Zolai tawh US Citizen Questions by Khenno Zomi

CIVICS (History and government) Questions & Answers for the Naturalization Test United States gammi suah nading theihhuai thute dotna leh dawn’na ႏုိင္ငံသားဆိုင္ရာ (သမိုင္းေရးႏွင့္ အစိုးရ) ရ) ေမးခြန္းႏွင့္အေျဖမ်ား

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

U.S. Naturalization 100 Civics Questions and Answers In English, Zolai & Burmese Translated by Dr. C. Thang Za Tuan (English to Zolai) J. Man Ngaih Hau (English to Burmese) Edited by Pau Khan Sang # The 100 civics (history and government) questions and answers for the naturalization test are listed below. The civics test is an oral test and the USCIS Officer will ask the applicant up to 10 of the 100 civics questions. An applicant must answer 6 out of 10 questions correctly to pass the civics portion of the nationalization test. # Gammi suah nading gammi tawh kisai (tangthu leh ki-uk zia) dotna 100 ahi hi. Laivuanna-ah kam aa dot hi aa, USCIS Ulian te’n, 100 sung pan 10 hong dong ding hi. 10 sung pan 6 limtak-in dawn’kik theih kul hi. # ႏုိင္ငံသားျဖစ္ခင ြ ့္စာေမးပြအ ဲ တြက္ ႏုိင္ငံသားဆိုင္ရာ(သမိုင္းေရးႏွင့္အစိုးရ) ေမးခြန္း ၁၀၀ ေဖၚျပထားပါသည္၊ စာေမးပြဲမွာ ႏႈတ္ေျဖျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ USCIS အရာရွိက ေျဖဆိုသူအား အပုဒ္ ၁၀၀ အနက္မွ ၁၀ ပုဒ္ကို စစ္ေဆးေမးျမန္းပါမည္။ စာေမးပြေ ဲ အာင္ျမင္ရန္ ၁၀ ပုဒ္အနက္မွ ၆ ပုဒ္ကို မွန္ကန္စြာ ေျဖဆိုႏုိင္ရမည္ျဖစ္သည္၊ # If you are 65 years old or older and have been a legal permanent resident of the United States for 20 or more years, you may study just the questions that have been marked with an asterisk. (Pages 3, 5-10, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35-38) # Kum 65 leh a tungsiah pha-in America gam-ah a om tawntung, kum 20 leh a tungsiah a om khin-te in asterish (*) tawh ki lak-te bek ciamteh ding ahi hi. (Laimai 3, 5-10, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35-38) # အကယ္၍ သင္သည္ အသက္ ၆၅ ႏွစ္ သို႔မဟုတ္ ၆၅ ႏွစ္အထက္ရွိၿပီး၊ အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံအတြင္း အၿမဲတမ္းေနထိုင္သူအျဖစ္ ေနထိုင္မႈသက္တမ္း အႏွစ္ ၂၀ သို႔မဟုတ္ အႏွစ္ ၂၀ အထက္တင ြ ္ရွိပါက ခေရပြင့္ ျပထားေသာ ေမးခြန္းမ်ားကိုသာ ေလ့လာေျဖဆိုႏုိင္ပါသည္။ (pmrsuE f mS 3, 5-10, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35-38)

American Government American Gam kiki-ukzia Thu အေမရိကန္အစိုးရဆိုင္ရာ A.

Principles of American Democracy American gam Democracy Thubulpite အေမရိကန္ဒီမိုကေရစီသေဘာတရားမ်ား 1. What is the supreme law of the land? USA gam ii zuih thukhun Upadi thupi pen bang hiam? ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ အျမင့္ဆုံးဥပေဒသည္ ဘာလဲ

the Constitution

Gammki-ukna Thukhunpi hi ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒ

2. What does the Constitution do? Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi in bangteng vaan hiam? ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပအ ုံ ေျခခံဥပေဒက ဘာေတြလုပ္သလဲ - Sets up the government - Gam-uk ding kumpi phut - အစိုးရကိုပုံေဖၚဖြ႕ဲ စည္းေပးသည္ - defines the government - Ki-ukzia ding geel - အစိုးရ၏တာ၀န္ေတြကို သတ္မွတ္သည္ - protects basic rights of Americans - Americans mite’ septheih leh ngahtheih peuhmah peelhem saklo (protects) - အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ား၏ အေျခခံအခြင့္အေရးေတြကို ကာကြယ္ေပးသည္

1| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

3. The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. What are these words? Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi sungah ei leh ei ki-ukzia ding lamlak kammal thumte bang hiam? ကိုယ္ပိုင္အစိုးရထူေထာင္ျခင္းဆိုင္ရာ အေတြးအေခၚသည္ ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒ၏ ပထမ စကားလုံး သုံးလုံးတြင္ ပါ၀င္သည္္။ ထိုစကားလုံး သုံးလုံးဟာ ဘာေတြလ?ဲ

We the People Ei mipite ငါတို႕ အေမရိကန္ျပည္သူမ်ား

4. What is an amendment? Upadi Puahphatna/behlapna (Amendment) icih bang hiam? ျပင္ဆင္ျဖည့္စြက္ခ်က္ဆိုသည္မွာ ဘာလဲ?

A change (to the Constitution) Akikheelna khat (ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒ)၏ အစိတ္အပိုင္းတစ္ခုကို ျပင္ဆင္ျခင္း An addition (to the Constitution) Guanbeh (Behlap) (ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒ) ျဖည့္စြက္ျခင္း

5. What do we call the first ten amendments to the Constitution? Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi sungah Puahphat masakna sawmte bang kici hiam? ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒ၏ ပထမဆုံးျပင္ဆင္ျဖည့္စြက္ခ်က္ ၁၀ ခုကို ဘယ္လိုေခၚသလဲ?

The Bill of Rights

Hamphatnading Upadi လူတစ္ဦးခ်င္းစီ၏ အေျခခံအက်ဆုံး အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားကို အာမခံထားသည့္ဥပေဒၾကမ္း

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |2 East Portland Action Plan

6. * What is one right or freedom from the First Amendment? Tua Puahphat Masakna ah hamphatna ahihkeh suahtakna khat bang ahia? ပထမဆုံးျပင္ဆင္ျဖည့္စြက္ခ်က္မွ အခြင့္အေရးတစ္ခု (သို႔မဟုတ)္ လြတ္လပ္ခင ြ ့္တစ္ခုကိုေဖၚျပပါ၊

Speech

လြတ္လပ္စြာ ေျပာဆိုပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

Religion

လြတ္လပ္စြာ ကိုးကြယ္ပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

Assembly

Suaktataka Kikaihkhoptheihna

လြတ္လပ္စြာ စုေ၀းပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

Press

Suaktataka Laigelh leh hawmtheihna

Petition the government

Suaktataka Kumpi tungah lungkimlohna gentheih/pulaktheihna

Suaktataka thugentheihna

Suaktataka Biakpiaktheihna

လြတ္လပ္စြာ ေရးသားထုတ္ေ၀ပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

အစိုးရထံသို႕ လြတ္လပ္စြာ အယူခံတင္သင ြ ္းပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

7. How many amendments does the Constitution have? Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi bangzah vei kipuahpha ta hiam? ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒတြင္ ျပင္ဆင္ျဖည့္စြက္ခ်က္ ဘယ္ႏွစ္ခုရွိပါသလဲ?

Twenty-seven(27)

27 vei ႏွစ္ဆယ့္ခုႏွစ္ခ(ု ၂၇)

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8. What did the Declaration of Independence do? Suahtakna Thutangkopina bang hiam? ‘လြတ္လပ္ေရးေၾကညာစာတမ္း’ က ဘာလုပ္ခဲ့သလဲ? Announced our independence (from Great Britain)

(Great Britain te kiangpan) suahtak tangkona

(ၿဗိတိန္ႏုိင္ငံႀကီး၏လက္ေအာက္မ)ွ လြတ္ေျမာက္ေၾကာင္း အသိေပးေၾကညာသည္

Declared our independence (from Great Britain)

Said that the United States is free (from Great Britain)

(Great Britain te kiangpan) suahtak pulakkhia (ၿဗိတိန္ႏိုင္ငံႀကီး၏လက္ေအာက္မ)ွ လြတ္ေျမာက္ေၾကာင္း အတည္ျပဳေၾကညာသည္

(Great Britain te kiangpan) Americante (United States) suakta hi ei cihkhiatna အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံဟာ (ၿဗိတိန္ႏိုင္ငံႀကီး၏လက္ေအာက္မ)ွ လြတ္လပ္ေရးရၿပီဆိုတာကို ဖြင့္ဆိုေျပာျပသည္

9. What are two rights in the Declaration of Independence? Suahtakna Thutangkopi in hong phal hamphatna thunihte bang a hia? လြတ္လပ္ေရးေၾကညာစာတမ္းတြင္ပါေသာ အခြင့္အေရးႏွစ္ခုသည္ ဘာလဲ

Life

အသက္ရွင္ရပ္တည္ခင ြ ့္

Liberty

လြတ္လပ္ခင ြ ့္

Pursuit of happiness

ေပ်ာ္႐ႊင္မႈရွာမွီးပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

Nuntak khuasakna

Kiphalna

Nopsak banga zontheihna

10. What is freedom of religion? Biakna Suahtakna in bang hiam? ဘာသာေရးလြတ္လပ္ခင ြ ့္ဆိုတာဘာလဲ?

You can practice any religion, or not practice religion

မိမိယုံၾကည္ရာ မည္သည့္ဘာသာကိုမဆို ကိုးကြယ္ႏုိင/္ မကိုးကြယ္ဘဲ ေနႏိုင္သည္

Biakna khat peuhpeuh ah na utleh biathei/bialothei lel a omna

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |4 East Portland Action Plan

11. * What is the economic system in the United States? United States ah kizang neih-le-lam,silh-le-teen khantohna (sipuazi paizia) ah bangdan in pai hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏စီးပြားေရးစနစ္သည္ဘာလဲ?

Capitalist economy

Aziansian sanit (Sumneite bulphuh) paizia

အရင္းရွင္စီးပြားေရးစနစ္ Market economy Sumzuaknamun thupitsakna (Zaykuat sipuazi) ေစ်းကြက္စီးပြားေရးစနစ္

12. What is the “rule of law”? Upadi tawh ki-uk cih bang hiam? ဥပေဒအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈဆိုသည္မွာ ဘာလဲ?

Everyone must follow the law.

Mikim in upadi zui/mang ding

Leaders must obey the law.

Makaite in zong upadi zui/mang ding

အစိုးရသည္ တရားဥပေဒကို နာခံရမည္

No one is above the law.

