la hausse
art featured artists
articles various topics
recipes easy ideas
gallery featured photographers
issue 1 volume 2 | july 2011
Rosslyn Chapel Templars and Masons
Showcases
Artists and Photographers Show Their Work
Entertainment A Brief History of English Comedy
vampires-do they exist Truth or Myth
THE SHOW GOES ON
French wine
one of life’s pleasures
| to submit articles, photos etc. please contact us at: lahausse@gmx.co.uk |
4. Rosslyn Chapel July 2011 Edition
CONTENTS
Templars and Masons
6. Alex Galloway
la hausse a window on the world
A Study In Glass.
8. London A brief history of London - Part 2.
14. Ah! Les Francaise Part Two - The Challenge..
20. Eva Verhoeaven A Glimpse of Another World
26. Vampires Truth or Myth.
28. Laetitia Guilbaud Fascinating.
32. Entertainment A Brief History of British Comedy.
34. Michala Schonewald An Interesting Beginning.
38. Golf An Introduction to a Great Game
44. Art Of The Real Award Winning Watercolor Artists.
50. Ghost, Being, Spook, Phantom Do They Really Exist?.
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EDITOR David Oddy CONTRIBUTORS Alec Galloway Eva Verhoeven Michala Schonewald David Poxon Sandra Walker Denis Ryan Tara McCarthy Catherine Bean PHOTOGRAPHER David Oddy EDITORIAL ENQUIRIES lahausse@gmx.co.uk We would like to thank everyone who purchases this Magazine and hope that you will support us in future editions as well. This Second Edition develops our emerging theme of promoting the Arts in all its facets. Copyright Š 2011 La Hausse Acknowledgements: see page 52 The design and contents of this Magazine are fully protected against copyright and may not be reproduced in any way without permission. The copyright of articles, advertisements etc contained in the Magazine is retained by the author and is reproduced here in good faith . Articles in this issue do not necessarily reflect the views of the Magazine and whilst we will always endeavour to do it La Hausse is not responsible for the return of any photographs or articles supplied for inclusion in the Magazine.
Cover Photo: Before the Eclipse by Shutterhack www.images-photography-pictures.net beachpicturesbeachpictures.net
EDITORIAL | The Learning Curve
THE JOYS OF PUBLISHING
CHECK, CHECK AND CHECK AGAIN. BUT ACCIDENTS CAN, AND WILL, STILL HAPPEN
The first edition of La Hausse has now been published and has received a great response which has given me encouragement to continue. However the task was not without some problems. Trying to produce a Magazine in it’s entirety is in itself a daunting task. Not
only do you have to establish and design it’s look, decide on contents, write articles where appropriate, encourage contributions and obviously arrange production, but you also need to be aware of legal matters as well. The first edition relied heavily on material provided by myself together with some brilliant photographers, artists and writers who contributed samples of their work for which I thank them most sincerely. Other material was obtained from sources offering copyright free material for general use. In all cases other than my own inclusion permissions were obtained to publish. However all good plans can come adrift - and they did. In one of the advertisements it appears that a picture was used
for which permission had not been obtained. This I was not aware of as the picture in question was eventually tracked down to a website that had no copyright restrictions in place but this is no excuse and apologies were given to the party concerned and the offending advert removed. We take great care to ensure that all material featured in La Hausse is sourced from appropriate places and that original material has permission from the owner before it is used. This is more important when
material is submitted by third parties who must declare that their submission is their own work and not plagiarized. On the plus side the task has been exciting, educational, enlightening but most of all enjoyable and so it is with great enthusiasm that this, the second edition, has been produced and future editions are now already on the drawing board. I thank everyone who has helped and contributed and that in some small way I in return have helped them either feature and promote their work or given them encouragement to continue with their ‘art’.
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ROSSLYN CHAPEL TEMPLARS AND MASONS The Knights Templar
A L L K I N D S OF CRAFTSMEN WO RKED O N T HE B U I L D I N G
T H E K N I G HTS TEMPLA R AND THEIR CO NNE C T I ON WI T H ROS S LY N C H APEL I S A FA SCINATING SUBJECT
A little stone chapel in the village of Rosslyn/Roslin within Scotland is viewed by quite a few as proof of a continuous tradition from the Templar Knights right into Freemasonry. The Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon are usually more often called the Knights Templar. It was basically an order established in the middle ages which rose to power and grew to become a wealthy enterprise all over Europe. Their tenet was based on the Cistercian monastic order and got specific rights that allowed them to kill in the name of God.
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The Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon are usually more often called the Knights Templar. It was basically an order established in the middle ages which rose to power and grew to become a wealthy enterprise all over Europe. Their tenet was based on the Cistercian monastic order and got specific rights that allowed them to kill in the name of God. They were called warrior monks. These people were a ferocious fighting armed service, held with regard even by their own ‘enemy’ the Islamic Assassins. To a lot of individuals in the present day the Templars are intriguing and mystical because they’re also believed to have been the owners of historical religious artefacts or secrets. For 2 centuries the Knights Templar kept the sway of power all through Europe and Outremer (the Holy Land), however suddenly and rapidly were suppressed on charges of blasphemy, obscenity and heresy. Their charge had been instigated by the French King, Philip IV that made sure that on Friday 13th October 1307 every one of the Templars in France were detained. After related arrests across Europe, the Pope made a decision to abolish
the Knights Templar in 1312. The final Templar Grand Master was Jacques de Molay, and he was slain at the stake in 1314 in Paris. Lots of people think that is not the ending of the Templar tale, and that they continued their methods out of view. There’s research to indicate that the Templars relocated to Scotland, as the King of Scots, Robert the Bruce, was excommunicated at that time, and thus so was all of Scotland. The Templars and Freemasonry It has often been suspected that there is a direct connection between the ancient order of Knights Templar and the comparatively more recent order of Freemasonry. Perhaps surprisingly, this idea was initially suggested by the Church of Rome, not by Freemasons. It was stated by Pope Clement XII in 1738 who announced Freemasonry an extension of the Knights Templar, who had been deemed heretical 400 years earlier.
