جملة علنية عاملية فصلية حمكنة يصدرها املعهد العاملي للفكر اإلشالمي السنة العشرون
شتاء 3658ﻫ4237/م
العدد 97
رئيض التحرير
فتحي حصن ملكاوي مدير التحرير
رائد مجيل عكاشة أعضاء هيئة التحرير التيجاني عبد القادر حامد
مجال مـحند الربزجنــي
عــبــد الــعـــسيـــس بـرغــوث
عبد اهلل إبراهيه الكيالني
صاحب االمتياز :توفيق أحمد العوجي
كورنيش المزرعة – شارع أحمد تقي الدين بناية كولومبيا سنتر – قسم أ – طابق -6بيروت – لبنان ﻫاتف /+961-1-707361 :فاكس+961-1-311183 : الموقع اإللكترونيhttp: www.eiiit.org : الرقم الدوليISSN 1729-4193 :
مستشارو التحرير إسحق أحمد فرحان
األردن
عماد الدين خليل
العراق
داود الحدابي
اليمن
عمار الطالبي
اجلزائر
رضوان السيد
لبنان
محمد الحسن بريمة
السودان
زكي الميالد
السعودية
محمد السماك
لبنان
طه عبد الرحمن
املغرب
محمد عمارة
مصر
عبد الحميد أبو سليمان
السعودية
محمد كمال حسن
ماليزيا
عبد المجيد النجار
تونس
محيى الدين عطية
مصر
عدنان زرزور
سوريا
نزار العاني
العراق
عزمي طه السيد
األردن
يوسف القرضاوي
مصر
املراسالت Chief Editor, Islamiyat al Marifah IIIT, 500 Grove St. 2nd Floor Herndon, VA 20170, USA E-mail: islamiyah@iiit.org
or P.O.Box 9489 Amman 11191, Jordan. Email: iokiiit@yahoo.com
ما تنشره اجمللة يعرب عن وجهة نظر الكاتب وال يعرب بالضرورة عن وجهة نظر اجمللة أو املعهد
محتويات العدد كممة التحرير أمهيَّةةا الدراسةةات ايضةةاريَّة ن تكةةوين الةةوع ايضاري بحوث ودراسات عصمة األنبياء عند األشاعرة ن ضوء القرآن الكرمي :نقد وتأصيل اجلنةةة ن التلمةةود البةةابل " :دراسةةة مقارنةةة" ن ضوء القرآن الكرمي اخلطة ةةاب اليلسة ةةي األاالو ة ة ب ة ة الواوعية ةةة والرمزية :ميكرو الغرب اإلسالم (أمنوذجاً) ميه ة ةةوُ ال ة ة ة اةم َقدَّس وال ة ة ة اةم َدنَّس عن ة ةةد م سة ة ةةيا إِ ِ ليادي :دراسة حتليلية نقدية مقارنة قراءات ومراجعات املعجة ةةزة :إعة ةةادة و ة ةراءة اإلعجة ةةاز اللغة ةةوي ن القرآن الكرمي .تأليف :أمحد بساُ ساع مقاصد الشريعة كيلسية للتشريع اإلسالم : رؤية منظومية .تأليف :جاسر عودة تقارير عممية التعليم العايل والبحة العلمة ن الدراسةات اإلسة ة ة ة ةةالمية :رؤية ة ة ة ةةة استش ة ة ة ة ةرافية ن ض ة ة ة ة ةةوء التحديات املعاصر عروض مختصرة
هيئة التحرير
5
راجح عبد ايميد سعيد 31 "كردي بين فضل" عامر عدنان ايان 94 حممد عل اجلندي 94 عبد الناصر سلطان حمسن 325 وإبراهيم حممد زين حساُ مصطيى اللحاُ 354 ماهر حس حصوة 375
فريق من الطلبة الباحث إشراف السعيد الزاهري
343
أمساء حس ملكاوي 201 وحنان لطي زين الدين
! !"#$ % &'( ) * + #, -. %/01 02 #3$ 4 5 - 67389 ' :;$ . % 0< C + D % 0< '/B 6$ '/B #$ .*", ?, * % @ -* # (, * = , -*" >, '/N $ E ( % ;3$ FG ?3$ H I J 7% -K"3 L' 03$ @ % % MD J * Q . !"#$ RS B % &'( T S U' ( % .H $ . !"#$ #2;O P/ >, ^ ( Z * '[G -] , S$ ^ ( Z * '[G P/\ >' P !"#$ K O K O D V W X* 'G Y) . _ K `7$ a b / B - @ #9 &'( T G , E _ . S $ V ) 8
c d V e I f B #$ P/07 =9 U , b 9 :] 3>$ * + / % -P" IG k2> d ] ( ! jS $ fg N9 h >di V e=$ g E P" IG r o ! s $ 2 Q63$ c '(? $ < #9 P fn $ J 7% !pfB m n o( ?, E x; =$ k ! ]$ P -jG YT t 2=$ E ]32u V e=$ 02! fvw >, ] 3D 4 d R >3 I $ Z - N6g7y /% c ;, - B( ?+ -. S $ Qg 6, z ^/%( $ 4 d ?3 I 'S $ 07 =9 F #$ ' >69 ( % | $b ( # ] # , . N3 Y{ ( % * + 2) . N}/3$ RS B C ?3$ b X ( Z ] }g /, fN >$ P > - ~ ?2# YN $ -* m MD *"2 7! * "3 N Y# % P 2) E C 673 -. #O ?3$ # - ! G 6$ 2% -V ;! ( 0Z -s#' d 7% - + |$ :V M9 2;I J7% eB . -P `7=$ fI } - $ (;% ]O -j < ( % (0Z -|79 (;% G/+ G Oi /3$ c #9 2 " I IG( N I G J 7% '(2)/3$ IG(9 U , 2?` 9 . 2$_ i - ' >69 Rm n P" IG ] ) O jS $ V e =7$ j >6$ - #07$ o + n 2 @ - #7$ ^ ( Z '[G E M039 - / : 9 / N 7$ ; I 9
' Q3$ 07D
o /B 3d - (#$ -P :#$ =$ - #9 2 "I
"
#3$ E 2vN 9 RS B IG -a/7 =$ & Q;$ m >637$ 2vN 2> :, ! /$ . 2`# O )i - =+i $ -( =$ P ?$ ) 2 =2IU3$ V/ @ f7 =9 ?#$ Nv3 ' s $ #9 f3, s$ ."% 63$ #2;O )"9 - @ #9 j :;$ ] ? - ! /$ ] ?6$ * / @ -. G YT ¡! M3$ 4 5 ( '(¢ -KG #9 Bmn .^ ;3= '(3N '[ - ;?=9 ! /$ E m£U3$ E fN =, s $ - 27;?3 =9 2 :3I . I G($ 2u '(2)/3$ IG(9 CDG (?$ . ( ) - (?3 '/$ 'G YT . I G(7$ C `%U - / : 9 jG YT ] }g /3$ n 2 @ -. S $ . +/> c f N V/ ) ' ( G/ Q03, . I G {U 'G YT . I G($ o/ N6 s $ ¤ I I G -jG YT V ( 3$ . 270% 'G YT ^G ( $ . 6 )" - N I I J 7% - N# ' (;$ RS B ( # U , ¥ . BG 2{ /% . G YT N27% o/ ?, N7% 6, . S $ N37 @ B g;3, - N>2>6, - _ ( % 2 #9 ¦;$ a G /N} jG YT / N $ ¨ ` V/ ) ( Z G/ c , ^G/ 7;$ M$ M$ ^/`§ U, .* * ;7I N# s $ / N< ] 2}/, - N62ª/, P =) - ' :;$ ' 9 ' >6$ ] , ;7`3 ( :) - ©$ E o N Ii >« } - ) 39 ¬ 6$ 0M3 =, 0 ?$ . '( Q3$ ]} /, 'G YT . I G($ mOU , E %/ $ S B =9 ( ! . B(2 d , 2+ =+i ^G YT BG > U " Ii >67$ 9 #$ (N#9 IG( M ' >6$ HG (9 # V 0% V" M }G - " Ii >6$ ®" @ #9 2 " I : >6 7 39 02 I : M ' >69 # E |$S D R =9 -P 027 I / ( 20T ( ;% / 7#$ ]O ! G 6$ £ (Q7$ !" ( ? $ E u = :t" V e I :] ;3D E 02 I $ ( ;% ] O -j >6$ K"3 E " Ii x T - 6 =76$ K"3 E ¯ #$ x T - 2 °$ + | $ .. S$ z ^ /#$ :L209 R 6I± E s#' d 7% |$SD . £ (T ® G ² 3+ - ?M$ 7> : - " Ii #$ E G > 7> : - YN $ 4 d :E | 2>6, ' 9 6 =76$ -L 2Q3$ 2$ > di R ' ¢ ] 62$U, E jm =9 . ! :3=9 . ;D 9 ²b 0 $ ^G YT P =+i -P =+i
' Q3$ ³2B
#
jG YT %/$ '/>, E 'G YT . I G($ 2u
E . S $ V 2´ V" _ . S $ $U = µ! + L $ * ) G :% ( ?$ / $ ( ?36, 0N27D % ^G/ @ C v3+ .. S $ ² 3+ E _ V 2´ - _ ² 3+ ¶B . 2$ . ?M$ . '/ # E C (83 I . 07#$ vN 9 (# ;$ * ³'L} E µ2 0N3$ 4 ? Ii J Q C · b XP 2) k $ n E t( $ 2%/ /9 z (?36, ¸/ / µ! , C + D s $ - 2! :3I ¶B 9 * ! =, * G 03 I -^G YT @ I G(7$ * %/ / F/# :$ C 7#} b X "#3 I jL D G/ . ?M$ 2¹ D . I G($ C 70% ( ? ¡ I©$ . =+i ;$ #6$ E (% =, 2 ?£ * , b S B . _ / Nº K % o( % -jG YT » : $ J 7% !i J Q 9 . b 62$ / 7D ( + m} M 2 °$ 2}/$/ M+ 07% ! :3=9 . I G R =9 H /, ' D/ ¤2 =+ ¤'/ $ G + ¼ 2 ¤D ' N7D/D P 623 I H d 2? % N7 6' * 'G Y) * 2 ?£ * G/ I . IG($ RS B C |$S . P ( ' ?2?w %/ $ % ¯ °$ P =+i 20#, E * m ;D * 3! . I G($ RS B C @ -. ?M$ 2}/$/'( ' z ^( ' Z 2 # ¨ I ¶B 9 2 #9 . C$/¢ c . c ;$ ¡! M3$ 'G YT 2 ?M$ . I G($ - ?M$ C $/¢ c ] 27% .o >) ¶ 3 $ * ?; = G ?, s $ f2B 69 . Q7` 9 f >7, . Nª B .K"3 ¸ `@ 2I I ^ z . "3 P N I I ^( % ! C ?7`+ b X N , . G YT ¸ @ : j , % @ J Q . b 72 @ 2 ?£ . =?+ % m ;#, B #$ F/# d 2 ?M$ .j /} J7% ^G ! 'G Y) . I G LD ¤2IU3$ I c } ) x;I J7% S °; ' . 202?$ 2 #9 ]3 / E F °$ ]$L3 jS$ -jG YT '(;$ ?2?) B z :-jG YT ;$ E 32I I , > x7` ' P jG YT '(;$ o 2! B 2+ M$ . °$ n ¸/g , X. 03B . G(?$ E . ?M$ :;$ ¸/ , n m l k j i h g f e{ KG #3$ J7% j :;$ /}/$ P ?$ fIG (! .( :. vT ) z{z y x w vu tsr qpo mlkj{ : } L% V ? - ' MD E ¸/g 3$ S ?20% ^G/@ ½ >$
' Q3$ 07D
$
o /B 3d - (#$ -P :#$ =$ - #9 2 "I
z} | {z y x w v u t s r q p on
u t s r q p o{ :z #, V ! -( ¾ :^( 9 )
;3$ c @ ½ >$ P ?$ Q ¹ ( :o $ ) z}| { z y x wv Y?' jG Y) (, 0M - ' °3$ ¸/g 3$ SB G K"3 K"3 ]} 232$ -( J J7% J?+ ) '/2+($ 2Y63$ ¿2 7 39 f2B 69 J7% k=) -G 0%i K"83I ^ > N7% 6, B /NÁ k=)– ' :;$ 27% 67$ L% V/?2 - G G 0% ®"6$ ®" $ /· ]v3, P F ;I S J7% ~G(! « ª © ¨ § ¦ ¥ ¤ £ ¢ ¡{ : } ]\[ZY{ :z #, ]$/! ( :^ ?;$ ) z°¯®¬ .( :¶T ) zhgfedcba`_^
* 03 = *"% 6, . S$ Y3?' 'G YT . I G($ o/N69 E #9 ¤2IU3$ P a/7 =$ o/ c ?' >$ ³: 9 0N6@/ ( '/; $ =$ ½ >$ P ?$ ) 2=2IU3$ V/@ RS * ¹/?, - c $ f N E ' :;$ 27% 67$ * + 2;, ]6 @/ $ *"% 6, -]`; Y' ^¼ N6 @/ 2+ =+i #9 *"% 6, |$S D Y3?' .jG YT ;$ E / N< ± - 20v7$ ) 3 ] }/$ J 7% BG 0M3 I N % & Q;$ f7 =9 ?#7$ °; ' 0>) | $b k 7`3' . #Â ' :;$ o( #9 RS B ] 2}/, -* + ?, MD =) D ) E m ;>$ ¸G =3$ x =3, ^G/ M'(T KG #9 o/ 7#$ >c 03 $ f7 =9 @ E DG± : v±3 z KG #9 . ' 7$ >7N3= ?3 + >$ Xf7#$ .^G YT . =Ie9 V/ ?# ( 2} > : P ?M' G ?$ @ o/ 2$ #$ P 2Q @ - NN2}/, #9 ² 3+ E N327% BG/ Y) C 3;£ b X >6$ & Q;$ L D 2MQ;$ jS $ G/ ?$ ¡# Y$ fn $ J 7% . 27'/03$ 202 3$ 2`2`83$ ~G( ! Y6 +Ã -G > '/ `, 07#$ & Q;$ 3' 02 - 2 " Ii 2 #$ . # < ¡ 3>' - 'G YT . I G(7$ L D ¤2 IU3$ k =+ P >9 J ?;, 2# < Ä Pc ( ?3#+ .. 6>$ . ¼ § E * %/ c , *"2BU , J 7% ' :;$ G / 9 Y3¢ s $ B . # <
%
' Q3$ ³2B
jG YT %/$ '/>, E 'G YT . I G($ 2u
H I L } - 2# < . ) O E 07#$ & Q;$ J 7% K di - 07#$ & Q;$ /Q;$ 839 L D 9 2$ e = % *" Y - # < b 3 I 2$ e = .. # < N Y3¢ s$ . I G($ . =Ie . # } + " '( , C + D ( % 'G 0#3 I / ?$ .U :+ ( ?$ . ( =} E 'G YT 2 ?M$ » :$ x20#3$ . N37#} - 2Mw LD 2¹ D P e d HG( , 83 2Mw L D B " E 'G 0#3 I / ?$ | 7, .U :+ 0D ¨ `87$ * I I P/ >3$ ~ I G ¶ 3+ : , - N2 2 @ 63$ t 3, + " ¶ 3 $ | 7, / E · N + s$ - 2% 03} ' 3! 2I 2=$ . 2v2, I * G( . I G($ | 7, ¶ 3+ C + D f D !k v% B"; $ f I , - ;2v% B"; ^G £ -¨ § f IG ^ % - % :9 . N}/3$ G > 2>:, -o #$ j $ 27Y3$ . + (7 (# (7 E - :$ m (3$ x2?¢ " !"§ J /6$ " - 'G YT , S - ' >6$ 3'/r %/ $ G( ! '( $ x?¢ (! P/>' P U+
+ s $ - 'G YT ' >6$ / Q;$ L D , # } f2%( , J 7% 'G ! ¥ P/ >+ P 2$ e =9 x 2?¢ -jG YT ;$ (22 :, jG YT %/$ x20#3$ . P/>, P >¹ 2+ =+i ^G YT (2d $ 5 -k=) 3 jG YT /N $ x2?Q3$ ¤2$ - 'G YT P =+i 0N x ?W =+ a : } - )/ $ ' (B ^ `6$ f2 ? NN2}/, .^ 2T RSB E 2+ 0#$ 2 "83I k I >9 * ?2?¢ , # } # } D E 'G Y) . I G L D ¤2 IU, E P ^G/` I o( B - 2+/>$ . ' $ K O LD 9 2 £ J7% Y?$ : Nu -^ (#3 J 7% 'G YT . I G($ (% =, 0D . #9 ² 3+ J 7% G ?$ R( ) F °$ P 6?7, 27% c P ( # -f 7#$ Æ'G , #$ Æ'G , 3D E f7 =07$ G/ Y) P > Á C°2 -]36 =7 ]$/ @ 2 # ' > v} Z P ] vB f 7#$ ] 2 ¨; ,G 32 °} E P( 037$ Æ'GU 3$ Ç ) - #7$ ] 3'[G _ J `# J 7% * 2¹ D J 7% P/27 + 7 YN $ =Ie9 j/ 2 ;$ ¨ $ ( ) 07M - $ _ L °
' Q3$ 07D
o /B 3d - (#$ -P :#$ =$ - #9 2 "I &'
D -f7 =9 ¯ #$ ¡ ?M07$ P / 3$ ^ % E £ 'G YT . I G($ G ( .t :9 F °$ ^( ?% 783 $ ] 2>03$ - 2 ?M$ 2 G 3$ ],G m I ) ] G , ?' 2 =2IU3$ . 2 ;$ #2`! ( )Ã ¨;, o( ?3$ PU u jS $ -P( 039 jG YT o( ?3$ k D x Q7+ P } ] 2 ] cMn– R( % m#3 = $ - 3 ?M$ 2 #9 L } ] + J 7% ¯ °$ #6$ ^ ?$ * # I V 1 . I G($ RS B =63I .^G YT .Æ'G 3$ SB J7% * 02N * G O ¤2$ Æ'G 3$ % ¡ :>, - _ . S $ x 7#3, . %/ / µ! , * £/w ( #$ S B 0 Y3' E #9 j >6$ '/ >3$ . 6 #; 3, s $ ' Y?$ #; $ 07#$ . < # 0 %" ¸/ / z j >$ } G G/3D( $ t `, ( ? . ' 0 =$ P ' ©$ j( ?#$ % & ) ;$ ] 2 ¡ :D -" 2 @U, ( ?+ :½ >$ P ?$ / E ^ % d ( % 2;+ ^( '(} 272 @U, ^ ! ½( ?, V ) - 2;+ 0 % ¸/ / E ( 2)/3$ 07% ( % /! 2+ ?$ ~ ! 2 I E P ?$ E fN ! E 2;+ V # f N V" - 0 #$ &Q;$ J 7% * 03% - 0 #$ o( # u/9 - 0N39 ? =$ . G ?9 N2$ V/ ( $ P .G/£U9 m=63$ k3D E ?+ 272 Ii . ' $ P ?$ / E +G ? I G : 7 ;$ / 073$ E < " : o/ I/9 & Q;$ f2 # $ V > d E m ;D ] :, / } % E T % G/3D( $ ] 2 ¡ :D ( ? "½ >$ E È '[G ¬/ § ] } J 7% -½ >$ P ?$ 7 ;$ / 073$ ] 2%/ j / B c < P ¹ P & Q;$ G .H 6$ B ] $ ' f2 #+ f % ]6 @/ < & Q;$ P - ' /N2$ 2 "Ii 3+ '($ D c P DG (c # , s$ ¼>$ . %/ /9 É 2;+ ?3% % ]6:D ½ >$ P ?$ ] ¼ (De' ' /N2$ G 9 E d ;9 .^ )/9 k3>$ ]7;! 9 ]?'( , - N02#+ < 2 I : 'L $ 2#! /$ 6 =76$ F `§ " :] Mw E j( < ( 0Z G/3D( $ t `, / B - 6 =76$ >6$ k + /} f N k + } z "* }b/5 " Ii F °$ >6 E 7M -( 2#! /$ 'L $ ) G O E ] 3< # C « b X( !" k + < ) x 7#39
&&
' Q3$ ³2B
jG YT %/$ '/>, E 'G YT . I G($ 2u
]2? : !" k + < P ( } -& Q;$ ¸/ / 7 39 " Ii F °$ 6 I" a ¢ jS $ G Oi P b X " Ii F °$ ³2 E ] 7 > x ?¢ ( ! -( #! / $ jL $ ) z ?#$ ] 2 @ - 7?% G O E 2!" ' Y?$ V , "Ii F °$ >6 ]2 m § z ¥ .h M9 #6$ m § z j X 270#$ 0>T ] , jS$ J ( ?9 -"oL ) " D ( #! / $ k + < ) M« ( ! -z #, ]+ Q; I È / B jS $ J ." 26O " -" } " D (jL $ k+ < ) M« ."(dG " : 0NMw E ' ( 0Z f2B G/3D( $ =Z P `7 I @ $ ( ;% G/3D( $ o ! ] ;3D 27Q3 " +G ? '(?+ 2727¢ I G :j 2$ 2I ( % ¤c+(9 H(c ?9 o/N6 " N * ° @ - ¹(?$ 2 (;$ P ' ©$ ] 0N V" ¤ +( 0 $ H (? 0 $ V/ ) j 2$ N27% * =6 -. ( ?3#9 P ' 2Â E R( % ^¼ 3# ^ ( Z 2 ( ²b 5 j 2$ f N % & Q;$ ¡ :D .¬ > : '( 39 o % > : P =+i a/7 I P ' 2Â ?2?) B { f%L ' s $ 2+/>$ + '($ ^( 2?% E ] 7M03' jS $ '( 7$ '[ $ !G 6 -¤c+( 9 H(c ?9 ¸/ / E 2 " Ii '[ $ & Q;$ c .. ( ?3#9 . /}/$ ^() 2+/>$ + '($ z ^ $ E j 2$ '[ $ 2 "Ii ^ ! ^ % :^L v#9 " :F 3>$ z C + D X 3#} |$S D ( #$ 0 Y, G/3D( $ N (c ! - % =$ o = ( G/3D($ :¡2$U, -"½ >$ P ?$ E j/°7$ v%i 6 =76D #' :$ ( @ ? " :F 3>$ C + > 2+ M$ #} 9 Xo Q7$ J6` o =) B G/3D( $ N ( ! -^ / % I } G/3D( $ :¡2$U , -" 2 / '[G : "Ii ' :37$ .^/ ) =) . I G($ E 07#$ & Q;$ h #$ f2 7#3$ : «e 9 ' ?, J 7% ( #$ / 3) . @ #9 . '(Q3$ / E 2 :3I '[G : 2 "Ii F 0 ( #$ / Q; 7 39 . 6$e9 #; $ M'() . 2?3 ( #$ E .^ 3´ % x2 /3$ h È
: ! "#$ & '() ! *
"&. / 0" * # +, 234#
+ . ! " # $ ! % &' () 45 6 7 8 ! 9 "4 '&: ; <= >5 ? 8 @ -. / 0 1 2 () 3 , "@ J 6 I E+ K L5$:M =: L N+ , 4 : 8 "@ A B& @C D E! D = 4 F G & @ : H < I U + V P 6 + %& 8 "@ G $ ; <= D N+ D T S: . NO0 : P : G Q %R ! S 8D E! ] C % / K >: K 4: . ! @W X ' C G- Y DN< ) Z :: 8 "@ [< \X J ' I
I ^ _ C - A ! " / ` &: aY / 0 J NC! : . ! 9 " 6 4 . N N+ . ! 4 4 8 ! 9"4 8G Q %R 8 "@ 4 8 8 ! " :" 5 678 #40 The Prophetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Infallibility as Understood by the Ash'arites: A Critique and Foundation Building in the Light of the Noble Quran Abstract This study provides a critique and a foundation building of the infallibility of the Prophets as perceived by the Sunni Ashâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;arite scholars. The study takes the Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an as the basis for addressing this issue. For the Ashâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;arites, this theme has presented a problem in their effort to interpret the Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anic narrative about the Prophets, especially those narratives that present statements and expressions that may cause a conflict with infallibility. Since the Ash'arites have included stories from the Israelite sources, they found themselves compelled to discuss these stories. This understanding has yielded problems in interpretation when the Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anic authority is considered. The researcher attempts to identify Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anic principles in explaining the stories of the Prophets, and concludes with the need to re-address the issue of the Prophetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; infallibility with a commitment to the Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anic principles. Keywords: Prophetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; infallibility, Ash'arites, Infallibility rules, Israelites, Stories of the Prophets, Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;anic principles.
rajeh47@Gmail.com
:f:g R $h 8 !'& @ e I @$ 1 S c& 1 d C% 8 @ ( & CS' * .^lmor/o/lq j$& CI 1 p4: 8^lmol/ol/lm j$& CI /0 D, = k
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y 9:
:"8 8 } ~ d 8 % x I yR S& zh &: { K ! " 24 O| D T X D N K 0C $ : DN : 8 % x : ! + & = 2C = DNC< + 8DN Y 6O@I aY 6 K: C a @= D <P# L 1I D} S &:' $ dY DNC O@I @I % -: 8L ? DN K : 8 P+ J<# ! $ < $ @ $ - L : L5 P + DN = K % : : 4 D : 8 J .D ' DN+ "$: 8DN 8 h DN ""4 @ : 8( - ) _ @$ ! f 9 " W 4: $:M= @= , J : C $) DN $' : 8DNQ ! : ~ = G W: 4: .DN $ + C G $ :& '&: 8DN""4 '&: ! 9 "4 ; <= B @ ! 4 V +: 8; <C CS G $ : a a + 8 ! "@I K C D $ @ ( , : 7 ' DN : p 8 $ 1 D @ = % 4 aY DNW ' S K "@ () . "@X : !) I ; <C 8 < : 8 D "4 : 8L ^ 4: A B& @C= N @ - 8 ' # <= A x p$ "@ ; <= CI $ $ = X : L N }:
$ S { A | - D "@ dY [ < L 1I D} S DN I 5C ? : 8 C G $ :& &'Y aY $ P 2 8 "@ L +' U + B @ 3 ?' G $ : () : 8 ? N 2@I '& , : N 2@I > 4 z 5 ? "@ 24 4 , 7 8 C "! $:M=: 8 "@ 6$_ = CS 3 <, p I 8 Q @ : ^5 D CS -: 8; <= CS N I ' I I "@ I G ¡Y : O 8 ! " : ! 5 @ I I I 2< ! 6$_ =: 8( qqq =) ¢ : I ¥ \< ! " : 8 1 I- ! 6$_ =: 8( qrr =) ¥; 1
9;
" 2+ ¨I ÂĽ' S" Â&#x2039; ÂŚW &
! "
; Š I I Â&#x2019;: @X F ÂŞ I Â&#x2026; Â&#x2039;  ! 6$_ =: 8 ( umu =) 8( too =) Â&#x2026;ÂŤ Â&#x201C; 6 < = ! 6$_ =: 8( uor =) ÂĽ o .( olvÂŹ =) Â&#x2026;4:Â&#x201E; X ÂŞ ! " : Â&#x20AC; CS 3 4: 8 yR S& S& % x : ! I yR Z ~ 3 ! S: .DNS %: DÂ? "\ L +' ! : 8L = ÂĄY NÂĄ ` K C D K C D Â? CS Â&#x2DC; 5 + 8> e T K & ' F NX $ 2 DNC " 8 "@ @+ $ DN : @W 7 Â&#x192; "@ /` Y: . ! 9 "4 D N+ N # <CI G N 1 J :' , $: DN$ "@ E W K  z "@ 4 Â&#x2020; . DN+ ' Â&#x153; 4 NC ' : 8 "@  + @ aY % & () Â&#x2019; Â?: 24 6 W = G Q %R & P? c &'Y: 8D & S "@ 4 + @ : 8 x 4 !: 8 "@ 4 ] C% : Â&#x153;: 8 "@ .
() "@ 24 G e @ A CCI ^
$ ÂĽ) 8Â&#x2026;Â&#x2DC;& C ÂŽN X T: Â&#x192;ÂŽ ÂĄ5ÂĄ /0 Â?Â&#x2020; $: Â&#x; " 0CI ~ d: 8Â&#x2026; 0C ÂŽN X N ! ÂĄ: 8 "@ z "@ 4 , 1= F VQ Â&#x2039; aY > # Â&#x192;G-- C%- : 8 &Â&#x17E; : G e @X : 86 + "@ 4 ] C %- 8 9 "4 y G $Â&#x17E; Â&#x2014;: 8 z "@ 4 S 0Â&#x2018; ~ d: 8 & X ÂĽ ÂŽN X ÂŽ X / ÂĄ: . 4 V+: 8 %. :G:; I 8]:° !& Â&#x20AC; @ Â&#x2019; ÂąI e :V Â&#x2014; 8 < == ><== ? == . O I ÂŞ Â&#x153; 8ÂŻ ) o :L 2$ E! .vrtÂ&#x; 8oÂ&#x201A; 8^otÂŹv 8l] 8 %
I ÂĽ ÂŞ Â&#x153; :V Â&#x2014; 8@AB# ? " *8 @AB# C .Â&#x2026; I D IY 8Â&#x2026; X K + I Â&#x203A; .otsÂ&#x; 8oÂ&#x201A; 8^otsr 8w g & ' : 8& ÂŞ :V Â&#x2014; 8D= 8 @AB=8 ><= ? "= *# D =E# @= ) F =# @= ) ) .J % I B 8ÂŻ"0 Â&#x203A; .ltoÂ&#x; 8qÂ&#x201A; 8^otus 8 Â&#x2039; C & ' :G:;I 8; I
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y 9G
Â&#x20AC; CS A 86 Y "4 ÂĽ) 6 W C ) Â&#x161; 2 () 3 : = % &' W ² NC 14 / K cg Ha: :;C W F %& J 3 @ ,ÂŤ : 8L W ;OS "@ K Â&#x2C6; Â&#x2026; / K Â&#x2026; 5 %R < "@ @I 3 > @ W @ 1 Q " : 8 N ! : 8 "@ K N + Âł : 8ottt % Â&#x201E; < ^ N< @I ;C W %& H ! O % : .D R I NC45 : R OK ' Y % : 8 N ^5 %R Â? 4 : 8 0 X : 8 $' N "@ . !'& @ e ^lmoo % 3 14 ! 4: 8 N L + 1 3 S: 8Â&#x2026; @ Â&#x153; D IY Â&#x20AC; CS Â&#x; "! >5 ? 8 0 X : $' N "@ OK N + 3 : = 4: G "\ Â? I Â&#x; "! '&: Â&#x2018; DN # "! J L @ 8Â? C . % : ! " N + ´ F Â? C Â&#x; " L +5? 8 ! M
" E K &A? L8 #4 "#$* :IJ ? :"#$* O 7P 8 .9
:>: Â? 4 X : Â: K C "@ / ` 0 $ <4 c ! M I Q Âś ¡R Â? 4 X : 86 A Â&#x2013;: 86 V<C ^ : 8Â&#x2026; Âľ Â&#x201D;4 Â?4 Â&#x2021; = < Â&#x2020;: D T Â&#x2018; 8D [ I ! : 8D Â&#x161;& L ^5 : 5 " DN Â? D = : y S Â&#x192; p ?: p Âľ ? G < #: 8c %: D D T , I -: 8Â&#x2C6; $' Â&#x2030; <, $ U 4 Â&#x2020; <Â&#x153;: _, Â&#x201D; p ,¸ D : 8DN<Q Â&#x2020;: ' J J U5 ÂŤ- 4 S8Â?4 X ) : .DNC < Â&#x2020;: A B& @C$ : 8DÂ? ' - Â? 4 : 8DNC Q "@I R @ 1 z ' 4: 8 ! 9"4 Â? C Â? Q ÂŤ Q % A 6 V <C L 2$ : 8 A ¡ [ I 6 Â&#x2019;5 ? .[ X Âą + 8 @ 1 Q "@I > @I ~ d: 8ÂĽ @Âľ Â&#x201D; I Â? 4 :f O Â? 4 X š 1C X ' Âş: q. Q "@I > L @ = W ! " /$ Â&#x2039; & NÂ&#x2020; . $ $ = X : K C : 8 $ <X : 8 ÂĄ : Â? DÂ&#x161; "4 : l
9Q
" 2+ ¨I ÂĽ' S" Â&#x2039; ÂŚW &
! "
<@W ^ R N @ 1 < & NE _ g < % !:' 8ÂĽ Â&#x160;T f O >: Â? " D Q Â&#x2030;' % ( orÂŹ =)š' " ÂĽ Â&#x192;( oto: otm =)Â&#x2026;@ 1 D Â&#x2039; I ^ 1 $ J 302= < () : @+ '& N< # I NO` ?M= 4: 8ÂĽ Â&#x160;T f O f O Â?" > K &: = "@ X ÂŤ: r.ÂĽ Â&#x160;T / O ÂĽ Â&#x192; @ 1 NO` J & ÂĄÂ&#x17E; W : 8 9 "4 Â&#x2026; Â?5 "<=: N N+ @W X Âą+ 8 ! Â&#x20AC; CS Â? "= K C ?' ¸ .& ÂĄM X I ; <C Â&#x20AC; CS DN ""4 $ . 5 DÂ? % DNO` $ ÂĄ : 8 "@ ""\C - <X : .; <C Â&#x20AC; CS Â&#x2026; : 8 "@ / 0 &' " @ , I - : : /$ K ; <= '&: S Y / 0 $ $Â&#x17E; DN+ 6$ I -'R 4: 8L-: 6 , I .[+: @X [@I C & S : 6I 0# : Â&#x2C6; > %& & ÂĄM $ :& Â&#x153; <@W  ; <= : 8ÂŽN X ) O| F Â&#x20AC;C ^ 4 L | A4: ) : & N 1X 8 ÂĽ $:M= A W (; <= ( qomÂ&#x203A;llr) ÂĽhP $ W I I ÂťM $ J 6< . 6 + Â&#x201A;&' dY Â&#x192;ÂĽ Â&#x160;T / O : 8ÂĽhP ; <CI . $Â&#x17E; ; <= G'&: $ :& J I 6 0W $ : 6 $ I > $ ¸ 8 $Â&#x17E; D N+ G $ : I <CS- Â&#x203A;6! Â&#x201E; Q ÂŽN S Â&#x2018;&:Â&#x203A; z $ S: 8 4 !: Âź&. ÂĽhP $ W I : & P= ÂĽ) 8 CX : ! % O$ Â&#x2039; % & [ÂĄ { ÂŽN X N 2?Y :' G $ : .L K 6 Y #: S ! ÂĽh P A 4: ! 9 "4 G $½I V @C$ +: G $ : ; OS: 8Â? C ! S $) I 0 " ž @I N 2@I Â&#x192;G $ :& $ <X ( @I W S: 8 N " 0| V 4' E! Âż $ ²: 8[@I = 3! S .omsÂ&#x; 8^otto 8 I @ 2N & ' :G:;I 8" S RJ "* S T "8 8U " V! .' Â&#x153; ÂŞ 8Â&#x2026;0 # q : M X () e V 0C E! r G % & S 83 > @ W 8;C W %&) 8Â&#x2026; 5 %R < "@ .Â&#x2C6; Â&#x2026; 8Â&#x201E; < Â&#x203A; .oÂŹ 8osÂ&#x; 8(^ottt 8 N <
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y 9W
~ = aY @W $ K C S: .6 G $ : () ! 6 Y A W $ S ) : . ! " A V <CC 8L5$:M = : L- 4 : T L '& , "@ DNO ` G $ : >- C %- : 8 N N< V + C G $ $:M=: "@ $ @= 4 $ 30 # . T \X J ' , : 8 N : A X6 ? "#$* .M & Q % A "@ 2 I x $ @ %& X 3 C : = $ 2 L S. 8 $ $ = : < % x : 4 D , : 8 $' = DNC < : A ¾4 C$ , "@ ! .[< .[< X 4 C45 DNC K5" 8DNC$ 1I :' > - DNC " ^ @I ( D $ 7: 8 '&: 7 8DN G-_ , ¾ @I U 4: 8DNC < :: 8D !: 8D "\ @P= - } : G N 1 0# z – "@ .DNC$ 1 L SM= U %& w =: 8^5 D C % & @I: N Q 4': Q X # <= > ? :' DNQ & D aY > # y 8 ! " :» 0 J NC : 8 &: O` D} Â 6 : . «Á L : !Y "#$* .? ¥ DN+5C ? A 8 <"I &: J : 8 ! "@ G ¡ J
<= : Ã Q S : Q # : Ã @I : O@ 4 Ã = : 8 = > @+ > K S J } -Y Ãa: < Ä : M PÅ : : x @C 6 W: J . CI ¡ " µpÄ: 8& ? D } : 8 <P " D}M I ~ d "@ 3 O= F G $ I C% : D} S « I & 3 @4 [ "@ ; ! S D } : 8 _ K : 8 0 < :
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
9Z
! "
$ [I [24 C : 8[I)Z @ : 8 ': $ : C : 8 $& W_ : 8[ % +: $ C@ DN< #: 5 Æ D } : 8 X : : % ? D } : 83 X [ @4 :: 8 @<$: a @= + DN 0C ~ d S: . 6 S ~ d D K I G < " 4 @ : 8 0 G < " I < # $ D N @ F G < \X U 4 D NE<º .6 ? aY (° <%: 8 ! D dY ? :"#$* " ? .[ "@ W: J > = F G $ I >- C %- J 3 S 3 <= ¥) 8( umu =) ¥ $ \+ ^ R ~ d J L- O ) ?M : 8 ! J N "\ : 8 , Kp 1 ´ © &: 6 + [ , I ! " L I CS , v :» 0 L5 W @ : 8L5W ^), ¹ 0C % DT K DN !) & # . « I L 2$ DN !) &: "+ 8 « I ) : . " > K , QPO{ :a @= 6
' N 1 ¶ ! S X DN !) & #
.DNC< : A % C$ - ) : (u :G ) zVUTSR
W: J ' Q- D W W DN !) & # : 6
8_Q W ; ^5 : 5 " DN ! W 8 X J N : : @X I + (vs : _ K ) zzyxwvutsrq{ :a @= .L @ C7 DN !) &: #
C4- I $& M , L5O – ^5 : 5" 6 V < & # 86 I C4- I $& M ! - : 8V < I ! M$ ¦ "$ - 6! - ) : 6I (qo: > ) zedcba`_^{ :a @= 6
« I L 2$ ) :
C & ' :G:; I 8 == ! "#==$ .¥ C [ I I I $ \+ 8¥ v . "=: & "C? I qr l¬ 8^ot¬o/ ormo 8o] 8 @
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y M]
G % &': w `
$) aY Â&#x2026; 2<$ V < &: # S X: (ovq :^ @! ) zn{ :a @= 6
: > 4 $) % : ! S ) : .L- Â&#x153; 6 V < &: # S [ ÂŤ [ .(tm :^ @! ) zĂ&#x201E;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201A;Ă Ă&#x20AC;¿ž{ :DN + Â&#x2C6;
! $ Â&#x20AC; W ^5 : 5 " DN ! "@X G& # Â&#x203A; Ă Ă&#x20AC;¿ž½{ :a @= 6
8D NW Â? )@I: 8Â&#x2C6; Â&#x20AC;2Â&#x2022;I $' ! : 8(or : ) zĂ&#x160;Ă&#x2030;Ă&#x2C6;Ă&#x2021;Ă&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;Ă&#x201E;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201A; D}M 6 S ) : (oÂŹ :' ) zĂ?Ă&#x17D;Ă?Ă&#x152;Ă&#x2039;{ :a @= 6
8[! @ .L5ÂŤ I DN "@X &: # + Â&#x192; U ¡¹I: ÂŤ I
"@X @+: 8 P S = + 8Â&#x2026; # @X c =: 8G P I : M $ ! S D }Y Â&#x203A; vutsrqponmlk{ :a @= 6 4 3 Â&#x2014; ? vut{ :a @= 6 4 3Â&#x2014;: (qÂ&#x203A;l :Â?" ) z}|{zyxw J 0C : 8ÂŚ $ Â&#x201C; ) ^ @ : (rr : ) zxw . !
() 3 , ' (rs :Â&#x;) zrqponm{ :a @= 6 4: Â&#x203A; Â&#x20AC;!) &: # $ ) : 8& S & ? [<P "X ! S D } J $Â&#x17E; .DN
ĂŻĂŽĂÏÍêÊè{ ´ IY $ K a @= 6 4: Â&#x203A;
6 !Y ¸ .6 5 Y: 6 Q Â&#x201C;Y [ " \X Â&#x201D; Â&#x2C6; Ă&#x2021;OC % (ÂŹqÂ&#x203A;ÂŹl :Â&#x;) zùð 8["Â&#x201D; \p X D } ^5 : 5" DN Â?
@$: 8š 0%Y: 8D IY J N a @= 8[ "Â&#x201D; \X ÂĽ Â&#x2022;$ - 6 ! ´ IY , 4 + Â&#x192;(ru :Â&#x;) zihg{ > 4 [ K Â&#x192;DN Y "= - 6C % %:: ´ IY Â&#x201C;Y 3 ÂĄ 8[ " \X -. M I Â&#x2C6; N : .DN "@X &: # ^ @I AP Â&#x20AC;W $ ~ d:
z§Œ¼¤£¢¥ ~}|{ :a @= Â&#x2C6; > 4 Â&#x203A;
D N+ ,¸ : 8´ IY U = _ D N+ Â&#x192;[ . X J D ! : (lm :M %)
M9
" 2+ ¨I ÂĽ' S" Â&#x2039; ÂŚW &
! "
zĂ&#x161;Ă&#x2122;Ă&#x2DC;Ă&#x2014;Ă&#x2013;Ă&#x2022;Ă&#x201D;Ă&#x201C;Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x2018;{ :a @= > 4: .Â? !) "@
( M $: P 1 $ $ @<$ ÂĽ) P 1 Â?_ K ~ -: (ot : ' Ă&#x2C6; ) ) : 8 P 1 Â?_ K D } DN š " ! Â? !) G& # + 86 I . ÂŤ I
Â&#x2026; J 4 Q5X - I 3I ÂĄ: 8 Q5X 2+ ! Y Â&#x203A; J 2< $ Q Â&#x201E; ! $ A C - ! Â? !) G& # + 8Â? !) . Q5X J ^ 4 + Â&#x192;(olr : ) zªŠ¨§{ :a @= 6 4: Â&#x203A; + dY: .(ql : ÂŤ +) z]\[{ :a @= 6
6 < L X Â&#x2020; S Â&#x20AC;!) "$ - M + 8[X E aY "$ - 6 !MI a @= Â&#x2C6; D K ÂĽ) N@ ~ d :> + ) 8Â? !) J $ - D } 3 O+ 8 I DN Y Â&#x2C6; N 4: a: 6 Y N .DN <! [X Â&#x2020; D} :
:(A;:: )) _ "#$* O .^
: 8"J<P "X š K ¢ 1I < 1 " 6 I CS ( L Wd Ă&#x2030; B Â&#x2026; & C? 3 Â&#x2014; Â&#x2026; C & '&: : 8 ! " 6 + "+ , ÂĽ) / O D ÂŚ "$ : A Cy : 86 Â&#x201E;  : 6 K 0C $ : ÂŻ Â&#x20AC;  +" : D } : 8^5 DN ! $ 1I 6 + w Â&#x2014;: u".6 Y Â&#x2019; 2$ $ 1 > K 8 $ 1 _ Â&#x160; Â&#x161; V 0 $ - / ` 8 1 Q % Â&#x2019; #: J MI <"C$ DNC$ 1I A :6 + W 7: s. ! !R Â?@ -: A¡M +" :6
I ! " J [ X U ¡Y B Â&#x2026; S) $ . & N e C : .G I X : 8 Q : 8Ă&#x160;K < ! " J X a =7 ? L= =73 &= b8 c=4 B Hd7e=$# f = 5 g= *6 7=S .ÂŻ "0 J % I B Â&#x2026; 8B u 8^otst/ oqtt 8 @ Â&#x20AC; C & ' :G:; I 8(AWQM =)) #=S =# 8 L # 8 L #5 7S .tvÂ&#x; 8qÂ&#x201A; .ost 8tuÂ&#x; qÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X s
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y MM
G % &': w `
CS "@ D } Â&#x2019;5 ? - ~ ) S: 8...DNC+ S > 4 : ...U ¡R ~ d ÂŹ ".U ¡R A _Â&#x160;@X 6 + Â&#x201D; "@ Â&#x2026;2C $ ~ d S Â&#x192;Â&#x2021; C ;" C : % ' K J G +Â&#x17E; : G ; Â&#x2022;CX [ I Ă&#x2039;& P D -" :> $ ? A : .Â? 8 1 S ÂŻ : ...6 % K : (ÂŻ ÂĽ ) 6 W J P= Â&#x2DC; - 1 S 3 ,|: 8 @ÂŤ [ h 3 4 + Â&#x192; 1 , W J Â&#x201E;  6 C, W J Â&#x201E;  : ; Â&#x201C;: & C?- J A = F G +Â&#x17E; ; OS 6N$_ =: 8DN 6 W: ? J U ¡R t ".& C?- 3 ÂĄ 86= ! 34: ÂŻ Â&#x20AC; 4 D K L5"+ B Â&#x2026; .G " I 6 > C% : 8Â&#x20AC;$ : ~1 : Ne + @X ' 2$ S ÂŻ " 6 + O N ML K J IH G F E D C B A{ :a @= 6 4 D IY
b a ` _ ^ ] \ [ Z Y X W V U T SR Q P
N S ( W I $Â&#x17E; ¢ : .(lum : ) zlk j i h gfed c om .~1 "@ J > =
Ne : 8~ 1 : 8 < 4 ! " ~ ) S L5 "+ .w I 86 < Â&#x2DC; J ' W: ^ : 8~ d J Â&#x2026; @ >- C %- A 8a @= Â&#x2C6; I oo . [ 9"4 '&: 7 O ~ ) Â? : 86 DNC " $.$ 86 6 Â&#x2C6; $ ÂŞ: 8 P 1 ÂŻ " J U ¡Y L5 "+ M 1! .Â&#x201A; .~ d ( Â&#x2020; Â? Â&#x2DC; $:MCI ^ 4: 8 <$ 1 $ /$' K : 8 y G $Â&#x17E; I L- C 8 0 ' ^ 4 : 8Â&#x2021; C Â?) ! " L5 "+ .¢ 8 < X G $ : ' , I ~ d: 8~ d "@ Â? Â&#x2DC; 6 ! D Cp$ X 8L5$: =: L ; <= ^ , 4: ol .G $Â&#x17E; ; <= + X : 0 0" G $ : J ' C - : .orrÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X ÂŹ .tsÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X t .omrÂ&#x203A;tsÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X om .oomÂ&#x203A;omtÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X oo
M^
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
! "
^ 6 !MI M PÅ M >: , : 8D @C }MI A$ 1C 24 ³ .¼ .A$ 1C M ´ : 8 ! ´ ) : < 1 /$ K D IY G I) I p 24 ³ .' } : 8 ) K: N + F ¾$& @X I ÉY: 8¦$ " ) I T D IY = : . N4 " + J A N N<$ ` $& C I ^ N< N + 6 =)? . D IY ¹ < Y I + G I) S & I G K" I }MI @ ¾ @I z N h , @$ : oq. N « I K ."[I X G Ì % " J [ X U ·Y Sd: 8> @+ : > 4 I V @C$ L5 "+ .d D } S, : 8U ·R A @ ~ d C : 8G I X : Q : ÊK < ! or M I [ Q J '& , ) : .D T a @= 4 : 8DN S: D & C? I "@ .& C? -: DN ' &Y 5I "@X @+ DN+ # ¥) : $ J Q 4 } : 8 @I "@ K B S.$ ) : D} S: 8DNC < : A N 4: B& p @ C 8 Q () D NE<K: 8 ! I $ L- 4 DN = : 4 D : 8DT 4 DTp @+ ¾ 4 p= 5 + 8 [ : @$ [ DN = -: 8DNC$ 1I ^ @= - DNE<K: D ! I $ @ () : .L S %: L ! yY L5@+: .DT Í<K A N DN@ | D
= I 8 @< J D & 4: DNC ! !Y 5C?- Q DNC "@S @I Q " DNC " Sd .& 6! : 8 ; S ( N+ 6I " S :" 8 Q : Q " [I V$ <C ¥ ¥& < Ä: .6 hS + R I ; N : 8; " N Î ÉY U ·Y 6I Q : Q " $ @= L $ & & C : ov". ; S 6! S .oqv olr 8l 8VI AW X ol .orm oqv 8l 8VI AW X oq .orq orl 8l 8VI AW X or .orr 8l 8VI AW X ov
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y M:
G % &': w `
:a @= 6 4 I Q S: Q Â&#x2022;# aY Â? !) D = Â? C 9 [ + X Â? l k j i h g f e d c b{
u ts r q p o n m{ :a @= 6 4: (qo : ) znm
ª Š ¨§ Œ ¼ ¤ £ ¢ ¥ ~ } | { z yx w v
:' D J & N e " z W: .(ql :DÂ&#x160; ) z²¹ ° ÂŻ ÂŽ ÂŹÂŤ 8 Q "KY < C? 4 ÂĽ ) Â? 0# : ou".Â? !) Q Â&#x2022;# } : 8 Q c 1 N : 8A G I X } N " Â&#x192; ' @C > 4 aY Q Â&#x2022;" [I: N I _ C : Â&#x2C6; 6 C? Â&#x20AC;!d S N : 8 Â&#x2030; Â&#x2022; [ : 8´< C4: 8 $ š
: 8Â&#x2C6; I L I ) : ! L , K 6 Â&#x2C6; = : 8Â? ) : @ : Â&#x20AC;2Â&#x201C; : & I os ". ?Â&#x17E;
! " Â&#x2019;5 Ă&#x2026; 6 + Sd 8L5 "+ ~ ) S B Â&#x2026; .Â&#x201E; N DNC " ^ Â&#x2026; ÂŚ W&: , 8 : ? N@ : ^ 4 Â&#x201E; W dY Â&#x192; 4 Â&#x2026; # @X 8Â&#x20AC; S DNN$_ = Â&#x2C6; Y ÂŚ 0 " :" :> + 8Â&#x20AC; $ , : 8~ 1 Q Â&#x2022; # OC % I Â&#x2026; # @X Âą + 8A C X S & "= M X : Â? + 8Â&#x20AC; $ Z Â&#x20AC; W $ S DNC " : 8 Â? I 6< #: > I ÂĽ ) Â&#x201E;_ : oÂŹ".U 1 $ = @I = Ă&#x2030;Y Â&#x2026; : Q Â&#x2022; " () Â&#x2026; N h C@X M I ot( rmqÂ&#x203A;qqÂŹ)f54 I I Â&#x2026; : . 4 # K ;Â&#x201C; : 8A V$ ÂŤ ÂĽ 8U 1 $ =
N S ; Â&#x2022;I > $ , ! " ^ @I Ă? "<I W: .Â&#x2030; :) ? .$ - ) : 8Â&#x2026; Â? P? 6 I V @C$ ² 7 8 1 Â?Q Â&#x2020; : 8 = S J !Â&#x201D; 1I ! Ă&#x2030;Y" $ :& Âł : .6 [ "@ D N+ ,¸ : 86 I @ G & R 8Â&#x2026; @ Ă&#x2018; # D@ X :Â&#x20AC;$) Â? 8L ==E C ==8 @ B== X) . $ ´ Ă? 8 $Â&#x201E; e D 4 I ou .oÂŹl 8oÂŹoÂ&#x; 8 orml 8 5%- :.1 : > @ & Â&#x201E;: : 0CX .oÂŹvÂ&#x203A;oÂŹoÂ&#x; 8 N # <=: > 4 Q % E! : 8oÂŹv 8VI AW X os .orsÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI % AW Hd7e$# f 5 g *6 7S 8B Â&#x2026; oÂŹ .ors 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X ot
M;
" 2+ ¨I ÂĽ' S" Â&#x2039; ÂŚW &
! "
^ lm"Â&#x192;U Â&#x152; p J !p , : 8J ! - fY" : $ :&: "f: S) + 3 ! dÂą + + ,@Â&#x201D; p $: N $" I 8Ă&#x2019; Â&#x2022; : N J : $ - ! $ 2 () "@ lo .DNS& C$: DN $ , ÂĽ) a @= Â&#x2C6; + "Â&#x192;& Âľ <Â&#x201D; I 6 Kp
N % N + & S) X $ / $' K ^5 L5 S L5 "+ Â&#x2026; Sd ¸ ll . ÂŻ
8 N < : [ CX ! J Q Â&#x2022; " Â&#x201E; W J ' , "+ : .Ă&#x201C; 9 "4 ' D N+ ' , <= ¸ 86 I Â&#x160;CK + D N 5S Ă&#x160;4 ! 6 +: 8[ÂĄ { : Q %R G $ : ] Â&#x2022; L @I "@ ^ N< L5 # T L N+ ^ , 4: lq8 ! . : <X @+ S Â? $ :& $ : I J= -: 8 N K : Ă&#x160;4 $ ² I 8G $Â&#x17E; DN+ A @C Q % 6 O` _ , 7 ) @ : "@ 9 \ = y ,¸ : 8 ! 9 "4: 8; <C Â&#x20AC; CS '& G Q %R @ Â&#x160; C! 6 !MS: 8 ! " L C? L5 "+ ( + B Â&#x2026; N$ ~ C % 4" :6
I c d 6 "+ I dY Â&#x192;> e @I 8 Â&#x; " Â&#x2014; V Â&#x2039; 6 !MI 6< #: > ¡Y y: lr". 6C " V Â&#x2039; ( !& 4 Â&#x2018; Â&#x2020; lv :ÂťÂ&#x17E; "@ . @I: O@ 4 L P 6= <#: Â&#x2C6; I Ne : 8 < ^ "@ ÂŻ Â&#x203A; .L P @I: 4 Â?) ^ "@ ÂŻ Â&#x203A; 8otÂŹo 8o] 8ÂĽ T @ P :V 1 ' 8 Â&#x2022; J<P " :V Â&#x2014; 8/ ==3 + ==' . Ă&#x17D;Y I Â&#x153; 8ÂĽ& \ lm :L 2$ E! .qtl D4& /$ K 8 Ă&#x201D; 6W C :Â? I 8 :Â? CS 8 @ w g KY & ' :G:; I 8Â&#x2026;4 ' . + Â&#x153; :V Â&#x2014; 8 4==E8 + ==' 8Â&#x201A; Â&#x160;Â&#x2039; I D 8D Â&#x203A; .vsl D4& /$ K 8 5" N :Â? I 8otsl 8l] .ovm 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI % AW Hd7e$# f 5 g *6 7S 8B Â&#x2026; lo .ovvÂ&#x203A;ovoÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X ll .osoÂ&#x203A;ouuÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X lq .osqÂ&#x203A;oslÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X lr .Â&#x2019; "CI osrÂ&#x203A;osqÂ&#x; 8lÂ&#x201A; 8VI AW X lv
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y MG
N C % : 8L Â&#x2014; Q Â&#x2022; " : 8L ¡Y Q ^ "@ ÂŻ Â&#x203A; J Â&#x192;6 =- K S 6 C ,p 6 , + 6 : 8Ă&#x2019; Â&#x2022; & C % : 8 <Â&#x2022; : .¢ _X : e : 8Â&#x20AC;2Â&#x2022; : : #4 0 "#$* P .: 8 NQ G $Â&#x17E; D N<=: 8 "@ 24 D Â&#x2014; I& C 4 @ -. A : ž @I
() B @ : . NQ Â? C G $ :&: 9 "4 : , : : %& X () Q & S :(A:QW )) h "#$* P .? lu
:ÂťÂ&#x17E; 0 J ( "@ 4 ¨$ e S)$
8L5 6 @! 7 ) : 8 _ Â&#x160;@X > ž4 $ DNC " Â&#x20AC; Â&#x17D; :a: . Â&#x2022; $ + DN4 # _Â&#x160;@X > : ! " Â&#x20AC; Â&#x160;C+ 8 ! $ 4: ]
I !dÂ?.X Âľ Ă&#x160;K < : ! O .L- ¡Y N 8> @ N < = 5 + "<= J Q Â&#x2022; " ': @X Â? !) : : O O _$ Â&#x17D; < CĂ&#x201E; @ dY Â&#x192; Â? ÂĄY J -: 8 N <! J Â&#x2026; "\ ' ÂĽ D $ ²: ! 9 # 4 G N 4: . Â&#x201E; W ! E Â&#x20AC; Â&#x201C; : 8 ! J Q Â&#x2022; " .~ d J Â&#x2C6; Â? CS :(AG]G )) /i > 8U L "#$* P .[ D ; Â&#x201C; & Â&#x2013; Sd:â&#x20AC;&#x201C; "@ 4 ÂĽÂ&#x201E; ¡ 4: V P= 6 "<= ÂĽ $ [ I: 8" ! " " 6I CS M X ()T 6Ce @ Â&#x203A;š < Sd: 8 45@ G d ! 9 "4 '&: J "@ 4 :G:; I 8D | @ % :V Â&#x2014; H == 6 J m =='? == "== j==k P d== l == U .Â&#x2C6; I ~ X 8¨$ e lu .lttÂ&#x203A;ltÂŹÂ&#x; 8^otÂŹÂŹ/ ormv 8o] 8 + O Â&#x20AC;C %.
