After 1982, with the passing of time, there were many problems in using TGHK map for development because there were many conflicts between forest concession area and protected area for lack of awareness of spatial planning and vegetation data. • In 1988, Indonesia started Land Resources Evaluation Project I (LREP-I) and used digital soil database management (SDBM) system. They started to use USDA Soil Taxonomy (1975) as the soil classification system and classify the soil by chemical, physic, mineral, X-Ray and total soil element. Also it contains land use types.

• In 1998, the IAARD, Ministry of Agricultrue made map of land suitability about several crops including • In 2000, the Ministry of Forestry issued the Land Cover Map of indonesia using the data from Landsat • In 2009, as part of the agreement, Indonesia government agreed to establish a land degradation database to consider the suitability for economic activities. oil palm ,rice and rubber. 7 and the land cover was classified into 23 categories. • In 1999, after 3 period of discussion between different ministries and provincial governors, the result of synchronization of TGHK and RTRWP was announced. In the new plans, the total forest area and convertible production forest dramatically decreased, which means a lot of convertible production forest were changed to non-forest uses such as agriculture and transmigration.

• In 2001, the local Kapuas Regency started to allocate concession permits without environmental assessment on the ex-Mega Rice Project. • In 2003, the local Kapuas Regency declared they took into account the land suitability map from IAARD, Ministry of Agriculture.

• In 2011, the Ministry of Forestry issued the forest area funtion map in the national level forestry plan (RKTN) and classify the forest into 6 cateogories. Also they released the national IUPHHK map describing the human activity permits in the forest area. • In 2011, the Central Government issued the moratorium map, which put the primary forest in production forest, and the protection and conservation forest in the legal protection system and peatland into moratorium area.

• In 2004, the Central Kalimantan Province issued the Spatial Planning Regulation which allocated a big • After 2011, because of the permits already in the moratorium area and the illegal burning, the boundary of the area of concession permits on the ex-Mega Rice Project peatland. moratorium map was revised half a year by the loacl government. • In 2008, the Ministry of Forestry issued a plan for forest area conservation and peatland • In 2016, BRG published the peatland restoration priority map, which classify the priority into 4 categories. rehabilitation, in which the concession area was much less than the local spatial plan.

• In 2017, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry issued the National Peat Ecosystem Function Indicative Map to clarify the peatland into protection and cultivation function. • In 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry issued the revised forestry plan (RKTN) and there was a dramatic decline in the forest area, especially the convertible forest in functions and primary forest in land cover types.

[history from 1945 to 1965]

[problems of current land use system and communication framework] [period of public forest designation] [period of Mega Rice Project and expanding plantations]

[land use system now]

[communication framework]

[history from 1965 to 1992]

[history from 2008 to now]

[two communication targets and systems]

[history from 1992 to 1999]

[history from 1999 to 2008]

[selection of classification model and generation of mid level] [selection of classification model]

[generation of mid level of vegetation classification system] Continental level (1:1000000)

[three levels of hierarchy]

[selection of classification model] US USNVC Natural vegetation classification system Hierachy category

Criteria name Vegetation characters Ecological drivers

Physiognomy general growth forms global climate types

Biogeography dominant growth forms regional ecology types

Provincial level (1:250000 - 1:500000)

Formation class

Formation subclass

Formation

Division

Macrogroup

Regional level (1:50000)

Group

Floristics diagnostic species local environment conditions

US USNVC Natural vegetation classification system US USNVC Natural vegetation classification system Hierachy category Hierachy Formation category class

PhysiognomyPhysiognomyBiogeographyBiogeography Floristics Criteria nameCriteria name Floristics Vegetation Vegetation general growth dominant growth general growth dominant growth diagnostic species diagnostic species characters characters forms forms forms forms regional ecology local environment regional ecology local environment Ecological drivers global climateglobal types climate types Ecological drivers types conditions types conditions

Southeastern Borneo peat Provincial level (1:250000 - 1:500000) Provincial level (1:250000 - 1:500000) swamp forest

Formation subclassFormation Formation Formation class subclass Tropical forest

Forest

Division Formation Tropical flooded and swamp forest

Southeastern Borneo Division Macrogroup

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea parvifolia

112° 20' 00"E

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

114° 40' 00"E

Regional levelRegional (1:50000) level (1:50000)

Very low canopy forest Low pole forest Tall interior forest

1° 40' 00"S

Southeastern Borneo freshwater Group / Macrogroup Group swamp forest Southeastern Borneo Sundaland heath forest Southeastern Borneo lowland rainforest Mixed swamp forest Mixed swamp forest

Alliance /

√

Kapuas Very low canopy forest Very low canopy forest Estern Borneo Low pole forest Low pole forest Northestern Borneo Tall interior forest Tall interior forest Southeastern Borneo Southeastern Borneo Borneo Highlands Southeastern Borneo freshwater Southeastern Borneo freshwater Northwestern Borneo swamp forest swamp forest Tropical flooded and Tropical and Tropical lowlandflooded humid forest Southeastern Borneo Sundaland Southeastern Borneo Sundaland swamp forest swamp humid forestforest Tropical montane heath forest heath forest Tropical forest Tropical forest Mangrove Southeastern Borneo lowland Southeastern Borneo lowland Forest Forest Temperate & Boreal rainforest rainforest forest Shrub and hurb vegetation Polar and high montane scrub, Kapuas Kapuas Natural vegetation Natural vegetation grassland and barrens Estern Borneo Estern Borneo Desert Northestern Borneo Northestern Borneo Open rock vegetation Borneo Highlands Borneo Highlands Aquatic vegetation Northwestern Borneo Northwestern Borneo Agricultrual and developed Tropical lowland humidTropical forest lowland humid forest vegetation Tropical montane humid forest montane humid forest Tropical Mangrove Mangrove Temperate & Boreal Temperate & Boreal forest forest Shrub and hurb vegetation Shrub and hurb vegetation Polar and high montanePolar scrub, and class high montane scrub, Cultural subclass Hierachy category Cultural Cultural formation Cultural group (divisional) Cultural group (species) Cultural group (regional) grassland and barrens grassland and barrens Desert Desert Open rock vegetation Open rock vegetation Aquatic vegetation Aquatic vegetation plantation forest in Agricultrual and developed Agricultrual and developed vegetation permanent production vegetation

Alliance Association

Association

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Shorea parvifolia Shorea parvifolia

Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae Sapotaceae Lauraceae

Southeastern Borneo peat Southeastern Borneo peat swamp forest swamp forest

Natural vegetation

Association

Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae Sapotaceae Lauraceae

Mixed swamp forest

Continental level (1:1000000) Continental level (1:1000000)

Alliance

[generation of vegetation macrogroups and groups]

Euphorbiaceae Most suitable classification system types Myrtaceae Sapotaceae Lauraceae

2° 00' 00"S

Indonesia Soil Types

√

Most suitableMost classification system types system types suitable classification 2° 20' 00"S

US USNVC Cultural vegetation classification system

Cultural type

2° 40' 00"S

Dipterocarpaceae plantation for industry

US USNVC Cultural vegetation classification system US USNVC Cultural vegetation classification system Hierachy category Hierachy Cultural categoryclass

Cultural subclass Cultural class

plantation forest in conservation vegetation forest plantation forest inplantation plantation forest in forest production in Agricultrual and developed forest permanent production permanent production Cultural vegetation vegetation Oil palm plantation forest forest Acacia plantation plantation DipterocarpaceaeCoffee forest Dipterocarpaceae forest Rubber plantation plantation forest in limited plantation forest in limited plantation plantation Temperate forest plantation production forest production forest Tropical dry forest dry forest BorealTropical forest plantation plantation forest in covertible plantation forest in covertible Forest planatation and plantation Forest planatation plantation Woody horticultural crop and production forest production forest agroforestry agroforestry Woody agriculturalWoody agricultural plantation forest in conservation plantation forest in conservation Woody wetland horticultural crop vegetation forest vegetation forest Herbaceous agricultural plantation forest in production plantation forest in production Agricultrual and developed vegetation Agricultrual and developed forest forest Cultural vegetationCultural vegetation Herbaceous and woody vegetation Oil palm plantation vegetation Oil palm plantation developed vegetation Acacia plantation Acacia plantation Agricultural and developed Coffee plantation Coffee plantation aquatic vegetation Rubber plantation Rubber plantation Temperate forest plantation Temperate forest plantation Boreal forest plantationBoreal forest plantation Woody horticultural crop Woody horticultural crop

Cultural type /

Hierachy category

Ecozone (Realm) Ecozone (Major regions) Herbaceous agricultural Herbaceous agricultural vegetation vegetation Herbaceous and woodyHerbaceous and woody developed vegetation developed vegetation Agricultural and developed Agricultural and developed aquatic vegetation aquatic vegetation

Ecoregion (Biome)

Indonesia Flooding Map

Cultural subtype Cultural type

Cultural subtype 3° 00' 00"S

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Shorea parvifolia Shorea parvifolia plantation for industry plantation for industry Dipterocarpaceae plantation for Dipterocarpaceae plantation for wood fiber product wood fiber product Dipterocarpaceae plantation for Dipterocarpaceae plantation for biodiesel biodiesel

Not applied to natural vegetation 3° 20' 00"S

Peat Depth Map

Vegetation Macrogroup Classification Map (Gap Filled)

Not applied to natural vegetation Not applied to natural vegetation

WWF and KLHK INDONESIA vegetation classification system

Woody wetland horticultural crop Woody wetland horticultural crop

Shorea parvifolia

Dipterocarpaceae plantation for wood fiber product Dipterocarpaceae plantation for biodiesel

forest

Dipterocarpaceae forest plantation forest in limited plantation production forest Tropical dry(divisional) forest Cultural formation Cultural formation Cultural group (divisional) Cultural group (species) Cultural group (regional) / Cultural subclass Cultural group Cultural group (species) Cultural forest group plantation in (regional) covertible Forest planatation and plantation production forest agroforestry Woody agricultural

Cultural subtype

Legend

Vegetation Macrogroup Classification Map Heath forest macrogroup

Ecoregion (Freshwater)

Ecoregion (Terresterial)

Flora composition

Floristic composition

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea parvifolia

Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae Sapotaceae Lauraceae

Southeastern Borneo peat swamp forest

Data Source: [1] https://data.globalforestwatch.org/datasets/7945178fad3f4deeb51785d1e2df67bf [2] https://www.wri.org/resources/data-sets/aqueduct-floods-hazard-maps [3] Peat Depth Map

Freshwater swamp forest macrogroup Peat swamp forest macrogroup Lowland dipterocarp forest macrogroup

