Fighting Words: How Arab and American Journalists Can Break Through to Better Coverage (Arabic)

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻀﻲ ﻣﺪﻣﻨﻮ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﻔﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻴّﻒ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﻢ ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻳﺎﻫﻮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﻤﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ :٨(٢٠٠٣) (Knight Ridder‬ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍء‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺣﻨﻜﺘﻬﻢ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻴﺎﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﺤﻔﻴﻮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﺎً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺮﺣﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺃﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺻﺤﻔﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺅ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍء ﻳﺠﻌﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺗﺜﺮﻱ ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻨﺎ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﻭﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺆﻣّﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻠﻮﻥ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻮﺹ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ّ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻫﺒﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ‪٦٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍً ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ ّ‬ ‫ُﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻨﻲ‪" :‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭ‪ ٢٠‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎﻫﻢ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ؟"‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺻﺤﻔﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺒﺨﺲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺋﻨﺎ‪ً .‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﻄﻴﻬﻢ ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﻄﻴﻬﻢ ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻗﺘﺎً ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺬﺑﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺒﺮﻫﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﻠﻮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺁﺭﺍﺋﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﻛﻮﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻠﺔ ﻣُﻨﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍ‪" :‬ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻠﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﺍً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺯﻻ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺷﻴﺎء ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ".‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻓﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻳﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺅﻭﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻻ‬