Master’s Theses
Architectural Lighting Design AF270X 15 ECTS May/June 2020
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Master’s Theses May 2020 Author
Tutor
Master’s Thesis Title
Juan Giménez Catalán
Ute Besenecker
Exploring opportunities of complex LED colour mix systems for lighting in the art
Tong Liu
Ute Besenecker
Lighting Evaluation and Design for the Stockholm Metro System Based on Current Models for Non-visual Responses
Yathish Yogish
Dr. Amardeep M. Dugar
Light for Seed
Sandra Sudhesh
Gayathri Unnikrishnan
Lighting Design Interventions that could positively impact quality of life amongst patients that develop Sundown Syndrome
Zhuo Chen
Foteini Kyriakidou
Preferred Lighting Condition in the Study Environment
Barani Dharan Srinivasan
Per Nylén
Swedish workplaces lack daylight?
Christofer Blixt
Foteini Kyriakidou
Put the Light Where it is Needed - a lighting design method for urban green areas & conceptual design proposal for a physical location in Stockholm
Maryam Kazemidemneh
Rodrigo Muro
Lighting design principles in waterfront urban areas
Louise Charaf
Rodrigo Muro
The Sound of Light
Dane Amilawangi
Dr. T.W. Stone
Urban Acupuncture for Darkess:
Effects of obstruction angles in achieving required daylight in Swedish workplaces
A research study into a sustainable lighting, based on pedestrian perspective
Value of Darkness in Pedestrian Experience Sudirman Street, Jakarta Abigail Benouaich
Rodrigo Muro
Bring Light to Gaza An exploration of solar and ecologically-sensitive light programs for the Deir al-Balah refugee camp
Darran Prior
Colin Ball
How can light prove to be the urban catalyst to meet targets set out in the Paris Climate Agreement?
Elisa Rocchi
Rijo Kavalakatt
Dynamic Digitalisation in the Lighting Industry
Gemma Alcalá
Nuria Barat
Present Technology and Future Scenarios in the Design of Smart Urban Lighting The positive light Light as an emotional generator and flexible space creator in domestic quarantine Arianna Foltran
Shading system in glass facades architecture An alternative shading system which blends in with the beauty of glass facades
Cody Torgersrud
Hamidreza Eizadi
Light and Privacy
Petra Koza
Jonas Kjellander
A play for children exploring different qualities of light. Focus on playing with diffuse and direct light,and understanding the quality of daylight coming through the window.
Jenny Netz
Gerhard Rehm
Task lighting for the future school
Lu Chia-Huei
Veronika Mayerböck
A play for children exploring different qualities of light. Focus on playing with diffuse and direct light,and understanding the quality of daylight coming through the window.
Andrea Salas Troncoso
Sofía Valderrama
Lightgestures
Maria Papapanagiotou
Foteini Kyriakidou
EMPHATIC ABSENCE
Ceen Wahren
Aleksandra Stratimirovic and Bruno Bosco
Reflections on Tranquility
Marta Albé
Rodrigo Muro
Images of light and emotions
A proposal towards a testing and education standard
Investigating the emotional response to contrast by means of chiaroscuro
a photographic research about individual and collective emotional sensibility towards lighting atmospheres. Iris Molendijk
Luke Lowings & Foteini Kyriakidou
A portal between real and unreal
Natvalun Tavepontakul
Ute Besenecker
OASIS OF CALM - A study on creating an urban oasis of calm inspired by nature
Paula Bez Cardoso
Thomas Schielke
Light and Mystery in Architecture
Farahbee Rahman
Luke Lowings & Foteini Kyriakidou
Perception of spatial volume in daylight entering through devised openings
Styliani Leivadioti
Rodrigo Muro
Sacred Illumination: The connection between the built form and the history of the modern Swedish church.
Using a light stimulus to prevent hallucinations
Master’s Theses Presentation Critics Team: Foteini Kyriakidou, Ute Besenecker, Per Franson, Luke Lowings, Merete Madsen, Colin Ball, Rodrigo Muro, Federico Favero, Jan Ejhed, Isabel Dominguez
all material presented in this booklet under copyright © KTH School of Architecture and thesis authors
KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
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Congratulations !
The KTH Architectural Lighting Design master’s programme is extremely satisfied to wave goodbye to twenty eight master’s graduates who have presented their master’s theses in June 2020 at the KTH School of Architecture. Three days of online presentations have given an overview of the large variety of architectural lighting design topics that the students investigated individually during 10 weeks. External critics and tutors have been part of the process and final discussion and contributed with their valuable input. The thesis projects spanned from experiments and literature review to investigation through projects. The range of topics covered many of today’s relevant questions related to daylight, electric lighting, standards & practice, space & architecture, health & wellbeing, perception and sustainability.
contact: Isabel Dominguez Master’s Theses Coordinator & Examiner isabeld@kth.se
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Juan Giménez Catalán | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Exploring opportunities of complex LED colour mix systems for lighting in the art Abstract Museums and the performing arts have very specific lighting requirements, not only in the technical aspects of their presentation, but also in regard to the communication and interpretation of artistic concepts. Thus, the design intent might have many different perspectives whereas the idea of being “neutral” is more complex to define. One of the critical aspects for the visual experience of art is colour, a subjective experience that can be conceptually approached from many perspectives, from science to the artistic realm. This study starts by setting a theoretical framework in colour human vision, colour theory and colourimetry; and how this can be applied to lighting design concepts for exhibitions. The experimental part of this work explores some of the opportunities of complex LED colour mix systems in working with fine colour tuning and metamers. This investigation focusses on both the creation of the light stimuli and on how these lighting conditions can influence the perception and interpretation of a painting. In spite of its subjectivity, the perception of the art is contextualized with the colour theory background provided, the quantitative measurements performed and the results of an online survey. Additionally, the artist is interviewed in an attempt to gather views from the origin of the artwork to the viewer interpretation. This work might be useful to those with interest in the opportunities that quality LED technology, specifically colour mixing, offer for lighting design in exhibition and theatre environment. In fact, the complexity of exhibition lighting provides a perfect environment for research and experimentation, where improving the viewer experience is becoming an essential factor for museology.
Keywords Art lighting, museum lighting, exhibition lighting, theatre lighting, lighting design, LED colour mixing, additive mixing, CIE colour space, metamers, white light, colour rendition, colour perception, ETC seven colour system.
Tutor: Ute Besenecker
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hting in
“Pasión solar”, Carmen Catalan (1991) “El Olivar”, Carmen Catalan (1991)
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Sandra Sudhesh | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Lighting Design Interventions that could positively impact quality of life amongst patients that develop Sundown Syndrome Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to address Sundowing syndrome; a dilemma faced by a majority of Alzheimer’s and Dementia patients and investigate if architectural intervention can be administered to improve these symptoms. There have been advances in the medical field towards using light as a therapeutic element to alleviate this disorder by stimulating the circadian system. The paper investigates existing research as well as architectural design practices to develop probable design strategies that integrate light therapy architecturally into elderly care facilities. The study uncovers a gap in literature between the conceptual/theoretical research and studies that address the practical implementations of design in real world scenarios. Through this investigation, a preliminary architectural lighting design framework to address sundown syndrome through the careful implementation of circadian lighting systems have been developed. Keywords: Sundown Syndrome, Alzheimer’s, Dementia, Circadian Rhythm, Light Therapy, 24 hours Lighting Design Strategies
Tutor: Gayathri Unnikrishnan
deas
or simulated sky light as shown in the sketch below can be adopted. With energy and cost efficiency in mind this could be a space where circadian system stimulating light can be placed within the facility, thereby creating a large sunroom. This can also be scaled down in smaller projects. A James Turrel Sky space installation could be mimicked in this atrium with continuous flow of light that simulates a dusk to dawn scenario but with circadian stimulating lights. The principles used in his
the use of smart screening devices for the skylight. This space can be prescribed for use during most parts of the day with the inclusion of communal activities, indoor garden and/or as a general destressing space. Ensure minimal visual distractions through the use of light-coloured reflective materials, in order to avoid overstimulation within the space. Image6.1 : Conceptual Atrium Sketch Design
Natural Skylight Uniformly lit surface that can be tuned according circadian stimulation needed. This could also be done using stretch fabric celing; however the cost and energy efficiency needs to be evaluated.
additional task lights
29 Conceptual Atrium Sketch Design
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Yathish Yogish | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Light of Seed
Abstract Advancements in agricultural technology have always proven to play an important role in the rising Global food demand. Light is the most significant factor and an important one among all the variables considered in plant growth. One of the main strategies in digital agriculture is the optimum control of greenhouse lighting. Today, the use of artificial and sunlight light in food crop greenhouses is prevalent. Greenhouses in many regions of the world, particularly in the high latitude countries, are important for food supply and food security. KTH University will be proposing one such initiative project (SEED) on its campus and around Sweden to manage the food crisis and also to bring in social awareness. Objective: The main objective of this dissertation was to investigate the feasibility and plausibility of the Greenhouse concept in three specific interrelated research and design domains. This paper consist of three main parts: *The first part is to propose an ideal location on KTH campus for the given architectural structure (SEED) based on daylight metrics. *The second research problem was to investigate the form of light source would be appropriately suitable for the leafy greens (Kale, Spinach, and Cabbage), herbs, and some herbaceous perennials. *Finally, given the available sunlight period without contradicting photosynthesis, an illumination scheme would be designed to bridge the void between daylight and electric lighting. As well as to make the product a object of social awareness.
