3.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL Statutory requirements for historical archaeological relics can be found in Section 6.4.2, and requirements for Aboriginal objects in Section 6.4.4. While the emphasis in cemeteries is on historical archaeological potential, the possibility of Aboriginal objects should not be excluded. All cemeteries by nature contain historic archaeological relics, while the location of most is identifiable, there remain areas where graves are no longer marked. Cemeteries may also contain evidence of past structures and features such as buildings, fences, paths and roads. Potential archaeological relics are described in Table 4. Table 4 Potential historical archaeological relics - cemeteries. Activity
Potential relics
Pre-settlement
Aboriginal objects (definition see Section 0)
Grave cuts
Sub-surface, cuts for burial are usually quite distinct
Burials Grave construction
Skeletal remains, coffins and coffin hardware, grave goods and associated items (buttons, buckles, etc) Grave furniture (fallen and buried headstones, grave surrounds, etc)
Cemetery landscaping
Fences, denominational and row markers
Access
Roads, paths, drains, kerbs
Moveable items
Other items associated with burials or cemetery function
The most significant and likely archaeological relics pertains to unmarked burials. The cost of erecting an enduring memorial was significant often necessitating the installation of a less substantial monument - often in wood, which has disappeared over time. The only record of the interment’s name being found amongst sextant or funeral director documents; however, these were not always accurate and, in many instances, have been lost. In all cemeteries the potential for unmarked burials exists, however, Morisset Cemetery the place of interment for Morisset Psychiatric Hospital patients has a far greater than normal occurrence. An aerial (drone) survey at Morisset Cemetery, conducted as part of this project, revealed a vast number of unmarked graves, while some are potentially residents, the majority are most likely hospital patients. The detection of unmarked graves may be possible using drone survey, as described above, or ground penetrating radar (GPR), however neither process is foolproof. A knowledge of statutory requirements and caution should always be exercised during ground disturbance works at cemeteries to ensure archaeological relics are not disturbed.
Draft Lake Macquarie City Council Cemeteries – Conservation Management Plan. Volume 1. 2021
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