ENVIRONMENTAL_ARCHITECTURE

WWF and KLHK INDONESIA classification system WWF and KLHKvegetation INDONESIA vegetation classification system Hierachy category Hierachy Ecozone category(Realm)

Southeastern Borneo Southeastern Borneo freshwater Ecozone (Major regions) Ecoregion (Biome) EcoregionEcoregion (Freshwater) Ecoregion (Terresterial) / swamp forest (Terresterial) Ecozone (Realm) Ecozone (Major regions) (Biome) Ecoregion (Freshwater) Ecoregion Tropical and subtropical Southeastern Borneo Sundaland moist broadleaf forests heath forest Sundaland (Sunda shelf Southeastern Borneo lowland rainforest and the Philippines) Indomalaya Southeastern Borneo peat Southeastern Borneo peat swamp forest swamp forest

Kapuas Estern Borneo Northestern Borneo Southeastern Borneo Southeastern Borneo Borneo Highlands Southeastern Borneo freshwater Southeastern Borneo freshwater Northwestern Borneo swamp forest swamp forest Tropical and subtropical Tropical and subtropical Tropical and subtropical Southeastern Borneo Sundaland Southeastern Borneo Sundaland moist broadleaf coniferous forests moist broadleaf forests forests heath forest heath forest Sundaland (Sunda shelf Southeastern Borneo lowland Sundaland (Sunda shelf Montane grasslands and Southeastern Borneo lowland shrublands rainforest and the Philippines) rainforest and the Philippines) Indomalaya Indomalaya Mangroves Indian Subcontinent Indochina Kapuas Kapuas Australasia Estern Borneo Ecosphere Estern Borneo Ecosphere Nearctic Northestern Borneo Northestern Borneo Palearctic Borneo Highlands Borneo Highlands Afrotropic Northwestern Borneo Northwestern Borneo Neotropic Tropical and subtropicalTropical and subtropical Oceania coniferous forests coniferous forests Antarctic Montane grasslands andMontane grasslands and shrublands shrublands Mangroves Mangroves Indian Subcontinent Indian Subcontinent Indochina Indochina Australasia Australasia Hierachy category Ecozone (Realm) Ecozone (Major regions) Ecoprovince Ecoregion (Freshwater) Ecoregion (Terresterial) Nearctic Nearctic Palearctic Palearctic Afrotropic Afrotropic Neotropic Neotropic Oceania Oceania Antarctic Antarctic

RS2_ORANG_ORANG_AND_HUTAN Qing Lan

Flora/ composition Flora composition Floristic composition Floristic composition Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Shorea parvifolia Shorea parvifolia

Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae Sapotaceae Lauraceae

No vegetion group stage

Ecosphere

112° 20' 00"E

No vegetion group stage group stage No vegetion

112° 40' 00"E

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113° 40' 00"E

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113° 40' 00"E

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114° 20' 00"E

114° 40' 00"E

1° 40' 00"S

2° 00' 00"S

Vegetation Macrogroup Classification

2° 20' 00"S

2° 40' 00"S

CANADA CNVC vegetation classification system

CANADA CNVC vegetation classification system CANADA CNVC vegetation classification system Hierachy category Hierachy Ecozone category(Realm)

Ecozone (Major regions) Ecoprovince Ecozone (Realm) Ecozone (Major regions)

Ecodistrict

Ecosection

Drainaged soil without flooding Sebangau park

Southeastern Borneo peat swamp forest

Ecoregion (Freshwater) Ecoregion (Terresterial) EcodistrictKatingan river Ecosection Southeastern Borneo Ecoprovince Ecoregion (Freshwater) Ecoregion (Terresterial) Ecodistrict

Drainaged soil with flooding Undrainaged soil with flooding Undrainaged soil without flooding

Ecosite Ecosection

Kapuas murung Southeastern Borneo freshwater Dipterocarpaceae Borneo Sundaland (Sunda shelf swamp forest Euphorbiaceae Drainaged soil without Drainaged soil without and the Philippines) Southeastern Borneo Sundaland Myrtaceae Indomalaya flooding flooding heath forest Sapotaceae Southeastern Borneo lowland park Sebangau Lauraceae Sebangau park Southeastern Borneo peat Southeastern Borneo peat rainforest Drainaged soil with flooding Drainaged soil with flooding swamp forest swamp forest Ecosphere Undrainaged soil with flooding Undrainaged soil with flooding Undrainaged soil without Undrainaged soil without Kapuas flooding flooding Estern Borneo Southeastern Borneo Katingan river Southeastern Borneo Katingan river Northestern Borneo Kapuas murung Kapuas murung Borneo Highlands Southeastern Borneo freshwater Southeastern Borneo freshwater Borneo Borneo Northwestern Borneo Sundaland (Sunda shelf swamp forest Sundaland (Sunda shelf swamp forest Java and Bali and the Philippines) Southeastern Borneo Sundaland and the Philippines) Southeastern Borneo Sundaland Indomalaya Indomalaya Sumatra heath forest heath forest Wallacea Southeastern Borneo lowland Southeastern Borneo lowland New Guinea rainforest rainforest Australasia Ecosphere Ecosphere Nearctic Palearctic Kapuas Kapuas Afrotropic Estern Borneo Estern Borneo Neotropic Northestern Borneo Northestern Borneo Oceania Borneo Highlands Borneo Highlands Antarctic Northwestern Borneo Northwestern Borneo Java and Bali Java and Bali Sumatra Sumatra Wallacea Wallacea New Guinea New Guinea Australasia Australasia Hierachy category Community groups / / Communities Subcommunities Constant species / Nearctic Nearctic Palearctic Palearctic Dipterocarpaceae Afrotropic Afrotropic Dipterocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae Neotropic Neotropic Euphorbiaceae forest … Oceania Oceania Dipterocarpaceae forest Dipterocarpaceae - Moraceae Antarctic Antarctic forest Woodland and scrub Dipterocarpaceae - Sapindaceae forest communities Dilleniaceae forest Natural vegetation Avicenniaceae forest Hierachy category Hierachy Community / Communities Subcommunities Subcommunities Constant species Constant species / / Lythraceae forest category groupsCommunity groups / / / Communities / Rhizophoraceae forest … Pinaceae forest Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae -Dipterocarpaceae Heath communities Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae forest Euphorbiaceae forest Swamp communities … … Grassland communities Dipterocarpaceae forest Dipterocarpaceae - Moraceae Dipterocarpaceae forest Dipterocarpaceae - Moraceae Montane communities forest forest communities Woodland and Aquatic scrub Dipterocarpaceae - Sapindaceae Woodland and scrub Dipterocarpaceae - Sapindaceae forest communities forest communities Dilleniaceae forest … Dilleniaceae forest Natural vegetation Natural vegetation Avicenniaceae forest Avicenniaceae forest Lythraceae forest Lythraceae forest Rhizophoraceae forest Rhizophoraceae forest … … Pinaceae forest Pinaceae forest Heath communities Heath communities Swamp communities Swamp communities Grassland communities Grassland communities Montane communities Montane communities Aquatic communities Aquatic communities

Ecosite

Floristic composition

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea parvifolia

Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae Sapotaceae Lauraceae

3° 00' 00"S

3° 20' 00"S

Ecosite Floristic composition Floristic composition

Shorea parvifolia Shorea parvifolia Dipterocarpaceae

Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae Sapotaceae Lauraceae

Administrative divisions not useful

Vegetation Macrogroup Classification Map Mixed swamp forest group

Data Source: [1] Vegetation Macrogroup Classification [2] https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=7/-2.411/114.576

Low pole forest group

Vegetation Macrogroup Classification Map Tall swamp forest group Stunted swamp forest group

Data Source: [1] Vegetation Macrogroup Classification [2] https://www.wri.org/resources/data-sets/aqueduct-floods-hazard-maps

Very low canopy forest group Peat area

112° 20' 00"E

ENVIRONMENTAL_ARCHITECTURE

RS2_ORANG_ORANG_AND_HUTAN Qing Lan

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

114° 40' 00"E

1° 40' 00"S

UK NVC vegetation classification system

Legend

Flooding area

Tall interior forest group

Vegetation Groups in Freshwater Swamp Forest Macrogroup

Vegetation Groups in Peat Swamp Forest Macrogroup Legend

Administrative divisions not divisions useful not useful Administrative

UK NVC vegetation classification system UK NVC vegetation classification system

Indonesia Flooding Map

Central Kalimantan Topography

2° 00' 00"S

Vegetation Macrogroup Classification

Floristic species

Shorea parvifolia 2° 20' 00"S

Tropical… vegetation not applicable Floristic species /

2° 40' 00"S

Indonesia Soil Type Map (FAO and USDA)

Floristic species

Shorea parvifolia Shorea parvifolia

Tropical vegetation not applicablenot applicable Tropical vegetation …

3° 00' 00"S

3° 20' 00"S

Vegetation Groups in Heath Forest Macrogroup Legend

Vegetation Macrogroup Classification Map Black sand heath forest group White sand heath forest group Spodosols and Podzols area

Data Source: [1] Vegetation Macrogroup Classification [2] https://data.globalforestwatch.org/datasets/7945178fad3f4deeb51785d1e2df67bf [3] http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-classification/en/

ENVIRONMENTAL_ARCHITECTURE RS2_ORANG_ORANG_AND_HUTAN Qing Lan

[generation of complete forest succession map of mid level] [generation of forest succession map under human impact]

[complete forest succession map of mid level]

[generation of land cover map]

[generation of four forest succession maps in each vegetation groups]

[generation of forest cover map]

112° 20' 00"E

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

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113° 40' 00"E

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112° 20' 00"E

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114° 20' 00"E

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1° 40' 00"S

2° 00' 00"S

Land Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2011 Wet Season

Band Combinations 4,5,3 (Forest and Non-Forest)

2° 20' 00"S

2° 00' 00"S

Forest Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2018 2° 40' 00"S

2° 40' 00"S

Land Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2011 Dry Season

Band Combinations 5,4,1 (Bare Land and Burnt area)

3° 00' 00"S

2° 20' 00"S

3° 20' 00"S

Band Combinations 7,6,2 (Forest and Agricultural area)

Land Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2011 Wet Season Legend

Land Cover Map by ArcGIS Supervised Classification of Landsat 7/8 Image Forest

Water or sea

Degraded forest or swamp

Cloud or no data

Forest Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2011 Legend

Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Land Cover Map by ArcGIS Supervised Classification of Landsat 7/8 Image Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Primary forest Secondary degraded forest

Agricultural area Plantation area

2° 40' 00"S

Bare land or burnt area

112° 20' 00"E

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

ENVIRONMENTAL_ARCHITECTURE

RS2_ORANG_ORANG_AND_HUTAN Qing Lan

114° 40' 00"E

112° 20' 00"E

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

Forest Cover Change Map of Central Kalimantan from 2011 to 2018

114° 40' 00"E

3° 00' 00"S

1° 40' 00"S

2° 00' 00"S

Land Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2018 Wet Season

Band Combinations 4,5,3 (Forest and Non-Forest)