Keywords: Greenhouse Lighting, sustainable lighting, food security, LED’s, ETFE material, social awareness.
Tutor: Dr. Amardeep M. Dugar
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Yathish Yogish
KTH Royal Institute Of Technology - 2020
Overview Diagram:
This below diagram illustrates the studies and methods followed throughout this paper.
SITE
Site Selection Co
mp
uta
tion
An
aly
sis
SEED
Electric Lighting Analysis
Daylight Analysis
Inte
s
tion
la alcu
s
die
Stu
e Cas
rvie
ws
C
Literature Review
The Below diagrams illustrates each studies and methods followed throughout this paper. Site Selection in KTH Campus
Location 01
Daylight Analysis
KTH Location
Sun Exposure Sky View Factor
Location 02
Results
DayLight Exposure Vertical Sky component
Results
Electric Lighting
Photometrics Spectral power distribution Intensity distribution Photosynthetic photon flux density
Computation Analysis
Case Studies Study - 01 by MSU Study - 02 by LRC Proposal of Light source
Lighting
Architecture
Squareroots
Eden Project
Cubegreen
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Overview Approach
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Tong Liu | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Lighting Evaluation and Design for the Stockholm Metro System Based on Current Models for Non-visual Responses Abstract Light has a wide and profound non-visual impact on the human body. It is related to the suppression or synthesis of a hormone called melatonin which regulates the human circadian clock. In Nordic countries like Sweden, lack of natural light in winter may lead to negative health effects such as circadian disorders or depression. At the same time, the underground metro system in Stockholm carries more than one million passengers on a weekday. The lighting in the train carriage may have distinct circadian effects on the passengers. The paper takes the metro system in Stockholm as an example, calculates the non-visual effects of the artificial lighting in the train according to Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML), Circadian Stimulus (CS) and Melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (M-EDI) Models, compares with current guidance and suggestions, considers the daylighting conditions of Stockholm, and proposes a new design solution with adjustable LEDs to achieve a better healthful circadian lighting result. Keywords: Non-visual Effects; Circadian Lighting; Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML); Circadian Stimulus (CS); Melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (M-EDI); Stockholm Metro System; Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Tutor: Ute Besenecker
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Fig. 14 Average EML & CS (Short-wavelength Enriched / Depleted, Illuminance Increased / Decreased)
By taking the strategy of modifying both spectrum and light output of the LEDs in the carriage, most of the areas on the train satisfy the requirement previously set (Fig. 14). Although the EML and CS of standing positions at night still exceed the requirement a little bit, considering that people get on and get off near the area, it is reasonable to maintain the relatively high illuminance. Note that with such strategy, both the illuminance and correlated color temperature of the light in the carriage change throughout the day and night (Fig. 15).
Fig. 15 Both Light Intensity and Spectral Power Distribution Are Changed to Satisfy the Criteria 24
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Chen Zhuo | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Preferred Lighting Condition in the Study Environment
Abstract Abstract This project is an investigation on what the preferred illuminance for the study environment is, and the varying impact of different light levels in screen vs print conditions. This research was conducted in the Stockholm Public Library (Stadsbiblioteket). The result showed that the average illuminance on surfaces of study areas were lower than the recommended standard of 500lx. However, most subjects in Stockholm Public Library were satisfied with the existing lighting conditions. Our research also explored if users preferred lower light levels as compared to standard light level. This was done via an experiment in a light booth, in which illuminance levels were adjusted among 4 light conditions (50lx4000K, 200lx4000K, 350lx4000K and 500lx4000K). Ten subjects participated in this experiment, of which results were quantified via methods including vision acuity, eye fatigue and reading test. Questionnaires on lighting conditions and emotion were also conducted. The result showed that the preferred illuminance levels differed depending on the mode of task being on paper vs on screen. While most participants felt 500lx was a bit too bright for reading on paper, half of the participants perceived 500lx was too bright for the screen task. The most comfortable illuminance, in which vision acuity reduction and eye fatigue level was the lowest was 350lx for paper tasks, and 500lx for screen tasks. In general, 350lx and 500lx did not appeared significant differences on occupants’ emotions. Keywords study environment, preferred illuminance level, eye fatigue
Tutor: Foteini Kyriakidou
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Figure 21-1: plan of Stockholm Public Library9, location and picture of the test reading room
Figure 21-2 illustrates the area of measurement and observation view from the test area. Th of illuminance on the study areas (80cm height above the ground) and luminance observation points) were taken at different times.
Figure 21-2: location of the measurement and observation in Stockholm Public Library location of measurement and observation in Stockholm Public Library
2.1.1. lluminance measurement in the Stockholm Public Library Read
The measurement of illuminance on the study areas was done on the desks (80cm high) Measurement was done at 10 different time points, spread across 1 hour intervals, (11:3 100cm
8Luke Fiederer. 2011. AD Classics: Stockholm Public Library / Gunnar Asplund. (accessed 2020/5/27)
60cm
https://www.archdaily.com/92320/ad-classics-stockholm-pu
9 Erik Gunnar Asplund. 1918 to 1927. Stockholm Library.at Stockholm, Sweden. downloaded from http://www.greatbuildings.com/cgi-bin/gbcdrawing.cgi/Stockholm_Library.html/Stockholm_Lib_Lwr_Plan.jpg (accessed 2020/5/27)
70cm
Figure 22-1: light booth for study performance and experiment picture
experiment setup for light booth
The study efficiency and visual comfort were quantified via a concentration t questionnaires after the experiment. The invariable factor of the experiment (4000K). The variable factor was four different levels of horizontal illuminance ( The standard horizontal illuminance of reading areas is 500 lx14 and for readin observers under 25 is 250lx.15 The indoor lighting recommended 60-150lx befo were separated into two groups of different test order. The test order for 200lx,350lx and 500lx. The other group’s test order was 500lx,350lx, 250lx and illuminance levels, participants were asked to select their preferred illuminance l
The equipment used in the experiment consisted of a spectrometer, luxmeter an spectrometer was used for setting and measuring correlated color temperature was used for the measurement of task horizontal plane illuminance. The Fus luminance contrast between the task and background environment.
In order to limit the difference between individuals, the test for each subject wa day and the results of different illuminance were compared generally and individ performed in two time periods, in the afternoon (2pm to 6pm) and after sun
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Barani Dharan Srinivasan | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Swedish workplaces lack daylight? Effects of obstruction angles in achieving required daylight in Swedish workplaces.
Abstract Contribution of daylight to employees in terms of health, productivity, and overall wellness in the office spaces are undeniable. Apart from the psychological and biological benefits of employees, embracing daylight in office spaces increases the energy-efficiency of the building which leads to the sustainable development of a city. However, a considerable number of employees in Sweden lack daylight in their workspaces according to a report by the Swedish Work Environment Authority [Arbetsmiljöverket (Swedish)] (Lowden, 2019). Professionals like Architects, Lighting Designers, and students of architecture and lighting design across Sweden were asked their opinions pertaining to lack of daylight in a considerable number of office spaces in Sweden based on their experience through online questionnaires/ interviews to get to know the overview of this subject. Out of all the possible reasons, window design and economy were the two macro factors according to them that influenced daylight in an office building in Sweden but often, obstruction angle in a building due to urban densification is overlooked when it comes to daylight in an office building. This thesis discusses the influence of obstruction angles with an illustrated office building in Stockholm. Diva for Rhino was the software used for the modelling and daylight simulation. Keywords: Office, daylight, Work environment, Employees, Fenestrations, Façade, window openings, daylight simulation, obstruction angle, 25-degree rule of thumb, urban densification, spatial daylight autonomy, window-to-wall ratio.
Tutor: Per Nylén
KTH School of Architecture and Built Environment, MASTER’S THESIS AF270X VT20-1 | Barani Dharan Srin 15
pposite building. A reference line is usually assumed at 2m height from the ground floor. The F elow explains the concept of an obstruction angle. Obstruction angle depends on the dis etween the buildings and the height of the buildings.