MQ
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
! "
"@ 4 A V <C$ G $ D N+ 6 W CI: 8 N @I [ Q J ' G5$:MC A B& @C$ - N + 6 W CI : ' I Y 9 " ~ = $:MCI: 8 x Ï 6 + ? N 2@I: 8 Q # N 2@I p G5$:M CI: 8 C "! D N+ "@ : N+ 8 N" I Sd S ( "@ 4 : ls. , = "@ ! J 3 @· + 8 $' C - I V @C$ :a: . : < 6 ! J @· + 8a @= ^ K : AQ 1 A Õ V @C$ : ! O V $ ² -Y: 8 N I -: @ I - 8 ) ! Å : 8 $ 0C DN .AQ 1 J ' C - S Y : 8M PÅ @= , - 6! J @· 8z C< I V @C$ : O O .6 + < C? + N % J DN ! Y" :> ! ¥) : 8...DT K : DT @+MI V @C$ : @I % J . @ I Q " : Q "@ ^5 : 5 " l¬ "._Q W N+ N :(AG9: )) 6 E n #o qp L T "#$* P . dY " OK DN Y ! , ! 6$_ =" 6 I CS
() G W ª C V ( C % ®N 6 S: 8DNC "@I V @C$ + ! 9" B @= , ! ¯ ! S " " .X B >5 ? ~ d: 8¯ I_ e ! DNC = G $ :& W + [ I > 4 T K & ' : " I »M$ / ` z [ $: 8 ' $: G $ : ~ = P + 8G $ D N+ > K : = : .DNC " : ^5 DN % VK '&: "<C E! ls .VI % AW 8 ! "#$ 8¥ .l¬ lu 8VI % AW 8 ! "#$ 8¥ l¬
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y MW
YÂ&#x203A; C@$: 8G Q %R @I D % V P Â&#x2018; G $Â&#x17E; Âł @$: 8 "@ J Â?& P? :ÂťM$ Â&#x2018; lt6Â&#x160;N 4 9 \ = y: .G $ : ÂŚ# J Â&#x203A; W: 6 + ]& = , ! 6$_ = / ` 6 ! Â? C D % ÂŚ : :a: ; <C Â&#x20AC; CS G'&: 9 " DÂ? $ :& Â&#x203A;; Š I E! Â&#x203A; Â&#x201C; : Â&#x; " ÂŚ "$ - 6 ! : 8 K C Â&#x20AC; CS "@ U X L % % 3 ! S: 8 ! "@I @P= . N ' C - 9 "4 Ă&#x2019; + 0 0 " & ? J ' C - &: z $ : ! O . ! DN+5C ? J : 8 Q ! " J U ¡Y : O O qm L @ Â&#x2013; ´ + N 4 F 8 @I F Â&#x2026; N A Ă&#x2C6; "@ : 8 Q Â&#x2022; " U 1 L "@ 6 K p W 7 4 Ă&#x2013; @+ 6 3 O$ ² ÂŻ Âą + ~ d A : . N . @I J Q : Q Â&#x2022; " [ I š , <$ - 6 !MS: 8Ă&#x2013;; S ( & EÂ&#x153; S : @I 6 I CS B Â&#x2026; ÂĽ I ) ?M$ 6 !MS: 8 $ C@X ž @I Â&#x20AC; ) ." <1 " Â&#x203A;6 $ & Â&#x203A; DN ""4 ! A 4: $ Â&#x201C; : Ă&#x2026; a: G K X (; Â&#x201C; S ¢ @+ J Â&#x203A;DN 6 = XÂ&#x203A; a @= Â&#x2C6; Â? C@ 4 .Â&#x20AC;!d DÂ&#x161; V0 $ :' Â&#x203A; , @ DN # ÂĽ Â&#x203A; qo8 , Â? Â&#x201D; DN # VK 6 Â? I Â&#x2026; L I !d G 7 G K X ž @I DN A 4: : %' 8 ! N 0C$ 8"[I X G Ă&#x152; % & I G K" Â? I : 8"a:ÂľÂ&#x201D; c =" . N : <Â&#x2022;C $: N $: :V Â&#x2014; 8 = r "= s5 L=8 X = l @=E! =# = ! c b== ) .ÂĽ F ÂŞ I Â&#x2026; Â&#x2039; I 8;Š I lt .loÂ&#x203A;oqÂ&#x; 8 X 8^lmmq/ orlr 8o] 8^_K I & ' :G:;I 8ÂŻ I_ e ÂŞ .oÂŹv 8oÂŹl 8vsÂ&#x; 8VI AW X qm .oov 8sl 8vÂŹ 8vsÂ&#x; 8VI AW X qo
MZ
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
! "
> Ne 2 () 5 Å A 4: - 6 ! z $ : @I G $ () / 0 c = ! 6$_ = ¢ = F G $ : : 8[ "@CX .;© I z _ C N () : .a: :(AG^9 )) / 8t "#$* P . I "+ , 4: 8 ! " ³ @$ "& + & I " 6 I CS ¥ Â
:» 0 J 8 @I: 4 8 4
f54 " $– I I > 4 + : 4 " :a: %: 8 "@ 6 = ! 4 ¯ & "$ L @Î -: 8L5 A Cy - : ( rmq qq¬)
I ( $ J & N 4 + 6C " J _ @ -' - dY ; S : ; # 3! S . " $ ql". I 0# OS 6 6 + :: . <S @I > %&Y Ö L5 A Cy -:
I& : X V <= +" :¥ > + : @I : : ! O 3 , ' + L ) ^5 DN ! " W: J AQ 1 qq
". % z ' ~ d: 86 + DN4 # J @« _ @X
+ 8 : > ) % J ) DN Ò U 4 I V @C$ + " $ ~ d Ò DN :" :> + 6 W : 8> . ) ¥ Ì% V0 %Y I d C % ) + :6 + C? + Ã : > ) % J ) aY L E! 6 C aY Q " $ Q ; OS: ¨ $ < %R " $ ~ d S ~ d pÅ & "= + 8 C V 5 : ¹ " J ' _ @X W a f54 " $ I I d: .A C7 : 8 _ @X - L 2 ! L 6 + S) C + > % ¹ # J > = ÉY _ @X aY 6 L ; " ~ d 8¥ $_X $ + ª :V 8L == m =='? == == == ? . I I $ % 8¥ ql .su 8q 8^lmmq/ orlr 8o] 8 @ C & ' :G:;I . N <! 0<" 8VI AW X qq
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y ^]
8 _ @X I ' " X V$ "C 3 ? $ 5 + G C +: S : .6 qr ". _ @X - 24 ! & # = 5+ ) J : 86 <! J ' _ @X -: :> + 8> 4 : > @+ ! " ¥ C % ¸ : O O L <S $ ±+ 6 + DN4 # J _ @ -' 5+ 8DT 4 : DT @+MI V @C$ :" ! " W: Q [ I 5 ? @$ 5 + L <S S ±+ 8L <S $ - : S ± + N $ - : Q $ ±+ 8 < I ´ : ....6 -: ! ; ( @= , DNC " W: J Q :
{ V <= + Q V <= + 8M P? $:MC : % J ; @+ S Y : .(...) $:M= 8> d& I 6 + V 0 $ 4 $ ±+ ; I ´ S : .( W J : S : K 4 S : X ]
%: 8 Z T !': 8 Z Å I 6 D : 8 < Z : ! ; ( @= DNC " W: " $: 8 ; D K 6 + D + 8( Ô
Ô: ^ "? &' ! 6Ï < % S : E S ) $ - : . $:M= : qv ".L N % : L ( W J " $ I 0 # OS V <= 7 ) N+ 8~ d W ¥ z; + 8' NCW- M PÅ V $ « Q " () U 4 I V @C$ + : qu .L : L ! ! ~ d S % DN N 4: K w K ¾ @I J "@ () V P$ ¥ ) ? ¸ 3 : ¥' K h ? } " ! 8L5O V ! "4 <+ 8^5 DN ! % I 6 1C J " N ª: 8 < ¯ " A & @C } : 8 @P4 : 8 ¯ G # U X P 1 p Y U X % dY qs"8U , 1p > 4 A D $ 6 ! : 86S & C % y 7 6 ! : 8G K X I J 8 = S J ! D O 1I ! ÉY" :G $ :& : ."J !p , : q¬ J µ! fY" : ¯ ".f: S, )+ 3 ! d±+ .ss 8su 8q 8VI AW X qr .s¬ ss 8q 8VI AW X qv .st s¬ 8q 8VI AW X qu .¬m 8q 8VI AW X qs :L 2$ E! .qtlD4& /$ K 8 Ô 6W C : I 8 : CS 8VI % AW 8/ 3 + ' 8¥& \ q¬
^9
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
! "
Ï ¡ [ I V + C < I V @C$ : Ï @+ ':'&: 8G 8 "@ A B& @C= - > N4 % F "@ ® K G $ G--' A N 24 = ^ I: 8 N $:MCI ~ d: "<C A ! > @+ &: # < S 6 <! ¥ NW + 8¥ ! F Q " : . O@ 4 Q S : 8 @I : O@ 4 Q # N< "CI G- CK I N $:M= 6 <! NW F G5$:MC ~ d ; aY: 8 @= , 3 : '&: 7 ; OS O : . , C ; O I \X J L ',&: 8 \ : 6 . ! 9"4 :(AQG; )) h U "#$* P .C 8L ?M C L % 6< # I , "@ 4 R A · qt : = ] 8" 4 X " 6I CS ~ d: + ) @= , ! " J AQ 1 : X A· :a: % J DN (&: # W: . C : % z S 86 + DN4 # J _ @X 3, ' ( , W: 8 Q ;OS: ¨ $ <%R ¹ 0%Y d C% L +5? 8 : N .f54 8 @I: 4 L P < DNC " J , 3 @· : ! O .L N% : L .L N %: L ¥ 8L P @I Q "@ ! : O O -: 86 _ @ -' - d D ; &: # A Cy - & N e + 8 4 : .L 2$ 6 @ D K Q # ; 4 Q " [ "@ ; ! : @I . <, } Å Q # "@ D : 8 Z Å .vslD4& /$ K 8 5" N : I 8 W X CS 8 4E8 + ' 8D :V 8f W e I $ 1 :¢ 8g==P # . ª I ª $ 2 8 R qt .rou rov 8q 8^otss/ oros 8o] 8 e & ' :G:;I 8 ; ª
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y ^M
G % &': w `
[ "@ ; : 8L @I Q " "@ ! : Å . $:MC MP? : L ! !: 8L N% N "@ ! : "@ DT 4
~ = 9 \ : .L Q " : 8L P Q D ! V P=: 8 1 "@ , ' 6 4 6 I W I R W 4: $ PI 8G $ : 14 : 8D N< : 8 $:MC I f 9 " J 4 . N <! ! 2$P "#$* :I ! R :c$$P ! " .9 O@I B : 8 yR S& L S& 24 B aY ': 8( K CI L <$ @=: I L ! yY $ = : % > %&Y: ! .6 ~$ - ( K: 6=' ^& : 8> @+ % aY ': 8> @ 4Y: 86C@$ I a S aY: 8(r :D ) zonm lk{ :a @= > 4 S ®N X D E : 8¹5? > 4 S 6 ? J K ! + 8 _W ? EC $ : ' @X I :a @= 6
: 4 D : .(ov : %R ) z¿ ¾ ½ ¼» º{ :a @=
Ï Î Í Ì ËÊ É È Ç Æ ÅÄ Ã ÂÁ À ¿ ¾{
@C C$ 7 6 ? ;? D & C? + ,¸ : .(tm :^ @! ) zÑÐ .DN <, p$ DN + ´ : 8 DN @$ ²: 8 % P<I 8DN 4 D ; % : @ S D ! 4 D $ ¡ N 4: DN@ C D = Y: 86 D = : J 1? ! + D ! @I D NE<K: . C4- : %MC DN<4 : DN<Q : A B& @C$ U 4
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
^^
! "
. DN| ? aY ^5 DN ^' ) ! 9 "4 B 4: zÁÀ¿¾½{ :a @= > 4 8DN ""4 E@ : h @ ) ? ! ': U + 24 N< # I "@ 24 6 = $ Op$ ²: .(ooo : % $) / K D ° & N + 3 < C? : 8 @ 6 O` 7 D K DT @+ : ! > 4 7 8> @+ : > 4 6 + ^ "@ ¯ # <=: 8 NC K: "@ $ @= 8 O@ 4 +: 8' NCW- : $:MC M P?: 8L ! !: L 8 Q S: Q # ( < # / 0 $ ²: .DN S J D aY W ` @ 7 @I: 6 >_ ! : 8 %& J DN ""4 6 = $ D N+ -: 8DNC " 5C ?- ; OC 8 ! 9 "4 G $ GM = ²: .[ I: 8 U ) T 3 ' W& ? ¿ : .[ X [I L +5? 1C : 8DT 4 : DT @+ / 0 ) O C $ -: 8 5C?- ) Cº 5+ f 9 /0 ¥ : ! K 4 : A« 6 L N Y dY ! $ ) : .f 9 " V 0C 6 W 6 _ ! ®N X . "@ U + ®N DN< 4 /0
: "#$* X7 P .M y NQ J F =
] C% y 8 9" C% & I .DNC " A 8DT 4 : DT @+ DN+ "@ I 45 T M I 3 O` G $ @ :a: D C GM = ² S 8 # @X I ! ^ B @ ! " GM = ²: $ , A 6 I CS DN h + 6 %&: ( ! A 2$ ² dY DN Y # @X ! À¿¾{ :> $ : 8D C4- aY $ : 8D + "= ~1 : .(tm :^ @! ) zÅÄÃÂÁ
6 <$ ? 4 : 8 ? ¯ ! S K "4 : ! O T : zh Q < = :L5O + 8 4 X ) O aY 6 CW ` @ 1$ S
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y ^:
G % &': w `
8 X C+ A $ [ K ^5 %R š5?M I: 8Â&#x2C6; I D "@C X 8Â? <@CX Â? 1 J Ă&#x17D; Ă? 6 ! "@X : 8 C< U 4 Â&#x203A; Â? % I 6 Q C4 >5 ? Â&#x203A; 6 ! yÂąI @C A 6C "4 J Â&#x160;C$ S J 6 O 6C C % : 6 @ |: 8 Â? % $ < L5 W JIHGFEDCBA{ :a @= 6 4 '& _ $_@ .(lq :Â?% $) z[ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
~ d J OX Â&#x2C6; @ 8VQ Â&#x2039; I >- C%- : 8 ÂŤ > W Â? I : ' + J >- C%- 6 4 A D IY "4 S K Â&#x2026; F I > e ÂŽN DÂ&#x160;N$ ¸ 8L- W : L + DÂ? C@Â&#x2018; D C 6 + Bg<$ ÂĽ) & Â&#x2039; Â? %MI 8DÂ? C@ aY DÂ? ': 8a @= Â&#x2C6; I yR aY aY DÂ&#x161; Â&#x2026;NC 8L5 ' + I N ih g fed cba ` _ ^]\{ :a @= 6 4 ~ d J Â&#x17D; S VÂ&#x2039;
| { z y x w v ut s r q p o n m l k j
nmlkj ihgfedcba ` _~}
~}|{zyxwvutsrqpo
.(stÂ&#x203A;su :^ @! ) z£¢¥
: Âľ Â&#x201D;+: 8B X Â&#x20AC;Q "X J h " J OX . X D @C $: Ă&#x2DC;Ă&#x2014;Ă&#x2013;Ă&#x2022;Ă&#x201D;Ă&#x201C;Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x2018;{ :a @= 6 4 S Â? $ "4 D@Â&#x201D; Â&#x152; : DÂ? ' ^ J h " . X D @C $ S .(ro :Â&#x;) zĂ&#x153;Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x161;Ă&#x2122; ' +Ă 4 6 %& Â&#x2C6; 6 W $ Â&#x2018; 8DNCI Â&#x160;C % ^ : D ' 0W V 2 ^ : zzyxwvutsrqpo{ :a @= 6 4 ´! $ "4 .(rÂŹ :D )
N + Â&#x2019; @$ dY Â&#x192; ^' "4 6 Y I !R : 8Â&#x2C6; a ' @ V$ ÂŤ .X D @C$: G $ Â&#x2022;X A Â?: Â&#x160;C NC I 4: 8~ X : ' Ă&#x2026; Â&#x20AC;K 6 3 W : ! !R P< 8 P 1 Â&#x2030;: %: &)Âş: 86 <! "$ 6 Â? S: 86 <! " 8G N1 : v u t{ :a @= 6 4 S 6C "@ A4: S 6 Y Â? C$: 6I& MI ^_C $:
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
^;
! "
¨§ ¦¥¤£¢¡ ~}| {zyxw
¿ ¾ ½ ¼ » º ¹ ¸¶ µ ´³ ² ± °¯ ® ¬ « ª©
ÐÏÎÍÌËÊÉÈÇ ÆÅÄ ÃÂÁÀ
â á à ß Þ Ý Ü Û Ú Ù Ø ×Ö Õ Ô Ó Ò Ñ
zML K J I H G F E D C B A æ å ä ã
.(lq ot : )
¢ ! "4 8ÒI : Q % J ! yR 45@ = Ç@ .X D @C$: 6I& ¢ ! + 86 I C%- ¾+& ¥) ( : J V< : 8 < S& [K :a @= 6 4 S.Ñ # ; 6! 6 ´ 6! 6! 0 % 6 M+ 86 $
B A Þ ÝÜ ÛÚ Ù Ø × Ö Õ Ô Ó Ò Ñ Ð Ï{
z[ZYXWVUTS RQPONMLKJI HGFED C
.(ru rv :' )
A $ 6 # ¥) [I >' @ 2 : D > # .X D @C$: K : « U I <C $ - : 8 N I 2 8[ # \CX [+ P k j i h g{ :a @= 6 4 ':: ' "4 C$ : 8 $ 4 6C K 3! S N
~} |{z y x wvutsr qp o n ml
µ´³²±°¯®¬«ª©¨§¦¥¤£¢¡
zÈÇ Æ Å Ä Ã Â ÁÀ ¿ ¾ ½ ¼ » º ¹ ¸ ¶
$ 4 ;O= - 8 9"4 ; : G $ () ÍK5!: .(lv lq: ) . "@ ^ D $ + /0 = K # @X I A = 4 L +' @I : D + "C @4 ' @I : 8 ! @ « ¥ 1 @ c &'Y : O O DNC @ « D T <P # I DNW × -: 8 1I ! -. ~ d: h S C : & C?- : 5C I- @ | - "@ : : . @<$ + 8 $ 1 rm "8 { $_= - "@ " :6
I ( qqq =) ¥ 4 ¥ $ p= X & " I N 8 ª ¾ <C :V 8" E &A? < () .¥ 4 ' I I & " I 8¥ $ p= X rm .lq¬ 8^ot¬q/ ormr 8' &R @ P :' I
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y ^G
ย 4 6 @C$ ยฑ+ roย "@X (_ย @= -: 8 P J (hย - } ร @ย D T ย " : 8ย # : ย " : 8 K : ย : 8z 4 : ยฅ ย 4 X S & # dยฑ + 8DNC ! !Y DNW ร - ย z CI D C U <=& : ร <ย : $ I DN@ | -: 8DNC < ย : J ยก. = -: DNC$ 1I S.= ย ร ยฑ+ G-ย : G < DN G-_ , ~ = aY N, p$ D }Y ยธ 8ย U 6 ! ย , $ J ยก. = -: 8 : 4 D} S M Pร : 8D @C W ย 4 X @C$ 4: 8 N C + 8ย G <T : 8> @+ 4 ย D NE<ยบ 1I D}ยฑ + 8ย # : 2+ aY I "p + 8' NCW- . DN<Q ย : ' ย > @+ @I: D E $: : <ย C + 8DN & # J DN <! % ยบ D} S : D 2 ย I : 8[I X G ร % & I G K 4 4 6 !ยฑ+ ย DN <! _ X D }:' X L @= 6 + Y: .DNC _ U <=&- % { 4': 8ยด< J L # K L 2$ 6 + Y: 8ย aY I C : I !R : & <ย C %- I DN a: D } DN = DN ย I DNQ ! aY : % Y ย C % ย $ 1 () & Nย Y DNC @ ยซ D W ? Y: 8' N O 8ยน5 ? : %: 8> @+ G : 8 Q I ^' ยจ I J ยฅ ย 7 L ร @<$ - ยฅ) ย , I ย # : 6 MC aY $ 1 . J A z& " @+ S 8G <T D N<! L 2$ , I - dY ย ย 4 % " w K DN+ &: : @I 8 " ยน % & ยซY > 4 DN Y ย p! : 8> @+ ! "K , I -: 8 " () ย =R ย T c &'R 8 @I : N 4 ย G $ย 45 : G $ย ย ยบ ) : rl".9 " ~ = B f 9 W " . " ย ^ ย ;ย I H < $:MC ย x C : 8 _Cร DN< I 5 + ย ย Pร ย @ ' N@ A L5$:M =: L N+ 9 ย ยน <= : ร I >_ ! a @= ย ยฑ + 8DN %MI: ย @ ย W ; ย I H < D N<= ย ยฆC + :V ย 8L = m ='? = "= X = "= 7 L=8 "= [ =60 .' ย I ยช $ & ! 8f I " ro .tvย 8^otut 8ย & @X & ' : 8ย ? .orย 8^otยฌยฌ/ ormt 8o] 8D & ' :V1 ' 8 L E 2$P j8 .ยข5# 8ยฅ ร rl
^Q
" 2+ ¨I ÂĽ' S" Â&#x2039; ÂŚW &
! "
Â&#x192;_ $_@ Â? C G $ DN+ Q %Y ¨I 9"4 @C ! A PC ! )Â&#x161;: .[  -Y G Q %R 9 " ~ d '&: CÂ&#x2014; - " Â&#x2022; ~ d ^ N< (' @IR Â&#x192;9 D N+ Â&#x2122; K Â? x C Â? ÂŚC <$ Â&#x2018;: 89 6 $ - $:MCI .G Q %R ~ = 8 Â&#x2C6; > %& 0 0 " / $' K I G $Â&#x17E; ; <= &: : %' - ; <C Â&#x20AC; CS ' W: ' Â&#x2013; dY Â&#x192;G Q %R ' @CI- &: : 8L-: G W: Y ~ = 2 Y I 8 ! "@I , Â&#x2DC;Â?p } C ž @I % - 8 T 4 ¨ @$ .6 %&: Â&#x2C6; ! $ L52+ 8D " $ - G Q %R , I - 6 ! Â&#x2026; : 8G $ : > 4 Q z % % ^gÂ&#x2014; , I -: . ! " @P4 A V + C$ ÂĽ) Ă&#x2021; @X <$ : 8L-: $ : 0 " ]g 1= J $_$ - N ÂŚ # Â&#x192;G Q %R $ :& &) Â&#x2039; , I - 6 !Y L ! ÂĄ: .B& @$ ² : B& N ÂŚ"$ ² , L52+ 86 Y W ` : 8 ! ~ d 8š5ÂŤÂą I L + 6 S ´ I 0 " ! : 4 Ă&#x2019; 2! : 7: 8 Q %Y ¨ I G $ : > : 8L ' NCW ( , y 7 6 2@I O 6 P@$ - Â&#x203A; ! & ÂĄM X I ; <C Â&#x20AC; CS A 4: : Â&#x2122; KÂ&#x203A; [@I C ž @I ( :& ! "@I x Â&#x2DC; N + G $ : ~ = C S L5 2+ 8a @= Â&#x2C6; Â? CS D N+ 8 % 4 N P@$ - ; <C Â&#x20AC; CS $: G $ : ~ = S , : 8DNN$_ CI @P$ : rq . : ? ! : 8 N2@I '& 4 $ <X ž@I , A
, I - ) : rrÂ&#x192;9 " K : 8V K f 9 " : @I Ă? @ V Â&#x2039; S 6 Â&#x2014; Â&#x2018; 8Â? #: V K ! 9 "4 , 4 ! : 8
Â? 4 X A % C : .G Q %R J 6 + 6 $ + ; OS I ; <=: .ÂĽh P ; <= ) A W & rq : E! 8G Q %R .^otÂŹv/ ormv 8l] 8 yR & ' :V 1 ' 8O == ==E76 = 4 u = U .[ K Â&#x153; 8ÂŻ ) Â&#x203A; : G Q %R A @C D Â?4 X "<= D /0 E! : .suÂ&#x203A;rqÂ&#x; 8oÂ&#x201A; 8^ottÂŹ/ orot 8D & ' :V1 ' 8 ! 2$ .¢5# 8ÂĽ Ă&#x2026; Â&#x203A; : ) aY & R E! rr .qm 8ltÂ&#x; 8oÂ&#x201A; 8VI % AW 8 ! 2$ 8ÂĽ Ă&#x2026; Â&#x203A;