3° 20' 00"S

2° 20' 00"S

2° 40' 00"S

Land Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2018 Dry Season

Band Combinations 5,4,1 (Bare Land and Burnt area)

Complete Forest Cover Map in 2018 with Degradation and Deforestation Information Legend

Vegetation Classification Middle Level (Macrogroup and Group) Map Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Primary forest 3° 00' 00"S

3° 00' 00"S

Secondary forest Degraded secondary forest Deforestd secondary forest 3° 20' 00"S

3° 20' 00"S

Band Combinations 7,6,2 (Forest and Agricultural area)

ENVIRONMENTAL_ARCHITECTURE Land Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2011 Dry Season Legend

Land Cover Map by ArcGIS Supervised Classification of Landsat 7/8 Image Forest

Water or sea

Degraded forest or swamp

Cloud or no data

RS2_ORANG_ORANG_AND_HUTAN Qing Lan

Forest Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2018 Legend

Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Land Cover Map by ArcGIS Supervised Classification of Landsat 7/8 Image Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Primary forest Secondary degraded forest

Agricultural area Plantation area Bare land or burnt area

112° 20' 00"E

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

ENVIRONMENTAL_ARCHITECTURE

RS2_ORANG_ORANG_AND_HUTAN Qing Lan

114° 40' 00"E

112° 20' 00"E

1° 40' 00"S

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

114° 40' 00"E

112° 20' 00"E

1° 40' 00"S

2° 00' 00"S

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

112° 20' 00"E

114° 40' 00"E

2° 00' 00"S

2° 20' 00"S

2° 40' 00"S

Forest Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2018

3° 00' 00"S

3° 20' 00"S

Band Combinations 7,6,4 (Forest and Agricultural area)

Cloud or no data

Vegetation Groups in Freshwater Swamp Forest Macrogroup

Vegetation Groups in Peat Swamp Forest Macrogroup

Land Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2018 Wet Season Degraded forest or swamp

114° 40' 00"E

Vegetation Macrogroups Classification Map

3° 00' 00"S

Land Cover Map by ArcGIS Supervised Classification of Landsat 7/8 Image

114° 20' 00"E

Vegetation Macrogroups Classification Map

3° 00' 00"S

Water or sea

114° 00' 00"E

Complete Forest Cover Map in 2018

2° 20' 00"S

Forest

113° 40' 00"E

Complete Forest Cover Map in 2018

2° 20' 00"S

Legend

113° 20' 00"E

2° 00' 00"S

Forest Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2011

Band Combinations 6,5,2 (Bare Land and Burnt area)

113° 00' 00"E

1° 40' 00"S

Band Combinations 5,6,2 (Forest and Non-Forest)

112° 40' 00"E

Forest Cover Change Map of Central Kalimantan from 2011 to 2018 Legend

Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Land Cover Map by ArcGIS Supervised Classification of Landsat 7/8 Image

Complete Forest Cover Map of Tall Swamp Forest Group in Freshwater Swamp Forest Macrogroup

Complete Forest Cover Map of Mixed Swamp Forest Group in Peat Swamp Forest Macrogroup Legend

Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Degraded primary forest

Vegetation Classification Middle Level (Macrogroup and Group) Map Primary forest

Degraded secondary forest (Deforested) land

Legend

Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ [2] Vegetation Macrogroups Map [3] Vegetation Groups in Peat Swamp Forest Macrogroup

Secondary forest

Vegetation Classification Middle Level (Macrogroup and Group) Map Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ [2] Vegetation Macrogroups Map [3] Vegetation Groups in Freshwater Swamp Forest Macrogroup

Primary forest Secondary forest

Agricultural area

Degraded secondary forest

Plantation area

Deforestd secondary forest

Bare land or burnt area

112° 20' 00"E

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

ENVIRONMENTAL_ARCHITECTURE

RS2_ORANG_ORANG_AND_HUTAN Qing Lan

114° 40' 00"E

112° 20' 00"E

1° 40' 00"S

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

114° 40' 00"E

112° 20' 00"E

1° 40' 00"S

2° 00' 00"S

112° 40' 00"E

113° 00' 00"E

113° 20' 00"E

113° 40' 00"E

114° 00' 00"E

114° 20' 00"E

112° 20' 00"E

114° 40' 00"E

2° 00' 00"S

2° 20' 00"S

2° 40' 00"S

Forest Cover Change Map of Central Kalimantan from 2011 to 2018

3° 00' 00"S

3° 20' 00"S

Band Combinations 7,6,4 (Forest and Agricultural area)

Forest

Water or sea

Degraded forest or swamp

Cloud or no data

114° 20' 00"E

114° 40' 00"E

Vegetation Groups in Heath Forest Macrogroup

Land Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2018 Dry Season Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

114° 00' 00"E

Vegetation Macrogroups Classification Map

3° 00' 00"S

Land Cover Map by ArcGIS Supervised Classification of Landsat 7/8 Image

113° 40' 00"E

Complete Forest Cover Map in 2018

2° 20' 00"S

Legend

113° 20' 00"E

2° 00' 00"S

Forest Cover Map of Central Kalimantan in 2018

Band Combinations 6,5,2 (Bare Land and Burnt area)

113° 00' 00"E

1° 40' 00"S

Band Combinations 5,6,2 (Forest and Non-Forest)

112° 40' 00"E

Complete Forest Cover Map in 2018 with Degradation and Deforestation Information Legend

Vegetation Classification Middle Level (Macrogroup and Group) Map Primary forest

Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Complete Forest Cover Map of Black Sand Heath Forest Group in Heath Forest Macrogroup Legend

Vegetation Classification Middle Level (Macrogroup and Group) Map Primary forest

Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ [2] Vegetation Macrogroups Map [3] Vegetation Groups in Peat Swamp Forest Macrogroup

Complete Forest Cover Map of Lowland Dipterocarp Forest Group in Lowland Dipterocarp Forest Macrogroup Legend

Vegetation Classification Middle Level (Macrogroup and Group) Map Primary forest Secondary forest

Secondary forest

Agricultural area

Degraded secondary forest

Plantation area

Deforestd secondary forest

Data Source: [1] https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ [2] Vegetation Macrogroups Map

Bare land or burnt area

ENVIRONMENTAL_ARCHITECTURE

RS2_ORANG_ORANG_AND_HUTAN Qing Lan

Flacourtiaceae Fagaceae Rubiaceae Polygalaceae Olacaceae Verbenaceae

Sterculiaceae

Polygalaceae

[generation of floristic composition of lower level]

Sterculiaceae

Fagaceae

Meliaceae

[generation of floristic composition color bar (statistics from related papers)] [vegetation abundance color bar]

Meliaceae

Melastomataceae

Verbenaceae

[macrogroup] Sapindaceae

Vegetation abundance and succession color bar Scientific name

Hierachy & type

Criteria

Survey site Kalimantan (South Borneo)

Dipterocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae

DIVISION: Southeastern Borneo Citation

[floristic composition of lowland rainforest and peat swamp forest] Sapindaceae Fagaceae

MACROGROUP 2: Peat swamp forest

[1] Slik, J., Poulsen, A., Ashton, P., Cannon, C., Eichhorn, K., Kartawinata, K., Lanniari, I., Nagamasu, H., Nakagawa, M., Van Nieuwstadt, M., Payne, J., Saridan, A., Sidiyasa, K., Verburg, R., Webb, C. and Wilkie, P., 2003. A floristic analysis of the lowland dipterocarp forests of Borneo. Journal of Biogeography , 30(10), pp.1517-1531.

MACROGROUP 3: Freshwater swamp forest

MACROGROUP 1: Lowland dipterocarpaceae forest All plant types

Tall trees

Small trees

Dipterocarpaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Rubiaceae

Myrtaceae

Sapotaceae

Sonneratiaceae

Myristicaceae

Lauraceae

Burseraceae

Myristicaceae

All plant types

Myristicaceae

Myrtaceae

Ebenaceae

Burseraceae

Ebenaceae

Lauraceae

Anacardiaceae Ebenaceae Annonaceae Clusiaceae/Guttiferae Leguminosae

Anacardiaceae Ebenaceae

Kalimantan forests (mainly Species abundance Southeastern Borneo forests)

Annonaceae

Sapotaceae

Clusiaceae/Guttiferae Leguminosae

Palaquium leiocarpum Meliaceae

Meliaceae

Ebenaceae

Moraceae

Flacourtiaceae Diospyros bantamemsis

Flacourtiaceae Rubiaceae

Verbenaceae Sterculiaceae Tiliaceae Melastomataceae

Lowland Mean density dipterocarp forest

Berau Regency, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur, East Kalimantan

[2] Amiril Saridan, 1999. Stand structure and floristic composition of a primary lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 11(4), pp.704-722.

Crypteroniaceae Rutaceae Anisophyllaceae

Peat swamp forest Mean density

Magnoliaceae Hypericaceae

Between the Rivers Mentary and Katingan, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur, Kalimantan Tengah, Central Kalimantan

[3] Harrison M. E., Kursani, Santiano, Hendri, Purwanto A. and Husson S. J., 2011. Baseline

Flora Assessment and Preliminary Monitoring Protocol in the Katingan Peat Swamp, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia . Report produced by the Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project for PT. Rimba Makmur Utama/PT. Starling Asia, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

Tetrameristaceae

Sentarum, Nanga Leboyan, Danau Sentarum, Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat, West Kalimantan

Arecaceae Cyperaceae Loranthaceae Orchidaceae Poaceae Pandanaceae Ericaceae

[4] Wim Giesen, 2000. Flora and

vegetation of Danau Sentarum: unique lake & swamp forest ecosystem of west Kalimantan .

Produced in Project UK-Indonesia Tropical Forest Management Project.

Lecythidaceae Lythraceae Gonystylus Lamiaceae Phyllanthaceae Caryophyllaceae

Freshwater swamp Principal tree forest subclass species

Sentarum, Nanga Leboyan, Danau Sentarum, Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat, West Kalimantan

[4] Wim Giesen, 2000. Flora and

vegetation of Danau Sentarum: unique lake & swamp forest ecosystem of west Kalimantan .

Produced in Project UK-Indonesia Tropical Forest Management Project.

Sentarum, Nanga Leboyan, Danau Sentarum, Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat, West Kalimantan

Araucariaceae Thymelaeaceae Pentaphylacaceae Icacinaceae Gentianaceae Pittosporaceae Rosaceae

Heath forest

[5] Maimunah, S., Capilla, B., Armadiyanto and Harrison, M., 2019. Tree diversity and forest composition of a Bornean heath forest, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 270, p.012028.