Figure 2. Obstruction angle
obstruction angle
KTH School of Architecture and Built Environment, MASTER’S THESIS AF270X VT20-1 | Barani Dharan Srinivasan
2.2 Site
gure 3. Site selection (Kungsgatan, Norrmalm, Stockholm)
n office building in Norrmalm which is the Central Business District (CBD) in Stockholm ecreated using software Rhino. The building is in one of the main commercial roads (Kungsg he selected building comprises of seven storeys including ground floor with a length of 45m Figure 10. Reflectance values of different surfaces Reflectance values of different surfaces idth of 15m. The longer axis of the building is oriented towards the west-east direction an horter axis is oriented towards the north-south direction. The façade is flat and devoid o first phase of the simulation, the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) all is calculated all the the dimensio rotrusion withFor anthearray of windows arranged symmetrically across floors.forAll floors with the existing window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and having the original obstruction angle of 42he windows, floors and building were generated with the information obtained from google ea degree. For the second phase, the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) is calculated for all the floors from the ground to sixth with a common hypothetical window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of 100% to get to know the maximum spatial daylight autonomy that can be achieved with the original obstruction angle (42-degree). For the third phase, keeping the existing window-to-wall ratio (WWR) as constant, the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) for the obstruction angles of 35-degree, 30-degree and 25-degree is calculated for the same selected building by moving the opposite buildings across the
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Christofer Blixt | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Put the Light Where it is Needed
- a lighting design method for urban green areas & conceptual design proposal for a physical location in Stockholm Abstract In this thesis I have analyzed how the phenomenon level of contrast, a consequence of the relation between level of light and distribution of light, works within urban green areas. For this particular site, the too high level of contrast is a result of the high level of light distributed 1) in the direction of oncoming pedestrians and 2) in a single zone of light and 3) on a too condensed surface area and 4) in a space with multiple vertical elements (in a dark space with low reflectance values). Being in the only lighted area surrounded by trees (vertical elements absorbing or reflecting light), with eyes adapted to its level of light, consequently, makes it impossible to see beyond the path. This since our eyes always adapt to the brightest spot in our field of view, which in all directions is a spot very close to the user. And since adapting to the emitted and reflected light our eyes cannot also adapt to the darkness beyond this enclosed space. Another perspective on this, also related to the very basics of our vision has to do with the task oriented lighting solutions. We humans have two different types of vision - central and peripheral. The central vision is approximately 2% of our field of view, it is the small spot where our gaze focus, the rest is peripheral vision. The strange thing is that modern urban lighting design have focused almost solely on task lighting and the central vision, and left the peripheral vision literally disorientated. Because, in order for the peripheral vision to help us navigate and collect spatial information, it needs variable lighting with multiple zones of light, creating differences in shade, revealing form and depth. The main contribution of this thesis, beyond defining knowledge regarding how light acts in these specific situations, is the development of a lighting design method specifically for urban green areas from a practice based design perspective. And that I have started the work of creating practical knowledge and answers to the question: How can the method be used in practice? Keywords: Lighting Design Method for Urban Green Areas; Conceptual Design Proposal; Level of Contrast; Level of Light; Distribution of Light; Perceived Safety; Aesthetic Qualities
Tutor: Foteini Kyriakidou
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rable, since the light falls
ith much higher precision,
reas not intended to be illu-
en though it is hard to re-
eflective materials on the
ssing on a street, is a way of
ight and angles, since not
halt. And it definitely increa-
activates the space.
ents with a reflector below
It is just when exactly in
y effect. Added light zone
The Path & new lampposts New Lit Passages (Bollards) Direction of light Pattern on the ground Residential Buildings Street (Vikstensvägen) Lit Connecting Paths Swamp Bedrock Unlit Connecting Passages
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Figure 21: Added zone of light from two different positions N W
E S
Figure 27: Master Plan of the Conceptual Design Proposal
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Conceptual Master Plan
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Maryam Kazemidemneh | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Lighting design principles in waterfront urban areas A research study into a sustainable lighting, based on pedestrian perspective Abstract The main purpose of this research project is to develop a sustainable lighting design principles in waterfront areas based on pedestrian perspective and the main question is how to translate sustainable developments in an urban context into a lighting language. To start, Stockholm Royal Seaport urban development project has been selected. The selected project tries to push the boundaries of sustainability and be as an international model for a sustainable urban development and to achieve this, the project follows five urban development strategies and related sustainable development goals. Here, it has been tried to develop these strategies further into lighting language. So two urban lighting projects in Nordic countries has been selected and related lighting design solutions which cover these five mentioned strategies, has been extracted. In addition, international lighting standards help to clarify the boundaries more in detail. So the proposed lighting design principles is the connection of the five urban development strategies, sustainable development goals, international lighting standards, and extracted lighting principles of the two selected projects. At the end, Kolkajen in Stockholm Royal Seaport, as a case study, has been selected and it has been tried to convert the proposed lighting principles into a lighting design language. Keywords: sustainable development goals, urban development strategies, lighting principles
Tutors: Rodrigo Muro
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60
conceptual lighting design proposals according to urban development strategies
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Zalfa Louise Charaf | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
The Sound of Light
Abstract Named in honor of three Swedish kings, Karlaplan is a prestigious urban space that’s unlike any other place in Stockholm. The fountain is the soul of the site* filling the space by its genuine sound of water. It is an ever-changing architectural landmark perceived differently in varied time of the day, season and viewpoints. The water is a soothing element, creating a pleasant ambiance by its only presence. Water epitomises life force along with the light and speech. Indeed, water is closely linked to the sense of vision and hearing. When the elixir of life is absent, Karlaplan loses its essence of life. It remains static and silent. Based on people’s memory of sound of the plaza in summer daytime, the attractiveness of Östermalmspärlan is brought back during the dark hours of winter. The experience of sound filling the space in summer daytime is balanced with light filling the silence of the night. A discrete and minimal lighting design transforms the avoided dark centre, into a defined urban space, to experience it as a total visible form. It brings a new nightscape identity to Karlaplan. “You see the motion in stillness, the animation, because you see it in a dance with the light and the clouds. It’s alive, it moves in a different way.” (Bogard, 2013) Keywords Nighttime urban experience, sound and light, social material, Urban lightscape, nightscapes, soundscape, Light for people, urban lighting de-sign, lighting landmarks
Tutor: Rodrigo Muro
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Results
Night-time scenario, December March
Im
Image 26. 14 March 2020, 18:27
Image 27. 13 December 2019, 19:55
Discussion Lighting Design Proposal. Floor Plan
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Strong contrast between the dark centre and the bright surroundings. The night-time scenario changes for a couple of weeks in December when the Christmas tree is placed in the middle of the fountain. The Christmas Existing Solutiontaking place in lights are not a powerful light source to illuminate the plaza but the fact that there is Lighting movement the middle of darkness attracts people. Only during Lucia day, the whole plaza is litStreet by candles and completely Lighting Distribution transforms the place. It makes it alive with tiny lights and a lot of people come across it to admire Surrounding Shops it. Street Lights Pole Lamps
Lighting Design Proposal Orientation Up Lights Up Lights for trees Bollards Integrated LED Strips in the steps of the fountain
Image 29. 12 March 2020, 20: 50
Image 30. 13 March 2020, 04:15am
The space is difficult to perceive and understand. The trees become a dark edge and the centre nothing more & street Methodology than a black void. When it rains, the water surface in the empty fountainStructure reflects the lighting. Thesis In the above images, one can see the impact of windows to help perceive the limits of the space. At 20:50pm most of the windows are visible, while at 04:15 none of them are visible.
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Dane Amilawangi | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Urban Acupuncture for Darkess: Value of Darkness in Pedestrian Experience Sudirman Street, Jakarta
Abstract As much as we thought about artificial lighting in planning of our urban nightscape, it is necessary to balance it with con-sideration regarding darkness. In response to the problems caused by artificial lighting; such as light pollution and disruption to human circadian rhythm, darkness should be seen as a value that brings balance for the environment. There are nine values of darkness in urban illumination; efficiency, sustainable, ecology, healthiness, happiness, connects to nature, stellar visibility, heritage & tradition, wonder & beauty (Stone, 2019). In Designing for Darkness, Stone (2019) described three concepts to bring darkness into urban illumination design; Incremental Darkening, Environmentally Responsive Lighting, and Urban (Dark) Acupuncture. Urban Acupuncture is an effort to revitalize area and its surroundings through intervention in the strategic key point. (Lein-er, 2014). In terms of urban lighting, the concept of Urban (Dark) Acupuncture described as an attempt to accentuate a strategic location in a city with darkness (Stone, 2019). This master thesis aims to apply the Urban (Dark) Acupuncture concept into a conceptual lighting design proposal for Sudirman Street, Jakarta. Functioned as a Central Business District of Jakarta, Sudirman Street is considered as a strategic key point for the intervention. The design proposal will be focusing on pedestrian facility of the street, and final result will be evaluated by the user. Keywords: Urban Lighting, Urban Acupuncture, Light Pollution, Darkness
Tutor: Dr. T.W. Stone
This environmental message will be expressed through a lighting intervention in one of the pedestrian facilities, the bridge. This space is considered strategic for the intervention because it was made to became a futuristic icon of the street, and succeeded in catching public’s attention and became a focal point. Therefore, there’s a potential for this bridge to became an icon for permeating darkness in urban environment. It also considers as effective, as it modular, located in five points on23 the street. As a result, the message could reach more user and larger audience. 5.2 Principles Based on the guiding vision, this are the lighting principles which will be applied on the design proposal: 1. Eliminate excess light 2. Avoid high contrast 3. Support visibility and wayfinding 4. Plan for control capabilities: time, occupancy, scene experience 5. Highlight public spaces for social interaction 6. Implement fixture at appropriate scale 5.2 Temporality
The elements of light will be defined into four different category based on when the light will be turned on:
time base d scenario 5.5 Concept
o c c u pan c y b as ed e n v i r o n m e n t bas e d s c e n ari o i n t e r ac t i o n
requires i n t e r ac t i o n
w h o l e ni g ht
Fig. 5.4 Temporality Category
Based on the guiding vision and principles, five concept is created for the conceptual lighting design proposal. Concept 3: Interactive Social Spaces
Fig. 5.13 Lighting Scheme on Skate Park
In order to create an attractive public space with strong nighttime identity, public space in Sudirman Street will be facilitated by interactive lighting. Rather than lit up the area generally, the light focused on two elements of the public space. First element is the playing area, which use cold temperature light. The hardscape for the skate path is divided by the pattern and reflective paint. This area is lit up by pole light with dynamic beam spotlight which response to movement. The responsive light for the skate path inspired by project of AF Lighting, Musicon Pumptrack Lighting, a bicycle park which utilize sensor to detect movement of bicycle. As sensor detected movement on the skate path, the initially narrow spotlight will get wider and lit up the skater and the surrounding area. The second element is lighting for the bench, highlighting the space for social interaction. This area is lit up by warm temperature light, a medium beam spotlight mounted on the trees. This space aimed to create an ambience of public living room, encourage people to get comfortable in the area. The interactive part in this space is the luminous bench, which requires the user to touch the surface of the bench.
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Abigail Benouaich | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Bring Light to Gaza
An exploration of solar and ecologically-sensitive light programs for the Deir al-Balah refugee camp
Abstract ‘The refugee camps are “the cities of tomorrow” and the biggest challenge that architects and designers have faced in a generation’[24]. Globally referred to as ‘the world’s largest open-air prison’[33], the refugee crisis in Gaza is part of a growing global emergency. Palestinian refugees who were displaced from their homes during the 1948 war with Israel, were forced to seek shelter in informal refugee camps in Gaza, on plots of land placed at the disposal of the UNRWA. Living under Israeli occupution, the refugees experience poor socioeconomic conditions, living in neglected and marginalised communities, without dignity and Equal Rights. The informal camps are characterised by substandard hous-ing, poor infrastructure, haphazard planning, high levels of poverty and lack of space, which pose challenges to any future development. The motive of this study is to evaluate outdoor lighting conditions in a selected neighbourhood of Gaza’s smallest refugee camp - Deir al-Balah - using community-driven qualitative and quantitative approaches. The end result will be a series of pilot solutions which aim to demonstrate how lighting can help transform public perception of an impoverished neighbourhood, while still respecting the area’s unique daytime and nighttime culture and behavioural norms. The project will seek to demonstrate ‘why lighting is becoming an increasingly important consideration for urban renewal experts, and gaining more attention from municipalities and developers of urban projects.’[23] Keywords Solar street lighting, light and urban space, light for protection, light for accessi-bility, light and social behaviour, gender equality, clean energy access, equitable social environment, light and darkness, raising awareness, sustainable commu-nities, psychosocial impact, children and refugees, people affected by conflict, poverty eradication, humanitarian aid. [23] Arup (2016) ‘Night-time design - Pilot installation in Getsemani, Cartagena, Columbia’ [24] Tillett, Linnaea ‘What’s light got to do with it? Thoughts on Dignity, Mood and Magical Thinking’ [33] Norwegian refugee council https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/april/gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison/ (accessed May 20th, 2010)
Tutor: Rodrigo Muro
25
Solution 4 - Alleyway circulation and visibility Capture the light
Capture the life
Fig 34. Alleyway circulation and visibility design solution proposing white chalk applied to the surfaces of surrounding alleyways, to c
B
ics by the author, integrating derivative artwork and sketched human figures by Liana finck, to convey the “problem” and “solution” nar
[5] Shamiya, Suha and Framgard, Liv (2017) ‘UNRWA Deir al-Balah Camp Improvement Plan: Improving a refugee camp for and with its
B
[12] Daria Casciani “Urban Darkness (1): Turning off light for human-scale streets” https://dariacasciani.net (accessed April 4th, 2020)
the UNRWA Improvement
www.archdaily.com/913023/
ity. Graphic by the author.
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26
Darran Prior | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
How can light prove to be the urban catalyst to meet targets set out in the Paris Climate Agreement? Abstract How can reimagining the way we light our cities prove to be the urban catalyst to meet targets set out in the Paris Climate Agreement? In this Master Thesis, I question how restructuring our urban lighting can provide enormous benefits for not only reducing our energy consumption and becoming more efficient societies, but also support social interaction in shaping our cities for the future. The aspects pertaining to urban lighting and its influence on our environment have been organised into economy, political and urban evolution (social) categories, as a way to dissect and appreciate Light’s associated role in shaping our societies. Our society needs to seek sustainable strategies to meet urgent energy targets and urban development initiatives, these are no longer optional but necessary. However, even with this undisputed need for change, particularly within urban lighting, approaches taken are still very much sequestered from general understanding and lack cross-disciplinary cooperation. Within this thesis extensive publications, works and teachings from lighting designers, as well as currently adopted policies from government bodies and international case studies have been considered, in order to understand current strategies adopted and their potential co-operation for a future holistic strategy in tackling climate change as well as apparent inequalities in our urban environments. Keywords: Urban lighting, eco cities, sustainability, holistic design, light pollution, urbanisation, evidence based design, human perception, night time urban planning, social lighting.
Tutor: Colin Ball
27
3.4 CONTENT
Figure 1.7 Thesis Structure – Source: Author
Thesis Structure
28
Elisa Rocchi | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Dynamic Digitalisation in the Lighting Industry Present Technology and Future Scenarios in the Design of Smart Urban Lighting Abstract In the last decade, major developments in mobile and sensor network technologies, as well as in more secure data management solutions allowed an accelerated expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) in different markets, including the smart lighting technology. These technological developments, currently shaping the lighting industry, have the power to enhance the liveability of spaces and improve people’s lives. However, in this thesis it is highlighted how such technological evolution is often marked by an engineering character over a design approach. In particular, this thesis focuses on smart lighting technology applied in urban environments and how the integration of information technology into the physical realm can enhance space quality and empower citizens’ participation. This thesis is divided into two main chapters: - The first chapter provides an overview of the technological solutions that are currently being implemented in the lighting design field. - The second chapter features a schematic projection of how expected trends for next decade’s urban environments will affect possible future applications of smart lighting technologies. Both chapters are literature-based. A final section features the opinion of noteworthy lighting professionals about possible real-life applications of smart lighting technology in the foreseeable future. Since this thesis has been written during the COVID-19 pandemic, the author decided to include speculations regarding how this event might influence the future of urban lighting. Keywords Architectural lighting design, lighting technology, IoT, smart lighting, digitalisation, hyperconnectivity, programmable world, interoperability, urban lighting, smart city, open source city.
Tutor: Rijo Kavalakkatt
29
These technological dev shaping the lighting ind evolution is often marke character over a design because, like many new developments, smart lig often motivated by the s possible or the enthusia than being based on a s
Moreover, technological sometimes developed d perspective, focusing in viewpoint of technical c interface standards or in might overwhelm the e with the first — user-ho interfaces, mostly used i
Fig. 1: In the smart environment of next decades, Technology has the pow lighting will be part ofInathe complex network of data smart environment of next decades, lighting will be and improve p liveability from different realmspart of life, connected in of the of a complex network data from different realms smart environment in order to achieve the best of life, connected in the smart environmentsuccess in order toof this challenge user-centric solutions. achieve the best user-centric how it is translated into solutions.
4
Leitner 5-6
be in squeezing the mo in squeezing the most urban life”.14
Inclusive lighting desi highlighting possible h visual comfort for the m
Moreover, smart techno holistic solutions where role, and which can be to respond to ever-chan and aesthetic criteria 15
lighting design generates inclusive and Fig. 5: ICT-empoweredICT-empowered lighting design generates easily re-programmable solutions solutions in which citizens have inclusive and easily re-programmable an active role. in which citizens have an active role.
14 15
Arup, “Cities Alive: Rethinking green infrastructure”, 2014, 31
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Gemma Alcalรก| KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
The positive light Light as an emotional generator and flexible space creator in domestic quarantine.
Abstract This Masters Thesis is a response to the personal willingness of obtaining something positive from the global crisis, caused by Covid-19. In such a situation, an understanding of the role of light in domiciles is appropriate not only functionally, but emotionally, as new ways of living in space are introduced. Indeed, flexibility has turned to be a claimed characteristic in the house, as well as access to daylight and outdoor spaces. Those aspects are to be considered positive in the near future. Nevertheless, what can be considered as positive light and the extent to which it is related to flexibility is a factor to study. How positive light can be achieved is also a factor to consider. Throughout this project, positive light will be defined under the exceptional circumstances of quarantine. The distribution of a survey, a discussion of architectural theories, as well as a study of positive light in my personal home will be carried out in order to gain an insight into its definition. Keywords: positive, light, emotional, quarantine, confinement, house, window, resources, perception, comfort.