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y ^W
f @X I 6""4 $:M= > K > ` ¦"$ - 6! : 86 : 6 ! @ : 6 < MI VK .G Q %R « I '&: 7 % : ! K « 4 X : « &: () >: @ @ : @I C : > %& 0 # D N+ 4: I ( Sd + 8 I& CS "! D N+ C C<C % ' @CI- D " :> 4 (ll : N ) zhgfed{ :a @= 6 4 ; <= 0 # ' N$ >M = -: 8' N$ D}MI L 2$ [@I C '&:: . C rv ".D ~=h? -Y N
S. W ÉY f 9 " A« ¾ @I 6 S ) A y - : O D @$ dY DNC " : DN L 2$ L +': 8 T I DN _ =: 8 ! " S) + 8DNS %: DT @+ D : 8 ! aY : % Q %Y ¨ I a @= : 8DT @+ : DN<4 X ¦ 0 " D N< S.$ 8 ! 9 "4 " 6 W a @= "!: 8DN K ) !: DN I A+ ! @ ) : .DNN$_ =: DNC " _@$ $ : % : 8DN + D C@ % C D V " 7 DN .DN""4 & P? aY ; <C Q ( C! # @X " ®N X X 6 !Y: J 0 P # ?' : 8 Ne @= L CS T :' +M + 8; <C CS G Q %R 5 %R ² @ @$ 1 G S: 8 @ W ; <C ? D @I 6C = j 1 ' NW 3 ! S : . @ e z C X J & = ' D @ ) ¦ # dY .D @ ) Q & 6ª& ¯ ) [ K #4 "#$* O l :I s R E : 8 x I 4: "@ /` % &' @I "@ 4 + @ @I: 8 ! 9 "4 D N+ D "@ 4 :L 2$ E! .rm 8qt 8VI % AW 8 L E 2$P j8 8¥ Å rv .s¬ 8q 8G.' 8 $& C C X @ « : " 8 V* E7) . $ ' < I 8;OS I .rt 8o 8VI % AW 8 ! 2$ 8¥ Å
^Z
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
! "
@ -. z "@ / ` G- Y ¿ / K :»M$ + T ·Y y: 8 : X "#$* O , v"#$* " l .9 ²: 8 "@ NÎ 24 c = ² 8 I 0 " 6 N+ : "! V +: 9 "4 D N+ # <= > ? 0Z p W K = ²: 8G $ DN+ > Y ¿ $ @I + 30 # F > @+ : > 4 : 4 X : 8G & @ : H < I V @C$ + : .L5 "<= : L- ·Y 8L %: L I Y ! " : 3 / 0 U G N F : 8 I P = $ 24 N< # I 2 () ¢ « & P? ¦2C$ G Q %R G $ :& & N _ : 8(; <=: 9 >:_ ! L ?M C 2 U NC K / 0 : 8 Q& « M "@ M + 8& ¡M X I ; <C CS 6 ! S: 6C$ 1I: 6 C< : N 2C = F ¯ " [ I V + C : Z C p 5S 6C« I: 6C N I f 9 : C ?' @ z N + /0 : .L <Z ! $ 24 # > @+ ':'&: 8> e K ?' : 8 x C ( @pI: ( $: . ! yR I 0 " ®N @I ¥ $ @µ $ 2 z KY "@ 24 30 # ,¸ : 8 ! $ = h C@ : 8 ! " NO` G : : 8 DN+ %Á 8DN Y 3 ! > @+ : > 4 U + ´ %MC N ´ L + 9" : !) : # @X _$ CI : 8DN $ CI DN A+ 8 C G $: D T 8 ' W I & 4R @I # @X ~ = U + ¸ 8 G $ aY ' C %- I: 8DN : Å : 8D !) I L + g : D T L $ = Y ; <C , C : 8 $:MC ¹ « 1I Ï @ : 8DN <Z p= 3 }Y : 8 Q # }Y DT S "<= & \ 4 aY : 8 N :) ? .$ - 7 : M PÅ % J 3 "K }Y : 8 O@ 6 I ¦ = - , C N 2@I: 8D T 6$_ = 6 +: > N2@I & F G5$:MC ~ d " GM = ² &: 8D P? @ ' N@ -: 86I % -: 8[ X @ 9
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y :]
T NW 7: 8L5 # ! " U + W f N4 % : " G ¡R L5 # " GM = ² dY a: ( # 6 W G W ¥) . N < DN< G5$:M= ¢ P : 8 ; <C : 8 N < :"#$* " .P $# " l .M
S &' " ¡5¡ K C z "@ 24 /0 &' " 3! S : : 8 $; <C : 8 $ @ G % & A4 : G $ ®N V +: 6 9 "4 :L-: 4 : 8D K A« 3 : = K ! &:': 8 .D + "= AI = N+ 86 ¦ # : ¥ /$ I ; <= G $ () > K '&: :L ! ¡ 86 @ B& @C$ y - dY 6 <4 X : 86 I 6 ! ®N X 6 N MLK{ :6 I& 6< #: S ^5 : 5" 6 N+ 8 K: x : N S .(r q :D ) zUTSRQPON
8DN %& : 8DN 4 + 5C? I "@ 2 [OK @ z A 4: :L O ¡ 45 G d } J @I =: I 0 # :& 8 C G $ :&: 8G ; <=: & 3 + 7 8DNC "@I 45 T = y 7 8 ! 9 "4 '&: I pM S 8 C I 0 " Î ! % ¦ :: 8 $ : G Q %R I ; OS G $ :& : 8 + 3 : L % @I = :& : 8D ; : 6 p I :: 8 @S ~ : . CS G $ :& } J L ' C 8 4 O$ G % & A 2× ² . K 5I /$ 0C : )? ^ : )? [ X [I > W - , : C [ : $& "X Ò + / O & "X ) 1X : : 8 ! " D N< L @W G Q %R S 1X : 8 N + 1 # @X N + D T " -: 8 ! N + ;4 = - 9 "4 C
:9
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
! "
: 8D N@ ( : Q %Y ¨ I L5 A # :& ru L5O : Sd + D T: -Y DN CS ¯ ! : .; Å T $ K + aY & % 6 = ^ , 4 D IY .6 %Y N +: OS : "4 6 + CS N 2=: 8G Q %R () A @C = L CI & PÅ : () »M = ¦ "$ - 6 ! K: N Y 6 ,! : DN 2@I N 2+& K K C : -: [ C N [C< Ä N + ! 9 "4 ; <= '& G $ : ~ = 14 >5 ? ! " U + : N ! ¡: .L @W , @$ DN 2@I " I L- W : D, ! !MS: 8 NC A D K ! @ 7 8G $ : "4 W DN < 8 ! " $:MCI DN U + W 9 >:.$ , : 8 T 4 aY ¥'.$ L ! K " D C VP S K 8 C .6I Q %R $ : G W U 4 I D C @I ! " A B& @C$ - " L @« 4 W , 8 Q z "@ D N+ 3 ! S: 6 + ! E! "@ A B& @C$ ' K & ? W , : 8¦ 0 # ) : ( 4 () C G $: 3 ? + 8( !''& N< ? Y: 86 I !)? "@ V+ : ±+ 'x& W: ' K I L- N S " : R ( & N "<=: . ^ ' + 8L = C N 3 ¡ : . ! aY # @X ! : aY MPÅ ! L " 6 Â ² : 8 "@ Q- ( 6+ "!: 86 ( ª ? 6 8L N % DN G& # Q # : 8a:µ c = 4 : 8 O@ 4 S 6! J ( ª dY DN L 6 ! I g - -: 86 & < C %- -: 8L !d 6C = ! @$ -: Q " Z W : .DN <! L 2 6 I : "4 D }Y : 8D 6 E @ ~ d @ .DN (&: # > 4 rs" 0 + 6 + L S: 8& ¡ N S: 8 C G $ : I 9 " ':&: N Y D ' () D + K 8 > % I , "C 3 X « 8L-: NC0# O0 $ D a: ru + .omr 8^ot¬q/ ormq 8l] 8¢5 < C :3 $ 8 J == n &== K . % 8 8o ' 8ql ¢ 0 #Y 8 : Å < % (&: I ! +: .orv 8^5%R ¯! "! ! .or ' 8ol ¢ 0#Y 8 $ C <%: .ro¬ 8q 8VI % AW 8gP # 8 R rs
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y :M
N 1= -: 8G Q %R D K N K Â&#x192; I 0 " J L + 4 N 2@I S : () Â&#x192;U + X D K 6 K  0 " J Â&#x2019; 4 X O$ Â&#x2039; dY Â? + 8L ' NCW : 6 L N+  0" ! + š " p Â&#x201D;= -: 8š5ÂŤR J 3
Â&#x2122; K ÂĽ' N$ : 8( $ : 3 <4: + ! %Y 6 ¢ <= ÂĽ: X S N @ I 0 " % U P ! : 8[@I = $: G $ : () ; OS: 8D % .L5# >- C%- ;Â&#x201C; L I Â&#x2022;C $ ² D } -Y 8 @ z G $: X () DÂ&#x201C; J : [ K D }Y dY Â&#x192; 0 0 " : Â&#x192;[ E@ [ % % : [ : $& "X I G ÂĄR 8 [ I: N I L + = Y Â&#x192;G Q %R ! ÂŻ ! S " # <= O` . "@ = - } G ÂĄR : 8 "@ Â&#x2C6; Â? C L Â&#x2013; L < : 8' C - L Y (& 4 >5 W A ÂĽÂ&#x201E; ^ R , Âą+ :> 4 $ :&" } A 8^' : K A P 1 $ :& ! aY 6 I z' $ P 6 <Â&#x201D; Â&#x201D; ! -Y 8 d X: Ă&#x192;6 I CS ~ d @I N@ 2$ d + rÂŹ"Â&#x192;D L5 2+ 4 N $ - O ? d X: Ă&#x192;L5 # V < : < 6 + ^_ $ - N N+ G- CK ž @I @ d X: Ă&#x192; N 14 $ ÂĽÂ&#x201E; : 8f DE 2$: S) $ F I G5$:M C >:M , C$ Â&#x201D; Â&#x201D; ~ <= } S A N<@ rt .G $ : () O ! $ <X AI = > 4" :6
I ÂĽÂ&#x201E; ! " Â? CS ! ^' $ :& J Â&#x20AC; , 4: ^' aY ( ! ÂĽ) ) : vm: 0 : X 6 I CS ^_ K I Â&#x153; I Ă?+ Â&#x2039; ²: 8 K -: 6 $' - Â&#x201D; Â? M = I:) + ? w& Â&#x2039; 6 I J,Ă&#x17D; 6! $ W I Â&#x20AC; Â&#x160;@ : . Â&#x2020; J [S 1X $Â&#x17E; 3 _ ! Ă&#x2030;Y: 8Ă&#x2019; 4 % ÂŚ "$ () J 6 @ = X: 6 Â&#x2C6; <Â&#x2022;+ . @I G5$:M = >:M , C$ ) ? ¸ !!! N U ¡R J ' , vo ". + Ă&#x2026; .rrÂ&#x; 8VI % AW 8 ! "#$ 8ÂĽÂ&#x201E; rÂŹ .rrÂ&#x203A;rqÂ&#x; 8VI AW X rt .f C% N1 0 : X Â? CS D% I 6 C1$ - Â&#x2122;K 0 : X "< 6! Â? " : vm .rrÂ&#x; 8Ă&#x160; T 8 X 8VI % AW 8 ! "#$ 8ÂĽÂ&#x201E; vo
:^
" 2+ ยจI ยฅ' S" ย ยฆW &
! "
$ I @ $_ N ! "4 ยฅย ยน % 8_ $_@ A L5O ย % $ "4 : > + .6 ย 0C % 3 4: 86 L I ยก X 3 M+ 8D # 3 ~ d S" 6 ! ยปM $ ย + vl".& N K ย 0C % V K !M+ 8D " ย 0C = :ย % $ 8ร @C $ 6 !MI 6< "$: 8 ย % $ ร hย + ? ย : 8 T ' %Y ยฅ 5 I: " () ย ! N # X 0C% ย I 6I& ย 0C $ 6! S)$: L- CK N @W: 8 $ : ยก' ย () 1K < 6@ ยฅ) 6I& I +: , " U + ( '&: + ; OS ) O : . h ; <= G- CK . ! 9 <4 DN@ : $ -: 8 6 $ - ! 9"4 A @C ร ) I 8DN "" =5$:MCI Dย I 3 O! ยธ 8G $ : G Q %R ย I ^ ย - 8 T 4 ^ : L C : L % ย C G $ :& > PIY >5 ? DN A+ ! ย W , I - ~ ) : . "@ $ = -: 8; <C ย CS L5 # ' $Y ^ ย W : I V +: 89 " ) I ร + 0 0 " / $' K : f 9 I <CS- .^5 DN ! 9"4 ยน % # ย G $ย >:_ ! ย : ! "#$ L w " l .^ U + : 8 ย ยกY: 8 "@ ; <= K C /` _ y ย I 6! EK6 ! 6 + MI ^5 D ย $ @C L +: ~ d: 8ย +' ยฎN 6 ! 8L5 "<=: L- ยทY N 6 W: N vq"6ย 1x A +': 8ยฎ ย ย ' $ยฑ I $ Q @ G ยกY J 6 @ & C $ D " $&: 2 $ 2 : 8 5S L 1 N<# I "@ 2 I D, %ย ~ ) 8[< \X ^ : 8 W : }MI: 8 N K + @ : 8L-: } I ย Z N+ ,ยธ : . /K h$ ย S: ร [ CX () "@ : . ! J 0C "@ 8 T DN<$ @= ( @+ ) ร G N 1 ย 0 # 6 W: N @+ $ ย S: ร N . T
A :: 8 N + DN < ร J ' , : 8 N >- C%- : 8 NC K I: .stย 8VI AW X vl .sย 8G.' 8ย C ยฒ :G:;I 8>< 4 gP # . ยช I ยช $ 2 8ย ย R vq
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y ::
> 4 : ':'&: 8 ; OS # <= > ?': 8; OS ร ? @ A 4: ~ ) : : @ ย C ย < ) T ร & @ย 7 ย 4: 4: 4: 8G5$:M =: O 8 ย ย C 6 = 4 N I ย ย -: 86 W& 6 % & ย @$ - ย ; <C ย CS . N ' , &: 8 N 1x D ย [I: 8 Q %: Bg@ : ย ย : Q 4 [I ( + ร 1= j$& = e : O0 G % & & ยซY A < $ S "@ DNO` ยฑ+ 8,ยธ : . ! yR Ig ยฆ "$ - 6 ! -Y 8 ย L $&: S ย : 8 Q @ : ^5 D 8 ย # G : 4 DT @+ : ! G "\ : 8 Ig () T Q &' "X K : z "@ / ` ยฑ + : . ย C4- : ย %MC [ .X = G & : G $ : . Ig L I ย Y L O` 6! S OS ย +' /` ร 6 + :) X ' Ne : 8 K C :& (6 X7 " l .: L-: , ; <C ย CS A4: 8 ! 9"4 G $ DN+ I ย & Y & ยกM X ย L & ยกM } S: 8G $ย D N+ G Pร a: N< # I G $: X I D C $' , & 8G $ย D N+ D T L $' G $ : ~ = @ย + 8; <C ยฅ J ^ p$ .G Q %R A 4: aY D E : 8 "@X : 8 I !R : 8 I C : 8 <ย X H < D Nยต ย + & ยกM X p$ - 6 ! ย I ย $ ย : 8> ; ย : 8; P? ; <C ยฎN ) : : L 0 0 # 4 J : 8 0 " G W&' J S dY -Y G $ร D N< 6 W = 4: 8 : 6 = ยก ย @P4 9 ; <= 6! ย L = C $ ยฒ Y L5 : L L- ? :' ร @ ยฆW , $ & ยกM X ยฆ 0 "+ 8 N + L , ย S Y: 86 C -' L @P4 $ ย @P4 ย <p C@=: @X & " G Q %R = , . E - ) N+ ย Q %R $ : A ย : ย C$ aY ร < ร @X $ ย A ย K 8G O . 9"4 DN+ > ;ย ;P? 6 ) ? S ~ d @I 6 @ =: 8 ) ย L ร ยฅh P ; <= S 4: ! ยธ 8G Q %R ยพ @I J 6 , p$ S 6 !MI 6 _ , | Y: 8; OS I S & ยกM X I ; <C ': ' "4 ) J L- O ) ?M : . K C A ยท ~ d @I N G $ : ()
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
:;
! "
N !: 8L- 4 ,Î J L I G $ D N+ 6 G <PC ¥h P ; <= } N ; OS ¦ :: 8G $ :& ( : 8 "@ /` K C A · 6 ! % DNQ Î ¦ : S CS : [@I = : P & ¡ .6, I : " - > OX % J DN : 8G $ : ~ = :G ; <C ~ = : ponmlkjihg{ :a @= 6 4 $:M= > " :¥hP >
$
J :& , CX D "Å 6I O ) : (lq : ) zvutsrq ¥) W 3 ! S: 8 @ =: A = 6 3 ! S ': ' ~ d: 86 ': ' Y : K 6 > + 86 = ': ' Sd + ¦ ! Cp4 + 8 K : C4 K ( $ I > 4 :> 4 8 : I !h? :> 4 ´! $ ¨¡ K" :L 2$ 6 +: vr". ? ) vv "! N % ?: , 8 N Ô ¶ N , « 8 N P :> 4 zr{ 6 4
@C L +5? 8': ' ¯ Ì X G $ : () A L I: X I @ + , ~ ) : @ $:M= W $ + 8 +: @X @ [ # \C ! S }MI 9 A aY ) d + vu". X N @ I ÇS , ÉY:" :/ ¡ A > 4: !à X I ^ @ : . C $ :& ( $&: ) W: X " I D C - à $ I È : +& # $ -Y H < È aY & "p$ - 6 ! I I : . +& # $ 4 -: 8 È aY & " 8Í < Ç@X ' &Y 8 !à X È @ Ç@ 6 A È [ K ) ?M ': ' + 8G& « ª vs I- 3 ! + ? L 2$ z:&: : + $&: (' W K · 6 I dY: 8 4 « , Sp aY 3 d .to 8lq 8VI % AW E7) j8 , 8¥hP vr .VI AW X vv .tl lq 8VI AW X vu O$ @ " @ ' %Y N+ .6 I > 4 ¨¡ K :' %R ) O × vs
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y :G
G % &': w `
$ % Q 4 M + 8 NW: × - } 6 =h?M+ 8 NW:_C$ «: N Y %&M+ 8 C = v¬ !( @I NW:_C + C 8> C aY 6 % $ ¥ e ~ d p= - "4 : 8 G $ ; <= U ) 9 "4 z: = S \C + .^5 : 5" DN 6 %&: ! L52+ 8 <% 8 Q %R " G K > C % W }MI [ "Å $:M= K: @I @4: D } 8 $:MC ) ( @I W S: >:.$ ^ 4 dY Ã[ X I -:.$ d + 5@+ N ! J $_ & "4 } : Ã X ) $ $:M= < S ~ d N Y E $ : 8 p F X : 6 S (;S) =: ': ' $'M= W h " 86 C $ 6 I& « ': ' M I L 2$ @< ~ d %: ! N C $& ¦ : ? ) : vt. "@X 6 + A 4: + A 4 + (&), 0+ 86 4 %& h # S . ! " A @= $) $ ?MCX : 8[ CX ¾@I C 8 C@p= F Q %Y ¨ I G $ :& "" ® ) ; <= ) p ! " GM = ² 8 <, C p G5$:M CI 6 I CS H < $:MCI 8 G $ ) " 6 W =: 8 "@ $ = W U + ) ± + 8,¸ : !Ã N W . ! 9"4 h@ A, 4 % 8[ I 89 N ! @ H < DN<= , I - 6! : K: ¥) $:MC I DNxC () W \ 8 # @X ! U 4: D $ N $:M= :' O{ :6
I C @+ 7 a @= !&), K 4: .L ! K $ 0C g $ VUTSRQPON{ :a @= > 4: (ru : ) zRQP .(s¬ : > ) zW
¥) 8 4 % >5 ? " D N+ 4 : ± + 8L ; ? : 6 !h : 8V _ X ) "@ /` Q %: 8[ CX : 8 $ <X A4: .6 $:M=: 9 DN+ ±I .tq 8lq 8VI AW X v¬ .VI AW X vt
:Q
" 2+ ¨I ¥' S" ¦W &
! "
:"#) q 6 + B ? @I ! " / ` E ' Y aY % & () G "4 N #M=: ! : : 8D 4 Ò 2I ~ d: K C : 4: 8 $' [ , D} S / K 6 ""4 ! E! A B& @C$ 7 DNE<K: 8DT " A 1I D : DT @+ aY N + E : 8DN = : = G # C : ®Q C aY % & 3NC! : .D %MC , K W : 8DNC< : A I 8 ! " / 0 K C 3 @+' & = G ¿ .o & ¡M X I ; <C CS 6 = K + % -: 8DN ""4 '&: D N< $&: 4 J : .DNC < : ' : 8DNC! J H < W ~ d: 8 Q %Y ¨ I G $: ) T S 6 ! -Y 8 5S 24 N< # I "@ / 0 @+ % () D .6= %: 6= I Y /0 U ! G & C I & S ! " 4 3P .l : O@ 4 _ & C / K : 8L <S : 8 Q S: Q # } S / K > @+ .L ! ! : L D ' &Y / K : 8 @I 4 ] C % I 8 "@ / 0 $ W #M= 4 = % & 3 : K .q : NQ "@ DN<C 8 ! 9 "4 N 1x : $ , A DN@ 2$ W ! > @+MI GM $ ² 86""4 >5? C 5 Ì 2X 4 X DT @+ : DN ""4 / @ $ W I 8DN U + U S + DT @+ >5 ? J , W 4 S 8D C4- : DNS I 8DNC$ 1I _ @$ 7 8D K ¥ 1 @ K C z DNC " / 0 A 8L & C? : $ K D T : 8[ < : 8 ' &Y D T L 1I D} S DNW × - D , ! : ¥ DN C 0 , Y :& ¡M X > L +: 8DNC < : A B& @C$ 7 DNC " : D $ ! > @+ D N+ , I - 6 ! S .DN< =: D 5CI : DNC A | - DNC " 8 NCX I G & X I N Y > ? :' ! 4 % DN ""4
G % &': w `
^lmov/ orqu C 8st ' @ 8 : 1@ 8 + @X 5%Y :W
& ¡M X I ; <C CS ! 7 Q %R G $ : J L ' C 8 "@ ^ @I X : DN ""4: ! > @+ D N<p= , I 5 + 8,¸ : 8 ! ,4 p= - G $ : ~ = Y dY .9" K 6! : 8VK 9"4 : 4 "@ / 0 E! ' Y: 8 ! = aY % & 3 NC! .r % & 3 , I dY "@ DNO ` G- Y I 8 D N+ N + DN U + W K - ! > @+ L +' "@ / ` Y .L5# ~ , -: 8 A " DN +' K C &' " > Y % & 3 , I S .v a: S: 8& ¡M X I ; <C CS G Q %R DN Y , = ~ d: 8 ! > ? : ! 9 "4 D N+ ? DNC@4: } G $ : () : C@$ - D .DNC " U + S @ A B& @C$ 8 9 "4 D N+ & P? > Y % & 30 : S .u
: 8 6 I >_, p! ¥) @ A V + C$ - : 8f 9 " M X ,7 8L5$:M=: L ; <= DN< G5$:M= @4: dY PÅ @ ' N@ .¥ Ig : 8f yR N4 % NW ? : "<= % &' I &: 2I 8 % & () T L- C % 8/ K # $ 8L ; ? : .s / ` DNC " : % : ! I V @C$ + 9 "4 # <= "@ ; <= I CS ' ±I # $ S 8 % & ~ C L NW 6< # I / 0 ¡ N + NE$ Q %R G $ : L @I DN A 4: ; <=: ®N V +: ! 9 "4 9 " 9"4 4 V+: 8[ X @ L 45P! L5$:M=: L- 4 " # V +: DT @+ : 8 ! G "\ ^ =: 89 " K 6 ! : 8V . !