Ground cover of Berau Regency, Lowland Species abundance Kabupaten Berau dipterocarp forest

Ground cover of Peat swamp forest

Species abundance

Scrophulariaceae Araceae Polygonaceae Eriocaulaceae Alismataceae Haloragaceae Hydrocharitaceae Zingiberaceae Lentibulariaceae Amaranthaceae Apiaceae

Sapindaceae

Fagaceae

Horsfieldia crassifolia Calophyllum hosei

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea teysmanniana

Ebenaceae

Diospyros bantamensis

Myrtaceae

Tristaniopsis spp.

Myrtaceae

Syzygium garcinifolia

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

Myristicaceae

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Myrtaceae

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Annonaceae

Mezzetia leptopoda

Magnolia bintulensis

Aquifoliaceae

Asteraceae

Verbenaceae

Magnoliaceae

Podocarpaceae

pteridophytes

Verbenaceae

Phoebe sp. cf. grandis

Casuarinaceae

Datiscaceae

Verbenaceae

Lauraceae

Bignoniaceae

Sonneratiaceae

Verbenaceae

Aglaia rubiginosa

Apocynaceae

Ground cover of Principal tree Freshwater swamp species forest

Between the Rivers Mentary and Katingan

Sentarum, Nanga Leboyan, Danau Sentarum, Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat, West Kalimantan

[2] Amiril Saridan, 1999.

Calophyllum hosei

Olacaceae

Myristicaceae

MACROGROUP 2: Peat swamp forest All plant types Sapotaceae

Calophyllaceae

Combretocarpus

Dactylocladus stenostachys GROUP 1: Mixed swamp forest

Dipterocarpaceae

Myrtaceae

Calophyllum hosei

Tetractomia tetrandra

Campnosperma coriaceum

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Diospyros cf. evena

Xylopia fusca

Combretocarpus

Shorea teysmanianna

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Cratoxylum glaucum

Tetramerista glabra

Calophyllum hosei

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Stemonurus scorpiodes

Shorea teysmanniana

Dipterocarpus coriaceus

Diospyros bantamensis

Dyera polyphylla

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Tristaniopsis spp.

Ganua motleyana

Palaquium pseudorostratum

Syzygium garcinifolia

Gonystylus bancanus

Campnosperma coriaceum

Palaquium cochlearifolium

Gonystylus bancanus

Clusiaceae

Dipterocarpaceae Ebenaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae

Anacardiaceae

Crypteroniaceae

Rutaceae Dipterocarpus coriaceus

Calophyllaceae

Apocynaceae

Anisophylleaceae

Dyera polyphylla

Hypericaceae

Sapotaceae

Melastomataceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Ganua motleyana

Apocynaceae

Ebenaceae

Sapotaceae

Xylopia fusca

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Diospyros bantamemsis

Garcinia spp.

Mezzetia leptopoda

Tristaniopsis spp.

Cratoxylum glaucum

Aglaia rubiginosa

Campnosperma coriaceum

Ilex cymosa

Phoebe sp. cf. grandis

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

Litsea sp. cf. resinosa

Magnolia bintulensis

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Annonaceae Meliaceae

Lauraceae

Magnoliaceae

P. leiocarpum

Myrtaceae

Shorea balangeran

Lauraceae

S. teysmanniana

Lauraceae

Clusiaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Pandanaceae

Anacardiaceae

pteridophytes

Nepenthaceae

Ebenaceae

Campnosperma coriacea

Diospyros bantamemsis

Myrtaceae

Anisophylleaceae

Tristaniopsis spp.

Anacardiaceae

Campnosperma coriaceum

Poaceae

Pandanaceae

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

Nepenthaceae

Myristicaceae

Calophyllaceae

pteridophytes

Calophyllum hosei

Calophyllaceae

C. lowii

Ilex cymosa

Echinochloa

Gonystylus

Shorea balangeran

Gluta renghas

Teysmanniodendron

Lagerstroemia speciosa

sarawakanum

Calophyllaceae

Gonystylus

Anacardiaceae Lythraceae

Nepenthaceae

Anacardiaceae Sapindaceae

pteridophytes

Meliaceae Myrsinaceae Flacourtiaceae Pandanaceae

Icacinaceae

Aquifoliaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Tristaniopsis spp.

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Scrophulariaceae

Cyperaceae

Araceae

Rubiaceae

Polygonaceae

[3] Harrison M. E., Kursani, Clusiaceae Santiano, Hendri, Purwanto A. Dipterocarpaceae Myrtaceae and Husson S. J., 2011. Baseline Myrtaceae Flora Assessment and Preliminary Phyllanthaceae Monitoring Protocol in the Moraceae Katingan Peat Swamp, Central Dilleniaceae Kalimantan, Indonesia. Report Elaeocarpaceae produced by the Orangutan Euphorbiaceae Tropical Peatland Project for PT. Makmur GROUP 2:Rimba Stunted swampUtama/PT. forest Raya, EbenaceaeStarling Asia, Palangka Phyllanthaceae Dipterocarpaceae Fabaceae Indonesia. Dichilanthe borneensis Garcinia rostrata

Shorea balangeran

Syzygium durifolium

Tristaniopsis obovata Antidesma stipulare

Artocarpus teysmannii Dillenia excelsa

Elaeocarpus cf. sphaerocarpa Excoecaria indica

Alismataceae Haloragaceae Hydrocharitaceae Zingiberaceae Lentibulariaceae Amaranthaceae Apiaceae

Poaceae

Isachne globosa

Vatica cf. umbronata

Crudia teysmannii

Fimbristylis dipsacea

Mesua hexapetalum

Fordia splendissima

F. miliacea

Shorea balangeran

Garcinia bancana

Digitaria species

Gluta renghas

Homalium caryophyllaceum

Echinochloa

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Ilex cymosa

Xanthophyllum affine Antidesma stipulare

Artocarpus teysmannii Dillenia excelsa

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae Poaceae

Poaceae

Cyperaceae Poaceae/Garaminae

Asteraceae Scrophulariaceae Araceae Polygonaceae

Elaeocarpaceae

Rubiaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Eriocaulaceae

Moraceae

Alismataceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Haloragaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Hydrocharitaceae

Melastomataceae

Zingiberaceae

Elaeocarpus cf. sphaerocarpa Excoecaria indica Ficus microcarpa

Hopea dasyrrhachis

Mallotus sumatranus Pternandra galeata

[6] Giesen, W., 1991. Checklist Of Indonesian Freshwater Aquatic Herbs. Bogor: Asian Wetland Bureau-Indonesia.

Eriocaulaceae

Cleistanthus sumatranus

Leguminosae

[4] Wim Giesen, 2000. Flora and vegetation of Danau Sentarum: unique lake & swamp forest ecosystem of west Kalimantan. Produced in Project UK-Indonesia Tropical Forest Management Project.

Rubiaceae

Diospyros coriacea

Lentibulariaceae Amaranthaceae Apiaceae

GROUP 3: Dwarf swamp forest Lecythidaceae

Isachne globosa

Carallia bracteata

Fimbristylis dipsacea

Croton cf. ensifolius

F. miliacea

Garcinia borneensis

Digitaria species

Gardenia tentaculata

Echinochloa

Rhizophoraceae Euphorbiaceae Clusiaceae

Lauraceae

Rubiaceae Rubiaceae

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

Ixora mentanggis

Clusiaceae

Poaceae

Barringtonia acutangula

Cyperaceae

Poaceae

Cyperaceae

Melastomataceae

Poaceae/Garaminae

Melastomataceae

Asteraceae

Myrtaceae

Scrophulariaceae

Rubiaceae

Araceae

Pternandra teysmanniana Memecylon edule

Syzygium claviflora Timonius salicifolius

Polygonaceae Rubiaceae Eriocaulaceae Alismataceae Haloragaceae

Lauraceae

Hydrocharitaceae

Litsea sp. cf. resinosa

Zingiberaceae Lentibulariaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Amaranthaceae

Baccaurea bracteata

Calophyllaceae

Cyperaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Microcos cf. stylocarpa

Myristicaceae

Poaceae

Asteraceae

Clusiaceae [7] Wim Giesen, 2009. Natural Anacardiaceae Caryophyllaceae succession in peat swamp forests Lythraceae Aquifoliaceae of central kalimantan. Produced in Tiliaceae Project EMRP MasterPolygalaceae Plan for the Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Phyllanthaceae of the Ex-Mega RiceMoraceae Project Area Dilleniaceae in Central Kalimantan.

[3] Harrison M. E., Kursani, Santiano, Hendri, Purwanto A. and Husson S. J., 2011. Baseline Flora Assessment and Preliminary Monitoring Protocol in the Katingan Peat Swamp, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Report produced by the Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project for PT. Rimba Makmur Utama/PT. Starling Asia, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

Poaceae

Burseraceae

Tetraria borneensis

Dipterocarpaceae

Myrtaceae

Cyperaceae

Poaceae/Garaminae

Vatica ressak

Calophyllaceae

Stemonurus scorpiodes

Cyperaceae

Lamiaceae

Ilex cymosa

GROUP 3: Tall interior forest Dactylpocladus stenostachys

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Anacardiaceae

Aquifoliaceae

Tristaniopsis obovata

Lauraceae

Digitaria species

Anacardiaceae

Cratoxylum glaucum

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Araucariaceae

Gluta wallichii

Thymelaeaceae

Hypericaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea teysmanniana

Agathis dammara

Gonystylus bancanus

Garcinia spp.

Crypteroniaceae

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Myrtaceae

F. miliacea

Lithocarpus conocarpus

Baccaurea bracteata

Calophyllum fragrans

Gluta pubescens

Myrtaceae

Fagaceae

Lauraceae

Xylopia fusca Calophyllaceae

Myrtaceae

Poaceae

Crypthocarya sp.

Aquifoliaceae

Anisophylleaceae

Syzygium

Orchidaceae

Lauraceae

Hypericaceae

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Tristaniopsis obovata

Litsea spp.

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

GROUP 2:Annonaceae Low pole forest

Fimbristylis dipsacea

Rubiaceae

Lauraceae

Fagaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Myristicaceae

Dichilanthe borneensis

Dipterocarpaceae

Gonystylus bancanus

Litsea spp.

Dipterocarpaceae

Anacardiaceae

Hopea mengerawan

Thymeleaeaceae

Lauraceae

Syzygium spp.