Not all the Masonic historians think that there is a continuation, however there are reasons to believe that some thing occurred in Scotland and underground Templars could have revealed a few of their secrets. Several books have suggested that the traditions of Freemasonry evolved from the Templars and even more offer evidence for their escape to Scotland. Rosslyn Chapel therefore features prominently within this theory. Hugues de Payens, certainly one of if not the initial Templar, married into the St Clair family plus it was the St Clairs who had been responsible for the construction of Rosslyn Chapel. With this link in mind, it’s no great leap of faith to suggest that the Templars fleeing France might have sought refuge with the St Clairs of Roslin/Rosslyn. Maybe they also took with them their riches and knowledge and shared it? Carvings that show symbols common with Templar seals can be found throughout Rosslyn, like the Lamb of God (Agnus Dei). This seemed to be used to symbolize St John the Baptist. In addition the
renowned Templar symbol that shows two knights riding only one horse can be found in the stonework of Rosslyn. Even the Sinclair cross, or Engrailed Cross as it is sometimes known, has got the Templar cross in its centre. Inside Rosslyn you may also see a gravestone of a certain ‘Sir William de Sinncler’ which was found on the site of an earlier church that used to exist at the present village cemetery. The 2 main theories are that this is the gravestone of possibly the 3rd Baron who battled at Bannockburn in 1314, or even the Sir William who died whilst attempting to take King Robert the Bruce’s heart to the Holy Land in 1330. Images of a sword and floriated cross which can generally be seen on Templar graves are included on the gravestone, but what makes this fascinating is that each of the prime candidates died a long time following the ending of the Temple order.
THE CHAPEL WAS STARTED IN 1446 AND TOOK SEVERAL YEARS TO BUILD A LA STIN G T RI B U T E TO T HE K N I GHT S T E M PL AR ROSSLYN CHAPEL
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Alec is a graduate of the Edinburgh college of Art glass department from a long time back and became head of architectural glass in 2000. He runs his company - Cara Glass on the West coast of Scotland as well as continuing to paint and draw... Alec’s work is exciting, vibrant and colourful and shows the enormous talent that he has developed. 6|
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Alec Galloway - www.alecgalloway.co.uk L a Ha usse | 7
LO PA RT TWO - T HE M I D D LE A GES .
W
ith the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London was effectively abandoned. However, from the 6th century an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed slightly II to the west of the old Roman city, around what is now Covent Garden and the Strand, rising to a likely population of 10–12,000. In the 9th century London was repeatedly attacked by Vikings, leading to a relocation of the city back to the location of Roman Londinium, in order to use its walls for protection. Following the unifica8|
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tion of England in the 10th century London, already the country’s largest city and most important trading centre, became increasingly important as a political centre, although it still faced competition from Winchester, the traditional centre of the kingdom of Wessex.
minster Abbey and Westminster, a short distance upstream from London became a favoured royal residence. From this point onward Westminster steadily supplanted the City of London itself as a venue for the business of national government.
Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William constructed the TowIn the 11th century King er of London, the first of Edward the Confessor re- the many Norman castles founded and rebuilt West- in England to be rebuilt Westminster Abbey is a World Heritage Site and one of London’s oldest and most important buildings as seen in this painting (Canaletto, 1749 A.D.)
ONDON in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city to intimidate the native inhabitants. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster. During the 12th century the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the
royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England’s largest city and principal commercial centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100 its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000. Disaster struck during the Black Death in the mid14th century, when London lost nearly a third of
its population. Apart from the invasion during the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, In the next edition we will continue with modern and contemporary London.
Please see Acknowledgements on Page 52 L a Ha usse | 9
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THE WINES OF FRANCE ARE KNOWN AND LOVED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD AND ONE OF THE GREATEST PLEASURES OF LIVING IN OR VISITING FRANCE IS TO DISCOVER THE MANY VARIETIES OF WINES AVAILABLE AND TO EXPERIENCE THE WONDER OF DISCOVERING THAT NEW VARIETY - IT WILL BECOME A LIFETIMES QUEST
FRENCH WINE W
henever wine comes up in a conversation or a thought, we often find ourselves thinking of where the wine came from. If you study the name of the wine, such as burgundy or champagne, you’ll find a log about the origin of the wine. burgundy for instance, we all known comes from France, same as burgundy. there are many wines out there - several of which come from France. In the times of the old, wine in France was made by peasants, who drank it themselves. Wine is very
old in France, which is really no surprise as french wine is some of the best in the world. New world wines have the ingredients that were used in the label, while french old world wine is labeled with the location. In doing so, the french have left a bit of a romantic message when you purchase any of their wine. 12 |
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A lot of wine enthusiasts all over the world consider french wine to be the best. Wine lovers from all over the world prefer french wine over any other. There are several different kinds of french wine available, giving you plenty to choose from. This way, you can experience and compare wine based on aroma, taste, and even the texture. There are thirteen different regions in France with literally thousands of vineyards that produce wine,
THE TIPPLE T H E O DD G L ASS OR TWO WHENEV ER YO U FE EL L I K E I T I S ON E OS LIFE’S P LEA SURES
making the possibilities for french wine endless. French is also known for having the ideal location for growing grapes, including the perfect soil conditions and vineyards that are very close to the water. The climate in France is always good, making it one of the best locations in the world for wine. French wine varies from the most common types that you can find virtually everywhere that sells wine, to the rare variants, which can be very difficult to come across. If you are looking for one of the more rare types of french wine, your best bet would be to use the internet. You can find hundreds of thousands of different types of wine, including rare french wine. Rare vintage french wine can be extremely hard to find, even sometimes so online. You can always look at wine forums as well, including the many different wine websites.
FLORA E A C H Y EAR W HEN THE FLOWERS B LO OM FRAN C E B E C O MES A R I OT OF CO LO UR
All in all, french wine is a cut above the rest. Although other wines may use the same ingredients and methods in production, they don’t taste the same as those made in France. When you taste a wine that was made in France - you’ll know it. Even though other wines may be preferred by some, french wine has a taste and aroma like no other. Wine that comes from France is all about quality - and a taste you’ll never forget. l a ha usse | 13
TODAY FRANCE IS ONE OF THE MOST MODERN COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD AND IS A LEADER AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS.
Part Two - The Challenge Both of us, my wife and myself, had never been to France before. Our knowledge was gleaned from what we had read, what we had seen on the television and what we had been told by friends and relations. We no doubt looked on living there through rose tinted glasses but the opportunity now presented to us was too strong to give up. Being in our fifties and for various reasons now retired we were looking to enjoying our retirement in many ways, but the idea of selling everything that we had worked for was certainly not one of them.