:
" " *
! "# # $%
% & . , . ! " # $ % & '() * +, < = 0 :3 # ; + / "8 1 9 # 7 / + # 63 /0 123 ! " 45 +" < H , .G + 5F 5 ?@A B C ! " # D& C E3 / ! " > KL Q / ! " M ? > <= N + # 63 N O = 0 A, P KL IJ 0 U X % /U 7V ; + W :3 O = 0 A, P KL / 1 R 7 < 2 S 7 B C ! 2 T, ' =\ 0 A" () &=]5 .Z T <)3 0 5 ; + ;[C3 # S 5F "C !Y % R / 8 3 . ! + # < ` %L _ 3 ^L >C . 7b G + / !# / AX /a Y / Y # / ! " : &' ( ) Paradise in the Babylonian Talmud: A Comparative Study in the Light of the Noble Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an Abstract This study addressed the subject of paradise in the Babylonian Talmud using a comparative methodology in the light of the Qur'an. The study defines the Babylonian Talmud and its parts, the names of paradise and their meanings, creation of the paradise, its place and size, paradise pleasures and their forms in each of the Babylonian Talmud and the Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an. The study analyzes the impact of the doctrine of paradise in the Babylonian Talmud on the Jewish personality and its worldview. The results reveal great similarities between names of the Paradise and their meanings in both texts. Furthermore, both texts agree that God created paradise before creating man. Finally, the paper concludes that there are numerous analogies between the two texts regarding the forms of heavenly pleasures, be they physical or spiritual. Both texts also consider seeing Almighty God as the greatest heavenly pleasure granted to those who inhabit paradise. This similarity confirms what the Holy Quran has mentioned about the beliefs of the Prophets of Israel regarding paradise and its blessings. Keywords: The Babylonian Talmud, Paradise, Mishnah, Gemara, Afterlife.
:e f Q & 5g . V /. W + P /c AX 5 V \ " %3 / 5 V ' "= Alhafy30@yahoo.com
.qnmlr/o/l i5 " A < p2 /qnmlo/lm/k i5 " IJ ;Y 1, j
*
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L *+
: " 0 ,sC T, 0 , ) | U T } s KL z +" Z %V &?X ! " <{^ N~ 1 > < = % ` !+ % & B C : C z [ {!"X / ! " 2 T "@X w C X Ws 7 > \ B Y | &2 / + / 8 : " X M ? O 1T, / &X V 5& ` A 5& + w ?" . 5 &` + X +, 42 X ; /w 5 / ? < A" & 2 % %V 0 s W , / % & I J > 0 Y 8 ! " (7 5 G w 1 s 8V ; [+ w E , w % & '( ) . s %Q + , % < Y P B C 0 s[ B 3 ) /N~ 1 T e ? Ws" 8R 0 + :3 U( $ ? 5& 5 5& C X ! + % & < +P /D H +X + w " . 5 A > Ws[ / +H M ? > D : C ^ =3 % & , % & '( ) z & )3 > L J 5F N Y , B C V !" 3 &C 1, / 5 ! " w & "+X W 8 HV w % & ' | ! C + q %Q / ` " R +T R > C & + / " &C 15 / ) != 7b C " 15 "a C w 5 5 ; C" " , 3 9 : > / 5 ! " .0) | D [ &5& % %3 & ? 0T H T "@X 0, C ! " % 3 % & '( ) g , w "CR ; )3 & 83 # P "CR &Y +p5 . & "+ ~, 5 5& ; T D ? # < { \L T " P > , ! " C <!" : R / R I 8 / Q $ & & 1| 9 = P KL / 5 A D + 1 P !C [p, # . ¡ ~7 R /; R /w R /q ) R / R /G3 !" ! P\ ¢3 < { . 1 !~ > C I J /qs 1 D + 1 1 Q 3 < 2 / V B C G + ( ) 1 Q 0 L } !~5 U( B 6V < T e 1 Q . !1 7 G C ,
&C C
*,
! " #
% %3 D& C 2 # P "CR < {^ 5 V $ ,3 N 2s+ " 1 B C s %Q 5 w 5& $ ,3 M ? 0 P B C / 5 V $ ,3 N J ( ) 0= % > C 1 Q ] 1 /¤ + ¤ { ^Q >! £"5 0 V J 1X .G + w C ? E3 ! " # D& C [, ¥ " " 1X B C § 1 ( / + N~ 1 > < = 5 w +!" ¦ w Y wsC T" A« ! ) , O {= w Y E3 8 X ) /U s X ¨ 5 9 ©8 .( !
< / # W 8 ! " ?, z +, B C % & '( ) :L =f, K +, 0 2 != ! + # ]5 = < ` %L _ 3 3 & = , :0 ) z]\[ZYXWVUTS{ :B % 1 B C zLKJIHGFEDCB{ : £53 W 5 (lv srqpon{ :W 2 ' P w ?2 (lvu :z CR ) (nrt :D ) za`_~}|{zyxwvut
ÊÉÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁÀ¿¾½¼»º¹{
.(lll :D ) zÍÌË
NMLK{ < ®Q D " > 0 5&5 N X 2& ? = \L
5& < HV /(o : !C W ) zVUTSRQPO +¯ < HV ( ) > s ~ R . # P "CR ) / 1y / 5 ! " ?, B C z +" KL + &5 /D& + '( 5 ?X W , 2 " . ?" ( zs"7R 3 0 A P /
# W 8 D M ? \ X X >! % & ;[" " % D X M ? ! " "8 1 / + / 7 / T ` 63 +" %R / P " (° " ) " X 5 T %V . 7V +"X w % & /Z& X ¤ " / 5g+ ± ¨
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L *-
6& " 3 4 5 1 & 2. :/01. : & 2. ., S 0 , [ 0 s7 > U T ² H /Â? ~ Â? & ? W Â&#x152; 5 ! " = % 1 ! " M ? . PÂ&#x152;" & 2 /"q G + " G + ( ) D J . !+ Â&#x201A;2 w ~"Â? 5 +A @X /U & _5& /Â&#x192;s7V > ´ ÂĽ 5 Â&#x2013; 1y ) /D " P } 5 Âł A5 ! " 8 > T g Â&#x2C6;Â&#x2020; W 5 & ? ( ) .D " 0 w P U( 0 1T & ?X 8 /"; ! +" " "= Â&#x20AC; H +5 A D Â&#x2020; ÂŤ 8Â&#x2030; ÂŤ Â&#x2030; Â&#x2026; ~CÂ? " l 5b Âľ + H /(K V 1!Â&#x17E; T %V ) D " +5 A 3 / A+ 5 H : Â&#x2014; D Â&#x2020; (; ! +" ) ? X /w " V T %3 _+" " "= Â&#x20AC; 3 / AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; n . % B% X . ~C3 &2 :V '() <= Â? ! +5 () / !# W 2" :;Â&#x161; 2 P != ! " ! 8 C & =Y 3 H 7 ! " !Â&#x17E; Z : /( AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; / X Z& X ¤ " (0 A,) j :[ ! Â&#x2020; ] W 5 o".Z : AÂŤ Â&#x2C6; /Z& ¤ " > &P 5 3 G + < J"1X > .../<" X Â? ) / : !T = L Â? 5 /D& 7 8 Â? Â&#x2019; PÂ&#x2030; U p ! " B ~C3" :´ Â&#x152; P .W W P3 w& P ! " w JT H B C /G [ & 8 > 0 < P Â&#x17E; G + > ;Â&#x2DC;( ! " & P Â&#x2026; ( = / 5& 3 !CV Â? C :L 2 +"X R ! " Y š / X 0 2 > C Â&#x201A; ~ & 2 G + Y 3 ; ¸ . 5 T ;Â&#x2DC; " % B 6V r ". 5 D Â&#x2020; D !{X 2s7V 8 D ÂşD " &+ Âş W Â&#x152;5 Âť " Â&#x2020; 8 B C " "= Â&#x20AC; Â&#x201A;` A 5 H Â&#x2026; ~CV c ) I < # KL &+ H B % X ¤ W 2 " l : [ .";Â&#x161; .lnD T /nr Âł J? /´ Â&#x17E; T% Âş .lkM /w 7 /nÂ&#x201D; /qnmll /l½ /Âź% V Â&#x192; A w % Â&#x152;= : !C / n .lžžºlžkM / % /nmÂ&#x201D; / 1 Â&#x201A;P X o . orM /qltžv /u ½ /¨` T :w O /3 & 581 3% 8 .qs%Q T / 7 r
*9
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
/( 7 Â&#x2020; ) 1=\ E V 5 & c 1 <!Â&#x201C; Â&#x201A;5 A" &? ! " &Y +5 v . +5 A" " X Z %V :/ ';<= 1 / : ./(& X) â&#x20AC;Ť < ×&#x153;×&#x17E;×&#x201C;â&#x20AC;Ź+ > " AX ; %R > Âą H ) 5g+ Âą ! , [T L u
.Z /;Y +, Âľ+Â? )
Â&#x2013; P KL ( 5 T A D " ) 0 J % S > B , & 2 B% 3 & "+5 ; " % " :N+ 1 < ` %L ° : KL 5 T A D " '( ) < & 2 0 3 /( " X D " )
KL > / KL $ A5 > Âż k/$ A5 8 :Â? U % > +5 A B % Âľ+X ! " ž".¨ W P KL V Â&#x152; 3 Âż /(qs 1 ; C) V ! " 6 Â&#x192; + > < = Yj U( /( !# ) 8 : AÂŤ Â&#x2C6;X ) 8s~ HR ._ ~1 T ! " 6 N~1 / :(Mishnah) ?> A@ .9 Âą OEÂ? " > ." Y =" ' + "â&#x20AC;ŤďŹŞ× Ö¸×&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź Ö¸ " Ug + < +T > "A 5gC ! = ) +5 A % KL & Â&#x17D; < A O A, ! .J H3 Âż /"Z " ) + H b Âł A > DO = C !Ă&#x20AC; > C D C " AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; " / ? @ , ) , [T8 / 5 T A Â&#x20AC; 5 Â&#x201A;` A > C !Ă&#x20AC; >! ÂŁ", /( ÂŤ !Â&#x2C6; ) ° Â&#x2030; Â&#x2030;" T %3 W ", O % T" t .W P3 "% & B C (; Â&#x2C6;` Y Â&#x2030;" ) " AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; " ! + + /l½ / A % :D ) / ÂŁ7 > 18 :  , / AA6& AA&C DAA AA6(E 1 AA 6& AA " .< ` %L /c 8 : v .uoM /qlttr .okkM /w. /< # :w O / # HF # G E .< 2Â&#x152;Ă /  2 u .$ A 8 : B% 3 ? X <HV ( ) k .onžM /w /N 5Â&#x152; /loÂ&#x201D; / % Â&#x201A;P / ž 9 MISHNAH (Heb. â&#x20AC;ŤďŹŞ× Ö¸×&#x201D;â&#x20AC;Ź Ö° â&#x20AC;Ť) Ö´×&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ź, EJ, vol. 14, pp. 319-331, available online in: go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=imcpl1
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L *I
w D " ) ° Â&#x2030; Â&#x2030;" &+ / 5 +5 A ? > e { &?X ) AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; Â&#x20AC; / 5 T A +5 A /" AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; " 3 / " X +5 A B! 1, Â&#x20AC; (w " B % +5 : p, Â&#x20AC; / 5 T A {" ) A ! C 2 "5 . ) 1T, J , / " X < 2 (< )Â&#x2C6; ) U G + q 53 ( 5 T A w 5 X '() Â&#x201A;!Ă&#x201A; ! C 3&
Â&#x201A;  q Â&#x153;L (O ÂĄ ) a Âť '& + ( C) aÂ&#x2C6; Âť > < = ; %3 Âż / } 1X s a Âť & 5 B C s ! e { RL & Y , < !" , G / 5 T A w 5 X ¨ 0 3 & "+5 ´ 73 /w 5 X '( ) 2& " q 2 U( ) ( % ) 5) "= > C w 5 X Ă&#x192; + 9 KL AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; "= 7Â? , Â&#x2013; % +5 Â? /( Â&#x2030;" ÂŤ5 g ) > " " Â&#x2DC; EL Â&#x2020; Â&#x2026; ¨ A , Â&#x20AC; V L" : 5 TA w 5 X +!Ă&#x201A; 5 ; +P [T8 ; " ¸ w 5 X '( ) $ B C A7 lm . " "= @ .I :(Gemara)
& 5 B C AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; >5 &, &+ . ~ Â&#x20AC; w 8 A B C ! " U3 Â&#x203A;( Â ) Âľ+
! + ÂŚ q 2 Â&#x20AC; w 8 A :N! 12 KL w 8 A '( ) ; 1 , / % ) 5 ! C ÂŚ q 2 Â&#x20AC; w 8 A / ! " . 6 Â&#x20AC; ) /Â&#x192; + ll ._ ~1 T ! " 6 ) /N~1 : .. ) : ! " ; % Â&#x192; + . Â&#x153; Â&#x20AC; w 8 A B C ! + Â&#x201E;3 Âł : B C ?"2 U( _ ~ 1 T ! " Â&#x2039; "5 ) / AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; M ? Â&#x201A; % Âł : Â&#x20AC; V % 1 z [ < + Â&#x203A;Â? ?"Â&#x2122; Â? ÂŁ ¸ P / AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; ¤ 3 Ă&#x192; + >5 & " ( ) =( 5 .uk /uuM /qlttv /o½ /; : A /F AA6& "AA AA ( .> 18 /   lm .D K V ` X Z3 B C + 3& Š8 A . " Â&#x20AC; 5 1 .žnM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X ll
**
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
; " /N~1 ; ` [ > Â? [8 3 ; " +P Â&#x20AC; ) Â&#x192; + ( : C) 3 .(qvmmÂşnlt) q C ` Ă&#x201E;sE ¤ 5 & B C & " U( < !+ ( ) Â&#x2039; ÂŽL > AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; 0 A ) ! " ln/q(ovtÂşnlt) > Df T < !+ Â&#x192; Âą" % & N~ 1 %kmm ¤ , Df Ws 7 ! + > & 5&+ O = < !C ) ( !# / T "Â&#x2122; 5 E w E] Â? EÂ? , & Z %V ( ) B C lo/(qvmmÂşq.Â&#x192;nmm) 5 ~ %V +5 A" W HV I J 3 != lr/ N" { H 7 lv . 5 ? / % / w E] KL OA5 ! " w P Â&#x20AC; w 5 Df Â&#x2013; "= 0 V Â&#x203A; AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; < Â&#x2021; B C 0 !" : ! " ; 1Y"5 KL Q lu. 5& Z & X A 5 Â&#x2020; Â&#x201A; "!" " %R & Â&#x161; .! 1, < +P ( ) /Â? 8 {=3 0 Â? _ ~ 1 T ! " > C Â&#x152; Â&#x153; & / ! " W Ă&#x2026; .z [ <8 X Â&#x201A;  /W V q X 0 C &!"+5
% 2& 5& H ? Â&#x201A; !Ă&#x201A; ! " > = @ 1 W 3 .+ pÂ&#x201E; U "Â&#x2018; /´g W ) A B C z :3 /Â? & Ă&#x20AC; AC _ E w P /qlvnm Â&#x20AC; DO A w + ~ ) ( 8 w( 8 &2 / ! " Âł : :3 B C + ~ '() Ă&#x2020; ) /q f 1 3 /N /z = = / 15 1 W 2& )& + w  lk .w + ~ > )O¸ w T :( & M 1N ) &<L ( .K / 5 T H 5 1 2 5gÂ&#x201E; N~ 1 ! C ÂŚ q 2 Â&#x20AC; w 8 A ) +2 Df T w 8 A '( ) . Â&#x153; & 2 /U =Â&#x2039; > 8 5 q 7 Â&#x2020; ; %3 B C = lž .(qovtÂşnlt) > 13
.žrM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X ln Cohen, Abraham. Everymanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Talmud, New York: Schocken Books, 1975, p111.
14
Ibid, PV. 15
Ibid, PVI.