Ebenaceae

Loranthaceae

Poaceae

Isachne globosa

Campnosperma coriaceum

Thymeleaeaceae

Lithocarpus conocarpus

Sapotaceae

Pandanaceae

Moraceae

Calophyllaceae

Groundcover plants

Calophyllum

Anacardiaceae

Sapotaceae

S. teysmanniana

Dipterocarpaceae

Small trees

Dryobalanops abnormis

Palaquium pseudorostratum

Myristicaceae

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Annonaceae

Cyperaceae

[7] Wim Giesen, 2009. Natural succession in peat swamp forests of central kalimantan. Produced in Project EMRP Master Plan for the Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation of the Ex-Mega Rice Project Area in Central Kalimantan.

Myrtaceae

Crypthocarya sp.

Dipterocarpaceae

Arecaceae

Sapotaceae

Lauraceae Palaquium cochlearifolium

Dipterocarpaceae

Melastomataceae

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Tristaniopsis spp.

Shorea balangeran

Anisophyllaceae

pteridophytes

Icacinaceae

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

Myrtaceae

Nepenthaceae

Tetrameristaceae

P. leiocarpum

Myristicaceae

Pandanaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Lauraceae

Groundcover plants

Gonystylus bancanus Anacardiaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Lauraceae

Tetramerista glabra

Thymelaeaceae

Sapotaceae

Groundcover plants Fabaceae

Tetrameristaceae

Melastomataceae Tall trees Small trees

Calophyllaceae

Myrtaceae

Shorea teysmanianna

Cratoxylum glaucum

Meliaceae

Rubiaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Hypericaceae

Diospyros bantamemsis

Myristicaceae

Diospyros cf. evena

Anisophylleaceae

Syzygium spp.

Annonaceae

Ebenaceae

Calophyllum sclerophyllum Melastomataceae

Aglaia rubiginosa

Anacardiaceae

Tetractomia tetrandra

Polygalaceae

Palaquium leiocarpum

Ebenaceae

Rutaceae

Moraceae

Meliaceae

Species abundance

Calophyllaceae

Moraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Tall trees GROUP 1: Tall swamp forest

Guttiferae

Syzygium spp.

Guttiferae

Meliaceae

Anisophyllaceae

Rhizophoraceae

Lauraceae

Meliaceae

Syzygium spp.

Dilleniaceae

Aglaia rubiginosa Guttiferae

Fagaceae

Lauraceae

Elaeocarpaceae

Rubiaceae

[2] Amiril Saridan, 1999. Stand structure and floristic composition of a primary lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 11(4), pp.704-722.

Myrtaceae

Rubiaceae

Fagaceae

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Theaceae

Meliaceae

Annonaceae

Leguminosae

Rubiaceae

Crypteroniaceae

Nepenthaceae

Moraceae

Lauraceae

Sterculiaceae

Campnosperma coriaceum

Loganiaceae

Guttiferae

Small trees

Dipterocarpaceae

Myrtaceae

Polygalaceae

Anacardiaceae

Freshwater swamp Species abundance forest

Rubiaceae

Anacardiaceae

Polygalaceae

Clusiaceae

Sapindaceae Calophyllaceae

Xylopia fusca

Annonaceae

GROUP 1: Mixed swamp forest Leguminosae

Fagaceae

Annonaceae

Olacaceae

Lauraceae

Datiscaceae

Annonaceae

Sterculiaceae

Campnosperma coriaceum Polygalaceae

Polygalaceae

Anacardiaceae

Tall trees

Sterculiaceae

Anacardiaceae

Fagaceae

Celastraceae

Moraceae

Leguminosae

All plant types

Groundcover plants

GROUP 1: Lowland dipterocarpaceae forest

Sapotaceae

[floristic composition of freshwater swamp forest and heath forest]

Apiaceae

Cratoxylum glaucum

Dipterocarpaceae

Dipterocarpus coriaceus

Apocynaceae

[3] Harrison M. E., 2011. [6] Giesen, W., 1991. Checklist Of

Indonesian Freshwater Aquatic Herbs . Bogor: Asian Wetland Bureau-Indonesia.

Dyera polyphylla

Myrtaceae

GROUP 2: Low pole forest Eugenia havelandii

MACROGROUP 4: Heath forest

Thymelaeaceae

All plant types

Gonystylus bancanus

Casuarinaceae

Gymnostoma sumatrana

Anisophylleaceae

Fabaceae

Koompassia malaccensis

Annonaceae

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Pandanaceae

Mezzetia leptopoda

Sapotaceae

Calophyllaceae

Sapotaceae

P. leiocarpum

Calophyllum fragrans

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea teysmanniana

Anacardiaceae

Myrtaceae

Pandanaceae

Myrtaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Nepenthaceae

Clusiaceae

pteridophytes

Sapotaceae

Ebenaceae

Araucariaceae

pteridophytes

Dipterocarpaceae

Araucariaceae

Ebenaceae

Fagaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Annonaceae

Polygalaceae

Leguminosae

Fagaceae

Annonaceae

Pentaphylacaceae

Gentianaceae

Anacardiaceae

Icacinaceae

Annonaceae

Pentaphylacaceae

Pandanaceae

Icacinaceae

Anacardiaceae

Anisophylleaceae

Nepenthaceae

Sapindaceae

Calophyllaceae

pteridophytes

Gentianaceae

Sterculiaceae

S. platycarpa

Myrtaceae

Campnosperma coriacea

Tristania grandifolia

Vatica mangachopai

Crypteroniaceae

Xanthophyllum spp. Xylopia spp.

Dactylocladus stenostachys

GROUP 4:Dipterocarpaceae Very low canopy forest

Shorea teysmannianaCalophyllaceae Calophyllum spp.

Anisophylleaceae

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Combretocarpus rotundatus Poaceae Cratoxylum spp.

Myrtaceae

Syzygium

Myrtaceae

Sterculiaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Dactylpocladus stenostachys

Meliaceae

Litsea spp.

Crypteroniaceae

Leguminosae

Ploiarium alternifolium

Euphorbiaceae

Lauraceae

Tristania spp.

Lauraceae

Hypericaceae

Lauraceae

Bonnetiaceae Myrtaceae

Groundcover plants

Dipterocarpaceae

Nepenthaceae

Palaquium cochlearifolium

Tall trees Small trees GROUP 1: Black sand heath forest

Tristaniopsis obovata GROUP 2: White sand heath forest

GROUP 3: Tall interior forest Araucariaceae

Agathis dammara

Poaceae

Dactylpocladus stenostachys

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum hosei

Calophyllaceae

C. lowii

Calophyllaceae

Cratoxylum glaucum

Dipterocarpaceae

Dipterocarpus coriaceus

Apocynaceae

Dyera polyphylla

Myrtaceae

Eugenia havelandii

Thymelaeaceae

Gonystylus bancanus

Casuarinaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Pandanaceae

Myrtaceae

Nepenthaceae

Sapotaceae

pteridophytes

Clusiaceae

Pandanaceae Nepenthaceae pteridophytes

Leguminosae Fagaceae Pentaphylacaceae Thymelaeaceae Anacardiaceae Icacinaceae Crypteroniaceae Ebenaceae Sapindaceae Annonaceae Melastomaceae Meliaceae Pittosporaceae Rosaceae Theaceae Araucariaceae

[generation of succession composition of lower level and local survey] [generation of succession composition color bar (statistics from related papers)] [rain forest] [peat swamp forest] Sub classes: land use and human impact

Sub-sub classes: impact result

Forest area

(CBD) Natural primary forest or (FAO) Natural forest undisturbed by man (ITTO)Managed primary forest

Detail

Citation

Forest includes natural forests and forest plantations. Forests are determined both by the presence of trees and other human land uses affected by human or non-human. It is used to refer to land with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m. Young stands that have not yet but are expected to reach a crown density of 10 percent and tree height of 5 m are included under forest, as are temporarily unstocked areas. The term includes forests used for purposes of production, protection, multiple-use or conservation, and rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands. The term specifically excludes stands of trees established primarily for agricultural production and agroforestry system.

[11] Fao.org. 2020. SECOND EXPERT MEETING ON HARMONIZING FOREST-RELATED DEFINITIONS FOR USE BY VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS. [online] Available at: <http://www.fao.org/3/Y4171E/Y4171E10.htm#:~:text=FAO%20200 0a%20(FRA%202000%20Main,of%20other%20predominant%20land%20 uses> [Accessed 19 October 2020].

A forest that has never been logged and developed following natural disturbances and under natural processes.

A forest in which sustainable wood nonwood harvesting, wildlife management but the major functions are maintained.

The primary forest that has been affected by unsustainable, excessive wood exploitation or extraction of non-wood forest products (ITTO)Degraded and secondary forest and the structure are altered beyond the or (FRA) Natural forest disturbed by capacity of the forest ecosystems. If the land was totally (or over 90%) cleared, the man degraded forest and be called as secondary forest.

Wood product plantation forest Production plantation forest

Soil (USDA and FAO) Height Water / Flooding Months Peat depth Topography / Ground water table Canopy height Biodiversity Distance from forest edge Reference

Protection (and other environmental) plantation forest

Forest without enough crawn cover or canopy height

Shrub or bush with enough crawn cover

Land with trees outside forests

Land without trees outside forests Natural regeneration of forest

(FLR and ITTO) Restoration

(FLR and ITTO) Rehabilitation

Reforestation

Deforestation

and

Natural expansion of forest

Very low canopy forest

Tall swamp forest

Stunted swamp forest

Histosols and Entisols

Dwarf swamp forest

Black sand heath forest

Histosols and Entisols

White sand heath forest

Histosols, Entisols and Spodosols(Podzols)

1 m - 2.5 m

2.5 m - 4 m

4 m - 5.5 m

2 months to 3 months

3 months - 8 months

8 months - 12 months

few

2m-6m

6 m - 10 m

10 m - 13 m

6m - 10 m

0.5 m - 4 m

few

Average 26.4 cm

Average 6.1 cm

Low elevation, moderate water table

Moderate elevation, high water table

High elevation, low water table

High elevation, high water table

Up to 60 m

up to 35 m

12 m - 15 m

up to 45 m

1.5 m

22 m - 30 m

8 m - 15 m

5m-8m

Average 18 m

Average 17 m

1 (Highest)

3 (High)

7 (Moderate)

2 (High)

10 (Lowest)

4 (High)

8 (Moderate)

9 (Low)

5 (Moderate)

6 (Moderate)

less than 5.5 km

5.5 km - 10 km

more than 10 km

[2] Amiril Saridan, 1999. Stand structure and floristic composition of a [7] Wim Giesen, 2009. Natural succession in peat swamp forests of central kalimantan . Produced in Project EMRP Master Plan for the Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation of the Ex-Mega Rice Project Area in Central Kalimantan. primary lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan. Journal of [8] N.S.Boyd, J.J.Brousseau and S.Collier, 2018. Biodiversity of the Sebangau tropical peat swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo. Mires and Peat 22(5), pp.1-50. Tropical Forest Science 11(4), pp. 704-722.

[4] Wim Giesen, 2000. Flora and vegetation of Danau Sentarum: unique lake & swamp forest ecosystem of west Kalimantan. Produced in Project UK-Indonesia Tropical Forest Management Project.

Dipterocarpaceae

Myrtaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Lecythidaceae

Sapotaceae

Clusiaceae

Rhizophoraceae

Araucariaceae

Leguminosae

Euphorbiaceae

Ebenaceae

Fagaceae

Clusiaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Pentaphylacaceae

Rubiaceae

Annonaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Rubiaceae

Fagaceae

Anacardiaceae

Melastomataceae

Gentianaceae

Icacinaceae

Melastomataceae

Icacinaceae

Crypteroniaceae

Myrtaceae

Pentaphylacaceae

Ebenaceae

Rubiaceae

Anacardiaceae

Sapindaceae

[13] Unece.org. 2020. Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2020 Regional Workshop for North America, Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia[online] Available at: <https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/timber/fra/pdf/FRA_2020_ GVA/Guidelines_Quantitative_Indicators.pdf> [Accessed 19 October 2020]. [14] Fao.org. 2020. Definitions Related To Planted Forests - FRA WP 79. [online] Available at: <http://www.fao.org/3/ae347e/ae347e02.htm> [Accessed 19 October 2020].

Rubber tree plantation and oil palm plantation provided that land use, height and canopy cover criteria are met. Forest planted for erosion control, landslide stabilization, windbreaks

Land with trees that have enough crown cover of 10 percent but cannot reach 5 m at maturity, and that with not enough crawn cover of 5 percent.

[15] Fao.org. 2020. Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation. [online] Available at: <http://www.fao.org/sustainable-forestmanagement/toolbox/modules/forest-restoration-andrehabilitation/basic-knowledge/en/?type=111> [Accessed 19 October 2020].

Land with shrub or bush cover of 10 percent.

Primary and secondadry forest Myristicaceae

c. Tree plantations mainly for other purposes than wood， including fruit and oil palm plantations. d. Trees in garden and around buildings.

Burseraceae

Natural succession of forest on temporarily unstocked lands that are considered as forest.

Land clearing

Ebenaceae Leguminosae Anacardiaceae

Lauraceae Annonaceae

Human-induced changes to accelerate the recovery of forest structure and natural regeneration, and help forest ecosystem towards climax forest (A management strategy applied in degraded primary forest areas).

Rubiaceae Guttiferae Moraceae Sterculiaceae

Human-induced changes to restore the capacity of degraded forest land to deliver forest products and services (A management strategy applied in degraded forest lands)

Polygalaceae Fagaceae Meliaceae Verbenaceae

Human-induced establishment of forest plantations on temporarily unstocked lands that are considered as forest.

Sapindaceae

Meliaceae

Anisophylleaceae

Araucariaceae

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Campnosperma coriacea

Calophyllum hosei

Combretocarpus

Dactylocladus stenostachys

C. lowii

Cratoxylum glaucum

Shorea teysmanniana

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Ebenaceae

Tristaniopsis obovata

Mesua hexapetalum

Calophyllum spp.

Gonystylus bancanus

Shorea balangeran

Barringtonia acutangula

Cratoxylum glaucum

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Gluta renghas

Carallia bracteata

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Dipterocarpus coriaceus

Cratoxylum spp.

Gonystylus

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Croton cf. ensifolius

Dipterocarpus coriaceus

Syzygium

Dyera polyphylla

Dactylpocladus stenostachys

Gluta renghas

Garcinia borneensis

Dyera polyphylla

Tristaniopsis obovata

Eugenia havelandii

Litsea spp.

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Gardenia tentaculata

Ganua motleyana

Gonystylus bancanus

Ploiarium alternifolium

Ixora mentanggis

Gonystylus bancanus

Gymnostoma sumatrana

Tristania spp.

Pternandra teysmanniana

Palaquium cochlearifolium

Koompassia malaccensis

Memecylon edule

P. leiocarpum

Mezzetia leptopoda

Syzygium claviflora

Shorea balangeran

Palaquium cochlearifolium

Timonius salicifolius

S. teysmanniana

P. leiocarpum

Xylopia fusca

Shorea teysmanniana

Diospyros bantamemsis

S. platycarpa

Tristaniopsis spp.

Tristania grandifolia

Campnosperma coriaceum

Vatica mangachopai

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

Xanthophyllum spp.

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Xylopia spp.

Anisophylleaceae Hypericaceae

Melastomataceae

Dipterocarpaceae Apocynaceae

Sapotaceae

Crypteroniaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Anisophylleaceae Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Calophyllaceae Calophyllaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Apocynaceae Myrtaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Casuarinaceae

Sapotaceae

Fabaceae

Sapotaceae

Calophyllaceae Anisophylleaceae Calophyllaceae

Poaceae

Lauraceae

Bonnetiaceae

Thymelaeaceae Calophyllaceae

Gonystylus

Anacardiaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Anacardiaceae Lythraceae

Lythraceae

Myrtaceae

Annonaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Sapotaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Sapotaceae

Annonaceae Ebenaceae Myrtaceae

Anacardiaceae

Lauraceae

Myristicaceae

Sapindaceae

Annonaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Sterculiaceae

Melastomaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Meliaceae

Myrtaceae

Meliaceae

Pittosporaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Leguminosae

Rosaceae

Polygalaceae

Lauraceae

Theaceae

Annonaceae

Hypericaceae

Araucariaceae

Field name

Date

The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below 10 percent. Expansion of forests through natural succession on land that was under another land use.

The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below 10 percent.

Human impact

Myrtaceae

Land of other use without trees.

Deforestation Flooding

Dipterocarpaceae

b. Agricultural area with scattered trees.

Establishment of forest plantations on land that was not classified as forest.

Revegetation

Ultisols and Inceptisols

Tall interior forest

Forests that are planted for providing wood.

Afforestation Human impact

Natural succession

Low pole forest

Heath forest

[12] Sjlyyj.com. 2020. ITTO's Classification and Definition on Primary Forest, Degraded Primary Forest, Secondary Forest and Other Categories of Tropical Forests. [online] Available at: <http://www.sjlyyj.com/html/2009/3/20090307.html> [Accessed 19 October 2020].

a. Land with trees covering not enough area.

Natural succession

Mixed swamp forest

Freshwater swamp forest

[time, location and local vegetation succession color bar]

Temporarily unstocked area with land use of forest, which will meet the criteria of canopy height and crown cover of forest in 10 years.

UNFCCC and FRA) Temporarily unstocked forest area

Human impact

Peat swamp forest

[heath forest]

Non-wood product plantation forest Forest planted for fiber and energy product. Other Plantation forest

Natural succession

Lowland dipterocarp forest Lowland dipterocarp forest

[freshwater swamp forest]

[local vegetation survey]

Vegetation survey 1: Tumbang Tahai 28/01/2019 vegetation group

Flooding which can change the soil structure and vegetation. Direct human-induced activity to increase carbon stocks on sites through the establishment of vegetation that covers a minimum area of 0.05 hectares and does not meet the definitions of afforestation and reforestation contained here.

Degradaded forest land

Using fire and other chemical or physical methods to clear the vegetation on the soil surface.

Dipterocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae Sapotaceae Myristicaceae Burseraceae Myrtaceae Ebenaceae Leguminosae Anacardiaceae Lauraceae Annonaceae Rubiaceae Guttiferae Moraceae Sterculiaceae Polygalaceae Fagaceae Meliaceae Verbenaceae Sapindaceae

Meliaceae

Anisophylleaceae

Araucariaceae

Aglaia rubiginosa

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Agathis dammara

Calophyllum hosei

Calophyllum fragrans

Dactylpocladus stenostachys

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Campnosperma coriacea

Calophyllum hosei

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Cratoxylum glaucescens

Dipterocarpaceae

Ebenaceae

Myrtaceae

Dipterocarpus gracilis

Diospyros coriacea

Shorea species

Vatica cf. umbronata

Calophyllum spp.

Rhodomyrtus tomentos

Mesua hexapetalum

Barringtonia acutangula

C. lowii

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Aquilaria species

Shorea balangeran

Carallia bracteata

Shorea balangeran

Cratoxylum glaucum

Cratoxylum spp.

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Gluta renghas

Croton cf. ensifolius

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Shorea balangeran

Dactylpocladus stenostachys

Gonystylus

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Garcinia borneensis

Shorea balangeran

Eugenia spicata

Alstonia spathulata

Litsea spp.

Gluta renghas

Gardenia tentaculata

Alstonia spathulata

Eugenia spicata

Ploiarium alternifolium

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Ixora mentanggis

Calophyllaceae Calophyllaceae

Anisophylleaceae Hypericaceae

Melastomataceae

Dipterocarpaceae Apocynaceae

Sapotaceae

Calophyllaceae Anacardiaceae

Crypteroniaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Anisophylleaceae Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Poaceae

Calophyllaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Calophyllaceae

Lecythidaceae

Leguminosae

Clusiaceae

Ebenaceae

Fagaceae

Rubiaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Pentaphylacaceae

Rubiaceae

Annonaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Melastomataceae

Fagaceae

Anacardiaceae

Gentianaceae

Icacinaceae

Crypteroniaceae

Pentaphylacaceae

Ebenaceae

Anacardiaceae

Sapindaceae

Sapotaceae

Sapindaceae

Annonaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Sterculiaceae

Melastomaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Meliaceae

Pittosporaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Leguminosae

Rosaceae

Polygalaceae

Lauraceae

Theaceae

Annonaceae

Hypericaceae

Araucariaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Apocynaceae Myrtaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Poaceae

Lauraceae

Bonnetiaceae

Myrtaceae

Gonystylus

Anacardiaceae

Lythraceae

Gonystylus bancanus

Gymnostoma sumatrana

Memecylon edule

Palaquium cochlearifolium

Koompassia malaccensis

Syzygium claviflora

P. leiocarpum

Mezzetia leptopoda

Timonius salicifolius

Shorea balangeran

Palaquium cochlearifolium

Shorea balangeran

P. leiocarpum

Xylopia fusca

Shorea balangeran

Diospyros bantamemsis

Shorea balangeran

Syzygium spp.

Eugenia spicata

Campnosperma coriacea

Shorea balangeran

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

Xanthophyllum spp.

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Xylopia spp.

Casuarinaceae

Eugenia spicata

Pternandra teysmanniana

Melastomataceae

Fabaceae

Sapotaceae

Myrtaceae

Annonaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Rubiaceae

Sapotaceae

Dipterocarpaceae Annonaceae Ebenaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Myrtaceae

Lauraceae

Myristicaceae

Fragraea crenulata

Macaranga spp.