THERE ARE MANY MAGICAL MOMENTS WHEN TRAVELLING
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We owned our house, had a few pounds in the bank and were paying our way in life with not too much difficulty, but my wife becoming ill I think had given her the urge to take on such a challenge, to see more of the world and to experience another culture. It was a frightening decision to make but it did not take us long to make it.
by David W Oddy
AH! LES FRANÇAIS
SINCE PREHISTORIC TIMES, FRANCE HAS BEEN A CROSSROAD OF TRADE, TRAVEL, AND INVASIONS. THREE BASIC EUROPEAN ETHNIC STOCKS--CELTIC, LATIN, AND TEUTONIC (FRANKISH)-HAVE BLENDED OVER THE CENTURIES, TO MAKE UP FRANCE PRESENT POPULATION.
fact we could take them with us. We placed advertisements in the local press to sell the furniture and electrical items, and all the other ‘stuff’, which was quite considerable, we set out in our garage and every day opened it as a ‘Garage Sale’
Our friends and relations did not believe us. No one thought that we would carry out this ‘mad’ idea especially at our time of life, but we were to prove them all wrong.
our intentions were. ‘You will never do it’, ‘You must be mad’, ‘It will never happen’ were some of the comments we received – but we pressed on.
So, what was our plan? In simple terms we would sell the house, bank the money, buy a camper van, travel around France until we found a house, buy it and live there. What is so strange about that?
We accepted the offer on our house and when our purchaser asked if we could move out within a month because she had already sold her house we agreed virtually without thinking about it as once we had accepted our dream nothing would become an obstacle.
You can imagine the remarks we received when we told everyone what
What about our furniture and our ‘worldly goods?’ If I say that this is something that we had not seriously considered as we expected the house to take longer to sell perhaps would be no surprise, but when we realized we had to do something quickly our resolution was easy – we would sell the lot and buy new in France!
The furniture and electrical items were all sold very quickly as most were not very old due to the fact that we had purchased them new when we bought the house. The ‘Garage Sale’ proved very popular, especially at weekends, and we were amazed at how much money we took selling the ‘odds and sods’. The balance of the items we offered to the local Church for their money raising activities and our Vicar was only too pleased to help. So, within three weeks we had sold the lot. Our doubters even now still thought we would not carry through our plans and it was only when we purchased our gleaming new camper van that they actually started to take us seriously. Next time, how we became ‘travellers’ - and survived.
Looking back we laugh now how easy this decision was made. Obviously we kept what little personal and important possessions we had, but these were surprisingly few. In
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GALLERY
GALLERY
GALLERY <
SOME SIMPLE IDEAS FOR STUDIO WORK
<
WELL WORTH TRYING YOURSELF
> <
YOU DON’T NEED PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT
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DO NOT TRY TO BE TOO AMBITIOUS
GALLERY
GALLERY
GALLERY <
USE YOUR IMAGINATION IT IS PERSONAL
SIMPLE EVERYDAY OBJECTS ARE EXCELLENT
> <
THE WORLD IS FULL OF SUBJECTS
> YOU MIGHT JUST SURPRISE YOURSELF
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Motivation Over the years many people have tried to help make the rest of the world aware of the poverty faced by many children living in Africa. This project hopes to give them a voice by allowing them to document their environment and daily experience. Although in-experienced in photography their pictures will tell THEIR story. Childrens smile is stronger than we think. Even when they are carrying a water container which was as tall as their height, they show us a bright smile. Happiness in those children may differ from those in adults. A photographer Young Joong Kim and priest Cha Poong realised this from children in Zambia while there were work
ing on Cumca (dreaming camera) Project. Born in poor country might mean getting less benefit from modern conveniences but it does not mean unhappiness for them. Images from Why Cameras? Not Bread? are different from the images what we have known about African children. â&#x20AC;&#x153;I have a dream, you too!!â&#x20AC;? We wanted to meet the children in Zambia. See Africa through their eyes, subsequently sharing their experience. A camera is the medium that allows us to connect with the children for a mutually beneficial relationship that allows us to rediscover our dreams in the pictures that the children take. ------quotes from priest Cha Poong
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Eva Verhoeven Before I started my education as a photographer at the Fotovakschool in Apeldoorn (the Netherlands), I studied Psychology and worked as a journalist for a couple of years. At the Fotovakschool I studied Portrait and Digital photography. I now live and work in Winterswijk, a small village, with my husband and three sons.
About my work By combining my pictures digitally with each other and with parts of my paintings, I create my own world. I work intuitively, inspired by the things that touch me. Recurring themes are the world of children, nature, and religion. What these themes have in common for me is something magical, a glimpse of another world.
Technique Although my work is created digitally, it looks more like paintings than computer art. In some of my work this is even stronger, by the print techniques I use: a digital image is transferred to birchwood panels. I keep on experimenting with these techniques. Apart from that, I keep trying to find the best way to make my world visible, with pictures, paintings and a combination of both.
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Simple Summer Surprises Quick, simple dishes are the order of the day in Summer. Prepare beforehand or make fresh
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Cool Breeze 2 tomatoes, peeled, cut into bite-sized pieces 1 or 2 cucumbers, peeled, quartered into bite-sized pieces 1 small purple onion shaved thin into slices 1 small can whole black pitted olives Optional: 1/2 diced fine green pepper Marinade/Dressing: 5 teas. olive oil 5 teas. cider vinegar 1 teas. honey (to taste) 1/2 teas. thyme and 1/2 teas. dill weed Dash of garlic powder and dash of pepper and salt Toss above veggies together with this marinade/dressing poured over, refrigerate, and eat any time you feel the urge!! (Well, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s low cal until you add the olives.) Optional: Top your serving with a dollop of real mayo or sour cream!