မည္သူမွ် တရားဥပေဒအထက္တင ြ ္မရွိေစရ

လူတိုင္း တရားဥပေဒကိုလိုက္နာရမည္

ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားသည္ တရားဥပေဒနာခံရမည္ Government must obey the law. Kumpi in zong upadi zui/mang ding

Kuamahpeuh upadi huamkhakloh omtuansaklo ding

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System of Government KiKi-ukna Kumpi kilamzia အစိုးရဖြ႕ဲ စည္းမႈပုံစံ 13. * Name one branch or part of the government? Ki-ukna Kumpi kilamzia ah akihel ahiang thupi khat min pulak sin aw. အစိုးရ၏ဌါနဆိုင္ရာအစိတ္အပိုင္းတစ္ခုကို ေဖၚျပပါ

Congress

- Hluttaw

- ကြန္ဂရက္/လႊတ္ေတာ္

Legislative

- Upadi bawlna

- ဥပေဒျပဳေရး

President

- President

- သမၼတ

Executive

- Thuvaanpite

- အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး

The courts

- Thukhenzumte

- တရား႐ုံးမ်ား

Judicial

- Thukhenmangte

- တရားစီရင္ေရး

14. What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful? Tua Ki-ukna ah ahiang khat in aana aneihluatloh nading in bangci ki-gak hiam? အစိုးရဌါနတစ္ခုက အာဏာပို၍လႊမ္းမိုးမႈမရွိရန္ မည္သည့္အရာက ထိန္းထားသနည္း?

Checks and balances

ခ်ိန္ခင ြ ္လွ်ာညွိႏႈိင္းမႈစနစ္

Separation of powers

အာဏာခြေ ဲ ၀မႈစနစ္

Ki-etcikna tawh

Aana hawm/khenna tawh

15. Who is in charge of the executive branch? A thuneipi pen kua ahiam? အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးဌါန၏ အႀကီးအကဲသည္ မည္သူနည္း? The president

President

ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သမၼတ

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16. Who makes federal laws? Federal ki-ukna upadi kua in geel hiam? ဖယ္ဒရယ္ဥပေဒကို မည္သူေရးဆြသ ဲ နည္း?

Congress

ကြန္ဂရက္အဖြ႕ဲ

Senate and House (of Representatives)

(US or national) legislature

Hlutdaw

Pyine Kusale Amat leh Taangmi Kusale အထက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ ႏွင့္ ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္

Gam ahihkeh Amyotha Upadi bawl Hluttaw (အေမရိကန္ သို႔မဟုတ္ အမ်ိဳးသား) ဥပေဒျပဳအဖြ႕ဲ

17. * What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress? U.S Congress (Hluttaw) ah dawl nihte bang hiam? အေမရိကန္ကြန္ဂရက္အဖြ႕ဲ ၏အပိုင္းႏွစ္ပိုင္းသည္ ဘာလဲ? The Senate and House(of Representatives)

Pyine Hluttaw leh Taangmi Hluttaw

အထက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ႏွင့္ ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ (ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား)

18. How many U.S. Senators are there? Pyine Amat (Senator) bangzah om hiam? အေမရိကန္အထက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ ဘယ္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ရွိသလဲ?

One hundred (100)

Za khat (100) တစ္ရာ (၁၀၀)

19. We elect a U.S.Senator for how many years? Senator khat in kum bangzah sem dingin kiteel ahia? အေမရိကန္အထက္လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္တစ္ေယာက္၏ အေရြးခ်ယ္ခံရမႈသက္တမ္းဟာ ဘယ္ႏွစ္ႏွစ္လ?ဲ

Six (6) Kum guk (6) ေျခာက္ႏွစ္ (၆)

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20. * Who is one of your state’s U.S. Senators now? Tulaitak in no Pyine (State) ah Hluttaw (Senator)amat khat kua hiam? သင့္ျပည္နယ္၏လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္တစ္ဦးသည္ မည္သူလ?ဲ

Answer will vary. [District of Columbia residents and residents of U.S. territories should answer that D.C. (or the territory where the applicant lives)has no U.S. Senators.]

Dawnna atuamtuam suak ding.(District of Columbia-DC ateengte in bel neilo) အေျဖတစ္ခုႏွင့္တစ္ခု တူညီမည္မဟုတ္ပါ။ [District of Columbia-D.C. ေဒသတြင္ေနထိုင္သူမ်ား အတြက္ လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္မရွိပါ။]

21. The House of Representatives has how many voting members? Taangmi Hluttaw (House of Representatives) ah member mi bangzah kiteel hiam? ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္တင ြ ္ မဲေပးႏုိင္သူအဖြ႕ဲ ၀င္ ဘယ္ႏွစ္ဦးရွိပါသလဲ?

Four hundred thirty-five (435) zali sawmthum nga (435) ေလးရာသုံးဆယ့္ငါးေယာက္ (၄၃၅)

22. We elect a U.S.Representative for how many years? U.S. Taangmi Hluttaw kusale khat kum bangzah sem dingin kiteel hiam? ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္တစ္ဦး၏ အေရြးခ်ယ္ခံရမႈသက္တမ္းဟာ ဘယ္ႏွစ္ႏွစ္လ?ဲ

Two (2)

Kumnih (2) ႏွစ္ႏွစ္ (၂)

23. Name your U.S.Representative. No ii Taangmi Hluttaw Kusale kua hiam? သင့္ျပည္နယ္၏ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္နာမည္ေဖၚျပပါ။

Answers will vary. [Residents of territories with nonvoting Delegates or Resident Commissioners may provide the name of that Delegate of Commissioner. Also acceptable is any statement that the territory has no (voting) Representatives in congress.]

Dawnna atuamtuam suak ding (Me khia khaloten neilo ahihteh Menzipa –Commissioner pa min genthei)

ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခုႏွင့္တစ္ခု အေျဖ တူညီမည္မဟုတ္ပါ။ [မဲေပးကိုယ္စားလွယ္ သို႔မဟုတ္ ဌါေန ေကာ္မရွင္နာ မရွိသည့္ေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ေနထိုင္သူမ်ားသည္ မိမိတို႔ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ေကာ္မရွင္နာ၏ အမည္ကို ေျဖဆိုႏုိင္သည္။ သို႔မဟုတ္ ကိုယ္စားျပဳအမတ္မရွိပါဟု ေျဖဆိုလွ်င္လည္း လက္ခံႏုိင္ ပါသည္၊]

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |8 East Portland Action Plan

24. Who does a U.S. Senator represent? U.S Pyine Hluttaw kusale khat in kuate ii taangmi ahihiam? အေမရိကန္ အထက္လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္တစ္ဦးသည္ မည္သူ႔ကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳပါသနည္း?

All people of the state

သက္ဆိုင္ရာျပည္နယ္ရွိ ျပည္သူအားလုံး

Ama pyine(state) a om mi khempeuh

25. Why do some states have more Representatives than other states? Banghang in State pawl khat ah Taangmi kusale adangte sangin tam zaw hiam? အဘယ္ေၾကာင့္ အခ်ိဳ႕ျပည္နယ္မ်ားတြင္ အျခားေသာျပည္နယ္မ်ားထက္ ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ပိုမို၍ရွိရပါသနည္း?

(Because of) the state’s population

(Because) they have more people

Amau pyine ah mipibup atamzawk hang

(because) some states have more people

Pyine khat leh khat ah miphazah akibatlohna hang hi

Amau pyine ah miphazah tawh kisai hang မိမိျပည္နယ္၏လူဦးေရေၾကာင့္၊

မိမိတို႔ျပည္နယ္တင ြ ္ လူဦးေရပိုမိုမ်ားေသာေၾကာင့္၊

အခ်ိဳ႕ျပည္နယ္မ်ားတြင္ လူဦးေရပိုမိုမ်ားေသာေၾကာင့္

26. We elect a President for how many years? President in kum bangtan sem dingin kiteel ahihiam? သမၼတတစ္ဦး၏သက္တမ္းသည္ ဘယ္ႏွစ္ႏွစ္လ?ဲ

Four (4)

ေလးႏွစ္ (၄)

Kum li (4)

27. * In what month do we vote for President? President kiteel hun bang kha hiam? သမၼတကို မည္သည့္လတြင္ မဲေပးေရြးခ်ယ္ပါသနည္း?

November ႏု၀ ိ င္ဘာလ

9| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

28. * What is the name of the President of the United States now? Tulaitak United States ii President (Thamada) min kua hiam? ယခုလက္ရွိ အေမရိကန္သမၼတ၏နာမည္သည္အဘယ္နည္း?

Barack Obama

ဘားရက္ အိုဘားမား

Obama

29. What is the name of the Vice President of the United States now? Tulaitak United States ii Vice President (Thamada azom pa) min bang hiam? ယခုလက္ရွိ ဒု-အေမရိကန္သမၼတ၏နာမည္သည္ အဘယ္နည္း?

Joseph R.Biden, Jr.

Joe Biden Biden ဂ်ိဳးဇက္ဘိုင္ဒင္

30. If the President can no longer serve, who becomes President? President in sem thei nonlo hileh kua President suak ding hiam? သမၼတ တာ၀န္မထမ္းေဆာင္ႏုိင္ေတာ့ပါက မည္သူဆက္လက္ထမ္းေဆာင္မည္နည္း? The Vice-president

President zompa

ဒု-သမၼတ

31. If both the President and the Vice President can no longer serve, who becomes President? President leh Vice President in semthei nonlo hileh kua President suak ding hiam? သမၼတ ႏွင့္ ဒု-သမၼတတို႔ တာ၀န္မထမ္းေဆာင္ႏုိင္ပါက မည္သူသမၼတျဖစ္မည္နည္း?

The Speaker of the House

Hluttaw Okkathah Pa ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ဥကၠဌ

32. Who is the Commander in Chief of the military? Galkap lam ah a uk alian pen kua ahihiam? စစ္တပ္၏စစ္ေသနာပတိခ်ဳပ္သည္ မည္သူနည္း?

The President President pa သမၼတ

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |10 East Portland Action Plan

33. Who signs bills to become laws? Upadi kigeel akipsak nading in kua in letmat thuh hiam? ဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းကို ဥပေဒျဖစ္ရန္ မည္သူက အတည္ျပဳလက္မွတ္ထိုးသနည္း? The President

President pa

သမၼတ

34. Who vetoes bills? Kua in Upadi kigeel khat nial thei hiam? မည္သူက ဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းကို ဗီတိုအာဏာျဖင့္ ပယ္ခ်ႏိုင္သနည္း?

The President

President pa သမၼတ

35. What does the President’s Cabinet do? President ii vuanzite in bang sem uh hiam? သမၼတ၏အစိုးရ၀န္ႀကီးမ်ားအဖြ႕ဲ သည္ မည္သည့္တာ၀န္ထမ္းေဆာင္ပါသနည္း?

Advises the President President pa tungah thuko/puak ding သမၼတကို အႀကံဥာဏ္ေပးသည္

11| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

36. What are two Cabinet-level positions? Vuanzi za panmun nih bang hiam? အစိုးရ၀န္ႀကီးအဖြ႕ဲ ႏွင့္တန္းတူ ရာထူးႏွစ္ခုသည္ အဘယ္နည္း?

Secretary of Agriculture

စိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Commerce

Sumbawlnalam (Commerce) Vuanzi

ကုန္သြယ္ေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Defense

Gamhutna Vuanzi

ကာကြယ္ေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Education

Pilsinna Vuanzi

ပညာေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Energy

Meitha (Energy) Vuanzi

စြမ္းအင္ ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Health and Human Services

Cidamna leh Mihingte Nasepna Vuanzi

က်န္းမာေရးႏွင့္ လူမ၀ ႈ န္ေဆာင္ေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Homeland Security

Gamsung humbitna Vuanzi

ျပည္တင ြ ္းလုံၿခံဳေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Inn leh khuapi khantohna Vuanzi( Housing and Urban Development)

အိမ္ယာႏွင့္ ၿမိဳ႕ျပဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Lokho (Agriculture) Vuanzi

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |12 East Portland Action Plan

36.