. žuM /qlttk /l½ / !C : !C / % 8 O # 6& . C /& !Â&#x2020; & C lu .tlM / % Â&#x201A;P /F 6& " ( /   lk .noM / % Â&#x201A;P /3 & 581 3% 8 / 7 lž
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L *P
! " " ! 1, 0 C Â&#x201E;3 /N~ 1 KL 1 _ ~ 1 T ! " ! 1, w P Â? [ "¤ Âą < )3" ! , /" + _ ! ," 3 /"N 15 T ! ," /" ! : V Es{ q 12V B C RL _ ~ 1 T ! " "Ă G .Â&#x192; + > ¤ Âą KL N~1 $ 2 lt . AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; Â&#x201A; ;1 > Â&#x201A; ¤ " KL Q AÂŤ ! Â&#x2C6; > K V Âą > 5 2 5 5 Â&#x161; ) ~1 T !# &@"1X Âą . = Â&#x20AC; (>5& 5R) Â&#x201E; ~Â&#x2122; ) D& 8 Â&#x201E; ~Â&#x2122; _ ~ 1 T ! " > & P 5 nm. 5 1 K V . = / D& 5&C i 1 . + Â&#x201E; AC Z 1 /lnžt q C KL +, (N : =) + Â&#x201E; ; % + ~ '( ) w & | Âż /lvno q C > 2& + Â&#x201E; ) nl .qlžuu q C 3 6& S ( 4E 1 R LE. :/ & Q :
T 6 1 U0 6 ., : Â&#x2014; N1 ` N!12 KL 0, C I 8 > ! " ;1 5 .. " 5 ~ " Â&#x2020; ) + < H3 > ! = ) :(Halakha) 7R Â&#x161; Â&#x2030; 8s~ HR Âľ +X /Â&#x2013; )\ Âľ + KL 5g+ Âą "i Â&#x2030; )Â&#x2030; " < +T U Âą Âľ +X O A5 nn M ? ) 7R Â&#x161; . ! " +5 A" T w T KL O A5 ! Â&#x2030;
! + > 2 +" W P3 "¸ H ; %3 Â&#x20AC; !+ q 8V w +5 A" +"X . W { V > @X T ~ , X w C X ) :(Haggadah) P Â&#x161; .¤ I E 2 w C X '( ) < "Â&#x2018; /Ă&#x2039;C X Â&#x2021; ? w 5 Â&#x2020; w Â&#x17E; w + .žrM / % Â&#x201A;P /F 6& " ( /   lt .žoM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X nm . to /tnM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X nl /qltkr /q )V Â&#x201A; ~ :D ) / & &6AA AV ) ! <AA AV 1 &2 AA A( # AA A .¤ ) & C /UO 1X nn .rmtM
*W
&C C
! " #
P KL 5& Z ~ q 8V B C 7R <!" A, N 8 / ! " . ¦ q U B C ± 5 w P {=3 +5 A" M ? '() B C U " 9 " !", A« ! 3 =( 5&# > > {=3 P > !# ; 1", ! /( ?? M ? ) P > no ". 7R : 68 # 1 ?> A@ R LE. .B! 1p, T %3 KL ) & &1 ;1 , /( & %) q 123 "% KL A« ! ;1 , nr ."; 2 " B! 1, W ? KL ) & ;1 , /N"% EsE ) &C Ì 5 "w "@ % " +"X q 8V > C x&J"5 /w C X U3 X ;( סֵדֶ ר ז ְָרעִיםC 5 ) ¤ "= .3 . C V +"X q 8V > C x& J"5 /& + U3 &( סֵדֶ ר מוֹעֵדC ) ¤ "= .¤ . CV . 1 +"X q 8V > C x& J"5 / 1 U3 ;( סֵדֶ ר נָשִׁיםA ) ¤ "= .w . s~ ´ &X q 8V > C x& J"5 / V U3 ( סֵדֶ ר נְז ִיקִיןN 5 ) ¤ "= .x . ` # /N q 83 > C ) /w %& X U3 ;( סֵדֶ ר ָקדָ שִׁים: &Y 2) ¤ "= .´ .< &7 /D ~ q 83 >C x&J"5 /D ~ U3 ( סֵדֶ ר ְטהָרוֹתw ) ¤ "= .³ .w AX wR = X .rmtM / 1 P X no .kvºukM / % P /F 6& " ( / nr
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L *Y
: D 6& S ( 4E .9 H 0 & ¯ G 0 £ > ; ! / ! " > 5 T 4 2 . 5 , nv 5 nk/ F nu/ 2 & ? D& + / 5 1 :; ) . 5 nt n¾ . [ Í 5 / 8sHQ & "C N 8 ¸ {^ >5( ol/¨=\ E V ; T 7 om 15 »T
. 5 5& ¨%3 ;)3 > ) ! " ^R 3 /(< ` %L)
> 0 P B C ; s" 7 & ! " B C T, q& C & =]5 KL 0 P q !C 1 / ¥ " 0 " 2 E q # <+¯ U( V /; +, w & "+ .W O1C 3 S 6 &2 1 . :/ Z Q /U& V S G C ) / ¡ D +1 G C 9 # ! " 4H > 1 " +P / L 5 ¤ 5 / "¡ A 9L" :0 0,sH ;"¥ + L a » = != .nmtºnmvM / 1 P X nv : [ . q. : + ! % S § }1 U( >) H KL 1" 5 nu .lmrºlmnM / % P / % 8 O # 6& /& ! & C º : [ . ? X % + T q 53 > C ) A 3 / s ! > { + w 2 nk .nvuºnrkM / % P /F 6& " ( / º : [ . J 1X ³sHQ E , ( AC % " ) ¥ , es C U 5 , n¾ x J & + / + W & + P / AAA 6& D "AAA AAA \ AAA= 5 [AA . P < C 6L / 2 T º .uoºrvM /qltu¾ / + w % & .nutºnurM / % P /F 6& " ( / º = 8 .J H3 3 .{ / 1= E V 5 8sHQ 5 N " w 5 = 8 ) nt : [ . "1 .lmkº¾tM / % P / 6& D " \ = 5 [ / 2 T º : £53 [ .lmnºt¾M / % P / % 8 O # 6& /& ! & C om .nloºnlmM / % P /F 6& " ( / º .¾¾ ºurM / % P / 6& D " \ = 5 [ / 2 T ol
*]
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
, ! = /; + ¸ Ă&#x17D; . +P & 2 / 2 & ? qs 1 D 7V Ă? Â&#x; 3 Â&#x2026; X C ÂĄ Â&#x161; Â&#x201A; D + 1 # Â&#x2013; "= 5 /< V WF T" ÂĄ G + ! 1 , > " X C + Â&#x201E; > C 0 "+ Â&#x201E; 4 "Ă&#x17D; 7 G C ) on".U& V oo ".G + () !1 <{ Ă?b : 6800 1 6& 5 1 . ., > c ov(â&#x20AC;Ť & )ע־×&#x201C;Öś ×&#x;â&#x20AC;ŹC 3 " P" _ +, 5g+ Âą or(â&#x20AC;Ť ÂŤ> )֡×&#x;â&#x20AC;ŹPÂ&#x2030; ! 1, 3 KL 7 Â&#x2013;)( 5 N 8 ou/( +" / ÂŚ / %) ' + UgC ;% 93 KL Â&#x2013;)(5 ok . J? _+5 (>5 U3) U % :( 5 3) U =V > w P 5g+ &C ! = P /; + / # /Z T _ +5 (â&#x20AC;Ť & )֡×&#x; ע־×&#x201C;Öś ×&#x;â&#x20AC;ŹC P } ~ ? 3 & 2 /w X & + D Â&#x2020; 5 Ă&#x152; ? > D& 8 KL D :Â? q&@" 15 ) ož. &C P 0+ 1 Q S 7 & C >5 " T % D W V !1" '() w  . &C ?, N Âť 3 RL / & C P ) W 8 6 8 PL P q& C > ;¸ c X P KL D += / 8 > w X &+ q G + > Â? Â&#x152;P TH # '() . E 8 > "½ 1 " < 2 &C P 8 q b [T KL +, ) ot(â&#x20AC;Ť )פר×&#x201C;ץâ&#x20AC;Ź5g+ Âą /Z T ! 1, 3 w E] X & =]5 ( ) rm.´ 1 ½ Ă? Â&#x201A; X / 5&Â&#x2020; U3 Â&#x203A; Â&#x152;5 ÂşU 5 : ^& Y % T .vkM /w 7 W V ¤ /; C 5Â&#x2039; W V ;1 /n´ / % Â&#x201A;P / on .nom /nntM / , I { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /ln´/ 1 Â&#x201A;P X oo .lmtM / % Â&#x201A;P / # HF # G E /  2 or .untM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X ov .uloM /qlttk /ll½ / { :D ) /G" K G E . 7 Z ~ /Â&#x2026; X & C ou :Â&#x201A;2 X B C ¤ " [ /N+ z 8 /^ _&! .¨ /Ă? ÂąT ok - rabelmagd.com/Mo7et_game3
. lmtM / % Â&#x201A;P / # HF # G E /  2 ož : [ . &C P / "1 /D Âľ+Â? /Z T Âľ+ Â&#x2013; P KL / 5g+ Âą Ă&#x2039;T () <!+"15 ot .komM / % Â&#x201A;P / # HF # G E /  2 Âş . T z 8 / % Â&#x201A;P /^ _&! /Ă? ÂąT rm
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L P+
w % x y
O A, [T w H & 0 C .B T X & + 8 # Y ?, ¸ H % T > Â&#x152; P ) U C Z Â&#x203A;N% N Â&#x152; ^ = .NÂ&#x2020; ? w V KL rl . V Z T Â&#x2021;?Ă&#x17D; B, X > ;12 ) T% Z / !1 q G + > C 0 {5&8 ! " <!+"% Z T &C P Â&#x2013; P KL >5( :Â&#x192; J %L > !Ă&#x2018; q 7 Â&#x2020; W 2" :Ă?b Â&#x2021; ) != "¤ 1Â&#x2020; q 5" !1, q 5 U3 Â&#x203A; 7b G + 0 Q Â? B C Â? "5 >5( ; ) Z& X & 8 ; = 5 /Z T 3 # ! 1, > R Â&#x201A; % 3 ) ¤ 1Â&#x2020; q 5 ! 1, rn".¤ 1Â&#x2020; .¤ 1J Â? +  S q 3 ;Â&#x2DC; &+ T 5 z % Z 3 KL OA, > :3 + 3 0 C q 3 (Â&#x201A; ÂŁ5) 5 Â&#x2021;@: U3 :U Â&#x152;C > W 2" ! " P .0 2 % > /} ? % \ /Â&#x2013;)(5 >53 KL /B,3 I 8 > ) Â&#x203A;Â? & 3 E ÂżÂ?5 KL :Â&#x2013;)( 5 > 53 KL .N + ' , 3 & , R > /& % Â&#x2039; L > :B ,3 I 8 > Â&#x2026; :0 2 % > .w 2 5 & 5 :} ? % \ . !C qs  !  ro ".B CV c X T T (7Â? % ) c , Z& X ¤ š " Z N ÂŁ % U( ) S Â&#x201A; !"ÂŻ EV '( ) .0 ,Â&#x152;` P ; " 15 '( ÂŚ 0 1T <Âą : > wÂ? :U 5 Âż ."Â? + Â&#x201A; !"| ¤ + A < =" ¤ " Â&#x2021; != / ~ ÂŁ ; ) Â? + `sÂ&#x17E; Ă?L Y ( ,Â? , } J ? < HV ( )) ,Â? , R :; Â&#x161; Z & c X ¤ W 5 rr ". , = Â&#x201A; 3 <= wÂ?" > /N ~ÂŁ != q G + > C I5& Â&#x2020; " C X q " ! 1, ! " <!+" 15 != .ukrM / % Â&#x201A;P /G" K G E /Â&#x2026; X & C rl .nkM / , I { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /ln´ / % Â&#x201A;P / rn B CV c X Â&#x2026; Â? S ! 1, .ntkM /N : &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; A I { ; 1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A; P X ro ªŠ¨§Œ¼¤£¢¥ ~}{ :K +, 0 =( , zsrqpo{ :Ă? +, 0 2 /(no : AÂ&#x2020; ) z³²¹°¯Ž (l :B CR ) .nkžM /' Â&#x2039; ' Tp CÂ&#x2030; > { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /lo´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X rr
P,
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
5f+5 R /Â? { C . 1 ) /0 , ! = B ~C3 & 2 ) c , ¤ L" :< C 6L a Âť W 2 rv ".q G + C X q Š8 )& Y B C 45 J" 45Â&#x152; : "# T R 6( .-
Â&#x2020; ? 0 L Â&#x2013;)( 5 Â? TH &C P >C ! " x&J"5 Â? ¸
z % < ) N Âť W 23 Â&#x201A; ~5 > & } > ¨ 0 /;Â&#x2DC; & + Z > L Â&#x2013;)( , z % 93 3 /w X & + D : & C P KL NÂ&#x2020; ? Âł 3 < " ,
.z ~X 5 9 15 z % ; {+ &+ w V 3 3 /< "1X 8 / & C P KL D & + Â? Â&#x2013;)(" % ,V Z T 3 M ? Ă&#x192; + w =\
( ) > C B % < 8 & C" .D : 0 , & + & C w Y P < 7 B % 3 P != ru
". &C w Y P KL G +
L .Âşc Âş Z& X /c X Â&#x2026; ÂŁÂ&#x2020; Â&#x2013; ) \ 3" U =YÂ&#x2039; > 8 5 a Âť W 2
w ! 0" %3 3 & 23 R /q G + G + ( ) 0 £¸ B 1 _ Â&#x2013; ÂŁÂą5 / & C Y P KL U ] , Â&#x2014; & 8L Â&#x203A; 5 Â&#x201E; & "Â&#x153; 3 /Â&#x2026; \ B C D s C . ' : 3 R
P 3 ; P Â&#x203A; L Â&#x2013; )\3 3 ; 8Â? % 5 Â&#x201E; U3 ; C3 R /;Y P KL 7V rk
". &C
Â&#x2013;)( 5 ) ! " & C P L :W > ^ % B C 3 /D : w X & + ; 8 3 0 L . )\ % / Â&#x2020; H D 8 : C >5( R] ) 0 L .q G + Ă?Â?5 & C w X > ; 2 &+
.lvrM /w 7 W V ¤ /; C 5Â&#x2039;Â&#x2C6; W R ;1 /n´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X rv .nlžM /' Â&#x153; Z 1 ¤ /¨ Â&#x17E; ;1 /lk´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X ru :K +, 0 =( 5 Â&#x2021; ( ) .toM /N ~ P Z 1 ¤ /; A I { ; 1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A; P X rk (t :z 8V ) zdcba`_~}|{zyx{
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L P-
:R
5 1 .9 "q G + " _ +, ) / 5g+ Âą " ) qR C" ! 1, & Â&#x201E;3 " 0 5Â&#x2039; ) qR C" < 5 D C ) .w X & + D 8 ?5 / & 2 e Y } ~ ? ) rž ".G + ()" _+5 U( ! " Y <!+" % & /"q G + " ? X ) } O ¸ > 8 ! Â? X C /w X & + Â? X C T H # KL D :Â? ( ) qR C) } ~? X Â? X C 0T H "q G + " > C ! " x& J"5 & C .I + ?C / J 1X G C KL D :Â? " & C P" Âľ +Â? Âą ? '( ) <!+" 15 D C /w X & + rt .U&1# w X &+ Âł V q , I 8 /U 6 & ÂŽ š /q 5V 5 Â? X C 0TH q G + Ă&#x2020;2 , Â&#x20AC; M ? Ă&#x192;+ Â? s7 > ;¸ B C /w V Âł 3 0 ; , Â? 0TH q G + Ă&#x2020;2 , 73 Â? H ? + 8 3 w X & + D : Âł V 0 L Â&#x2013;)( , < ) } O ¸ > 0 3 T /Âł 7 Â? 1Â? Âź Ă? Â&#x; !Âą KL zs" 7R Â&#x2013; % Â&#x201A; P 5 Â? /< " 1X Âł L W 8 W& P c ) Âł Ă&#x2019; N Y ; [+ > ] 5 U( . 2 vm .&1# /q G + M ?Ă&#x2019; ÂŁ ¸ (N Âť 1 ) Y M ? , D C G + L : ) ¤ & C < ÂŁTX W =" ! " P W {X < % B + R W !C3 R ¤ A R < =Â? Â&#x2026; ) ¨ Ă?b G + / b G + = ¨ q /; % F B C ;9 , Â&#x192; Â&#x17D; , D ~ " %R > / ) = R DO ¸ 48
Pelaia, Ariela. What Is Olam Ha Ba? Jewish Views of the Afterlife, See: - judaism.about.com/od/judaismbasics/a/What-Is-Olam-Ha-Ba-Jewish-ViewsAfterlife.htm
49
Rabbi Or N. Rose. Heaven and Hell in Jewish Tradition, See: - myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Afterlife_and_Messiah/Life_After_Death/ Heaven_and_Hell.shtml
50
Pelaia. What Is Olam Ha Ba? Jewish Views of the Afterlife.
P9
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
=Â? /¤ 3 ; 93 Z& X Â&#x2021; != ! 1 5 &) Â? T"Ă vl ". : KL M ? Ă&#x192; + O A, \L Â&#x203A;w X & + G + +", D&5&C Â? 3 ! " q& 5 , D 8 : C >5( 3 73 M ? &=], N8 .S q 3 ¤ 1J Âł ÂŁ8 ; /Â? q G + 7&5 R Z ¸3 vn".q G + " KL Â? 7& % . ~7V > ' + U( = & 5 / V ;Â&#x161; !CV +P X > Df T +"5 vo .q G + 9 Âł (7Â?, /&8 q C &8 B?23 B C /DfT '() 5 9 /G + ( Â&#x161; { Âą H 0 Â?= q G + ^& 5g+ M ? Ă&#x192; + .T H
8V S Â&#x2013; % Ă } 1X Ă?Â? 5 3 & + /q 5V 5 9 & P 5 z % U G C { D Â&#x2020; +"!"5 3 < P3 > {+ 5 z % w V > Â&#x2020; ? .w V vr .q G + D Â&#x2020; U Â&#x2013;+ A & "C / s X < 2 Z 1 B T X < 2 (° Â&#x2030; Â&#x2030;" ) " X 5 T %V & ÂŽ R vv. 5 Â&#x161; (W pÂĄ :Â&#x2C6; ) D ! 1X w X & + Â&#x2C6; /¤ + 3 ¤ { 3 ¤ 1Â&#x2020; W 8 Â? J Â? s= Â&#x201A;  3 KL O A5 vu¤ 53 T 1 q3 Â? & C / q3 ¸3 /Â? :3 q3 Â? 73 =3 % / 5 Â&#x161; KL )( 5 w V ;Â&#x2DC; 8 D ~Â&#x17E; S ¤ + " X T%V =\ Â&#x2013; 1 () 5 Â? vk.Â? 83 .vtM /w 7 W V ¤ /; C 5Â&#x2039; W V ;1 /n´ / % Â&#x201A;P / vl :Â?s{ [ vn . toM /N~ P Z 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X Âş :Â?s{ [ vo . rkM /o´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X Âş 54
Pelaia, Ariela. The Afterlife in Judaism. What Happens After We Die? See: - judaism.about.com/od/judaismbasics/a/Afterlife-In-Judaism-Jewish-Beliefs.htm
W ÂĄ : & + T % & 8 & 2 /w X & + Â&#x201A; !# Â&#x2013;)( 5 I 8 w X & + G += W ÂĄ : KL Z& X ¤ " :3 vv : [ ."Â&#x; V .Â&#x2018;" Â? 8 9Â? .ooÂşolD T /luÂł JHQ /lu &+ T% Âş :W {X < % B C [ vu .ltÂşllD T /oÂł JHQ /¤ 53 T% Âş 57
Rose ,Heaven and Hell in Jewish Tradition.
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L PI
w ?, "5 ; ÂŁ+ 3& /Z T Â&#x201A; B T X 5 < ?, & C .;Â&#x2DC; < 2 V w & "+X 3 KL Â&#x2013; )\ > W 2 & 5]5 U3 ( ) vž/; J# Z T W 8 " : Â&#x2039; 5 [ '( ) . 7V ¤ + A ; Â&#x201E;s" 7 Ws 7 > w ~, & C 5& G + 5 B C = < ` % _ KL F P >5( N 1 V = Â&#x2026; A, D [ Â&#x201A; Ă&#x201C; "5 U( V /¤ + ¤ { / # I 8 7b . Â?1X '() != q G + B C R& "D 7b D Â&#x2020; " } ~? ! " q&@"15 <!J" % G + < ` %L " + Â&#x20AC; ~ W !CV < =" : T > Â&#x201A; : 5 g Â&#x2020; W 2 vt ".D 7b D Â&#x2020; ;Â&#x161; ; V D : Â&#x2013; 1 < + /Âł q& C ! " q G + # q T B C Ă&#x2039; 8s5 Â&#x2026; \ N A , 4% 5 a Âť 1T5 . J 5 ~ $ ! D " W , q&C KL Â&#x201A;P 5 Â&#x201A; !" ! Â? s7 = (G + ( )) (0 5Â&#x2039; ) qR Â&#x2030; pC) Â&#x2020; G + B C D " Â&#x152; = , Â? ;ÂŚ "= Ws 7 > Â? J Â&#x2026; \ [5 .w X & + G + Â? % = U( U ?X x& J", G /N A , a Âť Â&#x2013; 1y /D " /"w V ¤ "=" B! 1X % &2 {=V um .U ?X T >C 1T Â&#x152; Â&#x153; <P3 > w X &+ D Â&#x2020; >C @ V#1 R
5 .I : &L> U( } 1X ?C Â&#x201A; Â?s7 &" 5 ! " M ? Ă&#x192;+ q G + Âľ+ P R ! Â&#x2020; Â&#x201E; L" :Ă?b Â&#x2021; != /; ` & C3 B C ? J" ' [" 5 ".;) "P q& " !" 1 ; 9V /q G + R G + ( ) 8 , 5 ¤ q 3 [5 ; & 8 < = D 2 KL D 2 > )(5 ;93 " :Â&#x2021; W 5 ( ) 58
Kevinstilley. Paradise & Gehenna According to the Talmud and Midrash, See: - www.kevinstilley.com/paradise-gehenna-according-to-the-talmud-and-midrash.
[ Âľ +X ( ) .nkžM /w 5& C Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ; 1 /lo´ / % Â&#x201A;P / vt .(rl : 1 ) zcba`_~}|{zyxw{ : 5b
60
Pelaia, The Afterlife in Judaism. What Happens After We Die?
P*
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
} 1X 0 [5 U( ?+ 0 Â? q G + KL O A5 7 Â? ? & ÂŽ ul". H > ( J 1X Df T } J ? < HV ( )) un % X ~ X U3 Ă?b G + " uo ". ÂŁT@ Â? 3 < # Â? 3 Â&#x2026; "^ R Ă&#x201D; Â&#x2026; ) 5 a Âť W 5 w X & + G C & C [" X 1X q 53 N } 5 T, Ă? {X < " 1X 8 / 1X q 53 x& Ă z % !C g 73 ` 3 Â&#x201A;  " : 8 5 ¢L /. +6 \3 R /w3 N C R /g & + U( G + > C > /Â&#x; V B C ) ur ".0 [" 5 >5( R]Â&#x161; &C3 ; +5 '&8 S 1 % Â&#x20AC; # K O A5 w 7 Â&#x2020; 3 < ` J! % Â&#x2013; , 5 G + Ă?Â? 5 & C I + 7 Â&#x2020; "CR ; C& , z& ÂŚ /w V > Â&#x2020; ? G + Âľ +X ( ) uv.D & + G += q G + ¨ /e J 1X ?+ q /w X & + D 8 . 1 / Â&#x152; 5 9 ¢L w X & + G C 0T H '&Y +5 R q uu . E D 8 J Â&#x2020; ? I+ 5 & C /} 1X Ă&#x20AC; &+ D Â&#x2020; 6800 1 6& 5 1 . :/ 5 :/ ';<= 1 / : ., Â&#x203A;Â? Y PÂ&#x2030; < Â&#x2030; @ !Âť 1, ¤ p + /w Y # 0 / p " 1ÂŤ p p Â&#x2019; Â&#x2030;# " ¤ + 1 P Ă&#x2022; Â&#x2C6; p 5&Â&#x2030;Â&#x2020; p Â&#x2019; Â&#x2030;# .Â? J Â&#x2019; C Â&#x2019; Â&#x2030;Â? = :O )Â&#x2039; W 2 p %p Â? Â&#x2019; PÂ&#x2030; 1ÂŤ Â&#x2030;, /} Â&#x2019; > / Â&#x2019;" Â&#x2030; p aÂŤ Â&#x2030; ÂŤ ¸Â&#x2030; _ .lvvM /w 7 W V ¤ /; C 5Â&#x2039; W V ;1 /n´ / % Â&#x201A;P / ul . [" X } 1X [5 Â&#x20AC; DfT ) &? 5 un .nom /nntM / , I { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /ln´ / % Â&#x201A;P / uo 64
Kevinstilley, Paradise & Gehenna According to the Talmud and Midrash.
(lk :D& 1 ) z}|{zyxwvutsrqp{ :K +, 0 2 '&ÂŽ Âľ+X ()
65
-
Pelaia, Ariela. What is Gan Eden? Jewish Views of the Afterlife, See: judaism.about.com/od/judaismbasics/a/What-Is-Olam-Ha-Ba-Jewish-ViewsAfterlife.htm
66
Pelaia, What Is Olam Ha Ba? Jewish Views of the Afterlife.
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L PP
w % x y
". )O¸ < @ W 5 /Â&#x2021; ?Ă&#x17D; / PÂ&#x2C6; + /< @ A w \ Â&#x2C6; pE Â&#x2030;" /f ÂŤ 1Â&#x2019; ) / "PR ) Â&#x2C6; :ÂŤ Â&#x2030;3 4 ÂŤ > /D 7b & ; + p ) p Â&#x2019; Â&#x2030;# " už Â&#x2C6; Â&#x2C6; Â&#x2C6;" [, ". 9 ?¸Â&#x2030;3 z T
uk
Âľ+X 5&Â&#x2020; " 1 ) ! R < HV 3 U Âą Âľ +X & =]5 V / D :Q % Â&#x20AC; 5g+ ! 1" Â&#x2026; ( = '& ÂŽ ( ) / ! U X . 5g+ + N" { > <= N 5& + 5 Âą Âź &=]5 U( 0 C . !" : & Â&#x2026; " W "X q + ; %R " Âłs~ HR # 3 ut ".NCV D 2 1 D( ; + $ 3 > /D 7b & & Â&#x17E; ; + > C 0 {5&8 # ! 1, <!+" % & 2 W 2 != / :V < @ w \ 5&Â&#x2020; Âľ+Â? U Âą Âľ+X Â&#x161; !+"% KL Q .(lk :; ) zONMLKJIHGFE{ :K +, S
: . . "C & 8 ) ! 1 / Â&#x2DC; T H "C 63 D& C" 3 ; > =\ ( ) > 5 " w T ? "C 4 "Ă&#x17D; /0 P ( ) > f /w ( 7b q 63 0 % 63 /0 "= 63 /K +, 0 J % ¤ 63 ( ) /0P km ". 63 ¹°¯Ž{ # : )
kl
/ Â? 6 AC _ E ; > B ?83 & 2 Ă&#x2014;Ă&#x2013;Ă&#x2022;Ă&#x201D;Ă&#x201C;{ :0 J % W 2 :qs 1 /(on :< J ) z³² è{ :K +, S W 2 :& Â&#x17E; /(nv :¨ 5) zĂ&#x17E;Ă?Ă&#x153;Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x161;Ă&#x2122;Ă&#x2DC;
. lmmÂşttM /> P :D /lo´ / H :w O /K 5 L .>5& W  / [ > uk .lmmM /lo´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X už /qnmmo /l½ /x f T :D ) /` N ; a b ` 1 N F
' . a3 > &!Â&#x17D; / 5Â&#x2039; # ; 2 > ut .lmtM .lmtM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X km .lluÂşlmtM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X kl
Â&#x2020; &C C
PW
! " #
jihg{ :K +, S W 2 / X /(or :Â&#x192;) zĂŽĂĂŹĂŤĂŞĂŠ
S W 2 / Â? X P /(ov : Â&#x201E; ) zutsrqponmlk ¾´³{ :W 2 / & C w P /(lv :; ) zihgf{ :K +, JI{ / Â&#x2020; /(ul : ) zĂ&#x20AC;¿ž½Ÿºš¸œ S W 2 /Z T /(ur :w + ) zRQPONMLK /(lmk :4 ) zºš¸œ¾´³²¹°{ :K +, znmlkjihgf{ :K +, S W 2 /; + w P zkjihgf{ :K +, S W 2 /N V q X /(ž : ! ) kn Ă&#x2022; H & + ÂŤ /(vl: 7& ) dcba`{ :K +, S W 2 / Â&#x192;& H q& 2 /Â&#x192;& Â&#x2030;Â&#x2030; (vv : ! ) zfe
# 63 Â? / ! " ` 6Â? # 63 & C [8sX > ^ ; [C # P "CR D 2 > Â&#x2039; U( V / R Â&#x201A; % 3 Â? C , {=3 w P . ! + : 5 N .9 : ) / + P 63 EsE c )
# B C . Â&#x201E;3 Â&#x20AC; 6V N > : "# ) T ..
.q 2Â&#x2030;3 :Â? & p pC Â? &ÂŤ CÂ&#x2030; p & p +ÂŤ Â&#x2030; 5 p & Â&#x2C6; +ÂŤ Â&#x2030; 5 X s Â&#x2030; & Â&#x2030; CÂ&#x2030; " :¤ + 1 P Â&#x2C6; Â&#x2019; 2Â&#x2C6;L w P UÂ&#x2030;3 Â&#x203A;0 Ă&#x2022; &ÂŤ CÂ&#x2030; w Â&#x2030; p Y P /0 p &+ÂŤ Â&#x2030; : < = Â&#x152; p =Â&#x2030; p ÂŤ & Â&#x2030; C ÂŤ .0 p" ÂŤÂ&#x201E; Â&#x2030; Â&#x2030;, :& Â&#x2030; . ko Ă&#x2022; Ă&#x2020; + p + Â&#x2030; %Â&#x2030; : p & Â&#x2030; Â&#x2030;Âą " ". p~ % p P /& ÂŤpÂ&#x17E; X Â&#x2030; 9 ÂŤ~p / 9p ÂŤ~p &ÂŤ CÂ&#x2030; w . &¸ &C Âľ+ N 2sC c ) kr".p !+Â&#x2019;ÂŤ ZYXWVUTS{ : ) ; > L A5 G /; %R ( ) KL O A, Â&#x20AC; 5b kn (n :¨ 5) z[
.nktM /lo´ / &C :D / % Â&#x201A;P /K 5 L / [ > ko .ollM /lo´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X kr
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L PY
w % x y
} J ? / # > Y # ; Ô % ) < " :; > W 5 & C P µ + > C ¹¸¶µ´³{ :K +, W 2 & C w P = / # Y # ; Ô % 0 3 w P + 3 B C W& 5 " :R ...(ul : ) zÀ¿¾½¼»º kv ".0 " , & . &C /0 q 23 \L / X & C W 5 /q & 2Q > 0 ¹ / &C . + AC &83 &C w P !1, <!+"% &2
:G1 ( .K U Z T ? « « :'& % > W 2 .a ) : T W 2 "1p :Z p « « T Y C . " 1 q 1 ) / " 1 = ¤ + & C . O 1 > C « Z « « T p «p 5 !¯ U( " 1 0 3 0 " 8 :´ P W 2 .¤ C « V D £ « 7p Z « « T ku . # 5&8 Z p « « T . ± <= <) 3 & C ) (= /N, 1 / )sC3 £ 3 B C W 5 / Y # B C W 5 ;% Z T " ; > W 5
/N, 1 ¨5 T "1 Z T <H3 .w # > 'O¸ > ;%R (¦ 83 0 = /q = w \ P Z T :I W 2 /¤ CV 0 U( " 1 ) : += W 2 "7 ) / :V T" X Y # ) :c J £ W 2 Ö + U3 Z T q = W 5
+ 0 C ¸V 4 " X A ¤ + qs = > . +6 ! Z T :W 2 . gX
) W ´ P ' "7 " 1 ( ) & ) À W 2 ...¨5 T 0 + kk
". + ËT KL W
³²±°{ : /¼ N+ ! 1" '( ) =\ & 2
a`_~{ /(lmk :4 ) z»º¹¸¶µ´
! 1, 9 = f B C !1" '() W !+"% 2 (ll : ]X ) zdcb
.llnM / % P /` N ; a b ` 1 N F
' / 5 # ; 2 > kv .luoM /u´ /Z :D / % P /K 5 L / [ > ku .llrM / % P /` N ; a b ` 1 N F
' / 5 # ; 2 > kk
Â&#x2020; &C C
P]
! " #
8 >C D& + P 7 w E] >C Â? | ¨ # P "CR Â? &=]5 / ! C3 ;" Â? % \L) : 0 = 5 I 5 8V Ă&#x192; + Z T ! 1, w P != . Â&#x161;Q T, 0 />Ă&#x2014; Ă&#x2013; C 0 2 / # B C3 / # Âź % 0 š /Z T ' Â? % S kž (. # 93 lkjihgf{ :K +, W 2 : &AA A A A A 5 ) AA A A A A T .)