Myrtaceae

Anacardiaceae

Sapotaceae

Araucariaceae

Gonystylus bancanus

Sapotaceae

Melaleuca cajuputi

Clusiaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Anacardiaceae

Ganua motleyana

Thymelaeaceae

Shorea balangeran

Myrtaceae

Clusiaceae

Calophyllaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea balangeran

Dipterocarpaceae Sapotaceae

Calophyllaceae

Thymelaeaceae

Calophyllaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Melaleuca cajuputi

Rhizophoraceae

Calophyllaceae

Anisophylleaceae

Myrtaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Vegetation survey 2: Banturung vegetation group

Vegetation survey 3: Tumbang Nusa vegetation group

28/01/2019

29/01/2019

Deforested forest land Dipterocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae Sapotaceae Myristicaceae Burseraceae Ebenaceae Annonaceae Anacardiaceae Myrtaceae Leguminosae Rubiaceae Lauraceae Guttiferae Moraceae Polygalaceae Sterculiaceae Meliaceae Melastomataceae Verbenaceae Fagaceae

Myrtaceae

Anisophylleaceae

Calophyllaceae

Phyllanthaceae

Lecythidaceae

Eugenia spicata

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Calophyllum spp.

Calophyllum

Cleistanthus sumatranus

Barringtonia acutangula

Tetractomia tetrandra

Calophyllum fragrans

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Dichilanthe borneensis

Crudia teysmannii

Carallia bracteata

Diospyros siamang

Campnosperma coriacea

Cratoxylum spp.

Gluta pubescens

Fordia splendissima

Croton cf. ensifolius

Diospyros siamang

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Dactylpocladus stenostachys

Gluta wallichii

Garcinia bancana

Garcinia borneensis

Tetramerista glabra

Shorea balangeran

Litsea spp.

Ilex cymosa

Homalium caryophyllaceum

Gardenia tentaculata

Rutaceae

Ebenaceae

Dipterocarpaceae Tetrameristaceae Icacinaceae

Calophyllaceae Anacardiaceae

Crypteroniaceae

Dipterocarpaceae Anisophylleaceae

Anisophylleaceae Calophyllaceae Poaceae

Lauraceae

Bonnetiaceae

Rubiaceae

Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Aquifoliaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Fabaceae

Leguminosae

Clusiaceae

Caryophyllaceae

Aquifoliaceae

Rhizophoraceae Euphorbiaceae

Clusiaceae Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae

Stemonurus scorpiodes

Combretocarpus rotundatus

Ploiarium alternifolium

Shorea balangeran

Ilex cymosa

Ixora mentanggis

Eugenia spicata

Teysmanniodendron

Microcos cf. stylocarpa

Pternandra teysmanniana

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Eugenia spicata

sarawakanum

Xanthophyllum affine

Memecylon edule

Palaquium pseudorostratum

Vatica ressak

Antidesma stipulare

Syzygium claviflora

Campnosperma coriacea

Tetraria borneensis

Artocarpus teysmannii

Timonius salicifolius

Gonystylus bancanus

Dichilanthe borneensis

Dillenia excelsa

Litsea spp.

Garcinia rostrata

Elaeocarpus cf. sphaerocarpa

Crypthocarya sp.

Shorea balangeran

Excoecaria indica

Lithocarpus conocarpus

Syzygium durifolium

Ficus microcarpa

Litsea cf. rufo-fusca

Tristaniopsis obovata

Hopea dasyrrhachis

Garcinia spp.

Antidesma stipulare

Mallotus sumatranus

Cratoxylum glaucescens

Artocarpus teysmannii

Pternandra galeata

Ilex cymosa

Dillenia excelsa

Litsea sp. cf. resinosa

Elaeocarpus cf. sphaerocarpa

Mallotus sumatranus

Excoecaria indica

Myrtaceae

Myristicaceae Sapotaceae

Anacardiaceae

Thymeleaeaceae Lauraceae

Lauraceae Fagaceae

Lauraceae

Clusiaceae

Hypericaceae

Aquifoliaceae

Lauraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Myrtaceae Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Lamiaceae

Burseraceae

Dipterocarpaceae Cyperaceae

Rubiaceae

Clusiaceae

Dipterocarpaceae Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Phyllanthaceae

Moraceae

Dilleniaceae

Elaeocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae

Tiliaceae

Polygalaceae

Phyllanthaceae Moraceae

Dilleniaceae

Elaeocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae

Moraceae

Dipterocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae Melastomataceae

Melastomataceae Melastomataceae

Myrtaceae Rubiaceae

Vegetation survey 4: Mantangai vegetation group

01/02/2019

Time

Coordinate

Tree type

09:46 AM

-2.0386,113.7978

Tall tree

10:41 AM

-2.0360, 113.7941

Tall tree

10:44 AM

-2.0352, 113.7934

Tall tree

10:44 AM

-2.0352, 113.7934

Ground cover plant

11:00 AM

-2.0423, 113.7992

Ground cover plant

11:01 AM

-2.0423, 113.7992

Tall tree

11:02 AM

-2.0423, 113.7992

Small tree

11:13 AM

-2.0518, 113.8107

Small tree

11:13 AM

-2.0518, 113.8107

Small tree

11:13 AM

-2.0518, 113.8107

Small tree

11:16 AM

-2.0536, 113.8111

Tall tree

12:09 AM

-2.0467,113.8059

Small tree

12:09 AM

-2.0467, 113.8059

Tall tree

01:12 PM

-1.9893, 113.7563

Tall tree

01:12 PM

-1.9893, 113.7563

Tall tree

01:12 PM

-1.9893, 113.7563

Small tree

01:12 PM

-1.9893, 113.7563

Tall tree

01:23 PM

-1.9889, 113.7391

Ground cover plant

01:23 PM

-1.9889, 113.7391

Small tree

12:42 PM

-2.3771, 114.1254

Small tree

12:42 PM

-2.3771, 114.1254

Small tree

12:43 PM

-2.3771, 114.1254

Small tree

12:44 PM

-2.3771, 114.1254

Small tree

12:45 PM

-2.3771, 114.1254

Small tree

12:49 PM

-2.3771, 114.1254

Ground cover plant

01:00 PM

-2.3771, 114.1254

Ground cover plant

10:16 AM

-2.4982, 114.4997

Tall tree

10:16 AM

-2.4982, 114.4997

Small tree

10:16 AM

-2.4982, 114.4997

Small tree

10:16 AM

-2.4982, 114.4997

Small tree

10:21 AM

-2.5009, 114.5107

Tall tree

10:37 AM

-2.4862, 114.5406

Ground cover plant

10:55 AM

-2.4690. 114.5619

Ground cover plant

12:32 PM

-2.4235, 114.5566

Small tree

12:33 PM

-2.4235, 114.5565

Tall tree

01:25 PM

-2.4651, 114.5348

Ground cover plant

01:50 PM

-2.4649, 114.5348

Small tree

01:50 PM

-2.4649, 114.5348

Small tree

14:17 PM

-2.4735, 114.5113

Tall tree

14:17 PM

-2.4735, 114.5113

Small tree

Scientific name Dipterocarpaceae

Local name keruing, rasak, belangiran, masang

Resin, oils

terap nasi, ara, puduk, cempedak air

Fibre

kulit lawang, lilin

entuyuk

Fibre

sepit udang, padi hantu, kumpai, keberuk

Rice

ubah, gelam, kelemunting, salam

Oil, fruit, spice

terap nasi, ara, puduk, cempedak air

Fibre

rotan makup, ransa

Rattan, starch

ensubal, menyawai

kulit lawang, lilin

beringin, kebacar, binjai, temelak

Fruit

putat

kulit lawang, lilin

ubah, gelam, kelemunting, salam

Oil, fruit, spice

pirawas, pirawas

sepit udang, padi hantu, kumpai, keberuk

Rice

Shorea wangtianshuea

Dipterocarpus borneensis, Dipterocarpus sp., Shorea balangeran, Shorea laevis

Ficus altissima

Artocarpus elasticus, Ficus deltoidea, Artocarpus kemando, Artocarpus teysmannii

Cinnamomum

Cinnamomum sp., Litsea sp.

Nephrolepis

Nepenthes ampullaria

Chimonobambusa bambusa

Digitaria sp., Echinochloa colonum, Ischaemum intermedium, Phragmites karka

Eucalyptus robusta

Eugenia spicata, Melaleuca cajuputi, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium polyanthum

Ficus tinctoria

Artocarpus elasticus, Ficus deltoidea, Artocarpus kemando, Artocarpus teysmannii

Arenga engleri

Calamus myriacanthus, eugeissonia ambigua

Elaeocarpus sylvestris

Elaeocarpus mastersii, Elaeocarpus sphaerocarpa

Cinnamomum camphora

Cinnamomum sp., Litsea sp.

Mangifera indica

Campnosperma auriculata, Gluta pubescens, Mangifera caesia, Semecarpus glaucus

Barringtonia racemosa

Barringtonia acutangula ssp.

Phoebe zhennan

Cinnamomum sp., Litsea sp.

Callistemon hybridus

Eugenia spicata, Melaleuca cajuputi, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium polyanthum

Myrica rubra

Knema laytericia, Myristica glabra

Bambusa multiplex

Digitaria sp., Echinochloa colonum, Ischaemum intermedium, Phragmites karka

Acacia

Bauhinia sp., Cassia alata, Dialium sp., Fordia splendissima

Axonopus compressus

Digitaria sp., Echinochloa colonum, Ischaemum intermedium, Phragmites karka

Llex cornuta

Ilex cymosa

Phoenix hanceana

Calamus myriacanthus, eugeissonia ambigua

Lythrum salicaria

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Canavalia rosea

Bauhinia sp., Cassia alata, Dialium sp., Fordia splendissima

Rhus typhina

Campnosperma auriculata, Gluta pubescens, Mangifera caesia, Semecarpus glaucus

Melaleuca leucadendra

Eugenia spicata, Melaleuca cajuputi, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium polyanthum

Osmundastrum cinnamomeum

Eugenia spicata, Melaleuca cajuputi, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium polyanthum