Chicken Salad 7 cups of cooked, diced chicken 4 cups diced celery 1 can water chestnuts, drained, and sliced thin 1 medium onion, grated or chopped fine Juice of 1 lemon Salt and pepper to taste 1/2 teas. garlic powder 2-1/2 cups of mayonnaise Optional: 1 small can crushed pineapple, drained well Mix above together. Place into a large flat greased baking dish. Let stand at room temperature for 2-3 hours before baking. Before baking, cover the top of the mixture with: 3 cups grated mild cheese 3 cups of crushed potato chips Bake at 425 degrees for 30 minutes and serve. L a Ha usse | 25
Tra VAMPIRES Truth or Myth
M
ost people especially young men go through that period of their lives when an interest in Vampires becomes almost an obsession. I well remember during my teens eagerly waiting for the next Hammer film to come out featuring Dracula and even writing to one of the films stars, Peter Cushing, who was then my idol. Christopher Lee for me was and still is the ultimate ‘Dracula’ and everything since has been a poor imitation. I even went as far as painting my bedroom black and trying to get a coffin to sleep in. So what is this obsession? Why does this period happen to many teenagers? Is it a worry when this fascination carries over into adult life? I am not going to try and analise the reasons for this in this article but try and show where this fascination comes from and how the myth (or truth!) about Vampires arose. Let us try first to answer the question; Do Vampires exist? There are some well documented accounts that
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suggest that they do not in the least the case of Arnold Paole. It was reported that Arnold was bitten by a vampire while he was serving as a soldier in his country’s Army. When he returned home he became a farmer. One day while working in the fields Paole had a fatal accident. Suddenly people started dying with what appeared to be from loss of blood. This started rumours about their being a Vampire in their midst and when it was reported by some that they had seen Arnold walking around after his death looking terrible with glassy eyes and long, sharp teeth fear spread amongst the villagers very quickly. It was decided by the elders to dig up Arnold’s body which, after exhumation appeared to be as fresh as the day that he was buried, with a bloom in his cheeks and blood on his mouth. Terrified the villagers cut off his head, drove a steak through his heart and re-buried him. The deaths stopped and everything went back to normal. There are many more tales throughout history and whether they are true or not cannot be proven but it does show how the legend of the most famous Vampire, Count Dracula, started. The story is supposedly based on a factual person, Vlad the Impailer, an Hungarian ruler know as Vlad Tepes, also know as Vlad Dracul-a, which when translated means “son of the dragon”. He delighted in impaling people on sharp stakes and letting them suffer until they died a horrible and extremely painful death, and was also accused of drinking human blood.
ansylvania
here we come
Together with the many legends of vampires around long before Bram Stoker wrote his book, Vlad was an ideal subject to bring these ‘legends’ together into one person, Count Dracula, and one thing a ‘Vampire’. Stoker had obviously picked his subject well and at the ideal time. He had written several other books but none became as famous as Dracula (1897) and the books he also wrote after this never ever attained the notaryrotary of this one – it was to become a classic and the birth of the Vampire culture that exists today. So, do Vampires exist? Well depending on exactly what you class a Vampire as the answer is ‘yes’. If however you think the Vampire as portrayed by cinema today, the undead, bat morphing, garlic fearing, shadow lacking creature of the night exists, then the answer is ‘no’ – unless you can tell me something different! L a Ha usse | 27
Laetitia Guilbaud Laetitia was born in Challans, France in 1980 and since 2006 now lives in Glasgow. She has been drawing women all the time since she was young. She made comics and fashion drawings until she decided to paint and show her women on canvases. She started to exhibit mher artwork in France about 9 years ago and now exhibits in galleries in Scotland and France and has also had showings in Italy. She likes to turn any type of woman into something sexy. Not having any models she produces many sketches before painting. Sometimes she does not have 28 |
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any precise ideas but they come as she draws. ‘I create stories and they become a painting’ she says. ‘Women are my only source of inspiration because as an artist, I can play with their form, their clothes, hair, breasts, legs etc. I am inspired by the fashion and I like giving them a glamorous style. I like to create women with character. Burlesque, poisonnous widows, girls group, sexy pin-ups etc.. I also like to realise celebrity portraits by giving them a touch of sexyness ‘. She has undertaken commissions and watercolour drawings based on cutting edge fashion. L a Ha usse | 29
EASY DIY
TIPS BASIC TOOL KIT - A ‘MUST’ Everyone will have an idea of what tools should be in their basic tool kit but here are a few suggestions that will get you started and that everyone should have: 20 inch Hand-saw There are lots of different types of hand saws for cutting different things .Choose a general purpose wood saw with medium size teeth (approx 7 teeth per inch). This will be suitable for most jobs. Wood and plastic.
Stanley Knife This is the best type of knife. Always use a sharp blade. Retractable tape measure Obviously for ‘measuring’. 20mm and 8mm Chisels Used for various woodwork jobs. It’s essential to keep them very sharp. Junior Hack saw For small sawing jobs in wood or metal. e.g. metal pipes, trimming window blinds to size
16 oz. Claw hammer You can buy a lighter or heavier or if required. Try it in your hand for size.
AN AMBI TI OUS PRO JECT BUT ONE YOU COULD DO
Punch For hammering the heads of nails below the surface of wood prior to filling
electricians screwdrivers. They are good quality and come in a handy pack of slotted and cross head for most screw sizes.
Bradawl Useful for marking and making small pilot holes prior to screwing
Standard and fine nose pliers For various gripping jobs
Pencil Essential for marking out. Keep it very sharp 10 inch Adjustable spanner For use with various nuts & bolt 7 inch wrench For gripping pipes and plumbing fittings Mole grips Very useful tool. It’s like an adjustable spanner but also clamps tight onto anything so you can use it to grip onto things Set of screw drivers You’ll need a set of 5 or 6 screwdrivers. Use
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Cable cutters and strippers For cutting and stripping wire etc Allen keys For screws/bolts with a hexagonal heads Sealant gun Essential when using tubes of silicone sealant, adhesive, decorators filler, frame sealant, etc. Set of screwdriver bits For effortless screwing using a power drill. Electric Hammer Drill One of your most important tools. For drilling holes in a variety of materials. A cordless drill is also very useful
YOUR BEST COCKTAILS EVERYONE HAS THEIR FAVORITE COCKTAIL AND ON A HOT SUMMERS DAY THERE IS NOTHING BETTER THAN TO RELAX AND ENJOY. HERE ARE A FEW SUGGESTIONS.