$ V > 0" ! ÂŁ, w # Â&#x201A; !# Â&#x201A; P ; % Â? ÂŁ53 ( ) (ž : ! ) znm
[ X / ~ J` / ? /Z X /¤ AX /W =Â? X > ÂŚ ;+ "p5 Â&#x20AC;
<!+" % & 2 kt.>Â&#x201E; ) [ ; + > Â&#x2026; \ O¸ / +% >= 1X /Â&#x201D; I5& Â&#x2020; / Â&#x2019; # KL w Â&#x2019; # KL ÂŁ Â? + AC + % ! 1" '( )
.NÂ&#x2020; ? ' + S '&Y C3 !C Y
6 ' L 1 6 X :/ L U : c U ., : E % .. 0 3 != / [ 8 7 ) S 3 / 2 Â&#x2122; # 3 KL ! " O A5 < = Â&#x; V / ) A8 < / # P / # .+ H & " / Â&#x; V 7 žm
".c& +5 # &A8 Â&#x203A;Â? + Â ; "[T8 &2 ; <= J / :V
/ & C P / " / & & + Â&#x203A;G + < 2 :3 + % 7 j" ! " P & Ă&#x2DC; 0 6 c " Âşc â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Z& X " žl".} 1X ; % /& +X / s# Ă&#x2013; C /; P / X B C 0 : C = :¤ /a + x f 8L :w O /F AA% d&!AA= .< C 6L > & !Â&#x17D; /U @ kž .lvoM /t´ .llvM / % Â&#x201A;P /` N ; a b ` 1 N F
' / 5Â&#x2039; # ; 2 > kt .lžrM /N~ P Z 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / % Â&#x201A;P / žm
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L W+
w ` /Â&#x; V # 7 :0 !=Â? G + 7 0 ! 0 "! y / Â&#x17E; < Â&#x2013; ÂŻ" :;Â&#x2019; P Â&#x2019; # 7 S Â&#x2019; 3 7 Â&#x2021; P žn". V w 2 @X 5 ! 1 = O ¸ & C Â&#x2019; P /;Â&#x2019; P & C Â&#x2019; P 7 Âşc Âş Z& X Â&#x2019; 3 z +, 3 Â&#x2026; ( žo ". :V > = O¸ ;Â&#x2019; P N2 ? < =" :;) "7 A s" / ! " # P > 5 Âą 3 Â&#x2019; P ( 7Â?" A g "@" Âź )F ~CL j [ 5 X :V ] c Z& ! +5 : žr
".; "? Â&#x2019; 8 (7Â?, ;Â&#x2019; P /; Â&#x2030;"? Â&#x2019; 8 &C : e \ T .K
/U & X C Â&#x201A; UÂ&#x2039; " b # P & =]5 ! " P q 7 Â&#x152; 5L /} 1X 5L / 5 > Ă&#x2013; L :; ) / 83 & C P 7 + 1, Â&#x2026; )" { /O V 5 q 7 Â&#x2020; > Â&#x152; P /N : > Ă&#x2020; & L / 5 , Â&#x2026; Â&#x203A;q O) /; ) L & =]5 žv". T > Â&#x201A; : 5 q 7 Â&#x2020; Â? ÂŁ53 :W 5 ; ÂŁ+ / : D % / C . Â&#x152; :3 =\ \L Â&#x203A;Ă? Â&#x2020; X C 0 &P 5 U( 0, \ .2 D P # 3 ! " > w , # > WÂ&#x152; " 5 gÂ&#x2020; > % 5 gÂ&#x2020; W 2 != /Â&#x; V KL # > žu ". "C H C3 B% )&) : Â&#x203A; > &+Ă&#x2026; / > Â&#x201E; / / Â&#x2026; / Â&#x161;L ¤ 5 '3 /c " # > w P D " 3 KL ! " OA5 Â&#x20AC; :V KL Q žk".B CV > 5& 3 D 8 / # > D " " ~C3 > 5 žž .; J# > . Â&#x152; :3 KL ! " OA5 # > . Â&#x152; .uvM / & I { ¤ /; AÂ&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; I { ;1 /t´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X žl .llm /lmtM /N~ P Z 1 ¤ /; AÂ&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X žn .nžvM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; AÂ&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X žo .ntrM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; AÂ&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X žr .ovoM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; AÂ&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X žv žu .žtM /w 8 p W V ¤V /; : 2 ¨ Â&#x17E; ;1 lv´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X # > :3 W Â&#x152; 3 .lžmM /N ~ PÂ&#x2C6; Z 1 ¤ /; AÂ&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; I { ; 1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A; P X žk : [ ." # > %V Â&#x2020; " I5&8 U( f & /qs%Q
W,
&C C
! " #
: ^ .: & . "!f "# T .. :0 2 != q = # > C 0 {5&8 % & C P ! " =\ = >5( `sX > & C P + ~ £ /W V 1 Q /q =" '( ) '&) : ~ A £8 ¿ > . ! g 5 ; J 0 A5 /0 , L . 93 /q P ) & C P 3 0 H ? Ã + ! " &=]5 ¾t".'&1J / ![+ Q P < !C & " L W & 2 S V ! 1 > , G V B C . = S w H +6 " M ? ) != / & C P D W 3 . V B C ~ )3 D AC tm ". # A^ & + D P W , 93 / 3 P ) q = # 3 & 5]5 Ù D D A ( `sX ) ; % 8 > >5 " T% ' =\ / q ´ 7 Õ &« C P 2 « : q 1 « Q ~ " /Z > &83 L <?5 R ©8 # , 2 3 / tl Õ » " 4 Õ ". D « D : 5 % p «% /; p « : "# T ^ .K 5 T %V P B C , 5 3 " 1 ) & C P "CR / & C P > C » x& Z %V ( ) B C tn.>5 " T% P != " X to .< 3 A 3 / + f 3 /N~1 ) <) /qltkt /o½ / T :w O /FgAA ^ AAT ` AAM Fh AA'N AA(!8 .>× & C & ! /U T= X º : [ ." # w 2 5 > , 2 5 q X >= " I5&8 (= .uluM /¾k¾ ;2 I5&8 /o´ .ul¾M /¾kt ;2 I5&8 /o´ / % P /Fg ^ T ` M Fh 'N (!8 /U T= X º :Z& X ¤ " 0 C W 2 U( [ : 5 q 5 x& 8 !=] ; P > 83 0 .~ % & 2 q 5 & P 5 R ¾¾ KL ! 1 > ! [C D y ¤ Y ;) / 8 . & J ; ) /< ` %L q 3 > ) ; ) ! " : [ ".; = , ! 5 C O A5 .omvM / TC > { ¤ /N 5 ; 1 /lo´ / % P / AA AA º .(r :< T ) ztsrqp{ : 0 > D 8 W KL .lkM /N~ P Z 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / % P / ¾t .ll¾M /N~ P Z 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 P X tm .(oD T /nr³ JHQ />5 " T% tl .lrºnD T /lm³ JHQ />5 " T% tn
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L W-
w % x y
.N , )s N{8 ¸ W 2 != Â? 8 0 C Â&#x201A;!Ă&#x20AC; O¸ W Â&#x152;5 R &C P Â&#x201A;2 9 3 5 > c ) / 3 > + 5 P w T V Â&#x203A; 3 93 5 ; ÂŁ+ ¤ + Âź : Â&#x2013; ?5 U( P Âşw T 9 RL ) Z F KL $ T, U( & C > a # ; 1 ) ; 53 Â&#x2013; 1y & C Â&#x203A;$ D& C KL 0 1T B C Â? ! 1 Â&#x20AC; w T ? 0 V Â&#x203A;¤ ? KL V ¤ 23 0 3 & "+p5 /Â&#x2013; ?Â&#x17E; I 8 /Â&#x192; + ) / ÂŚ Â&#x20AC; Ă&#x2013; = /w T P 0 /N~ 1 Â&#x192; : : & + ¤ " w / & C ; % q& ( Â? + = < < % 3 != / : = ;% Â? ^&2 +X qs C tr .0 a Âą ¤ # KL Â&#x192; + ÂŻ U( ¤ + D 5Â&#x152;P > Â&#x152;P ) 5 Â&#x2020; Â&#x201A;2 < {Â&#x153; ¢L /Â? ÂąP Â? < {Â&#x153; R & C P 3 KL N P { V Ă&#x192; + Â&#x2013;)( 5 Â&#x201A; !ÂŻ ~ ?5) S !+ Ă&#x2020; +5 1 Q = & C " Â&#x201E; 1 Â&#x2039;3" E D = \ tv . C Â&#x152; 8 X E3 Âł& Â? s7 ( !{ : ' L .9 : Â&#x2014; / Â&#x2014;V 5 ¸ N E N? ! " &ÂŽ # 8 1 &5&Â&#x2018; ? L / b .Â&#x201A; i % ` !+ 3 ? . = & :g Â&#x17E; P" :W V Â&#x2021;
Â&#x152; P & C / & C > N" % > & 8 Â&#x152; P EL / EL > N" % > & 8 Â&#x152; P & 8 Â&#x152; P z C tu/z C > N" % > & 8 Â&#x152; P # / # > N" % > & 8 .vžM /N CÂ&#x2C6; e { ¤ /& C e { ;1 /r´ / % Â&#x201A;P / to . ulrM / % Â&#x201A;P /G" K G E /Â&#x2026; X & C tr 95
Pelaia, Ariela. What Is Olam Ha Ba? Jewish Views of the Afterlife, see the link: - http://judaism.about.com/od/judaismbasics/a/What-Is-Olam-Ha-Ba-Jewish-ViewsAfterlife.htm
7 Â&#x201A; P .lttM /; J 1 I { ¤ /& C e { ; 1 /v´ / % Â&#x201A; P / A tu ".[ # N Â&#x152;P 8] z CV 3 ; P KL 7b O A5 / KL Â&#x2014;&83 OA5 : +H c ) .1 " utsrqponmlk{ : ) =\ Â&#x20AC; z CV =( 5 ) z CV =\ .(ru :z CV ) z`_~}|{zyxwv
W9
&C C
! " #
H C ~¸ < { 0 != G + ¹ / ( ) :; P > N" % > tk ".; P > C D C ? 3 : 83 !Y C & " : T > : 5 q 7 W 2 :e { EL / EL > N" % > & 8 P > C D C ) / ` !+ 3 /"i % " ` !+ 3 > N" % > & 8 P > C D C G + /G + > N" % > & 8 P > C D C
P > C D C & C / & C > N" % > & 8 P > C D C # /" & C P"
~± < { ) ; Â 0 != G + L / ( ) ; P > N" % > & 8 & C L 7 W 5 / & 8 0 ¨ ; P ; 8 L ; £+ W 5 . C 1 t¾
". &8 ¨
: ,b wR :Q N 1 N? N X Ws7 > Ë8s5 / EL 8 1 4+ " % ) & C 8 1 3 KL W V O A5 .l 8 1 4+ " % ) & C 8 1 3 KL O A5 U( e { s7 .G + =( 5 N 8 / # > P N" % > P ) & C W V .n . &C > N"% > &8 P ) # 3 e { /G + 8 1 4+ " % ) " & C P" 8 1 3 & ® e { .o ( ) /" & C" > P N" % > & 8 P ) " # " 8 1 3 N 8 .G + 8 1 ) # 8 1 3 _+5 <7& 5 R / V }~ % ) e { G + ? X 3 Ë 8s5 .r . !1 8 1 Ï 5 ) ; P 8 1 ; [+, .ovvM /; J 1 I { ¤ /& C e { ; 1 /v´ / 1 P X tk . L U ], W !CV > 45 @" % .ll¾M /. +, % " ¤ /& C e { ;1 /k´ / 1 P X t¾
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L WI
w % x y
/ ^& 5& w ?" ; P q T E , KL ? Y Y ( ) O A5 .v 5 w V G C ) / V . ) ; P w& "C .&+ ! ; J# .J H3 65 1 c U :/
: c U ., # 0 %3 S 3 / q 7 < 2 . 7 # 3 w 5b &=], :0 )&Y C3 3 % KJIHGFEDCB{ :K +, W 2 DCBA{ : £53 W 2 (loo : !C W ) zML RQPONMLKJIHGFE (lmm : " ) z[ZYXWVUTS
< 2 ³s ? < )V w P « & Cp3" :0 2 p . 7p & 2 93 KL O A5 "& C 3 " "w & Cp 3} :0 2 3" U W 5 .; S ¤ ~7 # 3 B C W& 5 ' ) [ {N « "!p « w tt ". b "2 . b D P 93 # 7 ! " T, % Ù Ë8s5 : ' L .:K +, 0 2 # 8 1 ; [C > C x& J", M ? > W ) zMLKJIHGFEDCB{ : ) /W 23 + 3 5b '() µ+ >5 1TX U &2 .(loo : !C
D& 8 < = 5 I y / V w !1 . +P X 3 :W V "
& 8 Ã+ Ã+ <H ¿ /3 ", R P3 > T ] J~% w ~ , > .uM /v´ /qlttm /l½ / ! + " :w O / & &L( . !C > &! /U tt
W*
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
# 3 :e { .S RL ! +5 R + 1 5 ¸ ( ) / # Â&#x; C < { Â&#x2026; \ 1 Q V Â&#x203A;& 8 < P , ¢L Â&#x; V w ! 1 Â&#x; C < { C 5 Â&#x20AC; . ( ) ) & & 8 < = !X # , 3 &Y s /Â? Â&#x2030; Â&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; O ?5 ! Â&#x2013; ¸ 5 ¢L B C Â&#x; V w ! 1 . C # 3 ) 7 0P 0 :; 1 3 W 2 :I { 0 C 0" C : 7b A A . + \L W , / Â? Ă&#x201E; " Â&#x201A; < %
Âľ + Â? ÂŁ53 ( = / & NÂĄ A N D 1X Â&#x201A; Â&#x201A; 5 Â&#x; + ? /0 0" C
Â?s{ ! & 8 < = 5 Š 8 A A > D\ 7Â? 9V Â&#x203A; ! Â&#x; C3 & C : R 0 V Â&#x2026; \ Â&#x203A; # + % 4 H Âą X ? X :Â&#x201A; . 7Ă&#x153; lmm
". !
+ 1Âť T H X " :0 U AÂ&#x2122;Â&#x152; 0 L Â&#x2013; )\ ) O 7V U3 ( ) 0 V Â&#x203A;Â&#x; + Â&#x2021; Y 7 .0~ 1 3 0 7 > Z 0 ! C Â&#x201A; % Â? . A / ~ 1 lml ". Âą ! W ~ > Ă? 3 D + : 0 2 < 2 > DO "8 1 # + % KL O A5 c 1 3 lmn ". +~ 5 R q C `  Â&#x2013;= O15 D A # L" . "8 1 ; [C # +% & =Â?, ! " Â&#x192; T, Ă&#x2039;8s % Ă&#x2122; : ^ .9 6 8 PL D& + ¤ Y"= >5 1TX & & P 5 R # Â&#x201A; & Ă G / + 1 ! 1 Â&#x203A; ! 1 Â&#x201E; , KL OA, W 2V Â&#x2013; ¸3 Â&#x2019; 3 RL / # Â&#x201A; W 8 . + !1 3 .uM /v´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lmm /qltkk /l½ / T :w O /[ 1 EN &#1 [ kA ci ' D# j ? . !C > !Â&#x17D; /U AÂ&#x2122;Â&#x152; lml .rouM /lÂ&#x201D; .lukM /lk´ / )3 ! + TH # :¤ "= / % Â&#x201A;P / L d&!= /; 1 lmn
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L WP
TH : W 2 /Ă&#x2013; + .Â&#x2018; w !1 Â&#x192; 9L" :'O1T, UÂ&#x2039; W 5 q3 Â&#x; V 3 # >C Â&#x2026; > ¨ 3 <ÂĄ% l">Ă&#x2014; Ă&#x2013; C T %" Z T Â&#x201A; 1 w !1 Â&#x192; :W 2 Ă&#x17E; ) >5Â? < 2 / # Â&#x201A;p 1Â&#x2030; Â&#x2030;, 6 Â&#x; 3 U3 :W Ă&#x17E; !1 lmo }{ :K +, S W 2" :"Âł V U 8" 0 "= ; > W 5 ".Ă&#x2013; + .Â&#x2018; . E &2 (lvÂşlo :; ) zihg f e dc b a ` _ ~ S & C > WÂ&#x152; 5 L " 5 9V Â&#x203A;Â&#x2026; ( . 6 !1 Â&#x192; B " X D &% 3 lmr ".Ă&#x192; 0 L &+?5 Ă&#x192;
Ă&#x17E; >5Â? . 2 .w 6 Â&#x201A; % Â&#x192; W 2 Ă&#x17E; # >53 Z C > R . 2" :&) Ă&#x20AC; W 2 + % 3 )sC3 # " :; > W 5 lmv". ~ y3 + % . Â&#x2018; W 2 S ;" Â? % \L" } J ? I5& Â&#x2020; W 2 != Ă&#x2013; + 0T % /Z T ) ~ % 93 T, 0 />Ă&#x2014; Ă&#x2013; C 0 2 # B C3 # Âź % 0 š /Z T ' Â? % lmu ". # q 5 : I 8 S +ÂŻ / + 1 !1 # " :W 2 0 3 Z C > >C P / + ! 1 # " :W 2 S & C > C lmk". + 1 Â&#x; V ; P / q 5 = \š + 1 Â&#x; V / A5 I 8 S +P q 5 = \š lmž ". A5 I 8 S +P
! 1 B " X D & % Ă? . + " :W 2 S W % 3 Â&#x2026; > ¨ 3 > C / )  9 2 % > ´ ÂĽ / T \ < { 2 / ) Ws 2 <{ / + 1 3 / # T Â&#x201E; 3 :W 2 Ă&#x17E; ( ) < 5gP 5 :. / Â&#x201E; 9 lmt ".w T < ) [ .uM /v´ / % Â&#x201A;P / & &L( /UÂ&#x2039; lmo .žmM / % Â&#x201A;P /` N ; a b ` 1 N F
' / 5Â&#x2039; # ; 2 > lmr .žlM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lmv .žnM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lmu .žmM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lmk .žmM / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lmž .lorM /r´ / Â&#x17E; & :¤ / % Â&#x201A;P /F % d&!= /U @ lmt
WW
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
>= 3 > + 5 < w T / 3 Y # 3 K } ! 5 I5& Â&#x2020; ( ) < + w 5 N =f AX V > ) # ! "2sC < w T KL D :Q / 3 . 5 ! " w 5 s%Q :\ Ue T1 R T .I ) < ) / ?+X < 2 q = Â&#x20AC; # Â? : N 2 KL ! + ; 1 Ă&#x17E; 3 P 93 3 & pÂ&#x17E; P
P ) q ´ 73 Â&#x20AC; # Â&#x2019; L :W V W Â&#x2026; , ) ´ 73 / ?+X < 2 q ÂŚ = Â&#x20AC; # 3 B C 1TX Â&#x201A;!ÂŻ 5 :0 W ( ) ! , > & 5]5 llm.D 7b "X ÂŚ & C Â&#x20AC; 5 ! 1 w # /& Â&#x17E; P ) C !# 1 < )3 V 4 % & C 0 "P Â&#x2039; q %3 Â&#x20AC; # " T 1 T"X > Â&#x2026; \ O ¸ 3 D& P Â&#x; Â? 3 & Â&#x161; Â&#x; Â? Â&#x; V P 9L W 2 > lll ".>5&J X :& pÂ&#x17E;
Ă&#x192; + U3 ( ÂŚ W 2 :Â&#x; V & P > P ) q P :e { W lln .W 2L &!Â&#x17D; ; 1X z 1 T /e % Â&#x17E; ; 1 3 ; ! + š /D 7b Ă&#x201A; "2sC q P >C I5&Â&#x2020; 7 &2 ! + = \L D ? 5 7V # Â&#x201A;2 w 5b &5&Â&#x2018; q&+ " P &2 Ă&#x2013; () Â? @% Â? % %3 $ & Q Â&#x17E; B C ~X S D & ^Q <+P ¢L . +Â&#x201E; 2 7 U( / 0 + 1 Q G C Â&#x2039; ", w P 7 B C 0, & ^Â? ° ÂŻ ÂŽÂŹ ÂŤÂŞ{ :> { ÂĽ 3 B C 2 Â&#x; V w !1
Ă&#x2026; Ă&#x201E;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201A; Ă Ă&#x20AC; Âż ž½ Âź º š¸œ¾´³²¹
.(žoºžl :¨5) zĂ?Ă&#x17D;Ă?Ă&#x152;Ă&#x2039;Ă&#x160;Ă&#x2030;Ă&#x2C6;Ă&#x2021;Ă&#x2020;
.otlM /w. / +X :w O / $V . & C /Â&#x2013; ~Â&#x17E; llm /o½ / : ? / Â&#x152; # C /Â&#x2039; 3 : Â&#x2018; /m1 AA ( n AA .; Â&#x2020; & C > & Ă&#x2014;3 / ! , > lll .orkM /r´ /qnmmv .otrM / % Â&#x201A;P / $V /Â&#x2013; ~Â&#x17E; lln
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L WY
w % x y
/ Â&#x152; 5 9 O Âą", z % U & X C > % Â&#x2019; 3 & =]5 Â&#x2019; 3 K Q ( ) q{ :K +, 0 2 '& ÂŽ () . + Â&#x20AC; Â&#x2DC; \ ) , > w !1 Â&#x; V 3 :K +, 0 2 /(rž:; ) L) z|{zyxwvutsr .(lmr: R ) z]\[ZYX{
5 ! 1 Â&#x; Ă&#x2DC; H +X T ! + ?" Â&#x2019; š /W 8V Â&#x201A;  B C Â? ÂŁ53 ) Â&#x; V B C ) < +ÂŻ U( V / ! 1 Â&#x20AC; w Â&#x201C; > Â? Â&#x152;P Â&#x; V . !1 > Â&#x152;P ) Â&#x; V Â&#x20AC; # , ) / !1 Â&#x20AC; w Â&#x201C; > Â&#x152;P
3 M.1 &5 :/ 5 ; 1 , > ^ / # < )3 0 B [Ă U( ; + D& 5&C W :3 > C ! " x& Â&#x2018; . 8 7 U ; + KL # ; + W :3 :F
&5 ., /N! 12 Â&#x2021;@ : < Y L" Â&#x203A;Â? TC ÂŁ Â? ! + # < )V 3 ! " P 0 123 ( 7Â?5 Â?s 0 = Ă&#x; ? < P Y L .;Y P Â? & 8 & C P Â? & 8 M Â&#x17E; 0! 12 ( 7Â?5 Â? ( 0 = 5 A < P L . & C P 0 Â&#x2039; ; 12 / H Â&#x17E; 0 = !+ ÂŁ2 > O 7 # ; + C % ÂŁ2 llr llo".;Y P 0 Â&#x2039; ;12 _ Ă >5( <+PÂ? %" /0 > Ă&#x2018; U( G + z + 3 E 5 # < )3 llv.G + ( ) llu ".D { w { ; ~CÂ?% lÂşD " Z [" 5 U( 1 Âş E 5 z % ;9š " & "5 ¤ : # llž.D + % llk/ 5Â&#x152;P w ~C3 > W + = c !C Â&#x152; 5 q 5V Â&#x2026; !" % :M ? ) != / ÂŚ ;ÂŚ : & ÂŻ .nonM /'sĂ&#x20AC; : + ¤ /& C e { ;1 /k´ / % Â&#x201A;P / llo :w + ) z¸œ¾´³²¹°¯Ž{ : 5b Âľ +X ( ) [ llr (lo .oooM /w 3 Â&#x201A;% " ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /lo´ / % Â&#x201A;P / llv .nžo /nžnM /w Â&#x201E; Z 1 ¤ /Z 1 ;1 lt´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X llu .oolM /w 3 Â&#x201A;% " ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /lo´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X llk
Â&#x2020; &C C
W]
! " #
s " /[ # ] ²s & ?5 q 5 < =" WÂ&#x2039; W 3 ´ Â&#x2039; llt". Â&#x2DC;O[8 4 ÂŁ5 " s [ "! %] s W 3 / s [´ Â&#x152;"" %] s P Â&#x2039; / s [´ Â&#x152;"" %] < = Â?s TÂ&#x201E; Â&#x2013; , 3" Â&#x161; > ! D3 X 3 lnm". s [0 ! %] s WÂ&#x152; " ; ÂŁ+ lnl ".q 5 8 ; Â&#x2020; > Â&#x2026; ( = =Â? 5 lno/Â&#x2039; Q ;Â&#x2020; # <)3 q +Â&#x201E; lnn. # >5( Â? ; 5 z % /c X ¤ : 8 5 q 7 Â&#x2020; ; % ' W 2" :; [C U y lnv
.¤ CV !{ =Â?5 lnr".; [+ Ă&#x2020;8 ;Â&#x2020; > q G + Â&#x2020; B C : o p 1 '1 &5 .-
$ KL ! " M ? O A, /0 C I5& Â&#x2020; % U( U X ; + Â? s7 +"!" % ; p Â&#x203A; 5& 1# w ( X Â&#x2039; "5 U( / 8 ; + ) /; + > 7
[Z& X ]¨ ÂŻ z % " lnk". Â&#x161;Q P ÂŚ" &) A % lnu/ Â&#x161;Q D ÂŁÂ&#x2020; & Â?