Secretary of the Interior

Pyithezi Vuanzi (Interior)

ျပည္ထေ ဲ ရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Labor

Nasepna lam Vuanzi

အလုပ္သမား ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of State

Gamdang Vuanzi

ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Transportation

Puhsaungzi Vuanzi (Transport)

သယ္ယူပို႔ေဆာင္ေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of the Treasury

Sumkeem Vuanzi

ဘ႑ာေရး ၀န္ႀကီး

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Galkapluite/Pensente Vuanzi

စစ္မႈထမ္းေဟာင္းေရးရာ ၀န္ႀကီး

Attorney General

Sitnichoh zum

ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ေရွ႕ေနခ်ဳပ္

Vice President

President zom pa

ဒုတိယ သမၼတ

13| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

37. What does the judicial branch do? Thukhen mang in bang sem hiam? တရားစီရင္ေရးဌါနက မည္သည့္အရာကိုလုပ္ေဆာင္ပါသလဲ?

Reviews laws

ဥပေဒမ်ားကို ျပန္လည္သုံးသပ္သည္

Explains laws

Resolves disputes(disagreements)

Decides if a law goes against the Constitution

Upadi leh Gamki-ukna Thukhun kikeelkite khentat’

ဥပေဒတစ္ခုသည္ ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒႏွင့္ ဆန္႔က်င္မႈ ရွိမရွိ ဆုံးျဖတ္

Upadi enphaphakik

Upadi telgenkhia ဥပေဒမ်ားကို အဓိပၸါယ္ဖင ြ ့္ဆို

Kinialtheihnate lemtuah အျငင္းပြားမႈ (သေဘာထားကြဲလြဲမ)ႈ မ်ားကို ေျဖရွင္း

38. What is the highest court in the United States? United States ah thukhen zum a sang pen bang hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံ၏ အျမင့္ဆုံးတရား႐ုံးသည္ အဘယ္နည္း?

The Supreme Court

Tazazungchoh တရား႐ုံးခ်ဳပ္

39. How many justices are on the Supreme Court? Supreme Court ah Thukhen Mang bangzah om hiam? တရား႐ုံးခ်ဳပ္တင ြ ္ တရားသူႀကီးမည္မွ်ရွိပါသနည္း?

Nine (9)

ကိုးေယာက္ (၉)

Kua (9)

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |14 East Portland Action Plan

40. Who is the Chief Justice of the United States now? Tulaitak United States ah Thukhenmangpi kua hiam? ယခုလက္ရွိ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ တရားသူႀကီးခ်ဳပ္သည္ မည္သူနည္း?

John Roberts (John G. Roberts, Jr.)

ဂၽြန္ေရာဘတ္စ္ (ဂၽြန္ ဂ်ီ ေရာဘတ္စ)္

John Roberts (John G. Roberts, Jr.)

41. Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the federal government. What is one power of the federal government? Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi nuai ah aana neihna Gambup Kumpi (Federal Government) in nei hi. Gambup Kumpi neihtheih aana khat bang hiam? ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒအရ ဖယ္ဒရယ္အစိုးရတြင္ လုပ္ပိုင္ခင ြ ့္အာဏာအခ်ိဳ႕ရွိပါသည္။ ထိုအာဏာမ်ားအနက္မွ တစ္ခုကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

To print money Sum khenkhiasak ေငြစကၠဴပုံႏွိပ္ထုတ္ေ၀ပိုင္ခင ြ ့္ To declare war

Galsim ding khensat

To create an army

Galkap phuansak

စစ္တပ္ဖ႕ြဲ စည္းပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

To make treaties

Gamdang tawh thukimna laipi bawl

ျပည္ပႏုိင္ငံႏင ွ ့္စာခ်ဳပ္ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

ျပည္ပႏိုင္ငံအားစစ္ေၾကညာပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

15| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

42. Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the states. What is one power of the states? Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi nuai ah septheih aana neihna pyinete ah kipia hi. Tua aana khat bang ahi hiam? ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒအရ ျပည္နယ္အစိုးရတြင္ လုပ္ပိုင္ခင ြ ့္အာဏာအခ်ိဳ႕ရွိပါသည္။ ထိုအာဏာမ်ားအနက္မွ တစ္ခုကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

Provide schooling and education

Sang leh pilsinna vaihawm

စာသင္ေက်ာင္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ပညာေရးကိစၥမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း

Provide protection (police)

Palik nei thei

ကာကြယ္ေရး(ရဲ) ကိစၥမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း

Provide safety (fire departments)

Meiphelhna leh humbitna vaihawm thei

လုံၿခံဳေရး(မီးသတ္ဌါနမ်ား) ကိစၥမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း

Give a driver’s license

Mawtawhawl letmat piathei

ယာဥ္ေမာင္းလိုင္စင္ျပဳလုပ္ေပးျခင္း

Approve zoning and land use

Gam leh lei zatna vaihawmthei

ဇုံအပိုင္းအျခား ႏွင့္ ေျမယာမ်ားသတ္မွတ္ေပးျခင္း

43. Who is the Governor of your state now? No pyine aa alianpen Governor tulaitakin kua hiam? သင့္ျပည္နယ္၏လက္ရွိအစိုးရအႀကီးအကဲ(governor)သည္ မည္သူလ?ဲ

Answers will vary. [District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. does not have a Governor.]

A dawnna a tuamtek hi ding hi. DC aa teengte in Governor neilo. ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခုႏွင့္တစ္ခု အေျဖမတူပါ။ ကိုလံဘီယာခ႐ိုင္တင ြ ္ေနထိုင္သူမ်ားအတြက္ (governor)မရွိဟု ေျဖရမည္။

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |16 East Portland Action Plan

44. * What is the capital of your state? No pyine khuapi (myodaw) bang hiam? သင့္ျပည္နယ္၏ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္အမည္သည္ အဘယ္နည္း?

Answers will vary [District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. is not a state and does not have a capital. Residents of U.S. territories should name the capital of the territory.]

A dawnna kibanglo ding. (DC ateengte in myodaw nei tuanlo) ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခုႏွင့္တစ္ခု အေျဖမတူပါ။ [D.C. တြင္ေနထိုင္သူမ်ားအေနျဖင့္ D.C. သည္ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခု မဟုတ္၊ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္လည္းမရွိဟု ေျဖရမည္၊ အေမရိကန္အထူးေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ေနထိုင္သူမ်ားအေနျဖင့္ မိမိတို႕သက္ဆိုင္ရာေဒသ၏ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္အမည္ကို ေျဖဆိုရမည္။]

45. * What are the two major political parties in the United States? USA ah naingnganzi party lian nih bang ahi hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံ၏ အဓိက ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီႀကီး ႏွစ္ခုကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

Democratic and Republican

ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္ႏွင့္ ရီပတ္ဘလီကင္

Democratic leh Republican

46. What is the political party of the President now? Tu laitak aa President pa ii naingnganzi party min bang hiam? ယခုလက္ရွိသမၼတဟာ ဘယ္ပါတီကလဲ?

Democratic (party) Democratic Party ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္(ပါတီ)

47. What is the name of the Speaker of the House of Representatives now? Gambup Hlutdaw Okkathah kua hiam? ယခုလက္ရွိ ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ ဥကၠဌသည္ မည္သူနည္း?

(John) Boehner

(ဂၽြန)္ ေဘနာ

(John) Boehner

17| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

Rights and Responsibilities Hamphatna Ngahtheih thute leh I Tavuante အခြင့္အေရးႏွင့္တာ၀ ာ၀န္မ်ား 48. There are four amendments to the Constitution about who can vote. Describe one of them. Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi ah li veitak kipuahphatna ah kuate in mee piathei dingte cih kilemthak hi. Tua lak ah khat gen in. ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒတြင္ မဲေပးပိုင္ခင ြ ့္ရွိသူႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာ ျပင္ဆင္ျဖည့္စြက္ခ်က္ ေလးခု ရွိပါသည္။ ၎တို႔အနက္မွ တစ္ခုကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

Citizens eighteen (18) and older (can vote).

တစ္ဆယ့္ရွစ(္ ၁၈)ႏွစ္ႏွင့္ အထက္ရွိသူ ႏုိင္ငံသားမ်ား (မဲေပးႏုိင္သည္)

You don’t have to pay (a poll tax) to vote.

Gammi kum 18 a pha leh a tungsiahte

Mee piak theih nading sumpiak kullo. မဲေပးရန္အတြက္ (မဲ႐ုံခြန)္ ေပးရန္မလိုပါ။

Any citizen can vote. (Women and men can vote.)

A male citizen of any race (can vote).

Numei pasal a kuapeuh in mee piathei မည္သည့္အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံသားမဆို မဲေပးႏုိင္သည္။ (က်ား/မ မေရြး မဲေပးႏုိင္သည္)

Kua minam hitaleh gammi pasal khatpeuh in mee piathei မည္သည့္မ်ိဳးႏြယ္ဇစ္ျမစ္မွဆင္းသက္လာသည့္ ႏုိင္ငံသားေယာက်ၤားမဆိ(ု မဲေပးႏုိင္သည္)

49. * What is one responsibility that is only for United States citizens? United States gammi bek ii tavuan khat bang hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံသားမ်ားသာထမ္းေဆာင္ရမည့္တာ၀န္တစ္ခုကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

Serve on a jury

တရားသူႀကီးအဖြ႕ဲ တြင္ အဖြ႕ဲ ၀င္အျဖစ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း

Vote in a federal election

Thukhen semthei

Federal (Pyine) kiteelna ah mee piathei ဖယ္ဒရယ္ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲတင ြ ္မေ ဲ ပးျခင္း

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |18 East Portland Action Plan

50. Name one right only for United States citizens. United States gammi khat ii ngahtheih hamphatna khat bang hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားသာ ပိုင္ဆိုင္သည့္ အခြင့္အေရးတစ္ခက ု ို ေဖၚျပပါ။ Vote in a federal election

Federal kiteelna ah thu neithei

ဖယ္ဒရယ္ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲတင ြ ္မေ ဲ ပးပိုင္ခင ြ ့္ရွိျခင္း

Run for federal office Federal ah meekuang lui thei ဖယ္ဒရယ္အစိုးရ ရာထူးအတြက္ ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္ေရြးခ်ယ္ခံပိုင္ခင ြ ့္ရွိျခင္း

51. What are two rights of everyone living in the United States? United States ah a teeng khempeuh ii ngahtheih hamphatna thu nih bang hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံတင ြ ္ မီွတင္းေနထိုင္သူတိုင္း၏ အခြင့္အေရးႏွစ္ရပ္ကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

Freedom of expression

လြတ္လပ္စြာ ထုတ္ေဖၚခြင့္

Freedom of speech

လြတ္လပ္စြာ ေျပာေရးဆိုခင ြ ့္

Freedom of assembly

လြတ္လပ္စြာ စု႐ုံးပိုင္ခင ြ ့္

Freedom to petition the government

အစိုးရထံ လြတ္လပ္စြာ အယူခံႏိုင္ခင ြ ့္

Suakta takin biakpiakna nei thei

The right to bear arms Suakta takin thau tawi thei

လက္နက္ကိုင္ေဆာင္ခင ြ ့္

Suakta takin thu pulaakthei

Suakta takin thu genthei

Suakta takin kikhaikhawm thei

Suakta takin kumpi tungah lungkimlohna azukhan(dong) thei Freedom of worship လြတ္လပ္စြာ ကိုးကြယ္ခင ြ ့္

19| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

52. What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance? Zahtak piakding Kamciam (Pledge of Alegiance) I neih ciang’ bang tungah thumaan citak ding I hiam?

ကၽြႏု္ပ္တို႔ ‘က်မ္းသစၥာ’ရြတ္ဆိုေသာအခါ ဘယ္အရာကို ထုတ္ေဖၚသစၥာျပဳသလဲ?

The United States United States gam tungah အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ The flag

Gam ii alan tungah

ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အလံ

53. What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen? United States gammi khat na suah ciangin na kam kiciamna khat bang ahi hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံသားတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္လာေသာအခါ သင္ျပဳရေသာ ကတိသစၥာ တစ္ခက ု ို ေဖၚျပပါ။

Give up loyalty to other countries

Defend the Constitution and laws of the United States

အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒ ႏွင့္ ဥပေဒအားလုံးအား ကာကြယ္

Gamdangte tungah muanna leh suanna nei nawnlo ding အျခားေသာတိုင္းျပည္မ်ားကို သစၥာခံျခင္းအား ႐ုပ္သိမ္းပါမည္

United States ii Gamki-ukna Thukhun leh Upadite humbit ding ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ပါမည္

Obey the laws of the United States

United States ii Upadi zui ding

Serve in the U.S. military (if needed)

(လိုအပ္ပါက) အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံစစ္တပ္တင ြ ္ အမႈထမ္းပါမည္

Serve (do important work for) the nation (if needed)

Gam ading nasep thupi sem ding (akisap leh)

Be loyal to the United States

အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ဥပေဒမ်ားအား ေလးစားလိုက္နာပါမည္

U.S. galkap ah sem ding (akisap leh)

(လိုအပ္ပါက) ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အတြက္ (အေရးႀကီးေသာအမႈ)မ်ားကို ထမ္းေဆာင္ပါမည္

United States gam tungah citak muanhuai ding အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံအား သစၥာေစာင့္သိပါမည္ Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |20 East Portland Action Plan

54. * How old do citizens have to be to vote for President? President a kiteelna ah mee pia theidingte kum bangzah pha ding hiam? သမၼတေရြးေကာက္ပြဲတင ြ ္ မဲေပးရန္အတြက္ ႏုိင္ငံသားမ်ားသည္ အသက္မည္မွ်ရွိရမည္နည္း?

Eighteen (18) and older

တစ္ဆယ့္ရွစ္ (၁၈)ႏွစ္ ႏွင့္ အထက္

Kum 18 leh a tung siah

55. What are two ways that Americans can participate in their democracy? American te in Democracy vaipuak ah kiheltheih nading nam nih bang ahi hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ား ဒီမိုကေရစီစနစ္ကို က်င့္သုံးႏိုင္သည့္ ပုံစံ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳး ကို ေဖၚျပပါ၊

Vote

Meepia

Join a political party

ပါတီတစ္ခုခုတင ြ ္ ပါတီ၀င္ျဖစ္ျခင္း

မဲေပးျခင္း

Naingnganzi party khat peuhpeuh ah kihel Help with a campaign Mee suaina ah huh မဲဆြယ္လႈပ္ရွားမႈတစ္ခုတင ြ ္ ပါ၀င္ကူညီျခင္း

Join a civic group

Join a community group

Veeng kipawlna ah kihel အဖြ႕ဲ အစည္းတစ္ခုတင ြ ္ ပူးေပါင္းပါ၀င္ျခင္း

Give an elected official your opinion on an issue

Thupi khat tawh kisai na ngaihsutna hoihte akiteel upa khatpeuh tungah pulakthei

Call Senators and Representatives

အထက္လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္မ်ားအား ဆက္သြယ္စကားေျပာျခင္း

Civil kipawlna khat ah kizom အရပ္ဘက္ အဖြ႕ဲ အစည္းတစ္ခုတင ြ ္ ပူးေပါင္းပါ၀င္ျခင္း

လူထုကိုယ္စားလွယ္တစ္ဦးအား ကိစၥရပ္တစ္ခုအေပၚ သင္၏ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္ကို တင္ျပျခင္း

Hluttaw amat leh kusale te kiang hawh zeel

21| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

55.

Publicly support or oppose an issue or policy

Run for office

Write to a newspaper

သတင္းစာတြင္ ေရးသားထုတ္ေဖၚျခင္း

Thupiang thu leh la khat na deihna leh na nialna mipi maiah gen ngam ကိစၥတစ္ခု သို႔မဟုတ္ မူ၀ါဒတစ္ခုကို ပြင့္လင္းစြာေထာက္ခံျခင္း သို႔မဟုတ္ ကန္႕ကြက္ျခင္း

Zum khat peuh ah ulianna semding kiteelthei, kihel thei ရာထူးေနရာအတြက္ ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္အေရြးခံျခင္း

Tadensa thukizaksakna ah lai at thei

56. * When is the last day you can send in federal income tax forms? Pyine akhun(tax) piak ding a ni nunung bang ni hiam? ဖယ္ဒရယ္၀င္ေငြအခြန္ေဆာင္သည့္ ပုံစံမ်ားကို ဘယ္ေန႔ေနာက္ဆုံးထား၍ ပို႔ေပးႏုင ိ ္သလဲ?

April 15 April 15 ni ဧၿပီလ ၁၅ ရက္

57. When must all men register for the Selective Service? Galkap nasep peello in sem dingte kum bangzah kikal hiding hiam? အမ်ိဳးသားအားလုံး ‘အေရးေပၚစစ္သားစုေဆာင္းမႈဌါန’တြင္ ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာ စာရင္းသြင္းရမလဲ?

At age eighteen (18)

Kum 18 phak ah

Between eighteen (18) and twenty-six (26)

Kum 18 leh 26 kikal ah

အသက္ ဆယ့္ရွစ္ (၁၈) ႏွစ္တင ြ ္

အသက္ဆယ့္ရွစ္ (၁၈) ႏွစ္ ႏွင့္ ႏွစ္ဆယ့္ေျခာက္ (၂၆)ႏွစ္ၾကား

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |22 East Portland Action Plan

AMERICAN HISTORY AMERICAN TANGTHU အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံသမိုင္းေရးဆိုင္ရာမ်ား A:

Colonial Period and Independence Gamkekte hun leh Suahtakna ngah dong ကိုလိုနီေခတ္ ႏွင့္ လြတ္လပ္ေရးႀကိဳးပမ္းမႈေခတ္ 58. What is one reason colonists came to America? Gamdang mite America ah hong paina ahang khat bang hiam? နယ္ေျမသစ္ရွာေဖြသူမ်ား အေမရိကားသို႔လာေရာက္ျခင္း အေၾကာင္းရင္းတစ္ခဟ ု ာ ဘာလဲ?

Freedom

Political liverty

Religious freedom

Economic opportunity

Practice their religion

ဘာသာေရးယုံၾကည္ကိုးကြယ္မႈ

Escape persecution

Suaktanuam လြတ္လပ္မႈ

Naingnganzi sepna ah suakta ႏိုင္ငံေရးလြတ္လပ္မႈ

Biakna ah suahtakna ဘာသာေရးလြတ္လပ္မႈ

Nuntaknading baih စီးပြားေရးအခြင့္အလမ္း

Amau biaknop biakna peuhpeuh biathei

Kigawtna/kibawlsiatna omlo ဖိႏွိပ္မႈမွ လြတ္ေျမာက္လိုမႈ

23| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

59. Who lived in American before the Europeans arrived? Europe mite hong tun ma in America ah kuate teengkhin uh hiam? ဥေရာပသားမ်ား အေမရိကားသို႔ ေရာက္မလာခင္ အေမရိကားမွာ ဘယ္သူေတြ ေနထိုင္ၾကသလဲ?

American Indians

အေမရိကန္အင္ဒီယန္းမ်ား

Native Americans

American Indians te

Native American kici America ah a teengciilte ဌါေနအေမရိကန္မ်ား

60. What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves? Kua mite America ah sal in kizuak ahihiam? အေမရိကန္ကိုေခၚလာၿပီး ကၽြန္မ်ားအျဖစ္ ေရာင္းစားခံရသူဟာ ဘယ္သူေတြလ?ဲ

Africans

အာဖရိကန္မ်ား

People from Africa

အာဖရိကတိုက္သားမ်ား

Africa gam pan mite

61. Why did the colonists fight the British? America ah hong lalte in banghangin Mangkangte (British) do uh hiam? နယ္ေျမသစ္ရွာေဖြသူေတြဟာ ၿဗိတိသွ်တို႔ကို ဘာေၾကာင့္ ေတာ္လွန္ခဲ့သလဲ?

Because of high taxes (taxation without representation)

Phiangsiah piak tamluat hang

Because the British army stayed in their houses (boarding, quartering)

British galkapte amau gam ah a om hang

Because they didn’t have self-government

၎တို႔တင ြ ္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္အစိုးရ မရွိေသာေၾကာင့္

အေကာက္ခြန္ႀကီးေလးမႈေၾကာင့္ (ကိုယ္စားျပဳခြင့္မရွိဘဲ အခြန္ေပးေနရျခင္း)

၎တို႔၏အိမ္မ်ားတြင္ ၿဗိတိသွ်စစ္သားမ်ား ၀င္ေရာက္ေနထိုင္ေသာေၾကာင့္

Amau leh mau ki-uk ding kumpi a neih loh hang

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |24 East Portland Action Plan

62. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Suahtaakna Thupulakkhiat kua in at ahihiam? လြတ္လပ္ေရးေၾကညာစာတမ္းကို မည္သူေရးသလဲ?

(Thomas) Jefferson

(ေသာမတ္စ)္ ဂ်က္ဖာဆင္

(Thomas) Jefferson

63. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? Suahtaakna Thupulakkhiat cikni in kikipsak hiam? လြတ္လပ္ေရးေၾကညာစာတမ္းကို ဘယ္တုန္းက အတည္ျပဳသလဲ?

July 4, 1776

July 4, 1776 ၁၇၇၆ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဇူလိုင္လ ၄ - ရက္

64. There were 13 original states, Name three. Gam kiphut tungin Pyine 13 om hi. Thum min pulak in. မူလက ျပည္နယ္ေပါင္း ၁၃-ခု ရွိသည္။ သုံးခု၏အမည္မ်ားကို ေဖၚျပပါ။

New Hampshire

- နယူးဟမ္ရွိုင္းယား

Delaware

- ဒယ္လ၀ ္ ယ္ယား

Massachusetts

- မက္ဆာခ်ဴးဆက္

Maryland

- ေမရီလဲန္း

Rhode Island

- ႐ုဒ္အိုင္းလင္း

Virginia

- ဗာဂ်ီးနီးယား

Connecticut

- ကြန္နက္တီကတ္

North Carolina

- ေျမာက္ကယ္႐ိုလိုင္းနား

New York

- နယူးေယာက္

South Carolina

- ေတာင္ကယ္႐ိုလိုင္းနား

New Jersey

- နယူးဂ်ာဆီ

Georgia

- ေဂ်ာ္ဂ်ီယာ

Pennsylvania

- ပင္ဆယ္လ္ေဗးနီးယား

25| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

65. What happened at the Constitutional Convention? Gamki-ukna Kikupna Khawmpi ah bang kisemkhia hiam? ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒ ေရးဆြခ ဲ ဲ့သည့္ ညီလာခံတင ြ ္ ဘာျဖစ္ခ့သ ဲ လဲ? The Constitution was written.

Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi kigelhkhia

ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒ ေပၚေပါက္ခဲ့သည္

The Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution. Gamphutkhiacil Pate in Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi geel တိုင္းျပည္ျပဳဖခင္ႀကီးမ်ားက ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒကို ေရးဆြခ ဲ ဲ့သည္

66. When was the Constitution written? Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi (Constitution) cikkum in kigelh hiam? ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒကို ဘယ္တုန္းကေရးဆြခ ဲ ဲ့သလဲ?

1787

၁၇၈၇ ခုႏွစ္

1787

67. The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers. Gamki-ukna Thukhunpi sungah Federal tawh ki-ukna ding apiangsak lai-geelte lak ah khat min gen in. ဖယ္ဒရယ္ေရးရာစာတမ္းမ်ားက ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒကို အေထာက္အပ့ံျပဳခဲ့တယ္။ ဖယ္ဒရယ္ေရးရာစာတမ္းမ်ားကို ေရးသူ တစ္ဦး၏အမည္ကို ေဖၚျပပါ။

(James) Madison

(Alexander) Hamilton

(John) Jay

Publius

(ဂ်ိမ္းစ္) မယ္ဒီဆင္ (အလက္ဇႏၵား) ဟယ္မီလ္တန္ (ဂၽြန)္ ေဂ်း ပူဘလီးယက္စ္

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |26 East Portland Action Plan

68. What is one thing Benjamin Franklin is famous for? Benjamin Franklin aminthanna ahang khat gen in. ဘင္ဂ်မင္ ဖရင္ကလင္၏ေက်ာ္ၾကားမႈမ်ားအနက္တစ္ခုကိုေျပာပါ။ -

U.S. diplomat

U.S. diplomat (Palai)

အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏သံတမန္

Oldest member of the Constitutional Convention

First Postmaster General of the United States

Writer of “Poor Richard’s Almanac”

“Poor Richard’s Almanac” kici laibu minthang gelhpa

Started the first free libraries

Sumpiakloh (akhonkhong) laibusaal masa pen apankhia pa

Gamki-ukna Thukhun geelna ah a kum ham pen ဖြ႕ဲ စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒေရးဆြသ ဲ ည့္ ညီလာခံကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားတြင္ အႀကီးဆုံး

U.S ah Postmaster General (Sadaih mang) amasa pen အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ ပထမဆုံးစာတိုက္မႉးခ်ဳပ္

“Poor Richard’s Almanac” စာအုပ္ကိုေရးသူ

အခမဲ့စာအုပ္ငွါးေသာ စာၾကည့္တိုက္ကို စတင္တည္ေထာင္သူ

69. Who is the “Father of Our Country”? “Ih gam ii pa” kua hiam? ‘ကၽြႏု္ပ္တို႔ႏိုင္ငံ၏ဖခင္ႀကီး’ သည္ မည္သူနည္း?

(George) Washington (ေဂ်ာ့ခ်္) ၀ါရွင္တန္

70. * Who was the first President? President masa pen kua hiam? ပထမဆုံး သမၼတသည္ မည္သူလ?ဲ

(George) Washington (ေဂ်ာ့ခ်္) ၀ါရွင္တန္

27| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

1800s 1800 hun lai ၁၈၀၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္မ်ားအတြင္းက အျဖစ္အပ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ သက္၍ 71. What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803? 1803 kum in United States in Piantit (France) te kiangpan bang gam lei ahi hiam? ၁၈၀၃ ခုႏွစ္မွာ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံက ျပင္သစ္ထံမွ ၀ယ္ယူလိုက္သည့္နယ္ေျမဟာ ဘာလဲ?

The Louisiana Territory Louisiana gam လူ၀ီစီယားနား နယ္ေျမ

72. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1800s. 1800 hun lai in United States in a do gal khat min pulak in. ၁၈၀၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္မ်ားအတြင္းက အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံ ပါ၀င္တိုက္ခိုက္ခဲ့သည့္ စစ္ပြဲ တစ္ခက ု ိုေျပာပါ။

War of 1812

၁၈၁၂ ခုႏွစ္ စစ္ပြဲ

Mexican-American War

မကၠဆီကန္-အေမရိကန္ စစ္ပြဲ

Civil War

ျပည္တင ြ ္းစစ္

Spanish-American War

စပိန-္ အေမရိကန္ စစ္ပြဲ

1812 kum Gal

Mexican-American Gal

Tual Gal

Spanish-American Gal

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |28 East Portland Action Plan

73. Name the U.S. War between the North and the South. U.S. Saklam leh Khanglam kidona US galmin bang hiam? အေမရိကန္ေျမာက္ပိုင္းႏွင့္ေတာင္ပိုင္း ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့သည့္ စစ္ပဲြကို ေဖၚျပပါ။

The Civil War

အေမရိကန္ ျပည္တင ြ ္းစစ္

The War between the States

Tual Gal

Pyine khat leh khat kikal kidona ျပည္နယ္မ်ားအၾကား ျဖစ္ပြားေသာစစ္ပြဲ

74. Name one problem that led to the Civil War. Tualgal a piangsak thubuai khat gen in. အေမရိကန္ျပည္တင ြ ္းစစ္ကို ျဖစ္ေပၚေစေသာ ျပႆနာ တစ္ခက ု ို ေဖၚျပပါ

Slavery

- Sila vai

- ကၽြန္ပိုင္ရွင္စနစ္

Economic reason

- Neek leh dawn vai

- စီးပြားေရးျပႆနာမ်ား

States’ rights

- Pyine te phattuam

- ျပည္နယ္အခြင့္အေရးဆိုင္ရာ

ngahna vai

ျပႆနာမ်ား

75. * What was one important thing that Abraham Lincoln did? Abraham Lincoln ii sepkhiat athupi mahmah khat bang hiam? အီဘရာဟင္ လင္ကြန္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့သည့္ အေရးပါေသာကိစၥ တစ္ခဟ ု ာ ဘာလဲ?

Freed the slaves (Emancipation Proclamation)

Silate suakta sak (Silate Khahkhiatna Pulakkhiatna)

Saved (or preserved) the Union

Gambup kembit/humbit zo

Led the United States during the Civil War

ျပည္တင ြ ္းစစ္ကာလအတြင္း အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံအား ဦးေဆာင္ႏုိင္ခဲ့ျခင္း

ကၽြန္မ်ားကို ကၽြန္ဘ၀မွ လြတ္လပ္ခင ြ ့္ေပးျခင္း (ကၽြန္လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးေၾကညာခ်က္)

အေမရိကန္ျပည္မႀကီး ပေပ်ာက္မသြားေအာင္ ကယ္တင္(ထိန္းသိမ္း)ခဲ့ျခင္း

United States tualgal sung makaih

29| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

76. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? Sila khahkhiatna Thupulakna (Emancipation Proclamation) in bang sem hiam? ‘ကၽြန္လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးေၾကညာခ်က္’ဆိုတာဘာလဲ။ ဘာလုပ္ခဲ့သလဲ?

Freed the slaves

ကၽြန္မ်ားကို လႊတ္ေပးျခင္း

Freed slaves in the Confederacy

Freed slaves in the Confederate states

Freed slaves in most Southern states

Khanglam gam khempeuh phial-ah sila kikhahkhiata

Silate suakta sak

Kipawl Kithukimna tawh silate khahkhia မဟာမိတ္အုပ္စုမ်ားမွ ကၽြန္မ်ားကို လႊတ္ေပးျခင္း

Kipawlna a thukim gamte ah sila kikhahkhia မဟာမိတ္ျပည္နယ္မ်ားမွ ကၽြန္မ်ားကို လႊတ္ေပးျခင္း

ေတာင္ပိုင္းျပည္နယ္အမ်ားစုမွ ကၽြန္မ်ားကို လႊတ္ေပးျခင္း

77. What did Susan B. Anthony do? Susan B. Anthony in bang sem khia hiam? ဆူဇန္ ဘီ အန္ေထာ္နီ ဘာလုပ္ခဲ့သလဲ?

Fought for women’s rights

အမ်ိဳးသမီးအခြင့္အေရးအတြက္ တိုက္ပြဲ၀င္ခဲ့သည္

Fought for civil rights

ႏိုင္ငံသားအခြင့္အေရးအတြက္ တိုက္ပြဲ၀င္ခဲ့သည္

Numeite ngahding phattuamna phu

Mipi ngahding phattuamnate phu

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |30 East Portland Action Plan

Recent American American History and Other Important Historical Information Tunai American Tangthu leh A thupi thupiangte ေခတ္ေႏွာင္းပိုင္း အေမရိကန္သမိုင္း ႏွင့္ အျခားအေရးပါေသာ သမိုင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ား 78. * Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s. Kum 1900 huam sungah America in a galdo khat gen in. ၁၉၀၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္မ်ားအတြင္းက အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံ တိုက္ခိုက္ခဲ့သည္ စစ္ပြဲတစ္ခ၏ ု အမည္ကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

World War I

Leitung Galpi Nihna

Korea War

ကိုးရီးယားစစ္ပြဲ

Vietnam War

ဗီယက္နမ္စစ္ပြဲ

(Persian) Gulf War

(ပါရွန္း)ပင္လယ္ေကြ႕စစ္

Leitung Galpi Khatna ပထမကမ ၻာစစ္ World War II ဒုတိယကမ ၻာစစ္

Korea Gal

Vietnam Gal

(Persian) Gulf (Pinlekuih) Gal

79. Who was President during World War I? Leitung Galpi Kido Masa hun lai in President kua ahi hiam? ပထမကမ ၻာစစ္အတြင္းက အေမရိကန္သမၼတသည္ မည္သူနည္း?

(Woodrow) Wilson

(၀ုဒ္႐ုိး) ၀ီလ္ဆင္

80. Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II? Donghtuah Lianpi Hun leh Leitung Galpi Nihna kido hun in President kua ahi hiam? ဒုတိယကမ ၻာစစ္ႏွင့္ မဟာစီးပြားပ်က္ကပ္ကာလအတြင္းက အေမရိကန္သမၼတသည္ မည္သူနည္း?

(Franklin) Roosevelt (ဖရင္ကလင္) ႐ုစဗဲ့လ္

31| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

81. Who did the United States fight in World War II? Leitung Galpi Nihna hun lai in United States in kuate do hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံသည္ ဒုတိယကမ ၻာစစ္အတြင္း မည္သည့္ႏုိင္ငံမ်ားကို တုိက္ခိုက္ခဲ့ပါသလဲ?

Japan, Germany and Italy

ဂ်ပန္၊ ဂ်ာမဏီ ႏွင့္ အီတလီႏိုင္ငံ

Japan, Germany leh Italy

82. Before he was President, Eisenhower was a general. What war was he in? Eisenhower President a suahma in galkap mang General ahi hi. Bang gal do ahi hiam? အိုက္စင္ေဟာင္း၀ါး သည္ သမၼတမျဖစ္မီ စစ္ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္ခဲ့သည္၊ မည္သည့္စစ္ပြဲတင ြ ္ သူပါ၀င္ခဲ့ပါသလဲ?

World War II

Leitung Galpi II ဒုတိယကမ ၻာစစ္ပြဲ

83. During the Cold War, what was the main concern of the United States? Cold War kici kilungsimneih gal kidona hun lai in United States in bang buaipih pen hiam? စစ္ေအးတိုက္ပြဲကာလအတြင္းက အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံ၏ အဓိကစိုးရိမ္ေၾကာင့္ၾကမႈသည္ မည္သည့္အရာနည္း?

Communism

Communism kici Kawminit paizia vai ကြန္ျမဴနစ္၀ါဒ

84. What movement tried to end racial discrimination? Bang lungphona in minam kigimneihna beisak sawm hiam? လူမ်ိဳးခြဲျခားမႈကို မည္သည့္လႈပ္ရွားမႈက အဆုံးသတ္ရန္ ႀကိဳးပမ္းခဲ့သလဲ?

Civil rights (movement)

ႏိုင္ငံသားအခြင့္အေရး (လႈပ္ရွားမႈ)

Tualsung hamphatna (lungphona)

85. * What did Martin Luther King, Jr. do? Martin Luther King Jr, in bang semkhia hiam? မာတင္လူသာကင္း ဘာလုပ္ခဲ့သလဲ?

Fought for civil rights

Worked for equality for all Americans

Tualsung hamphat nading vai phu ႏုိင္ငံသားအခြင့္အေရးအတြက္ တိုက္ပြဲ၀င္ခဲ့သည္

American te khempeuh liangko kikim nading sem အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံသားအားလုံး၏ တန္းတူညီမွ်မႈအတြက္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္ Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |32 East Portland Action Plan

86. What major event happened on September 11, 2001, in the United States? September 11, 2001 ni in United States ah bang thu lianpi piang ahi hiam? ၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ ၁၁ ရက္ေန႕က အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံတင ြ ္ ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့ေသာ အဓိကျဖစ္ရပ္ႀကီးသည္ ဘာလဲ?

Terrorists attacked the United States.

Mi-ngongtatte (terrorists) in U.S. sim အၾကမ္းဖက္သမားမ်ားက အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံကို တုိက္ခိုက္ခဲ့သည္

87. Name one American Indian tribe in the United States. [USCIS Officers will be supplied with a list of federally recognized American Indian tribes.] American Indian minam sungah nam khat gen in. [USCIS Uliante kiangah kumpi ciapteh American Indian minamte min kigual om ding hi.] အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံတင ြ ္ ေနထိုင္ေသာ အေမရိကန္အင္ဒီးယန္းလူမ်ိဳးႏြယ္တစ္ခု၏အမည္ကို ေဖၚျပပါ။ [USCIS အရာရွိမ်ားထံတင ြ ္ ဖယ္ဒရယ္အစိုးရအသိအမွတ္ျပဳ အေမရိကန္အင္ဒီးယန္းလူမ်ိဳးႏြယ္စုမ်ား၏ အမည္စာရင္းရွိပါမည္။]

Cherokee

- ခ်ယ္႐ိုကီ

- Cheyenne

- ႐ႈိင္အန္း

Navajo

- နယ္ဗဂ်ိဳ

- Arawak

- အယ္ရာ၀ါ့(က)

Sioux

- ဆူး

- Shawnee

- ေရွာ္နီး

Chippewa

- ခ်စ္ပယ္၀ါ

- Mohegan

- မိုေဟဂင္

Choctaw

- ေခ်ာ့(က္)ေတာ

- Huron

- ဟူရြန္

Pueblo

- ဖြယ္ဘလို

- Oneida

- အိုႏုိင္းဒါး

Apache

- အပခ်ီ

- Lakota

- လကိုးတာ

Iroquois

- အီရာေကြး

- Crow

- ခ႐ုိး

Creek

- ခရိ(က္)

- Teton

- တဲတင္

Blackfeet

- ဘလက္ဖ(ိ တ္)

- Hopi

- ဟိုပီ

Seminole

- ဆယ္မီႏိုလ္

- Inuit

- အိုင္ႏ(ု တ္)

33| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

INTEGRATED CIVICS THEIHHUAI THU TUAMTUAM ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သားႏွင့္ပတ္သက္၍သိထားသင့္ေသာအေၾကာင္းခ်င္းရာမ်ား A:

Geography Gamthu ပထ၀ ီ င္ႏွင့္စပ္ဆိုင္ေသာ ေမးခြန္းမ်ား ပထ၀၀ 88. Name one of the two longest rivers in the United States. United States gam ah a sau penpen gunpi nih lak ah khat min gen in. အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံမွာရွိတဲ့ အရွည္လ်ားဆုံးျမစ္ႏွစ္စင္းအနက္မွ တစ္ခ၏ ု အမည္ကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

Missouri (River)

Mississippi (River)

Missouri (Gun) မစ္ဇူရီ (ျမစ္)

Mississippi (Gun) မစၥစ္စိပ(ိ ျမစ္)

89. What ocean is on the West Coast of the United States? United States ii nitumna lam ah om tuipi bang hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ အေနာက္ဖက္ကမ္း႐ိုးတန္းတြင္ မည္သည့္သမုဒၵရာ ရွိပါသလဲ?

Pacific (Ocean) Pacific (Tuipi) ပစိဖိတ(္ သမုဒၵရာ)

90. What ocean is on the East Coast of the United States? United States ii nisuahna lam ah om tuipi banghiam? အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံ၏ အေရွ႕ဖက္ကမ္း႐ိုးတန္းတြင္ မည္သည့္သမုဒၵရာရွိပါသလဲ?

Atlantic (Ocean) Atlantic (Tuipi) အတၱလန္တိတ္ (သမုဒၵရာ)

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |34 East Portland Action Plan

91. Name one U.S. territory. U.S. ii uk gam lak ah khat gen in. အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံပိုင္နက္ ေဒသႀကီးတစ္ခ၏ ု အမည္ကိုေဖၚျပပါ။ - Puerto Rico

- ျပဴတိုရီကို

- U.S. Virgin Islands

- ယူအက္စ္ဗားဂ်င္းကၽြန္းစု

- American Samoa

- အေမရိကန္ဆေမာ၀ါ

- Northern Mariana Islands

- ေျမာက္ပိုင္း မာရီယားနားကၽြန္းစု

- Guam

- ဂူ၀မ္

92. Name one state that borders Canada. Canada tawh kigamgi pyine min khat gen in. ကေနဒါႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္ထိစပ္ေနေသာ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခု၏အမည္ကိုေဖၚျပပါ။

Maine

- မိန္း

- Minnesota

- မင္နီဆိုးတား

New Hampshire

- နယူးဟမ္႐ႈိင္းယား

- North Dakota

- ေျမာက္ဒါကိုတာ

Vermont

- ဗားေမာက္

- Montana

- မြန္တားနား

New York

- နယူးေယာက္

- Idaho

- အိုင္ဒါဟို

Pennsylvania

- ပင္ဆယ္လ္ေဗးနီးယား - Washington

- ၀ါရွင္တန္

Ohio

- အိုဟိုင္းအိုး

- အလက္စကား

Michigan

- မီခ်ီဂန္

- Alaska

93. Name one state that borders Mexico. Mexico gam tawh kigamgi pyine min khat gen in. မကၠဆီကိုႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္ နယ္နိမိတ္ထိစပ္ေနေသာ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခု အမည္ကို ေဖၚျပပါ။

California

- ကယ္လီဖိုးနီးယား

Arizona

- အာရီဇိုးနား

New Mexico

- နယူးမကၠဆီကို

Texas

- တကၠဆပ္

94. * What is the capital of the United States? United States ii gam-ukna khuapi min bang hiam? အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံ၏ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္အမည္ဟာဘာလဲ?

Washington, D.C. ၀ါရွင္တန္ ဒီစီ

35| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

95. * Where is the Statue of Liberty? Suahtakna milimpi koi ah om hiam? လြတ္လပ္ေရး႐ုပ္တုသည္ မည္သည့္ေနရာတြင္ ရွိပါသနည္း?

New York (Harbor)

နယူးေယာက္(ဆိပ္ကမ္း)

Liberty Island

New York (Tembaw kholna ah)

[Also acceptable are New Jersey, near New York City and on the Hudson (River).]

Liberty Tuikulh tungah [New Jersey, New York khuapi kiang leh Hudson gun tungah zong kici thei hi.

ေလဘာတီကၽြန္း [နယူးဂ်ာဆီ၊ နယူးေယာက္စီးတီးအနီး ဟတ္ဆင္(ျမစ္)ေပၚတြင္ ဟူ၍လည္းေျဖဆိုႏုိင္ပါသည္။]

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |36 East Portland Action Plan

Symbols Ciaptehna lim ကိုယ္စားျပဳ သေကၤတမ်ား 96. Why does the flag have 13 stripes? Banghang in US alan ah agial 13 om hiam? အလံေတာ္တင ြ ္ အဘယ့္ေၾကာင့္ အစင္းေၾကာင္း ၁၃ ခု ရွိရပါသလဲ?

Because there were 13 original colonies

Because the stripes represent the original colonies

Akipatcil in pyine 13 tawh kipan ahih hang အဘယ့္ေၾကာင့္ဆိုေသာ္ မူလ ၌ နယ္ပယ္ေဒသ ၁၃ ခုရွိခဲ့ေသာေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္သည္။

A gial te in zong pyine khatta taang a ding lahna hi အစင္းေၾကာင္းမ်ားသည္ မူလနယ္ပယ္ေဒသမ်ားကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳေသာေၾကာင့္၊

97. * Why does the flag have 50 stars? Banghang in US alan ah aksi 50 tuang hiam? အလံေတာ္တင ြ ္ အဘယ္ေၾကာင့္ ၾကယ္ အလုံး ၅၀ ရွိရပါသနည္း?

Because there is one star for each state

ၾကယ္တစ္လုံးသည္ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခုစီအတြက္ ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္၊

Because each star represents a state

ၾကယ္တစ္လုံးစီသည္ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခုစီကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳေသာေၾကာင့္၊

Aksi khat ciang Pyine khat taang a ding

Aksi khat in Pyine khat taang suak Because there are 50 states Pyine 50 a om hang ျပည္နယ္ ၅၀ ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္၊

98. What is the name of the national anthem? Gam Lapi min bang hiam? ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သီခ်င္းအမည္ဟာဘာလဲ?

The Star Spangled Banner Aksi Tediamdiam Dialkhai စတားစပင္ဂယ္လ္ ဘန္နာ/ၾကယ္စီ

37| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

Holidays Mipi Tawlngak Nite အားလပ္ရက္မ်ား 99. * When do we celebrate Independence Day? Cikni in Suahtakni kibawl hiam? လြတ္လပ္ေရးေန႔ကို ဘယ္အခ်ိန္က်င္းပပါသလဲ?