MARGARITA Ingredients: 2 Oz Tequila, 1 Oz Cointreau, Juice of 1 lime, 0.5 Oz of Lime Cordial, Crushed Ice. Method: Pour all ingredients into a shaker. Add 8 ice cubes Add the fresh lime juice or just squeeze a whole lime inside Shake it hard! 12 times at least Strain the cocktail into a chilled glass or strain over ice (margarita on the rocks) Place a lime peel on the rim of the glass or put salt on the rim of the glass. Enjoy. BELLINI Ingredients: One third of a glass of peach puree or juice, Two thirds of Chilled champagne or sparkling wine. Method: Pour peach juice into the glass Tilt the glass and fill it with your champagne or sparkling wine Give it a stir with you bar spoon or any long thin object Simples.
MINT JULEP Ingredients: 3 Oz Bourbon, 1 Spoon white sugar, Hand full of Mint leaves, 4 Drops of Angostura bitters, Splash of club soda, Rose’s Lime Juice, 8 Ice cubes or crushed ice. Method: Crush the mint and sugar until you actually smell the mint. Add 3 Oz of Bourbon Add the Bitters Stir 10 times Add 8 ice cubes Shake it hard! 20 times at least Strain into the glass full of fresh new ice Top with club soda Add 5 fresh new mint leaves on top and serve it, your Perfect Mint Julep is ready to drink! Really enjoy. GIN AND ‘IT’ Ingredients: One & half measure favourite Gin, One and half measure Noill Prat (Red). Method: Pour ingredients into an icefilled glass and stir.
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF BRITISH COMEDY C Satchwell
The British have always loved a good laugh, even with their traditional stiff upper lips. Ribald humour and puns can be found as far back as Geoffrey Chaucer’s ‘The Canterbury Tales’, written in bits and pieces sometime during the late 1300s. It was also written in English, although not any type of English used today. But it was wildly popular and distributed about Europe, so it did introduce non-English residents to the bittersweet dark humour of England.
ENTERTAINMENT EACH EDITION AN INSIGHT INTO THE ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY FROM IT’S HISTORY TO PRESENT DAY T H I S MON TH F E ATURES BRITISH CO MEDY. T HE B RI T I S H H AVE ALWAY S ENJO YED A GO OD LA UGH E VE N WI T H T HE I R T R AD I T I ON AL STIFF UPPER LIPS
William Shakespeare Even England’s greatest playwright, William Shakespeare (1564 ? 1616) created many comedies which included slapstick, mistaken identities and puns. His most famous play, ‘Hamlet’ (although not a chuckle-fest by any means) does include exchanges of lewd double entendres between Hamlet and Ophelia. Shakespeare’s tragedies and comedies became hits all throughout Europe and even in North America. His messages, including comedic scenes, still resonate with viewers even after centuries. Shakespeare’s works continue to be reinterpreted with modern costumes and scenery even to the present day.
Oscar Wilde Before the advent of movies and radio, plays were the best way of bringing British comedy all around the world. One of most influential playwrights and comedians of the nineteenth century was Oscar Wilde (1854 ? 1900.) Although he spoke in an upper-class English accent, he was actually Irish. Wilde would write just one novel, volumes of poetry and scores of plays, but was best known for his wit. Being rich, he was able to voice all of the shocking thoughts that the middle and lower classes had to keep mum about in order to be accepted in society. For example, he dared to describe foxhunting as ‘the unspeakable pursuing the inedible.’
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SPIKE MILLIGAN WAS A LEGEND IN HIS OWN LIFETIME OR A ‘LEG END’ AS HE WOULD HAVE PUT IT
The unspeakable was the upper classes. Wilde also made sarcastic remarks about God and himself. His interviews with the press and comments made at parties made him one of the first successful stand-up comedians, although that term had not yet been invented.
Spike Milligan Until radio was invented, it took a very long time for new comedy from England to creep about the world. But when radio and record albums were produced in the early twentieth century, then information moved a lot faster. By the 1950s, the BBC was able to broadcast to several countries. The most influential British comedian of the twentieth century was yet another Irishman, Terrance Alan Patrick Sean Milligan, better known as Spike Milligan. He was the creator main writer and performer for one of the
most successful and influential radio shows of all time, ‘The Goon Show.’ ‘The Goon Show’ introduced a new element into British humour ? absurdism. Language was twisted or dropped altogether; skits did not have a clear cut ending and the laws of physics and conventional wisdom were usually ignored. Fans included the Beatles, the Royal Family and most importantly (for our purposes) all of the members of Monty Python. Although Monty Python would become world-famous through television and film, they basically took up where ‘The Goon Show’ had left off.
Situation Comedies Many sit-coms (situational comedies) around the world are based on shows developed in England. Perhaps the most influential was ‘Til Death Do Us Part’, starring Warren Mitchell as a super-patriotic, racist father of a long-suffering workingclass family.
OSCAR WILDE - a true friend stabs you in the front It allowed audiences to look at important social topics with wit and satire.
The Future British comedy goes from strength to strength and the country is now a wash with talent in all forms, from stand-up to stage to TV. Let the laughs continue. l a ha usse | 33
Catherine McI
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;My photography has been a labour of lov for over twenty years. My work varies in style and contentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 34 |
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Michala Schonewald
Before going back to college to study art I worked in a Tattoo Studio where I learned how to design, so a lot of my early work is very much taken from that knowIntyre lege as well as the fascination with ink running down skin while the tattoos themselves are done.