Tutor: Nuria Barat
Q12 This graph shows the tendency in size of the space shown. Only one subject is not shown in the graph, due to the fact that their answer
distributed in Spain, based on my personal does not meet the requirements (“more than 30m2”). the country and due to its exceptional situation Table 1. Size of the spaces shown in the survey. Q12. id19 (being one of the most affected countries). 2x1 and 3x1 4x2 5x3 6x9 8x4 9x17 10x13 12x10 the survey was available, between the 8th 23rd 3x5 4x4 5x3 6x10 had reached a month under lock down. With the 4x6 5x4 ending the State of Emergency, citizens were only 4x7 5x4 heir homes for basic needs. 5x5 5x5 dia the way of distribution, people above 65 years 5x8 been able to participate. Due to the fact that the 5x8 sh and not local languages, a percentage of the Q13 Regarding be lost. Due to Copyright advice and other legal three word description, “calm” is used by 7 subjects. At time, “relax” is the word chosen by 4 other participants. The were not considered. Nevertheless, it the wassame an open ible by any participant. same amount of repetitions is done with “light”. ormulated from an emotional approach, which can Table 2. Subjects 3 words description of the pictures taken in the survey. Q13. nformation about perception. As Elisenda Fontarnau Fig. 2 g temperature should not be considered as atyp. factor Subjects W1 W2 W3 Picture he use of different devices and their big impact on the Daytime S01 cozy cheery light ture. However, other questions were introduced to Nighttime S02 hobby work desk production ve data that could be related to standards (eg. uses of
ts
Q12 This graph shows the tendency in size of the space shown. Only one subject is not shown in the graph, due to the fact that their answer
does not meet the requirements (“more than 30m2”). Table 1. Size of the spaces shown in the survey. Q12.
2x1
3x1 3x5
4x2 4x4 4x6 4x7
Q13
5x3 5x3 5x4 5x4 5x5 5x5 5x8 5x8
6x9 6x10
Picture typ.
W1
Subjects
Daytime
S01
cozy
Nighttime
S02
hobby
bright
calm
good vibes
Daytime
S03
bright
S04
personal
fresh
relax
Daytime
S04
personal
Daytime
S05
Sunday
morning
relax
Daytime
S05
Sunday
light
outdoor
nature
Daytime
S06
light
light
freedom
privacy
Daytime
S07
light
S08
relax
sunny
place
Daytime
S08
relax
S09
shelter
calm
reflection
Nighttime
S09
shelter
Daytime
S10
calm
peace
self-knowledge
Daytime
S10
calm
Daytime
S11
relax
calm
creativity
Daytime
S11
relax
Daytime
S12
Daytime
S12
quiet
Daytime
S13
wide
Daytime
S14
big
ects are between 18 and 35 years old.
in an apartment with a balcony. ThisDaytime typology of S13 , mostly, in the average of age mentioned earlier. S14 Daytime Daytime
Fig. 3
S15
of participants (6) live in a space of more than Daytime S16 d is equally followed by 5 people, whose choices are Nighttime S17 m2, respectively. Only 2 people live in an apartment of
quiet
calm
light
wide
alive
x
big
clear
spacious
Fig. 7
relax
home
loneliness
Daytime
S15
relax
green
spacious
cold
Daytime
S16
green
cozy
calm
family
Nighttime
S17
cozy
Nighttime
S18
rest
calm
family
Nighttime
S18
rest
Daytime
S19
light
birds
life
Daytime
S19
light
Daytime
S20
relax
me’s score 7 or 8 out of 10 in level of brightness. Daytime S20 relax pure nature person who considers the house to be generally subject lives on their own, in an apartment Group in without relation to: Light Outdoor Calmness m2. The majority of adjectives in relation to calmness and light are Daytime S12 mountains air views described in their a daytime situation. cts are living with their families, while 5 live on Daytime S17 calm pretty comfortable equally divided between “couple” or “flatmates”. Q14of The difference n the first group mostly live in a space more than between those who have made changes in the space shown, in a bigger or smaller scale, is only 4. No changes is the tendency. ts have changed their household, due to quarantine. Fig. 4 Q15 Within the 9 subjects who have made some changes, 6 of them are e working or studying from home. related to light. Here are the answers: “Sofa and chairs are faced to the windows” “Lighting” rdly ever used to spend time at home, due to work and “Move the balcony common in participants between 18 and 35 years old. table to the side to have a wider view. Bring the chair in to be warmer, but still feeling I’m outdoor” ions of the time spent at home were: Ioutdoor used to long spend “Furniture and t home afterwork/ I used to spend most the of time at lighting” “I 5added a floor mat, so I can sit outside or closer to the door for weekends. These options were chosen by subjects, natural light” “Table moved against the wall due to luminaire and changed to a more comfortable ar tendency to take the requested picture in the chair” t common being between 11:00 and 12:40. Only four Q16 The results show that spaces exposed tend to have more than icture at nighttime. one use, being 3 uses the common average. Within all possibilities, “Leisure activities” is the most frequent use given to the space ved from the survey. (repeated 18 times). It is followed by 9 for “Social interaction” and eptance of Copyright. Consult Appendix- Section II (pgs.32-35) for “Eating”, “Physical activity”, and 8, for “Working”. d graphs Fig. 5
10x13
12x10
Table 2. Subjects 3 words description of the pictures taken in the survey. Q13.
S03
ts are from Barcelona, 3 from Madrid Nighttime and 1 from
9x17
same amount of repetitions is done with “light”. Fig. 6
Daytime
Daytime
8x4
Regarding three word description, “calm” is used by 7 subjects. At the same time, “relax” is the word chosen by 4 other participants. The
Daytime
ects took the survey. Unexpectedly, 2Daytime of them were S06 untries, which is why are not represented in the Daytime S07
Q10.- (...) “If it is taken during DAYTIME, please show the space/corner/room where you can feel ACTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE”
ations
31
Group in relation to:
Calmness
W2
Fig. 6
W3
cheery
light
work desk
production
calm
good vibes
fresh
relax
morning
relax
outdoor
nature
freedom
privacy
sunny
place
calm
reflection
peace
self-knowledge
calm
creativity
calm
light
alive
x
clear
spacious
home
loneliness
spacious
cold
calm
family
calm
family
birds
life
pure
nature
Light
Fig. 7
Outdoor
The majority of adjectives in relation to calmness and light are Daytime S12 mountains air views described in a daytime situation. Daytime
S17
calm
pretty
comfortable
Q14 The difference between those who have made changes in the
space shown, in a bigger or smaller scale, is only 4. No changes is the tendency. Fig. 8
Q15 Within the 9 subjects who have made some changes, 6 of them are related to light. Here are the answers: “Sofa and chairs are faced to the windows” “Lighting” “Move the balcony table to the side to have a wider view. Bring the outdoor long chair in to be warmer, but still feeling I’m outdoor” “Furniture and lighting” “I added a floor mat, so I can sit outside or closer to the door for natural light” “Table moved against the wall due to luminaire and changed to a more comfortable chair”
Fig. 8
Q16 The results show that spaces exposed tend to have more than one use, being 3 uses the common average. Within all possibilities, “Leisure activities” is the most frequent use given to the space (repeated 18 times). It is followed by 9 for “Social interaction” and “Eating”, “Physical activity”, and 8, for “Working”. Fig. 9
9
Fig. 9
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Arianna Foltran | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Shading system in glass facades architecture An alternative shading system which blends in with the beauty of glass facades
Abstract Glass facades building, especially offices, always need shading devices to guarantee occupant’s well-being and comfort. However, shading devices are often composed of shutters or fabric tents which creates dark interiors and do not allow access to view out. Moreover, they ruin the aesthetical appearance of glass facades. The study aims to research and propose an alternative shading system for glass facades building which can prevent from glare in the interior spaces as well as respecting the continuity of a glass facade from an exterior point of view. Research upon materials that can be integrated into glass has been carried and Ceramic ink digital printing has been found as the right technique to ensure both a functional and aesthetical value. The material today has been used mainly for decorative functions. The patterns and the colors of the shading device proposed with ceramic and digital ink printing have been tested in Deloitte Building in Copenhagen with both 3D digital models and an online survey investigating comfort preferences.
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4.4 Patterns and shadows In order to validate the assumptions made in the previous chapter, four options of patterns are visually presented and studied the correspondent shadow (see next pages 24-25 ).
Fig. 19 - Option 1 - Vertical lines denser in the middle section
Fig
Fig. 20 - Option 2 - Horizontal lines denser in the upper section
Fig
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Cody Torgersrud | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Light and Privacy A proposal towards a testing and education standard Abstract The transformation of the architects’ vision to architectural form is a lengthy process. From initial sketch to day-to-day life, a design is transformed through the reality of occupation. No matter how much effort is put into a design its final effectiveness is determined by the end user. The access to ample daylight balanced with an adequate sense of visual privacy within ones one home is not often accounted for within the planning process. With current legislation making access to daylight a right within many developed countries, guar-anteeing that access within the dense urban environment can mean putting resident’s privacy into question when planning to meet these daylight requirements. Failing to consider the privacy needs of all residents, especially immigrant groups, can lead to privacy driven modifications counterproductive to the overall goal of increasing access to daylight. Resident modifications can, in turn, lead to reductions of daylight levels within the home. There is a need for a system of analysis when it comes to the balance of access to daylight and adequate visual privacy, connecting the critical impacts of these factors on the human physiology and psychology. This proposal puts forward a system to analyze the relationship between the effective light transmission and the perceived visual privacy provided by a given visual privacy solution. The study is based off the analysis of current research regarding the effect of daylight on the human body, the importance of privacy within the home, the impact of cultural background on perception of privacy, and the impact of changing urban density on how people live. The research proposes a system of measurement taking into consideration both the quantitative effective daylight transmittance and a systematic qualitative analysis of perceived visual privacy through participant survey. The data collected would eventually be combined in a way that could be easily communicated to architects, designers, manufacturers and most importantly the end user. This system would be used to ensure that residents are able to effectively balance the level of privacy they require while mitigating the loss of daylight within their homes helping to insure the most benefits for the resident regardless of what home they find themselves in. Keywords: Daylight, Daylight Transmittance, Windows, Privacy, Perceived Visual Privacy, Cultural Modesty, Global Migration, Urban Density
Tutor: Hamidreza Eizadi
35
Light and Privacy
How, as designers, do we go about creating spaces that attempt to deliver the most amount of daylight while retaining the highest level of privacy for a range of peoples?