July 4 ဂ်ဴလိုင္လ ၄ ရက္

100. Name two national U.S.holidays. U.S. ah tawlngakni nih gen in. ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အားလပ္ရက္ ႏွစ္ရက္ ကို ေဖၚျပပါ။

New Year’s Day

- Kumthak Ni

- ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန႔

Martin Luther King,Jr.Day - Martin Luther King, Jr. Ni

- မာတင္လူသာကင္းေန႔

Presidents’ Day

- President te Ni

- သမၼတမ်ားေန႔

Memorial Day

- Daihawh Ni

- စစ္သည္ေတာ္အထိမ္းအမွတ္ေန႔

Independence Day

- Suahtak Ni

- လြတ္လပ္ေရးေန႔

Labor Day

- Nasemte Ni

- အလုပ္သမားေန႔

Columbus Day

- Columbus Ni

- ကိုလံဘတ္ေန႔

Veterans Day

- Galkapluite Ni

- စစ္မႈထမ္းေဟာင္းမ်ားေန႔

Thanksgiving Day

- Lungdamkoh Ni

- ေက်းဇူးေတာ္ခ်ီးမြမ္းေန႔

Christmas

- Lungdambawl Ni

- ခရစ္ေတာ္ေမြးေန႔ေတာ္

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |38 East Portland Action Plan

P.O. Box 301551 Portland, OR 97294 zomiusa.wordpress.com; zomiassociationus@gmail.com

2009 MOTTO: TOPA MUANG NI - TRUST IN GOD 2010 MOTTO: TOPA IN ZOMI A HONG PIANSAK MANIN ANGTANG ING - PROUD TO BE ZOMI 2011 MOTTO: TOPA LEH ZOMI AADING NAHOIH SEM DING - For God and ZOMI 2012 MOTTO: KHAZIH SUNGAH ZOMI KHEMPEUH PUMKHAT HI HANG - ZOMI ARE ONE IN CHRIST

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) is an emerging non-profit organization established on March of 2009 and is registered with the State of Oregon. Registry Number: 593147-90. EIN: 26-4574969 (04-012009). Zomi Association of United States vision is to help build Zomi community in Portland and connect with other Zomi in the United States and network with Zomi associations worldwide. Associate with other communities on issues of mutual interest, regardless of their ethnic background or national origin. The mission of the Zomi Association USA is strengthening Zomi immigrants and refugees through community development and advocacy for human rights. Its mission is to serve the Zomi community and assist families and individuals to achieve self-sufficiency. Zomi have been coming to United States of America primarily in the last five years from Burma due to religious and racial persecution by the military ruling junta. Many have come from refugee camps in Thailand, Malaysia and India, and are seeking a new life in the United State, EU countries and Australia.

1. March 6 2009 ni-in Oregon State Portland khuapi-ah ZAUS ki phuankhia hi. April 8, 2009 ni-in Oregon State ah registry number 593147-90 ki ngah hi. 2. May 9, 2009 ni-in ZAUS makaite Oregon State zumpi omna Salam khuapi-ah vapai-in Oregon State Governor Ted Kulongoski leh legislators (senate & house legislative) te tawh kimuhkhopna ki nei hi. Governor-pa tungah ZOMIte US ah minam khat-in hong ki ciapteh nading thusunna lai ki pia hi. 3. July 8, 2009 ni-in Portland khua Mayor Sam Adam leh City Council te mai-ah ZAUS Chairman leh Secretary-te in Zomite minam khat-in ciaptehna ih ngah nadingin thusunna leh lai ki pia hi.

39| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

4. Saturday August 8, 2009 ni-in Portland khua aa om Kawlgam miteng in “8888” phawkna ki bawl hi, ZAUS members-te va kihel-in ZAUS chairman in thugenna nei hi. 5. August 12, 2009 UN Secretary General, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), India Embassy in U.S. te tungah lai ki at hi. A thulu pen: 1.To release Aung San Suu Kyi, Kam Lian Khup ZNC, Khun Htun Oo Shan and political prisoners. 2. ZAUS’s concerned about the illegal production of poppy and drugs in Cikha Township in India – Myanmar boarder area and 3.Indian Meitei militants tortured and executed of Mr. Kam Sang Muan son of Mr. Khaat Kam of Tongciin village. 6. August 28, 2009 ni-in World Association of Non-Government Organization (WANGO) in member-in hong sang hi. 7. September 9, 2009 ni-in Secretary of State Hillary Clinton tungah Kawlgam Naingangyi vai tawh kisai-in lai ki khak hi. (a). Aung San Suu Kyi, Kam Lian Khup ZNC, Khun Htoon Oo Shan leh thongkia gam makaite thong pan khahkhiat nading vai, (b).Meitei-te in gamkek-in Cikha gamah beng (poppy) kung ciinna vai-te leh, (c) Meitei galkapte in Tongciin khuami Pu Khaat Kam tapa Tg. Kam Sang Muan a thahna vai-te ahi hi. 8. October 3, 2009 ni-in Rev. Dr. JM Ngul Khan Pau, Pastor Zam King Mang, Prof. Pu Dr. C Thang Za Tuan leh Pu G.Thang Khan Mung-te ki hel-in “ZOMI DIASPORAS” cih thulu tawh Portland khuapi-ah Khuado leh khawmpi khat kibawl hi. 9. October 27, 2009 ni-in ZAUS min tawh Kurt M Campbell, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs tungah “Ethnic minorities affairs human rights violations and Democracy in Burma” tawh kisai lai kipia. Mr. Campbell pen November 3-4,2009 ni Kawlgam a zin sungin General Thein Sein, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, U Cin Sian Thang (ZNC) le United Nationalities' Alliance (UNA) mi 12 tawh kimuh khopna nei hi. 10. November 21, 2009 ni-in ZOLAI hong bawlsak American Baptist Mission Sangmang Dr. J H Cope phawkna kum 99 cin’ pawipi Portland khuapi-ah ki bawl-in Rev. Dr. Gin Khan Nang in thu genna hong neih baan-ah, a manpha Cope Topa laibu bawl masak original-te lahna zong hong nei hi. 11. December 17, 2009 ni-in United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) ah ZAUS ki sang hi. USA ah a ki phuankhia Zomi kipawlnate lak pan UN-DESA ah a lut masa pen ahi hi.

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |40 East Portland Action Plan

12. December 30, 2009 ni-in “Zomi Teennamun Zon-olna USA 2009” (ZOMI DIRECTORY USA 2009) online pan et theih dingin ki bawlkhia hi. 13. January 27, 2010 ni-in US Census 2010 form sungah dotna number 9, race acihna-ah ZOMI in gelh ciat nading hanthotna leh taangkona Zomi email group-te tungah zaksakna lai ki khak hi. February 18 ni-in US Census bureau Local Office Manager Richard Lightfoot leh zum nasem officers-te tawh community partnership sepzia ding meeting ki nei hi. 14. February 1,2010 ZRA Salpha Comrade Thang Khan Suan (Cingmun Khua) leh Salpha Comrade Thang Khan Dal (Kang Kap Khua)-te siatvatna dingin US$ 365 March 1,2010 ni-in ki khak hi. 15. April 14, 2010 ni-in ZAUS makaipi Pu Zam King Mang leh Pu Nang Khan Kam-te Portland Mayor Sam Adam, City Council members-te leh mipi mai-ah US gambup aa teeng ZOMIte zattheih dingin, “Zolai Sinna Laibu” kizo ta cih thu pulakna ki nei hi. 16. April 14, 2010Portland khua aa om kumpi zum ahi DHS zum, IRCO, zato sang leh zum tuamtuamte-ah Zopau tawh kamphen ki ngah ta hi cih thu Portland City Council meeting-ah pulakna ki nei hi. 17. June 14-15, 2010 sung in United Nations Headquarters, New York “UN General Assembly Informal Interactive Hearings” kikhopna-ah ZAUS taangmite kihel thei ta hi, a kah ding palaite New York aa teeng Pu Do Khan Khup, Pu Kham Khen Do, Pu Khup Lam Thang leh Tg. Pum Lam Thang. 18. June 17, 2010 ni-in “ Zomi Lainatpih Campaign” Portland-ah kipan-in $755. ki ngah hi. Zomite Unrepresented Nations and People Organization (UNPO)-ah member-in lut zawh nading leh nonprofit 501 c 3 ngah nading ngimna tawh Zomi a lainatpih mi khat in kha sim- in $1 ta piak ding (kum khat a dingin $12) sum donna hi. June 26 – 30 sung Chicago, Washington DC leh New York khuapite-ah ZAUS makaipi pu Zam King Mang-te nupa campaign-in va zin uh aa, Zomi akua mahpeuh thangah-in ki lawp mahmah hi. 19. June 28, 2010 ni-in Washington DC Senator Ron Wyden (D-Oregon) zum-ah Zominam vai leh gambel thu kikum dingin Pu Zam King Mang, Pi Cin Lun Niang, Rev. Zam Khai, Rev. Cin Do Thawng, Pu Cin Do Khup-te va pai uh hi. 20. July 13, 2010 ni-in US Census 2010 Seattle Region-Oregon State zum panin ZAUS te “Certificate of participation in the Complete Count Committee” award pia hi.

41| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

21. Wednesday September 8, 2010 ni-in U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley (D-OR) tawh ZAUS makaipi Pu Zam King Mang-te ki muhna nei uh hi. Tua banah Eric Schwartz Assistant Secretary U.S. Department of State, Barbara J. Day Domestic Resettlement Section Chief Bureau of Populationte tawh Portland Community Leaders-teng in gambel vai-in Roundtable discussion ki nei hi. 22. November 6, 2010 ni-in ZAUS in “Cope Topa Kumza Cinna” Metro East Studio-ah ki bawl hi. 23. Zomi Humanitarian Award. Cope Topa Kumza Cinna muakna-in ZAUS min in, “Zomi Humanitarian Award” ki pia hi. Pu Zam King Mang in pahtawina $100 ta (Akigawm $1100.) pia hi. 1. Rev. Dr. Kam Khaw Thang. 2. Pu S.T. Hau Go ZBC founder (pi Luan Za Cing). 3. Pu Dr. Gin En Cin. 4. Pu Pum Za Kap ZNC founder (Pi Ciin). 5. Pu Cin Sian Thang (ZNC President) .6 Lungvakna Journal. 7. ZCLS. 8. ZRDP (Pu Vum Nang). 9. Rev. Job Thawngno. 10. Pu Kam Khen leh Pu Thawng Mung. 24. November 2010 in ZAUS makaipi Malaysia KL va hawhin ZAM makaiteng tawh thu kikupna ki nei hi. 25. January 9, 2011 in Zomi Association of Thailand ki phuan hi. 26. March 15, 2011 ni in Yangon ah Pu Zam King Mang leh Pu Cin Sian Thang, Pu Gin Kam Lian, (Pu Tual Khaw Mang (Mangtal). Pu Dal Do Lian (Chin State NLD). Prof. Dr. C Thang Za Tuan, Pu Hung Mang-te tawh gam leh minam vai holimna neikhawm uh hi. 27. March 17, 2011 ni, Pu Zam King Mang Thailand gamgi Maelah leh Umphian Refugee camps-te ah hawhin Zomite leh Zomi Association Thailand makaite tawh kimuhna nei hi. 28. April 12, 2011 ni-in ZAUS 2nd Annual Meeting-ah Re. Dr. JM Ngul Khan Pau in thu gen hi. ZAUS mai lam kum 10 sung nasep ding gelna ki nei hi (10 year plan). U.S. Census 2020 ciang ading gelkholhna leh Zomite pumpi taksa lam leh kha lam khantoh nading gelna vai tuamtuam ki nei hi. 29. Friday April 22, 2011.The Zomi Association of USA (ZAUS) was awarded 'Exemplary Community Volunteer Effort’ by the Asian Reporter Foundation for its outstanding contribution to community activities. 30. August 16, 2011 ZAUS in Mercy Corps-te kiangah Tedimgam adingin, “Emergency aids for natural disaster and long term assistance” ngetna ki neihsak hi. 31. November 21, 2011 ni-in Hillary Rodham Clinton U.S. Secretary of State tungah lai kikhak hi. Kawlgam-ah December 1-2, 2011 sung ahawh ciangin gamvai aa thongkia-teng a kikhah nading leh mualmite deihna ahi federal democracy ki-ukna vaite ki gen hi. 32. August 11, 2011 ni-in Zomi Association of Japan ki phuan hi.

Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |42 East Portland Action Plan

33. Leitung gam tuamtuam-a om Zomi Associations-teng: 1. ZA Malaysia 2. ZA Australia 3. ZAUS 4. ZA Japan 5. ZA Thailand 6. ZA European Union. 34. December 6, 2011 ni-in “Open Letter to President Obama” petition letter suaikhaihna lai ki khak hi. ZAUS in US gam-a om politics akin kipawlna tuamtuamte i.e. 8888 generation-te tawh kipawl-in Kawlgam democracy, human rights vai leh Panlong bulphuh federal kumpi neih ding vai ki gen hi. 35. December 30, 2011 ni-in Asian Family Center zum-ah Pei-ru Wang tawh meeting ki nei-in, East Portland Action Plan (EPAP) vai-ah na sepkhop dingin thu kikupna ki nei hi. 36. January 8, 2012 ni-in Mr. Kosei OTSUKA Ph.D (Thang Hau Lian), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Researcher, pan-in “A grammar of Zomi language” research bawl-in Ph.D ngahna pahtawina ki pia hi. 37. Portland khua-a om Zomite in Kachin galtaite huhna sum (KRRF) $600 ki dongin WZC tungah ki khak hi. WZC in Zomite taang dingin Kachin galtaite huhna a kigawm-in $13013.95 pia hi. 38. January 30, 2012 ni-in CNF’s in Tedim-Tonzang gam-ah liaison zum honloh nading khamna lai ki khak hi. CNF’s Supreme Council makai Dr. Za Hlei Thang in February 23, 2012 ni-in lai ong thukkik hi, “ZAUS-te laikhak tungtawnin ahi zong, Tedim-Tonzang mipite deihloh thute ki vaihawm lo ding hi” ci hi. 39. February 3, 2012 ni-in Oregon State Governor John Kitzhaber tungah, Zomite minam khat-in U.S. kumpi in ong ciamteh nadingin lai ki piakik hi. 40. February 3, 2012 ni mah-in APANO-te tawh kop-in Oregon Legislative-te tawh kimuhna ki nei-in gambelte huhna sum leh TANF-te ong ki piakbeh nadingin thusunna ki nei hi. 41. March 3, 2012 ni-in Portland khua-a om Kawlgammi khempeuh ki muhkhopna khawmpi khat a ki bawl zawh nadingin thu kikupna Lutheran Community Services zum-ah ki nei hi. 42. Saturday April 21, 2012 ni in ZAM co-founder Pu Neng Hau Kim, Pu Mang Suan Pau, Pu Khai Pian leh state tuamtuam pan-a ZAM makai sem ngeiteng online panin thu kikupna ki nei-in ZAUS phungvuh dingin ki thukim hi. 43. Saturday April 28, 2012 ni-in ZAUS Kum thum cinna Khawmpi Asian Family Center ah picing takin ki bawl hi. AFC panin Pei-ru Wang leh Teresa Lavagnino in thapiakna thu ong gen hi. EPAP fund panin nek leh dawn teng ong sik-in, lungdamna ki ciamteh hi.

43| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

44. Saturday May 19, 2012 ni-in ZAUS Board Members leh states tuamtuam panin palai ki teel hi. President: Pu Zam King Mang (OR), Vice President: Pu Tual Khan Lian (OK), Secretary: SB Langhno ( OR), Assistant Secretary: Tg. David Khai (NY), Treasurer: Pa Khai Pian Thang (OR), Accountant: Tg. Zam Langh (TX) EC Members:- (1). Kam Mang (DC)

(6). Paul Mang Pau (OR) (11). Thang Cin (OR)

(2). Pau Mung (OK)

(7). Neng Hau Kim (NC)

(12). Thang Khawm Pau (KY)

(3). Cin Pau (OK)

(8). William Kim (OR)

(13). Nang Khan Kam (OR)

(4). Cin S. Mung (GA)

(9). Lum L. Thang (OR)

(14). Lian Lam Thang (OR)

(5). Lian M. Vung (WI) (10). Cin Ngaih Suan(OR) (15). Thawng Mung (OR) 45. Kawlkumpi Kitelna Zum panin, “Kawlgamah Zomi omlo” ci-in ZNC party register ong piakloh huhhau-in Zomibup ki lungkim lo hi. Pu T. Zo Khai makai-in Zomi Association Australia (ZAA)-te in Canberra Kawlgam Embassy mai-ah lungphona nei hi. 46. May 30, 2012 ZAUS in President U Thein Sein tungah Kawlgamah Zomi om hi cih thu lai kikhak hi. 47. ZAUS in WZC-te makaihna tawh Lungphona neih ding vaihawm san laitakin Kawlgam Kitelna zum panin Zomi om hi, party register bawl kik un ci-in ZNC pu Cin Sian Thang tungah zasakkik hi. 48. July 6-7, 2012 Tulsa-ah ZIUSA Kumcin Khawmpi-ah zin mangpi dingin ZNC president pu Cin Sian Thang ong pai thei hi. ZAUS palai dingin meeting kah dingin Pu G.Thang Khan Mung, Pu Khawm Pau, Pu Cin Sian, Pu Khai Pian leh Pu Tual-te ki seh hi. 49. September 15, 2012 ZAUS meeting thu khensatna tawh Piantit paite (French Labor Corp) phawkna mualsuang Tedim-ah phuh ding vai leh “Zogam Landmarks” a kibawl zawh nadingin ZAUS makai in Zomi kipawlna tuamtuamte tawh sepkhop dingin ki vaihawm hi. 50. September 15, 2012 Portland Public School-ah Zolai sin theih dingin ZAUS in ki vaihawm hi. Makai dingin Lum L. Thang, Khai Pian leh Pau L. Khup-te ki seh hi. 51. September 22, 2012 Bishop Felix Lian Khen Thang pahtawina-in “Zomi Leadership Award” ki pia hi. 52. "Zomi Patriotic Award" ZAUS in Pu Cin Sian Thang leh Pu Dr. C. Thang Za Tuan ki pia hi. Kawlkumpi Kitelna zum (Election Commission) panin, "Zomi nam omlo" ong cih ciangin, "Zominam I om lam athu kicing takin evidence tawh lahtheih nadingin Zomite taangthu kigelhna laibute a kaikhawm Tedim Association President Pu Dr. C. Thang Za Tuan leh ZNC President Pu Cin Sian Thang-te vaihawmna tawh Zomi Congress for Democracy (ZCD) in register ngah kik hi. Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) |44 East Portland Action Plan

53. November 7, 2012 ZAUS Education Department makai Lum L.Thang vaihawm-in United States, Oregon State, Portland High School te-ah Zolai zong Second Language khat-in hong ki sang hi. November 17, 2012 ni-in Centennial High School ah sang naupangte credit ngah theih nadingin test ki bawl hi. 54. December 1, 2012 meeting panin Kawlgamah ZAUS zum (branch) hon dingin thu ki khensat hi. Taangmi ong sepsak dingin Pu On Za Suan ki seh hi. 55. Portland High School Zolai sinna-ah zat dingin:- 1. ZAUS pan ki bawl - "Zolai Sinna" 2. Pu T. Zokhai bawl "Gualbaan Zolai Sinbu" 3. ZAM bawl Dr. Dal Lian Haukip New English Zolai Dictionary. 4. Khaipi bawl ZoDictonary.com 5. ZOLUS magazine te. 6. ZAUS in Articles tuamtuam kaikhawm-in Zolai buthak bawl ding. 56. December 20, 2012 US Citizenship laivuanna-ah kidong thu 100 te Zolai-in online ah ki khah hi. 57. December 27, 2012 East Portland Action Plan panin grant $7000. Tawh thupi nam li ki sem hi. A. U.S. Citizenship test 100 questions te Mang lai, Zolai, Kawllai in online leh laibu-in ki bawl hi. B. Leadership and civic engagement and advocacy thusinna. C. Rental rights and responsibilities vai thusinna. D. Child and Family, the Law and Crime Prevention vai thusinna ki nei hi. 58. February 10, 2013 ZAUS Culture Development Department vaihawmna tawh, Portland khua Zomi teng in $1200. Tawh Kachin Refugee te huhna ki pia hi. 59. February 16, 2013 Zomi Innkuan Portland vaihawmna tawh Kum 65 Cinna Zomi Namni ki bawl-in, ZAUS President Pu Zam King Mang in a thugenna-ah Zominam Ni maban dingin:1. Pinglong agreement thukimna zui-in Kawlgamah federal democracy ki ukna a om nadingin Mualmiteng leh democracy a deih Kawlmiteng in maapang khawm ding. 2. Kawlgamah minam khat leh khat gal kikapna Tualgal a beinading leh kilemna leh daihna a omnading-in gambup kilemna 'National reconciliation' bawl ding. 3. Zomiteng ki lungtuakin, EU gamte bangin Zogam Union khat-in ih dintheih nadingin Burma, Bangladesh, India kumpite tungah thudam tawh ngen ding. (Sengam, Thailand gamgi aa teeng mualmite suakta takin kizin, kikawm thei khin uh hi.) Note. Bangladesh, Burma/Myanmar leh India gam aa teeng mualtungmi teng Zomi hi hang. 4. Pasian thuzui Zomite in Pasian muangin thagum hatna tawh hi lo, Khasiangtho tha muangin, Pasian thupha sang Zomite ihih nadingin thuman-in citak ding. (Late 33:12).

60. February 20, 2013 Zomi Re-unification Organization (ZRO) phalna tawh ZAUS in Zominam dialkhai (Zomi national flag) ki bawl hi. Hih dialkhai pen 1993 kum-in ZRO innteekna tawh ki bawl ahi hi, Zomi Council inzong Zominam dialkhai dingin pompih uh hi. 45| Zomi Association of United States (ZAUS) East Portland Action Plan

Zo people come from boundary areas of Bangladesh, Burma and India. zomiusa.wordpress.com zomiassociationus@gmail.com P.O. Box 301551 Portland, OR 97294