ve
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GOLF An Introduction To A Great Game - Bernie Wiemers G OLF I S R API D LY B ECOMING ONE OF TH E M OS T WATC HED S P ORT S ON T ELEV ISIO N AS TH E FA N B AS E I N C RE AS E S
The game of golf is a fantastic sport, if you decide to take up the game you will be rewarded with the benefits of exercise, fresh air, and the opportunity to make new friends. The main reason I like playing golf is that it also gives me time to clear my mind, this time is valuable as it allows my subconscious mind to mull over a problem while I am clear and relaxed. Like anything you approach in life, your attitude and expectations will determine your enjoyment of the game. Take stock of your personal traits. Are you overly competitive? If you are, 38 |
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remember the road to a low handicap is littered with bad shots, bunkers, water hazards and triple digit scores on your round. If you want to master this game you will have to commit a lot of time to practice. Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be too impatient, enjoy the game, and welcome every hook, slice and 3 putt as a learning opportunity. Even Tiger Woods needs a coach to help him with his game. If you like to meet new people, golf provides you with social interaction opportunities. You will get to meet new people in a setting in which you both
have an avid interest. This makes for easy conversation and more opportunities to improve your game. Most clubs offer single players the opportunity to play a round together, if you would prefer to play alone just mention this to the club pro when arranging your tee time. How much golf equipment do you actually need? Golf can be a very expensive game, but there are affordable options. A highend set of clubs can set you back several thousand dollars. But, a good used set
will only cost you a few hundred dollars. Many golf clubs also allow you to rent golf clubs, golf bags and golf carts. I recommend this approach as it is a great way to introduce yourself to the game without costing you a fortune. You can always purchase your own equipment If you decide this game is for you. It is a good idea to visit golf stores and club pro shops before you buy your clubs. You can test out different types of clubs, get to know the different types of grips available, learn the difference between steel and graphite shafts, and determine which club length is best for you. You can also learn about the type of golf ball that will best suit you as a beginner. It is not well known, but matching the golf ball and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s compression will help you to get the most out of your game. When you are choosing a golf bag you will first need to decide whether you are going to walk or ride in a golf buggy, you have a choice of a carry or cart bag. Golf bags are available in a range of materials, so choose one that is suited to the climate in which you will play most of your golf. Golf shoes are also important, make sure they are comfortable and waterproof. You should also make sure you purchase a good Umbrella, as you never
know when the weather may change. But a word of warning here, never, play golf if there is storm activity, as your golf club makes a very attractive lightning rod! If you are going to play 18 holes, I recommend you buy a cart bag and a good cart . A good cart will make the game more enjoyable and will save your back. You will thank me when you have finished your first round. Should you take lessons from a golf professional? It really depends on your budget as Golf lessons are expensive. But, if Golf lessons are within your budget, they may be worthwhile. You will find that Golf lessons will raise the standard of your game quickly. A more affordable way to take lessons is to purchase one of the many training programs that are available on dvd and video. Many seasoned golfers use these programs to raise the standard of their game and new golfers can learn at their own pace. You can also purchase a lot of second hand golf instruction manuals that can show you how to improve your game. Another great way to learn golf is to purchase one of the many computer golf games that are on the market. These games will not improve your physical golf game, but they will let you develop an understanding of the rules.
Like any game, the most important element is the player. Before you lift a club, you need to develop the right mental attitude. Make sure you remain positive, quiet your mind and envision your shot before you hit the ball. A good mental game is half the battle on the road to a lower handicap. This article has covered the basics of getting started in the game. Hopefully it will have provided you with an incentive to try the game of golf. So, what are you waiting for? Get out there and enjoy this great game!
Images courtesy of www.freeimages.co.uk, www.bigfoto.com Article courtesy: www.ArticleGolf.com
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Advertisement
Collett’s Mountain Holidays
village and local Café Peter in Arabba to see what was organised for the following day or to get inforCollett’s Mountain Holidays started their sum- mation on walks and trips they were interested in. mer seasons in 1998 in a small set of chalets in the heart of the Italian Dolomites. This was a first in the Wildflower enthusiasts arrived in force at the start area for a small company like Collett’s, they were of the season and took out their own impromptu not setting up in the already established and wide walks with their fellow guests. Two enthusiasts, Cliff ranging winter resorts on the Sella Ronda, they & Sue Booker, suggested to Tom that this would were starting a summer walking programme in a be a superb string to Collett’s’ bow with organised mountain range known as ‘Italy’s best kept secret.’ wildflower walks through June and July, little did they know they would be the first couple organisAfter a successful first ing these walks the folsummer season in Arabba lowing summer and for for Tom Collett and his every following year! wife Dee, Collett’s found recognition with ABTA and were soon fully bonded. Today, they are ABTA bonded and are members of the Association of Independent Tour Operators. In their second season they were joined by a small team of walkers and an artist, expanding the range of walks on offer and offering watercolour painting tuition. Collett’s also became friends with the Sanning family in the Alta Badia and setup another chalet called Haus Valentin in Pedraces Badia.
On a similar vein, two climbers, John & Marion Smith, arrived to take on the Via Ferrata. Via Ferrata are a range of protected scrambling routes, comprised of skilfully installed fixed cables, ladders and gorge-spanning bridges, which allow ‘the man on the street’ to ascend to high levels and mountainous areas only previously accessible to climbers. Their stay led to them returning the following year to organise itineraries on the Via Ferrata for Collett’s guests This expansion and the new team led to great pop- and to write the latest and most comprehensive ularity for the holidays where walkers could come guidebooks for Via Ferrata in the Italian Dolomites. and do exactly as they pleased, joining organised walks one day, self-guiding another and paint- The Collett’s team gently expanded in the Italing on a third day. People would come back to the ian Dolomites taking on further chalets and hotels 40 |
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Advertisement throughout the area and developed the simple ways they run their holidays, namely offering organised walking, via ferrata, wildflower walks and painting on a daily basis and free of charge to those staying with Collett’s. Guests meet up each evening at what Collett’s call office hour, to sign up for the following day’s itineraries or get information for their own self guided walks or climbs before retiring to their chalets or hotel for a well earned meals in the company of other guests.
Collett’s ex-hosts from the Dolomites, Dave & Pauline Oldacres, and two walk organisers, Eastfield Lodge offers monthly walking breaks, alongside standard bed and breakfast and weekday and weekend breaks, in the stunning Yorkshire Dales showing guests the best of Wensleydale.
Collett’s went from strength to strength and in 2009 setup in the Pyrenees, which allowed many of their previous guests and repeat bookers to enjoy walking in a thoroughly different mountain The summer holidays became so popular, range. In 2011 Collett’s setup a summer walking Collett’s started a winter season in 2003 of- season in Potes, right in the centre of the Picos de fering the same unique formula for host- Europa and their first guests arrived at the end of ed ski days, snowshoeing and winter walk- May to glorious weather, abundant wildflowers ing based in the same chalets as the summer. and some serious walking. Long may it continue. In 2006 Collett’s purchased a wonderful B&B Collett’s have a free prize draw on offer to win Guesthouse in Leyburn, Wensleydale which has a walking break in the Yorkshire Dales – Visit gone from strength to strength. Run by two of http://www.colletts.co.uk/winaholiday to enter.
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Our website is now available and will be built on over the coming months.