Light and Privacy Figure 1.1 - Examples of various adaptations and modifications made to windows to increase privacy from around the Södermalm neighborhood in Stockholm.
1
6
Introduction
A common inflection point in this process is the window. Windows placed by the architect to facilitate healthy, and often mandatory daylight Human beings have a wide range of needs levels within a home may become an issue when considering their living spaces. While size, location and finish are important, there are when the visual access provided by the window violates the level of privacy needed within the two factors that play a critical role in the longhome to feel safe. While many residents will term physiological and psychological health add drapery or blinds to feel more comfortthat are often not considered linked as part of able, not much thought is given to the overall the planning process. The access to ample effectiveness of these solutions in maintaining daylight balanced with an adequate sense of healthy daylight levels within the home. This visual privacy within one’s home is not often modification of the home will be unique to the accounted for within the planning process. resident and can range from a simple drape to a This lack of balance can easily be seen in urban structural addition. These solutions may often centers that have undergone significant trans- be referred to as interior or exterior shading formation in the size, density and cultural make- devices within the architectural community, but Figure 3.2.2 - A series of images showing a simple test of daylight versus visual privacy preformed using a window with an integratup of their populations in the last seventy years. within the scope of this research the term visual ed blind system. From Left to Right : Open window with blinds pulled up all the way, blinds down and set horizontal, blinds down and privacy solution (VPS) is used. These visual building a subconscious monoset at aArchitects 45 degree angle, blindswith down set fully vertical. The level of privacy increases as the blinds are used but the level of daylight in cultural notprocess necessary going to consid- privacy solutions will also vary greatly dependthe space is cut bias downare as this progresses. ing on the background culture of the resident, er the constraints that a more socially modest potentially resulting in extreme cases of fully culture may face when inhabiting one of their world based around a state of observation. Cit- blocking (Garvey, windows 2005; VantoDer Horst & Messing, ensure visual privacy.2006; structures. This myopic architectural view izens are constantly monitored, day in and day Hessler, 1995). even effects cities bases in more conservative out, through video feeds located in their televicountries through architectural colonization (Al This proposal puts forward the creation of a sions. The only reason that the protagonist is In the evolving and changing demographics of Kodmany, 1999). And while an architect’s inten- system which can measure and quantify the able to start breaking through the oppressive our cities it is critical to understand our differtions may be pure the understanding that one’s physical and psychological effects of a given shell of constant surveillance is the fact that encesprivacy in ordersolution, to create that support visual tocities help create a moreall own cultural background will not necessarily he feels safe in his alcove, where the gaze of of their inhabitants. This can be especially true translate to final usage is often overlooked. This balanced approach for the general populathe government, staring straight into his room, in capitals like Stockholm, where the cultural gap can quickly lead to the failure of the design. tion. From simple drapes to the architectural cannot see (Liu, 2011). norms between andprovides immigrant Mashrabiya eachnative solution itscommuown level nities can be vast and cover extremely sensitive Lack of visual privacy is seen as punishment, as topics like religion, gender roles and the body. a way to control and manipulate people. This is An example is the current tension around the demonstrated through the planning and design rapid influx of Muslim populations within North-
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Petra Koza| KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
The Light-Play-Ground Installation A design proposal for a stimulating outdoor environment for preschool aged children Abstract This thesis aims to introduce a design proposal providing a special light-colour-space experience for preschool aged children At this age, the basic aspects of visual perception are well-developed. However, unlike adults, children do not possess the experience and memories that enable complete visual perception. My goal was to create a space where children can play and, in the meantime, meet various stimuli that they are not used to, broadening their visual sensitivity by utilizing the rhythm of light and colour combinations. Based on earlier studies, I investigate three main areas: children’s perspective, their relationship with colours, and the learning process itself that takes place in their brain while embracing knew knowledge. Conclusions drawn from the literature review are complemented by studies of forms, shadows, and materials. The design of the installation itself is presented through conceptual sketches and models. As the main motive of the installation I chose a circular labyrinth where, during wandering, new experiences, colours, forms, atmospheres, and emotions reveal themselves as one pro-gresses towards the centre. Darkness too plays an important role in the design. The changes in light level follow the steps of this external and internal journey, until in the last layer of the labyrinth children can experience almost complete darkness in a relatively safe environment.
Tutor: Jonas Kjellander
mit emotions, moods and provides the space a base atmosphere. The aim of the installation is to encourage children to explore, play regularly and thereby acquire new information through the variable (and non-digital) stimuli they get. Therefore, it is also important to investigate how playing improves different skills and what are the main benefits of playing in general. By defining the meaning of play for children we can understand better their impulses.
37
It is also vital to study children’s relationship with darkness – the lack of light – and their interpretations of dark.
Fig. 1 Methodology
BACKGROUND
|8
38
Jenny Netz | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Task Lighting for the Future School
Abstract Lighting is one of the most important issues for the perception of the physical environment and the ability to perform. Lighting design of classrooms is there-fore crucial to achieve the goals of education. The Swedish school aim to pro-vide a working environment supporting every child. As children are individuals their perceptions and light preferences differ just as adults do. Accessibility to tools to be able to customize for the individual child are therefore important. To support our planet, every new product developed should be considered regarding sustainability. This is particularly important of products designed for children as they are our future. This thesis will focus on finding a task light option suitable for the classroom environment. By researching literature, per-forming market research and conducting interviews with school professionals, important characteristics of a school task light were established. Based on the findings, a task light proposal was developed including the defined properties. Keywords: Classroom lighting | Task lighting | sustainable lighting | light sensitivity school environment | customized lighting solutions
Tutor: Gerhard Rehm
39
Screw opening for change of light source
Screw solution similar to the fastening of the cord. This to faciliate dismanling and replacement of adjustable arm.
he aim of seems to ch.
ess reossibly fferent versions. . In the school easily
Diffusor
Alternative - offered as able to atta Slidable tube
ments of , despite nents olution hildren. tested ble to use Glare shield
3.4.3 Proposed solution
Light source
Diffusor
In the search for the shape and aesthetics of the l Cords should be dur a timeless design which would communicate calm ilar system of cablin inspiration and motivation. The aim is also conn could be ato solution. bility and nature and to create a design which fits an design. As one of the main requested characte light and the positive experience of one school pr arm, this technology was decided to be included. to place the light source a bit into the luminaire.
Inspired by the Swe cowslip, which also the concept and nat naire was developed the cowslip they wo Scandinavian design view, making the lum the colours might no solved by offering m
Fig. 36: Gullviva (cowslip)
One of the main concerns of school professionals was durability so the product should not break easily, but if it did, options of repairability locally were favoured. Many luminaires are built using metals like steel or aluminium, and/or plastics. To choose the perfect material from a user perspective as
40
Chia-Huei Lu | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
A play for children exploring different qualities of light. Focus on playing with diffuse and direct light, and understanding the quality of daylight coming through the window.
Abstract Light is an essential element that forms our perceptual experiences. Every experience becomes a unique memory stores in our heads, lives in our hearts. It influences us on how we learn and grow since we were young children. The thesis is a documentary of my design process of creating a project for young children exploring different qualities of light. The project approach is inspired by a chosen story and Reggio Emilia Approach. The design process includes two tryouts of experiment and a final project. The project is modified based on the tryout experiment results. Along with the process, discussion sessions with Krister Svensson, expertise in early childhood education, are presented to bring the insight of children’s play into the project. In the end, the thesis will discuss how the focus of the project shifted from the first tryout to the final project, and what value of designing for children should be awarded for further development. Keywords: Quality of Light, Light Exploration, Lighting Design for Children, Child Culture Design, Early Childhood Education, Design for play, Children’s Play, Children’s Learning, Storytelling, Reggio Emilia Approach, Imagination, Interpretation, Visual Perception, Sensory Stimulation
Tutor: Veronika Mayerböck
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Final Results & Analysis Final project - Story Combination of story & instruction
Fig.42 Participants A
Fig.43 Participants A
Final Pro
- 1.Comm Fig.44 Participants B
Fig.45 Participants C
From the Participan their child expressio parent ga to lead th
- 2.Mater
Compare own patte the paper some par
Fig.46 Participants D
- 3.Exper
Fig.47 Participants D
Fig.48 Participants D
After rea me furthe engage w sources t - 4.If the
P.38
Fig.49 Participants E
Fig.50 Participants E
From the by paren children m from diffe storyline t common pattern on
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Andrea Salas Troncoso | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Lightgestures Abstract This research explores the human response to lighting stimuli in a space characterized by differences in light intensity between darkness and light. The basis of the study focuses on the Chiaroscuro painting technique. Because of this, three paintings by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio have been chosen to analyze their lighting qualities. These paintings were converted to the value scale (shades of grey) to directly understand how the perception of contrasts in light works on the canvas. In addition, a comprehensive review of the literature is conducted focusing on how human emotions are affected by light that goes beyond consideration of task performance and more related to the human experience. Therefore, to test those emotions, a physical model was built with the intention of translating the lighting parameters of one of the three paintings studied (2D dimension) into a space (3D dimension). Then a questionnaire was made where it was possible to observe how people visually and emotionally perceived the intervened space compared to the paintings. Keywords: Luminous Environment, Chiaroscuro, Humanemotions, Contrastperception.
Tutor: SofĂa Valderrama
The theme of this thesis arises from the constant observation of spaces interact 43 embracing human acts. The presence of light is intangible and it is captured by physically but also emotionally.
This soft shade of light fades between the highlighted areas and the projected shadows. Gives a transition of light values to the shade.
LIGHT EXP
The human eye is more sensitive to capture brightness, which inThe experie this case is used to highlight the protagonist of the scene with aperceived w harsh concentrated lightcontrast in th distribution.
Furthermore Deep darkness that gives a dhigh etermin contrast to the scene because difference in there is an abrupt difference between the background andthe the brightne other light intensities. emitted wh object to be The shadow is a gray area that from oth appears when an object is background blocking the light. This kind of shade enriches the composition giving more depth to the composition.
Fig. 0 1 Benedictine Monastery of the Holy Trinity , Martin Correa Prieto and Gabriel Guarda Architects , Santiago , Chile , 1964
QUALITY OF LIGHT
The human perception of a space can change depending on how it is illuminated. The qualities of light enable us to link the stimulus of a lighted environment to emotional human responses (Lin , 2013). These factors in the luminous environment are capable of provoking positive or negative responses giving the space a certain appearance.
“I sense light as the giver of all presences, and material as spent light. What is made by light casts a shadow ,
Moreover, t bothered redunda information information is transmitte Bren School and Compute
M e t h o d o l o g y
Layers of Light (Fig.38)
Fig. 3 8 Layers of light that show the different values of light projected on the canvas.
Louis KAHN
1 9
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Maria Papapanagiotou | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
EMPHATIC ABSENCE Investigating the emotional response to contrast by means of chiaroscuro Abstract Personal preference to darkmospheres , light corners & generally high contrasted views and spaces, as well as a curiosity of investigating other opinions & responses, were the driving force for conducting this survey. Regarding my subjective perception and since, after all, the matter of taste and subjectivity is quite strong in this kind of investigations, I’ve always found solace in environments that were staged with different segments of light and darkness; whenever I was in a room, I would immediately turn off the general lighting and turn on different and multiple other light sources, trying to combine atmospheres and, of course, keep some intact dark corners. And that was always a matter of arguing between myself and most of my acquaintances. Also, as an art lover, the absolute drawing technique of contrast, chiaroscuro, is also my favorite one. These characteristics of sharp shadows-strong contrasts and the theatrical, spotlight effect, can dramatically provoke feelings, but of which kind? What is the general perception and emotional response to high contrasted environments & views? My belief, despite my personal taste, is that the effect of high contrast lighting environments is mainly associated with feelings that have a negative aesthetic tone, and thus, this significant design value is not used as much; Based on these assumptions, the purpose of this research is to investigate whether perceptions of contrasts in the lighting design of space are related to subjective preference ratings deriving from negative or uneasy feelings. A mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative findings, combining background research along with a survey was held, and, in general, it demonstrates a distinct correlation between levels of contrast as stimuli and feelings aroused. Although contrast does play a significant role in arousing strong feelings, by increasing and stimulating our perception, albeit we are probably negatively attracted to it. Given images of high contrasted –in terms of lighting quality- environments were associated mostly with feelings of anxiety and tension by the participants of the survey; thus, a balance between coherence and valence factors and complexity/arousal feelings is a prerequisite, in order to positively approve a new environment. Contrast as a design value, is characterized by contrasting feelings and, that is its most powerful value; it’s an influential design tool and the essential force within the articulation of both style and communication. It, therefore, deserves a wider use and appreciation.
Tutor: Foteini Kyriakidou
subject on a space, contrast is always the key. Through my
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As a starting point, literat used as secondary data t technique, as well as con paintings and architecture. of art being done with the implement this method in material was ranging fr subjectively criticizing the darkness, and contrast. Continuing with the collec more in-depth understand method of survey was follo
Figure 2: Schematic illustra research and fields of study
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Ceen Wahren | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Reflections on tranquility
Abstract Different types of light have been proven to induce different feelings, relaxation and tranquility among them. Going out to a forest to sit down and just watch the sun play in the leaves would probably be preferable, but perhaps we can improve the quality of an urban space with light. A short break in a lobby or a waiting room, watching a tranquil light may be a sufficient recharge before getting on with our stressed lives. The aim of this thesis is to investigate if there is a common understanding of what tranquil light is and with the result experiment with an identity light that is calming and relaxing and can be incorporated through a sculptural roof. The intention is that the roof design could be used in for example the entrance of a hospital where we want people to be calm in a perhaps stressful situation, in a busy mall having people relax between shopping, or in a hotel lobby to create a feeling of having reached a peaceful destination after a long travel. The thesis covers an investigation which was made through a survey were a test group were grading different types of light while also answering questions about light and tranquility. The result then carried on into an artistic experiment with light and glass were the aim was to explore how to transfer the results from the survey into a sculptural roof thus create the feeling of tranquility through light. Thesis question: Can we find a common understanding of what tranquil light is, and how might we achieve that lighting effect through a sculptural roof ?
Tutor: Aleksandra Stratimirovic and Bruno Bosco
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Marta AlbĂŠ | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Images of light and emotions a photographic research about individual and collective emotional sensibility towards lighting atmospheres.
Abstract How do we humans feel the light? Is there a correspondance between our inner feelings and emotions and the outer space that surrounds us? Are we aware/conscious of it? Which personal meanings-values and emotions arise in us and how we consequently link them to a certain Lighting Atmosphere (indoor and outdoor) lit by natural or artificial light? Driven by these questions, this thesis will investigate via a visual qualitative experiment driven among photo-graphy amateurs, how their emotional sensibility is deeply bonded with light and how this emotional atmosphe-re is felt and portrayed throughout the day. A collection of two pictures per day, for one week, in the morning and in the evening will be firstly analyzed under the lens of each singular participant’s emotional sensibility, and then collectively grouped into common lighting Atmospheres. The wide and colorful spectrum of the possible combinations between light and emotions investigated in this research shows the richness and the complexity of the human sensibility towards light, and raise awareness in consider these intangible human factors as essential in the lighting process.
Tutor: Rodrigo Muro
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Master's Thesis_Images of light and emotions | A photographic research about individual and collective semotional sensibility towards Lighting Atmospheres
EVENING
Day 4_25.04
MORNING
4pm Sicilian laces, the snack prepared by my grandmother, outside the Jasmine flower in bloom. #vigilance #anticipation
11am And so we will say goodbye, at a distance, fluttering hand. And I have never endured those kisses on the cheeks, actually. #anticipation
3pm “The scent of the sea, I don’t smell it, it’s gone, why don’t you come back here, Close to me” Summer, Bruno Martino #fear
10am My cat cuts out its spaces, selects precise corners of solitude, and silently, in front of that hedge, every day, with the image, it puts its thoughts on stage. #amazement #surprise
5pm I am here. You there. Always opposite. Always divided. And I, in order not to continue to wear ourselves out, I don’t even have the courage to go over it and open the window. #solitude #sadness
Day 6_27.04
Day 5_26.04
9am “I’ll be your mirror, Reflect what you are, in case you don’t know I’ll be the wind, the rain and the sunset The light on your door to show that you’re home” I’ll be your mirror, The Velvet Underground #trust
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AY 2020
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Natvalun Tavepontakul | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
OASIS OF CALM A study on creating an urban oasis of calm inspired by nature
Abstract We live in daily cycles of brightness and darkness throughout our lives. Light is a device, both through natural and artificial sources, that supports the working of our brains in the processing, reconstruction, and classification of information (Galetta, 2014). According to the models of mental processing provided by various individuals in literature, light as a stimulus can induce specific emotions and behaviors in people (Tomassoni et al., 2015). The objective of this thesis project is to study the possibility of using light patterns and motions to support stress reduction and provide people with a feeling of calm in an indoor setting, where access to nature is limited. The participants (n=30) of the study are students and working adults who live in different cities. They have been asked to evaluate the natural elements and what they perceive as calmness and relaxation through the projection of five different sets of skies. The study considers light as a Biophilic design element, which provides people with calm and a sense of well-being in their work environment (i.e., home office, working space). Through the results of this first survey and insight from the study, the author conducted a lighting experiment using a small model and surveyed the participants’ responses on mood and preference to the different lighting conditions in the model. Consequently, it turned out that most of the participants, from both the online survey and through direct physical interaction with the model, mentioned that they would prefer spending their breaks during their workday in a space that has both patterned light and moving light (not static), rather than the absence of light patterns and motion. By shaping human experience, the study investigates the possibility of using artificial light as a Biophilic design element to provide people with a feeling of calm and, therefore, to support stress reduction in their work environment. Keywords: Biophilia, Natural element, light pattern, motion, calmness, working environment
Tutor: Ute Besenecker
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Figure 4 The description of the dynamic lighting in Abisko, Sweden Latitude 68.354.605o | Longitude 18.843403o Date: 19-20 March 2020, The beginning of the Equinox Times and the sun angles referenced from Sun surveyor
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Key plan The locations of the observation
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Iris Molendijk | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
A portal between real and unreal Using a light stimulus to prevent hallucinations
Abstract This thesis explores the field of light, space and human perception. Human percep-tion is an active, information-seeking process, but when this information is not clear our mind tries to fool us by filling the emptiness. This unclear structure is also called the Ganzfeld effect. When being exposed to the Ganzfeld effect hallucinations may occur. The experiment set up for this thesis was to see if a stimulus of light could be used to prevent the mind drifting off into hallucinations and keeping a clear under-standing of the space. Based on previous literature research two experiments were set up. In the first ex-periment I expored myself how the Ganzfeld in nature affected me. In the second experiment six participants including myself experienced the Ganzfeld effect com-bined with a low light stimulus. This thesis concludes that an exposure to the Ganzfeld effect in combination with a low light stimulus prevents from complete hallucinations. When using a light stimu-lus an inbetween world is created. A clear description of this reality in spatial terms is attempted. Without the light stimulus the mind was able to drift off and went into an unreal world. When a light stimulus was given, the mind went back to the real and the space could be clearly understood. Keywords: Ganzfeld effect | Real | Unreal | Hallucinations | Light stimulus | Perception | Perceiving a space
Tutors: Luke Lowings and Foteini Kyriakidou
periment was scaled down and I focused on a small piece of snow in front of me (fig. 11). EXPERIMENTAL SETUP A timer was used to avoid losing oneself into hallucinations. A second person was asked to supervise the experiment and to keep track of time. A 15 minute time slot was used, during this time everything I said was recorded. ASSESSMENT OF SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES The recordings from the experiment were transcribed. With special attention to loss of visual control, loss of depth in the space, hallucinations and sensation of space. The experiences of me were compared with results written in the literature review.
ew of the method used in 3.2.
S s volunteered in the experiment, all in the age group: 25-35, without any ents. The groupFigure consisted of two male participants and four female partici11. Experiment setup - seated in the snow, staring at a white part in front of me for 15 minutes. 16
ERIMENT iform field of vision and to articipant completely in the onstruction was built. The was chosen, as this matched of the room, a surface to reated and totally surrounpant (fig. 13). The 30 minute ased on previous Ganzfeld he five minute light interstimulus was based on the oward (2014) where most ticed a difference in vision first 10 and last 10 minutes the results from Wackerwhere participants started ions already after a few miFigure 13. Sketch of the experiment setup.
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Paula Bez Cardoso | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Light and Mystery in Architecture
Abstract Studies suggest that mystery can increase curiosity and interest for certain spaces. This topic becomes highly relevant in current times, when contemporary architecture turns its concerns towards sharp vision. The result is a legacy of highly instagramable buildings, that lack the quality of generating emotional engagement and pleasing other senses than vision (Pallasma, 1996). In fact, it is this impossibility to completely understand something in the visual field that characterizes mysterious spaces. Yet, the lack of clear information may cause dichotomous, sometimes overlapped, feelings. From anxiety to expectation of a pleasant reward or of finding a magical secret spot. In both cases, the consequence of mystery is feeling of anticipation and, consequently, willingness to explore the space to overcome that feeling. There seems to be a consensus among the masters of architecture about the power of light and shadow to create mysterious, curious and magic atmospheres. However, the subjectivity involved in the perception of mystery and its associations make it a hard quality to be assessed. This thesis intends to shine a light in the topic and contribute to equip architects and designers with a tool that might help to create more sensitive, engaging multisensorial architecture.
Keywords: light, shadow, perception, mystery, architecture, legibility.
Tutor: Thomas Schielke
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LIGHT AND
MYSTERY IN ARCHITECTURE
KTH Royal Institute of Technology Degree Project in Architectural Lighting Design AF270X
| Second Cycle | 15.0 credits May 2020
Paula Bez Cardoso Tutor: Thomas Schielke, Ph.D.
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Farahbee Rahman | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Perception of spatial volume in daylight entering through devised openings
Abstract The thesis examines the impact of perceived brightness and contrast balance in relation to the spatial volume; physical volume transforming into a perceived volume in light. Two static viewpoints of 20th century’s museum architecture have been tested to observe qualitative features in daylight entering through architecturally devised openings. Anders Liljefors’s “7 parameters of light” based on visual-physical theory and James Gibson’s perception factors relating to our visual field help evaluate the perceived qualities. The thesis directs towards understanding relationship of brightness and contrast perception with the perceived color of space and spaciousness of the architectural volumes. Individual experiment with physical mock-up replicating the spatial volumes in contextual sun altitudes as well as visual representation of analyzing perceptual parameters have been documented and discussed. Also, methodology includes a collective evaluation surveying observers’ perception of “lighting features” and “spatial features” seeing the fish-eye images of the viewpoints as if looking into the physical mock-up. The comparative analysis in this research is an attempt to contemplate qualitative observation tool as an objective reference in relation to the subjective experience for architectural lighting design process. The investigation follows case studies of two exhibition spaces designed by architects - Carlo Scarpa and Louis Kahn. Keywords Visual Perception – Perceived Brightness, Contrast Balance Spatial Volume – Physical Volume – Perceived Volume Devised Openings – Architectural Openings Museum Architecture – Exhibition Space Daylight – Diffuse Skylight - Direct Sunlight
Tutors: Luke Lowings and Foteini Kyriakidou
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Perception of spatial volume in daylight entering through devised openings
KTH Architectural Lighting Design | Master’s Thesis
Rahman |
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Styliani Leivadioti | KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
SACRED ILLUMINATION: The connection between the built form and the history of the modern Swedish Church Abstract The use of light has always been a vehicle of symbolic meaning and spiritual experience in religious spaces. Depending on culture and religion this use differs, but in any case, the connection between the built form, the architecture and the history makes the relationship with light a compelling issue that is worth exploring. This thesis aims to study the role that light played in the designing of St: Eskilskyrkan church in Sweden, and the way it affected the perception of the architecture and its materials. In order to answer this question, a methodology based on both qualitative and quantitative methods, was generated. Evaluation and discussion of literature review, interviews, survey on perception of light, a comparison between two similar buildings, daylight analysis using lighting software and testing lighting design tools are the key elements to create the guidelines for the lighting design proposal that will be generated in the last part of the thesis. This proposal aims to redevelop the existing illumination of the interior of the church, emphasizing on functionality, on the built form and the enhancement of spiritual experience. Keywords: sacred illumination, meaning of light, sacred spaces, light and built form, light and architecture
Tutor: Rodrigo Muro
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ANALYSIS
yrkan, North
yrkan ,South
PART 4
PROPOSAL 0
1m
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FIG_43
1m
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FIG_44 LED Tape 3000K
Surface mounted LED
Spotlight 2700K
3000K
Spotlights wo churches differ in many respects, sation that Romare2 wanted to create a changeability 2700K LED Tape commonalities that allow us to spec- in light qualities, according the hour of the day. 4000K Task mounted architect’s general intentions LED were, Spotlight 3000K tmosphere he wanted to create. At the2700K same time we couldn’t the absence in-groundignore linear LED System of light during the prolonged3500K winters in Scandinause of red brick in both churches, was via. Among seasons the interior appears different omething common in built activity in and that was probably a reason why the architect y of this era. However, Bengt Romare was evolved in the designing of the luminaires. In e, in his speech at the inauguration of both churches he designed the same custom made n, explaining that he wanted to create type of metallic luminaire, consisting of many light will last not only for decades, but for sources reminding of candles, which enhance the in order to achieve this, materials are experience of the space as carriers of spiritual and significance. Someone could specu- symbolic ambience. An ambience created by the f brick and the other materials, also mix between the dark and serious walls and the light - View of the space, as entering the nave rt to createFIG_67 a dark almost dramatic either of the windows or the light sources. However the way that the architect enings in both cases indicates an in- It is evident that Romare was influenced by archie a bright space, exposed to the out- tects such as Celsing and Lewerentz, but he tried to 4.4 Characteristics of the light s makes sense if we considered the sources create his own church space, where light is of great dernization Tapestry and secularization of the importance to its architectural experience. Walls For thean illumination of the tapestry are recommend- The wall behind the tapestry will be lit by e effort to make “everyday space”
an in-
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all material presented in this booklet under copyright Š KTH School of Architecture and thesis authors
KTH School of Architecture | Architectural Lighting Design
Thanks !
To all tutors & critics Ute Besenecker Gayathri Unnikrishnan Dr. Amardeep M. Dugar Foteini Kyriakidou Per Nylén Rodrigo Muro Per Franson Dr. T.W. Stone Colin Ball Nuria Barat Hamidreza Eizadi Jonas Kjellander Gerhard Rehm Veronika Mayerböck Sofía Valderrama Aleksandra Stratimirovic Bruno Bosco Luke Lowings Thomas Schielke Merete Madsen Jan Ejhed Federico Favero Gerhard Rehm Isabel Dominguez
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