Paspalum distichum

Digitaria sp., Echinochloa colonum, Ischaemum intermedium, Phragmites karka

Parashorea chinesis

Dipterocarpus borneensis, Dipterocarpus sp., Shorea balangeran, Shorea laevis

Moraceae

Lauraceae

Nephrolepidaceae Poaceae

Myrtaceae

Moraceae

Arecaceae Elaeocarpaceae Lauraceae

Anacardiaceae

Lecythidaceae

Lauraceae

Myrtaceae

Myricaceae

Poaceae

Fabaceae

Poaceae

Aquifoliaceae Arecaceae Lythraceae Fabaceae Anacardiaceae Myrtaceae

Nephrolepidaceae Poaceae

Dipterocarpaceae

Arecaceae

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens

Moraceae

akar entalang, serugan, keranjik madu, limao antu

sepit udang, padi hantu, kumpai, keberuk

Rice

telur

rotan makup, ransa

Rattan, starch

bungur

akar entalang, serugan, keranjik madu, limao antu

beringin, kebacar, binjai, temelak

Fruit

ubah, gelam, kelemunting, salam

Oil, fruit, spice

ubah, gelam, kelemunting, salam

Oil, fruit, spice

sepit udang, padi hantu, kumpai, keberuk

Rice

keruing, rasak, belangiran, masang

Resin, oils

rotan makup, ransa Calamus myriacanthus, eugeissonia ambigua terap nasi, ara, puduk, cempedak air

Rattan, starch

rasau, kulan, mengkuang

Fibre

akar entalang, serugan, keranjik madu, limao antu

taro rawa

Starch

sepit udang, padi hantu, kumpai, keberuk

Rice

telur

ubah, gelam, kelemunting, salam

Oil, fruit, spice

sepit udang, padi hantu, kumpai, keberuk

akar entalang, serugan, keranjik madu, limao antu

terap nasi, ara, puduk, cempedak air

Fibre

rotan makup, ransa

Rattan, starch

Ficus pumila

Artocarpus elasticus, Ficus deltoidea, Artocarpus kemando, Artocarpus teysmannii

Pandanus tectorius

Pandanus helicopus, Pandanus sp., Pandanus atrocarpus

Acacia confusa

Bauhinia sp., Cassia alata, Dialium sp., Fordia splendissima

Acorus gramineus

Cyrtosperma merkusii

Phragmites australis

Digitaria sp., Echinochloa colonum, Ischaemum intermedium, Phragmites karka

Llex cornuta

Ilex cymosa

Eucalyptus robusta

Eugenia spicata, Melaleuca cajuputi, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium polyanthum

Ozryza sativa

Digitaria sp., Echinochloa colonum, Ischaemum intermedium, Phragmites karka

leucaena leucocephala

Bauhinia sp., Cassia alata, Dialium sp., Fordia splendissima

Bischofia javanica

Ficus benjamina

Artocarpus elasticus, Ficus deltoidea, Artocarpus kemando, Artocarpus teysmannii

Elaeis guineensis (oil palm)

Calamus myriacanthus, eugeissonia ambigua

Pandanaceae

Fabaceae

Araceae

Poaceae

Aquifoliaceae

Myrtaceae

Poaceae

Fabaceae

Phyllanthaceae Moraceae

Arecaceae

Local use

Flood

Peat depth

Canopy

Human

Forest type

15 - 20 m

Low

Lowland dipterocorp forest (primary)

shallow

5 - 10 m

Moderately burnt

Heath forest (degraded)

1-5m

Severely burnt

Mixed swamp forest (deforested)

15 - 30 m

Selected logged and moderately burnt

Tall swamp forest (degraded)

1-3m

Fibre

1-3m

[vegetation report system and generation of local cognitive map of rotation cycle in farming] [vegetation identification and indigenous decision report system] [online platform]

[website page map]

[local indigenous cognitive map of rotation cycle in shifting farming] [on-site practice]

[vegetation succession color bar] [vegetation cover area] SPECIES NAME

FOREST TYPE

[succession prediction in future cycle]

COVER AREA

SUCCESSION PREDICTION

Dipterocarpaceae

Dryobalanops abnormis

Dipterocarpaceae

Hopea mengerawan

Myrtaceae

Tristaniopsis obovata

Thymelaeaceae

Gonystylus bancanus

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Gonystylus

Anacardiaceae

Gluta renghas

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum

Rubiaceae

Dichilanthe borneensis

Anacardiaceae

Gluta pubescens

Anacardiaceae

Primary forest

Gluta wallichii

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex cymosa

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea balangeran

Lamiaceae

Teysmanniodendron

Burseraceae

sarawakanum

Dipterocarpaceae

Vatica ressak

Cyperaceae

Tetraria borneensis

Rubiaceae

Dichilanthe borneensis

Clusiaceae

Garcinia rostrata

Dipterocarpaceae

Dipterocarpus gracilis

Myrtaceae

Rhodomyrtus tomentos

Thymelaeaceae

Aquilaria species

Anacardiaceae

Gluta pubescens

Burseraceae

sarawakanum

Phyllanthaceae

Antidesma stipulare

Moraceae

Artocarpus teysmannii

Dilleniaceae

Dillenia excelsa

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus cf. sphaerocarpa

Euphorbiaceae

Excoecaria indica

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Secondary forest

Suitable for now or in 20 years

Gonystylus

Anacardiaceae

Gluta renghas

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Rubiaceae

Dichilanthe borneensis

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex cymosa

Cyperaceae

Tetraria borneensis

Clusiaceae

Garcinia rostrata

Suitable in 5 years

Arecaceae Fabaceae

leucaena leucocephala

Anacardiaceae

Gluta pubescens

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea balangeran

Conservation forest area (primary

Burseraceae

sarawakanum

Dipterocarpaceae

Vatica ressak

Myrtaceae

Syzygium durifolium

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea balangeran

Myrtaceae

Tristaniopsis obovata

Phyllanthaceae

Antidesma stipulare

Moraceae

Artocarpus teysmannii

Dilleniaceae

Dillenia excelsa

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus cf. sphaerocarpa

Degraded forest

Euphorbiaceae

Excoecaria indica

Suitable for 10 years

Poaceae

Isachne globosa

Asteraceae Scrophulariaceae

Araceae

Acorus gramineus

Polygonaceae Rubiaceae Eriocaulaceae Alismataceae Poaceae

Isachne globosa

Cyperaceae

Fimbristylis dipsacea

Cyperaceae

F. miliacea

Poaceae

Digitaria species

Poaceae

Echinochloa

Suitable for 15 years

Cyperaceae Poaceae/Garaminae Asteraceae Scrophulariaceae Araceae Polygonaceae Rubiaceae Eriocaulaceae Alismataceae Haloragaceae Hydrocharitaceae Zingiberaceae Lentibulariaceae Amaranthaceae Apiaceae

Deforested forest

[prediction of shifting farming location from indigenous knowledge in two conditions] [prediction of shifting farming location in compromised condition (modified)]

[prediction of shifting farming location in ideal condition] [ideal condition]

[prediction of shifting farming location map]

[overlapped shifting farming time-based map]

[compromised condition] [prediction of shifting farming location map in reality] [overlapped shifting farming time-based map (modified)]

[appendix: final map for communication and interview] [final map for communication]

[interview] Candidate: Mr Norhadi, Mr Halis and other villagers, other members from Walhi Translator: Danny Interviewer: Christina Geros (tutor) Christina Geros: Yeah, what is happening with the claim against the concessions? Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): As the companies trying to grab over their lands, the companies cleared their land out first. So basically, now they are trying to empower the community to claim to their land back by replanting on their land (in their own traditional way). So, they would put some plants you know, so the company cannot take over the lands and encourage villagers plant more. Christina Geros: Ok, so the villagers were playing sort of the land grab game? Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): Yeah Christina Geros: Ok, in Malaysia, in Borneo, I know that indigenous people make claim to their land by saying that “oh, this tree was planted by my great great great great grandfather, and this one and this one and this one, so this place is my family place.” Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): So, when they plant the tree, the tree cannot survive that long. Christina Geros: So, the question is, for a legal claim, there have to be like a physical way of physical evidence of the claim to land, yeah? So on what basis, can we make a physical claim ？ Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): The trees don’t live that long in peatland for it is a fire adapted ecology which is different from the deep forest at the up part of Borneo (Malaysia Borneo). So basically, the Mantangai, they have their own law, the indigenous law, and like he said there are three, so the first one is called KungKung Bahewon. So it is a place for the tour as well. The second one is Saban, and the third Keleka. So basically, they based on the law that they inherited since a long time ago, and the forests has been part of their life. The buildings for rituals are still there, and they still go back to buildings and have rituals there during specific time of the year. The rituals have something

to do with the moon cycles, and as the lunar calendar goes, it influences the water level and therefore changes the connectivity to various area. The way they go back is according to stories: to them, land is not only divided by physical boundaries, but also according to virtual things such as stories which passed down generation by generation. Christina Geros: So for KungKung Bahewon, are there any specific spaces would specific rituals take place, or a specific place in the forest that are associated with rituals? Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): So, there is like a house, the name is like (Indonesian), oh and there you can see the orang‐hutan as well. Christina Geros: Ok. Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): It still was there. Christina Geros: Ok, and where is that house in the relationship to the boundary of the village land? Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): So related to the boundaries, basically since it was here very longtime ago, it can be noticeable from the water irrigation that has already been there. And also based on the like the difference of the plants. Christina Geros: Ok, between where they always been and where they weren’t. Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): So, long time ago the government did not believe the knowledge wisdom from the local, so they know the knowledge from the elder wisdom that the Saban is not suitable for farming, but the government did not believe them, they started the Mega Rice project there and failed. Christina Geros: So, one question, can he show us these, all these boundaries where this irrigation pattern can still be seen? Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): So, they are trying hard to protect the (Indonesian) since they have the local knowledge about the land, but as I already told you that the government did not believe them. Christina Geros: Yeah, still do now. And they are trying to protect this by having the local community class? Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words):

Yeah. Christina Geros: Ok, so it is really an interesting problem. Because normally a landscape sort of pulls markers like the Malaysia example of the trees, but of the peatland is a unique ecology, it doesn’t really work that way, so it erased some of its history as it grows and as it has to be lived in, yes? So, the question is, how do we find a registers of the village’s occupation that goes before the oil palm concessions, before the Indonesia, ways that they lived, that can be sort of specialized? Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): How do we? Christina Geros: Yeah, how can anyone? And how can we? How can it be mapped, how can it be imaged ？ Yeah, Jokowi (current Indonesia president) said he made a decree, indigenous people have rights to land, but there is no way written down to prove it in a current law. Right, like it is a decree that is unsupported by a path way to be claimed. So, one way that you could map land that is yours by physical markers in the landscape, but in this case, maybe that is not possible, maybe tidakisa, physical landscape, but how can we map the people’s knowledge of the landscape and it stands, because they know the landscape, then they can make claim to that landscape through their knowledge of it. So how do we make physical the knowledge that the indigenous people, the community has had for thousands of years. Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): Basically for the locals, the only documents they have is about their villages. The locals don’t own this map, nor they care about the maps. They just know the landscape. They are still on the process of get their rights to land from government, they are not claiming on their own but also with other villages. Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): Not with him? Ok Danny (translate Mr Norhadi’s words): And like he said, they are now process (protests) to the government about the indigenous village, forest, but it is still on process.