Take a look at the examples of glass sculptures in this edition
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Scaredy Cat a poe m
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My li tt Used le tom t Every o roam wher e at n ight. He on ce we A ha nt in u And nted hou se got a n aw ful fr ight, For s tand i n In th g the ed re Was a ark n eer ie sig ht,
A vam Like pire D With racula a na sty bi te! My li ttle t om Was o h so scare He bo d lted for th e doo He w r, en His li t so fast tt Neve le paws r tou ched the fl oor, He fl ew ba ck th Our ca roug h Frigh t flap tened to th e cor And e, neve r dar Beyo es n Anym d our bac to ventur e k gat ore. e
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Art Of The Real
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MUSICAL MUSES - continued David W. Oddy
After The Beatles exploded onto the world music for me changed forever. I was sixteen years old when this happened, working in a record store in the UK. My employer had sent me to EMI in Manchester Square, London for a weeks training which encompassed lectures about the industry from the likes of George Martin (The Fifth Beatle as he became to be known), to tours around their manufacturing plant at Hayes in Middlesex, recordings of Radio Luxembourg at EMI House (one of the few music channels for this ‘new fangled music’), ending in a magical visit to Abbey Road Studios where we were shown how recordings were made. Whilst attending a lecture at EMI The Beatles came into the building for a photo-shoot for their next LP – Please Please Me. If you look at the cover they are leaning over the balcony. Just along the corridor from this is where we were attending our lecture. I met many ‘stars’ during this visit including Brian Hyland - Ginny Come Lately - who was at the recording for Radio Luxembourg to receive an award. Whilst at one of our lectures we were asked by (Sir) George Martin, who was the producer of most of the Beatles recordings from 1962 to 1969, to listen to some Beatles tracks and pick which one we thought should be their next release. Because they were all so good they released four on an EP including 48 |
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the famous Twist n Shout. If only I knew just how famous some of these artists were destined to become.
last’. Little did we know then how we were about to be brought down to earth with a bump.
On returning to work a week later, my head still in the stars, the local Press printed an article about me and this visit which, at the time, was just considered ‘of interest’.
Arriving at the studio in plenty of time to rehearse the first thing that happened is that our amplifier blew up. We never thought to carry spares (tube amps then for the technical minded) but fortunately the studio electricians sorted it out. This cut short our rehearsal time and we had to go into the recording unprepared.
This introduction into the magical world of Rock n Pop got under my skin and within a few months with three other friends I had formed my own group. We kitted ourselves out with guitars, amplifiers, drums, microphones, echo chambers and the like and practiced hard, much to the annoyance of our neighbors, until we were ready to launch ourselves onto the unsuspecting world. To say we were amateurish puts it mildly. Loud ‘Yes’ good musicians ‘No’ but back them we had no competition so providing we could belt out a beat we were popular around the pubs and clubs. I well remember when a local Vicar (would you believe!) asked us if we would play for his ‘group’. He had put religious words to some of the popular music of the time and wanted us to accompany his singers. This seemed a good idea and very soon again the local Press picked it up and ran with it. We were asked by a local Television Company if we would come to the studios and record a piece for a show that was going out late night. ‘Fame’ we thought has ‘come at
Picture the scene. There we all were all polished, powdered and gleaming ready to bring our music to the world. The Director gave us the nod and we sprang into our rendition of Cliff Richards ‘The Young Ones’ which I think was No:1 in the charts, complete with the Vicars changed words. To say it lasted more that a few minutes would be a lie. We were told to stop and a very upset and concerned gentleman rushed up to the Vicar and asked if he had permission to use the song. Lots of blinking and looking around happened then and all I can remember is that very quickly we were in a Taxi on the way home. Now this may be funny but it has a serious side. Prior to leaving we had all told our friends and families to stay up late and watch the program as we were going to be on it. I won’t tell you how many phone calls I received next day or some of the choice comments made but I am sure you can guess.
Very soon after this because of the debt that we had got ourselves into with all the equipment that we purchased, together with the fact that it was ‘influencing’ my education my father decided enough was enough and so I had to leave the group. It went on for a few months but very soon everyone split up. Our singer went onto another group singing Country & Western. Our bass guitarist started yet another group and became mildly successful releasing several records none of which you will have heard of, our rhythm guitarist from what I can remember gave up and our drummer again joined a Jazz group. None of them hit the ‘big time’ but all, in their own ways, continued with their love of music and their love of playing music. Towards the end of the 60’s and into the 70’s popular music evolved and encompassed many factions that can be categorized as Caribbean, Folk, Jazz, Latin, Disco, R&B, C&W and Rock n Roll. They all flourished in their own ways and my taste, whilst predominantly Rock n Roll/C&W/R&B ‘dipped’ into them all. I started to take the guitar a bit more seriously. Never being an excellent player I could always knock out a tune but never applied myself more seriously – which I now regret. About this time I went to see a group in a local Hall that was building a good reputation and I was blown away by them. Not just because they were good and tight but that they could all play their instruments. They made my old group look like a bunch
of amateurs which, after all, we were..
in my repertoire.
The lead guitarist was out of this world. Afterwards I went backstage to meet them and struck up a conversation with him. I well remember he was playing a Fender Strat – a guitar I coveted at the time – and on chatting about this he asked me around to his flat to ‘jam around’ a little.
Good times.
What an opportunity. A chance to get some great tips, to listen, to learn. I took him up on his offer and the next day arrived full of anticipation.
I now enjoy all styles of guitar playing and have tried them all, Classical, Spanish, Rock et al. but my favorite style is by far ‘finger pickin’ Chet style’.
What happened next changed my musical life forever.
Finishing this part of down memory lane Chet Atkins died a few years ago but I still have many discs and DVD’s of him plus one treasured possession – his autograph.
His flat was full of guitars and there were literally hundreds of discs featuring great guitarists. After a couple of hours listening to lots of different styles he put on a record by someone up to this point I had never heard of – Chet Atkins. I was blown away. I had never heard playing like it. I was well and truly hooked. Things got better though. My obvious enthusiasm for Chet’s music was noted and my new found friend casually opened up a guitar case and took out what for me was the ultimate – A Gretsch Country Gentleman (Original) guitar as designed and played by the Maestro himself. Not only did he take it out but he also played a tune in the style of Chet that enthralled me. ‘Windy and Warm’ it was called and for what it is worth I did not leave his flat until I had mastered the technique of how to play it. Needless to say I could not play it well but I persevered over the next few weeks and even today it is still
I have had many guitars over the years and seven years ago I purchased my first Gretsch 6120. It is by me as I write this article and a day does not go by when I don’t knock out a tune or two on it.
Other good groups/artists for me who emerged during this time were; Jefferson Airplane, The Doors , The Bee Gees, Simon & Garfunkel , Peter Frampton, Dion , Sonny & Cher, The Everly Brothers, Neil Diamond, John Denver, Neil Sedaka , The Hollies, Donovan , Roger Miller, The Carpenters, Mamas and the Papas , Bobby Vee, Chuck Berry , Rick Nelson , Three Dog Night , The Eagles , Willie Nelson , Gerry and The Pacemakers, Joe Brown, Billy Fury, and Duane Eddy. There are many more, but too many to list. Also there was a new wave emerging. Pink Floyd, Supertramp, Rick Wakeman and the like and the unforgettable music from The Exorcist – Tubular Bells performed by Mike Oldfield. – Oh and Punk! Next month : how my ‘bug’ developed
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CREEPY GOINGS ON - do they exist?
GHOST BEING S A ghost can be defined in several ways depending on different situations. One of the definitions refers a ghost to a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spirit or soul who has died. This definition is used commonly among all! There have been several doubts regarding the existence of the ghost and disputes too whether ghosts are just imaginations or part of objective existence. Reports say that ghosts have taken the shape of vehicles, animals and humans. Parapsychologists have undertaken the task to study about ghosts.
AN APPARITION OF A DEAD PERSON THAT IS BELIEVED TO APPEAR OR BECOME MANIFEST TO THE LIVING
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The existence of a ghost is met with the shape in which they exist which is usually in human shape very rarely an animal. It is said that it does not consist of any solid matter. Different parts of the world have different theories about ghosts. The Western theory related to ghosts is that a ghost is semi-transparent and does not interact or touch any physical objects directly. They state that paranormal ghosts are souls that could not find rest after death and they wander here
This is a fascinating subject and one that periodically raises it’s head - or looses it!. W H E T HER OR N OT YOU BELIEVE IN TH E EXIS T EN C E OF GHOS T S YO U C A N N OT D I SMI SS THEM O UT O F H AND
SPOOK PHANTOM and there to fulfill their goals. It is said that this is the time for them to take revenge thus killing people and making a nuisance of themselves as seen in many of movies. There are many who do not accept the existence of ghosts. Scientific research disbelieves the fact that ghosts are disembodied souls or spirit, but then they prove that these ghosts are impressions of psychic energy left behind by a deceased person who is still living. They state that any tragedy in a person’s life might cause mental energy of some kind, which would be released to the world, and this energy might be experienced by many other people who are sensitive to the presence of such energy. Ectoplasm is referred by the parapsychologists as the substance from which spirits and ghosts are made of. Such an explanation of ghost classifies it in the same category as that of preternatural unexplained phenomena as telekinesis or poltergeists, ESP and telepathy. Such a definition
always makes it difficult to explain about the ghosts that tend to answer questions and those which foretell the future etc. An astonishing fact is that the best details about the existence of a ghost can be obtained from Garuda Purana, which is a script from Vedic tradition of the Hindu religion. This Purana says that people who do sins will be reborn as ghosts. Garuda Purana explains the things done by the ghosts and the food they eat. It is said that they consume vomit, waste, phlem, urine and tears and prefer these to be the things that they eat and drink. In many cases, human psychology plays a major role in ghost sightings. In chilling situations where ghosts are associated with something natural an animal response may make the hair rise which could be mistaken for a chill. Illusions can be created by one by seeing an eerie figure. This occurs as a result of the disability to sharply
distinguish shapes in case of peripheral vision. It is a proved fact that sound waves with frequency lower than 20 hertz called infrasound is inaudible, but now it is proved by the British scientist Richard Lord and Richard Wiseman that these infrasound would be the reason for causing humans to feel a presence in the room or even to cause unexplained feelings of dread or anxiety! So, do ghosts exist? Have you seen or experienced one? Obviously the answers to these questions are personal and cannot be proven but for many people ghosts do exist. It is beyond this article to dispute or prove the existence of ghosts but the next time you are alone, in that dark place, and something ‘disturbs’ you perhaps you may think again and who knows, maybe the thing we need to remember when discussing the existance of ghosts is simply our desire to disbelieve things that we do not understand. Boo!
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Acknowledgements
& Legal
T
his Magazine uses articles, pictures and graphics from various sources either provided by contributors or from information in the Public Domain. Exhaustive checks are undertaken before any article is published but it is possible that mistakes can be made so if you think your copyright has been infringed in any way please advise us with full details and we will acknowledge this in our next edition together with giving the necessary attribution (please see copyright notice opposite). Inside Front Cover Pictures • • • • •
Blue Butterfly by Lionoche Fisherman at Sunset by sahrizvi Catalina Island, California, sunset, by Automania Glastonbury Tor, UK, by localsurfer Stonehenge, by LuluP
Above curtosy of www.images-photography-pictures.net Page 8/9 - LONDON Wikipedia “The early years of Lundenwic”. The Museum of London. Retrieved 7 June 2008. • “Viking and Danish London”. The Museum of London. Retrieved 6 June 2008. • “Medieval London — Vikings”. The Museum of London. Retrieved 7 June 2008. • George Hamilton Cunningham (1927). London. J. M. Dent & Sons. p. xiii. • Denison, Simon (July 1999). “First `London Bridge’ in River Thames at Vauxhall”. British Archaeology Retrieved 15 April 2011. • Milne, Gustav. “London’s Oldest Foreshore Structure!”. Frog Blog. Thames Discovery Programme. Retrieved 15 April 2011. • “Edward the Confessor (c.1003–1066)”. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 27 September 2008. • “History – 1066 – King William”. BBC. Retrieved 5 May 2008. Tinniswood, Adrian. “A History of British Architecture — White Tower”. BBC. Retrieved 5 May 2008. • “UK Parliament — Parliament: The building”. UK Parliament. 9 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. • “Palace of Westminster”. UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. • Schofield, John; Vince, Alan (2003). Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 9780826460028. nicktudor.com
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