# lnž".0 " 8 0+ H3 ; & 8 < = O A5 z % /" &C P" ; ~% .onžM /' Â&#x2039; ' TC > { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /lo´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X llž .lžM / & I { ¤ /; A I { ;1 /t´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X llt .olmM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lnm .nkoM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lnl W 5 # P W 8 .lužM / , I { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ; 1 /ln´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lnn (žtºžž : +2 ) zcba`_~}|{zy{ : WV{ : .lru /lrvM / , I { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ; 1 /ln´ / 1 Â&#x201A; P X lno (nl : +2 ) zZYX .lrtM / , I { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /ln´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lnr .nkoM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lnv .vtM /w 7 W V ¤ /; C 5Â&#x2039; W V ;1 /n ´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lnu ÂŚ{ : S W 5 .nkoM /N : &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; A I { ; 1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A; P X lnk ½Ÿºš¸œ¾´³²¹°¯ŽªŠ¨§ (lvÂşlm : +2 ) zĂ Ă&#x20AC;¿ž .lžvM /. +, Â&#x201A;% " ¤ /& C e { ;1 /k´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lnž
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L Y+
w % x y
&) A % lom/; ) P KL S [ 5 z % lnt/ # < )3 Â&#x192; S ; 5 z %
lon
. < )V Â? s7 # < )3 > Â? 5 2 S 0 P % lol.S 0 P ! " 1X
loo
; + . T S 5F > C .E& Â&#x2018; Â&#x20AC; 5 ! " M ? 3 ) [8sX > ^ U X ; + > ] 5 Â&#x2014;&83 : ! " ¤ Y"= N N) | P () O1T, > ^ /U X
> C Â? 7Â? " P e { ' |R < + . 8 ; + B C Â? ?" ' 5 7b / # 0 P B C _5& T 6 < {^ 8 K U X > W " R 3 Â&#x2026; \ /W V ' |R .q !+ 3 M.1 &5 :/ Q :F
&5 ., N ]! K +, S &Y C3 =(, Â&#x20AC; M ? > O{= P ÂĽ{ : S W 5 :> V qs1 : )Â&#x2039; 3 > /w ( X ; + W :3 > #
¸œ¾´³²¹° ¯Ž ªŠ¨§Œ
.(ržºrv : Â&#x2020; ) zĂ&#x201E;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201A;Ă Ă&#x20AC;¿ž½Ÿ Âş š
²¹°¯Žª{ :K +, W 2 /NCV (Y , ¨T V 0 "A,
Ă&#x201A; Ă Ă&#x20AC; Âż ž ½ Âź Âť Âş š¸ Âś Âľ ´ Âł
.onvM /' 8 AC e { ¤ /& C e { ;1 /k´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lnt .nkM / , I { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /ln´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lom .nlkM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lol Ă&#x17D;Ă?Ă&#x152;Ă&#x2039;Ă&#x160;Ă&#x2030;Ă&#x2C6;Ă&#x2021;Ă&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;Ă&#x201E;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201A;Ă Ă&#x20AC;Âż{ :K +, 0 2 Âľ +X ( ) [ lon wvut{ :K +, 0 2 .(kk : !C W ) zĂ&#x161;Ă&#x2122;Ă&#x2DC;Ă&#x2014;Ă&#x2013;Ă&#x2022;Ă&#x201D;Ă&#x201C;Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x2018;Ă?Ă? (lv :NTT~X ) zzyx .lvžM / , I { ¤ /N 5Â&#x152; Â&#x201A; ;1 /ln´ / % Â&#x201A;P / loo
&C C
Y,
! " #
> 93 .(koºkl :z 7 ) zÌËÊ ÉÈÇÆÅÄ Ã
gfedcba`_~}|{zyx wv{" ! à X
~ }| {zyxwv utsrqponmlkjih
)( > C ?X %V >Y5 " .(lv :&! ) z¦¥ ¤ £ ¢ ¡ Ò Ñ ÐÏ Î Í Ì Ë Ê É { :K +, S W 2 /] ]
Á À ¿{ g"%Q £ Z& 1 > ;¦ E .(no : ) zÔÓ
z ~5 .(nl : 1 R ) zÍ Ì Ë Ê É È Ç Æ Å ÄÃ Â
; .(lv : 1 Q ) zvu tsrqpon{ £ > á ; C
ML K J I H G F E D C B A{ D ~ ´ 3
ba` _^]\[ZYXWVUTS RQPON
:K +, S W 2 /N+ ; .(nv :D ) zhg f e dc
U X ; + > W :V '() (vr : 7& ) zzy x w v{
Ù () / ! " 0 L :3 O = &Y 8 KL 0 A, # <)V . ) =\ < ` %L _ V D 8 X 5& W HV ! " H &=]5 : '1 &5 . != / # S 5F 0 L O A5 U( 8 ; + W :3 ; [C3 > :0 2 (noºnn : ) zPONMLKJI{ :K +, 0 2 ) 1 Y != / S KL [ ) D 5 ) (nu :¨ 5) zEDCB{ ¡ « : & p 5 p, K « # « <p ) « 3 < 7 \ L" :0 2 != § p p 5 W 2 # + , c , p0 W 4 « « 7 &« p, «G 3 ) 2 > « » p , # p A« W « » p , «G 3 p p ;« =p &p 5 3 Pp p à 8 3 ¡ : p~Cp« 3 ! ¤ >5 lor « « ( " : 5b « '( ) s , p¿ ". ; « ¦» K L [ > « ;« « L ".ÔD 5 µ 1« p « p 1 8 «3
.lkM /o´ /;¦ D 7b N ]X 5F w E :¤ / % P / L d&!= /; 1 lor
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L Y-
w % x y
W p %p « C ´ 7 " :W 2 5 P > C lov". C ; « p « " % ;« p L" : § 2 W p, R ( ) « , ! = « q « 5 ; « p « " % ; « p L" :W &« « « 0 p £ = \¹ (lv :N TT~X ) zzyxwvut{ :K +, W 5 lou".0 " 5F« p [ ) N 1J! ; + ;[C3 ¹ / 0 P KL [ > D ?+ ¤ (C .0 L
S 5F 3 0 D 1TX 1 & =Y 3 4 = 1 M ? Ws 7 > . ! " ' =\ 0 A5 ?" Y () /N ? ' + H 8 q 5 aAA b \ AAq 1 AA 6& &AAV%? aAA # AA AA AA AA \"AA& # AAQ. :/ 5AA 8 5 : 6& &V%? a # \"& # Q. ., § 1Y ( 5 w +!" . DO { w P X w C ? w Y E3 B C DO = w ! ? º ) & – . = , / 5 5& w & "+X ~, ! " Y # D& C w P & /U ! " ¤ V . Y | / 5 ?@A ! Á 5 !X . 8 w 2 T7Q , >C s5& ?@: . P " != . s X < 2 : + ! % Ù W B C ¦ Z T !X $ Pf % % 1 qs 8V . P " & /} 1X ?@A . ± F "1X w +2 " ´ "^ % 1 i5 " <+P U( V / TX q Á / D W "¥ U( U _5& T A 4H &2 ÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁÀ¿¾½¼»º¹{ ;)O ¸ B C \ J" %R D& C & " (lll :D ) zÍÌËÊÉ BA{ ' 83 S 3 ; 1T 3 5 . +P Q
.lvuM /t´ / X B C 0: C = :¤ / % P /F % d&!= /U @ lov . 1 P X lou
&C C
Y9
! " #
VUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC
(l¾ :D&` X ) zdcba`_^]\[ZYXW
` _ ~ } | { z y xw v u t s r q {
.(¾m :D ) zjihgfedcba
à + & C C & 2 /S & C H ? "CR ( ) 3 : R R . 7V ¤ + A > C ; " C > U( V /' | !" T" Z 18Q / 7 & ; " 2sC E , U !" w&C % &2 Y # D& C 3 (= : D& + '( 1 w E] X à + ´ > ^ G \ 3 RL /< "1X ; " E C + A D 5 < 2 > /;)O ¸ ' | D [ B C {¡" %R / s+" %R g« .;)O¸ , & + /O ?X B C z > & w X & + # "CR ; %3 ; %3 != .08 : ! " >5 & , 8 U( ." A" 4+ £ Z 18Q
& + + + A , /e Ws" 8R Df / ~ R Z 18Q .;¦ ~ Í 7V ¤ +A /; ¦ & "2R N » w 7 $ Y, "CR q C < A ! " C w +!" ; "~ % ; +, KL 3 U( V / 7 J" % # ² KL < ` %L ¤ < ` %L 0 L > Ð ?T R U& + T [ w 3 != . 5 .&8 w \ Y w ?, ´ " L : Ue 1 ) g a b F 6& \ q \"& # Q. .; 93 / "@X S + : q T w C \L 5 ?@A Y # D& C w YE3 Z 18Q > U( V lok/Z > ;)O¸ # W 7& 5&# ;)&8 (tr :D ) zRQ P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A { lok
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L YI
KL U ] , ; +" + ~ /Z& X « + ;C /¤ +A >C W ?T R .< ` % _ 5 ! " M ? Ã+ D ? w P Y # B ~C3 U( V /D C X V Y # +"X M ? Ã + . ~ != D Ñ >5 TJ" ; [+ < +P / 5 2 ~ , V + A N 2s+ . 7V w +!" ´ & R N¡ C O¸ /N~1 KL V /D C X V < ` %L + A ! 2 R 3 ! " ; +, Ã + & =], > < 15 ¸ e + 0 C BT 3 / ¥ " 2 ", V % &2 < +P U( >5& ; NT @X ; ` & C3 W 8 / V , W 8 ?2 w 5 1 s7 × Z 18Q ¤ q 3 }" T, 3 Y # D& + f TX > = \L . + U ] 5 U( 2s7V c 1 &C <!+ / 1 Q B C 0T~C ; [C / Q %& X 2 + £8 q 3 4+ £5 3 I 5 G f R ( ) 3 YRL / # W 7 KL . 5 ! " M ? 5 E Ã+ /& 8 ' | º 7Ü [ I 8 > º 5 ! " M ? 4 ?, > ^ R ' |R \ ) .e 1 Q 2s7V ' |R &® Ð ?T R 2 + ' |R KL Q Ws 7 > RL Z N T5 R /cf AX >5 " /&8 e 1 Q <HV 5 Y U( 3 J" 15 < +P 3 5 ' |R ( ) .ß ? < !+ 2s7V c 1 . {5 ½ A S "7 /; !C3 ; 2s73 T" ) "@X +A 5 ~+5 U( ) c 1 ¹ ( ) / "7R ( 5& P ; 93 ; 1T 3 :' |R () KL OA, M ? 3 > lo¾.' + "7s U( /w 18 . % 1" 5 O 1 Q DO± H 5& +~2 ~+5 U( L" L :¤ " .... 18 D AC E 1" 5 2 w ! O T 1 Q ¥ ;) A5 >5( ¡ 3 ; 9L /;9 + A5 N+` # < P3 > ; 8 ( 5 >5( /l½ /< : !C / ) [ & ! /D 6 : , / &AAV [&i A b ) A E .½ T : 5 /a = ) lo¾ .ltoM /qlttm
Y*
Â&#x2020; &C C
! " #
lot < ! Y 2 D Y" <= ) () L /Â&#x2026;1T 0) , c # ' = Â&#x2030; " : ". !"+ Â&#x2013; Â&#x2018; != c P Â&#x2013; Â&#x2018; 3 Â&#x2026; C " :D Y" P 0 V Â&#x203A; !Y +Â&#x2030; Â&#x2030;, Â&#x2013; )\ .0 7b G + Â&#x2039; % 0 š Â? !` > 18 B C ' P ( 7Â?5 U( " lrm".Â&#x2026; 1T lrl ".Â? ÂŁ53 >1y
& 83 ÂŚ ; ) ÂŁ5 R H 7 ~+5 Ă? ?T R 2 + ' |R 3 O T" B C < Ă&#x2014; U( V / "@X S Â&#x2013;+ : ;)& 8 ; / Â&#x17E; > < ÂŁT" B C q 5 ' |R (Â&#x161; U T Z %V .Z > ;)O¸ B C Ă? +" Â&#x192; T" 8 0 Â&#x2013;+ A ( Â&#x161; Â&#x161;Q "7R / Â&#x17E; ` % B C U Â&#x2013;+ A U ) # Â&#x203A; : < = ; 5 , ; " + Â&#x201E; O ¸ > < ÂŁ 3 / ÂŚ ;Â&#x2019; 1 ~ :' |R () B C & A, Â&#x20AC; 5 ! " M ? > .;)O¸ S Â&#x2013;+: ;9V ( ) > & 5 U( < T~ Y š / ` %Q . _E 3 & + Â&#x201A; ÂŻ & C"
¨ P _ E Â&#x2026; ) 5 & C 1# g +5 R ¤ =" lrn". Â&#x2039; > g "+5 $ !#
> /_E ; C Â&#x201A; D& ` T Â&#x201A; Â?R _E Â&#x; 5 3 ` %Â? Â&#x2039; ÂŻ" lro".0 C
0 + z  _E > 1 3 Â&#x2020; ; +" G3" : lrr". ` %Â? ¨ lrv
"Ă&#x17E;q ¸V DO[8 ÂĄ ) ¨T
& C +!"Â&#x201C; W ?T R + Â&#x2030; A # W 7 D H ?Ă&#x2019; "CR U( Âą5 N ` & + Ă? ?T R c 1 T > Â? 2 1 3 "CR Â&#x2026; \ Â&#x2039; T5 / 0 C Â&#x201D;" &2 ;Â&#x161; '& 5Â?, < ` %L Â&#x2013;+A S "7 "CR 3 }P X Y > . O¸ .nvM /lnÂ&#x201D; / % Â&#x201A;P / lot .rmM oÂ&#x201D; / % Â&#x201A;P / lrm .nokM /oÂ&#x201D; / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lrl .urM /žÂ&#x201D; / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lrn .roM /oÂ&#x201D; / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lro .omoM /llÂ&#x201D; / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lrr .lužM /lkÂ&#x201D; / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lrv
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L YP
w % x y
; V KL "8 [ 5 < +P / = ¤ + A B C Âź 1" Â&#x192; T" ¸ lru §Œ ¼¤{ :0 AX '( ) KL :3 & 2 . ) +" % 7V (kv : !C W ) z³²¹°¯Ž ªŠ¨
/ # C J" 15 Â&#x20AC; W !CV > C x& J", M ? c ) ! " Â&#x20AC; O Â&#x17E; W !C3 > & 5&+ Â&#x2013; P KL . # W 7 C J" 15 R Â&#x20AC; Â&#x2026; , 3 P & .< ` % _ ?J , Â&#x20AC; W !CV Ă&#x192; + & ÂŽ # W 7 C J" 15 ~ % ; P ¨ 0 3 / # W 7 J" 15 D " Z & 5 > 3 ! "
U( " lrk.U Â&#x201A; !"Â&#x201C; w 7 Â&#x2020; ~ % Â&#x152; 5Â&#x152;+, &C % U( V /0 C lrž
".q G + Â&#x2013; ? ;Â&#x161; ¨ ! Â&#x2020; + , & D " & x&J"5
¤ %3 > 93 / 2Q (N~ 1 ) Â&#x; V % &2 # "CR Â&#x2039;Â&#x152; +5 ; 5 > :q G + = A5 z % M @:3 EsE c )" .q G + D lrt ".. 1 ;Y[+5 > / ! C ' 3 a 5 > :N~1 / # Â&#x2013; ? 0 ¨ 83 +5 A ~ % Â&#x2026; " 5 > 3 ! " =( 5 ( )" < P Â&#x2019; W 5 3 :U 5 > 8 5 q 7 Â&#x2020; W 2" Â&#x203A;Â? Â&#x2020; H <!C L Š8 lvm ".q G + ?8 0 ¨ "W O¸ :\ Ue 1 \ &! a b F 6& \ q a # \"& # Q. .9
! " Â&#x152; 5Â&#x152;+, O = E3 D " # q T Â&#x; !Âą = Â&#x2026; , > O { Â&#x201A; % 3 8 1 I5& J B ~C3 & 2 ! " 3 Â&#x2026; \ / & U& + 5& + 0 , ! " ; %3 & 2 . 1!Â&#x17E; T %V w =\ Â&#x20AC; ! X w :Q .nnoM lc ^T l &V [&i b ) E la = ) lru .numM / ~2 & C AC U Â&#x2020; ¤ /& C e { ;1 /k´ / % Â&#x201A;P / lrk .nžuM /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lrž .lloM /; J1 I { ¤ /& C e { ;1 /v´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lrt .ttM /N~ P Z 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lvm
Â&#x2020; &C C
YW
! " #
'( ) 5 w ) |R Â&#x192; T T "@X 4 2 X ; 18 7V D Â&#x2020; W 8 & P >5( % ¤ ~ " % B C 7 Â&#x2020; 5 Â&#x2026; \ &C % != . ÂŁ /$ ¸ > 0 + A5 X Â? ÂŁ5 +, Â&#x152; C 5 7V 0 , & "+ ! " Â&#x2021; ?2 . +` ÂŁ < ` %L Ă&#x2122; Ă&#x20AC;3 /< Â&#x161; >C Â? & +
Â&#x152; P 3 Â&#x2026; \ W { /D Â&#x2020; Â&#x17D; KL O A5 5 ! " M ? Ă&#x192; + & ÂŽ U( G + <! A5 ¢L /Â&#x2013; 1J q G + # B C ?" 5 R Â&#x2020; ? W !CV !! .D P X 5 & Â&#x201A; X > C I J Â&#x152; 5Â&#x152;+" ; 15 "CR ( ) /Â? ÂŁ53 0 Ă&#x2020; + ... Â&#x153; W Â&#x152; , R N 8 . 2& ? C Y Â&#x201E; D { . J" % L " Â&#x203A; ! " Â&#x2026; " Â&#x201E; B C Â&#x201D; " " lvl".q G + Â? ÂŁ53 x , /G + ( ) 5 Â&#x201E; > C Â&#x2013; 1 , lvn ".q G + G + () Â&#x2026;, 8 (!! W ~" )W ~" +` # Â&#x201A;T" 5 & C gfedcba`_^{ :K +, 0 2 Âľ + ; Tp5 )
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjih
(tu :D ) : 8 U
# KL V # q T > ~, & 2 5 Â? # q T 3 Ă&#x2039; 8s5 Y # > C D X V > < " /NÂ&#x2020; ? D& + 1 5 & 1| Â&#x20AC; 5 ! 1 q T .NÂ&#x2020; ? Â? ` 9 Â? T H Y # q T KL ` & 1 Q WÂ&#x152; != J / Â&#x152; 5 9 ' [" 5 U( } 1X ?C q TÂ? Â? 1 " ! " Y # . +` ÂŁ Ă&#x20AC;V ;Â&#x161; & +5 / ? /Â&#x201A; % " q G + Y # $ Â&#x201A; < +, & 2 ! " 3 Ă&#x2039; 8sp5 Â&#x2013; P KL . " X D " "~C3 Â&#x20AC; Â&#x2026; , > g =3 Â? 8 1 q G + B ~C3 X C Â&#x201A; 7 & , Y # 8 1 & 5&J" +"X 5 ! " w 5 ¤ ~ P .ovžM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lvl .oužM /N: &2 Â&#x201A; 1 ¤ /; A I { ;1 /lm´ / 1 Â&#x201A;P X lvn
w % x y
qnmlv/)lrou ": /kt &+ / A+ 1 / +X s%L YY
/ ! " P N C T"X Â&#x2013; # > Â? &C &ÂŽ š . V Â? O = Â? ÂŚ A, c ) 3 / 1 Q 7 < 2 w& Cp3 . 7p 93 / Y # P ^Q = W :3 W Â&#x2020; ) Â&#x2026; ( = / s %Q ?X ! " > < ä = # 63 N . 8 q3 U X % / ; + ; + W :3 O = 0 A, P I J L < H , Â&#x20AC; Â&#x201D;` " ; )3 > S 5F M ?Â&#x17E; 0 P B C / ! " N 0 C U 7V ^R 3 KL % & '( ) . ? 7 !=.Z T < )3 0 5 ; + ; [C3 0T H # s %Q N" 5& > < Y = = 3 > &Y +p, Â&#x20AC; g w C X > ) Y # > 0 g 73 & =]5 5 ?X : X I J 3 / 5 .D 8 X Â&#x2013;" > 0 2 X 0 5&?, / ! + # < ` %L _ 3 "C ' 7L + , + P 5 5& % & {8 ;" 5 3 Â? Â&#x2014;V > > ^ != / + "Âą KL i5 " K V D ! ;P , U( / ! " % & > +"5 3 /O 1T" 3 5 1 % /w ` %Q % & N !" ! = 8 x & 8L ; 15 U( V Â&#x203A; ` %Q w 5 &? ;)3 B C ! " Ws7 .w ` %Q Â&#x2026; , >C 4A KL z&Â&#x2DC; +P
*:
(" #$ %&') **
)*+, - *%. / %
!"# $% &'( ) * . 9 . :.; < = . > '.( = - .?7 . &'.@ - . A B+, - ./0 12 3 4 5 6 7'8 6. O = .?A 6. .E ./ 6 O E #> L M 2 N E 6 O P Q RS) I0 1 '@ 7J8 .CDE B FG 6 .6 . > _Ob( Q\ M X Y Z[\ ] B R7 ^ Z[\ _ ` _ A a( T 6 O N U V M 2 S .c A M . . . d e 6 > _Ob( f A# = B 5 AQ [g# hFQ &'( P i . m* n Qj L =k A 6 l m#j> 3 ..4 .. M .. . .. B M .. 5 .. .. B .. M .. : 00 1 2 % 3 00% U .V M . 2 .E M . 2 .E #> M 2 P Q RS T 6 S 6 / 6 N E 6 .N Philosophical-Ethical Islamic Discourse between Realism and Symbolism: Scholars of Muslim Maghrib as an Example. Abstract
This study aims to establish an Islamic foundation for realistic and symbolic dimensions of ethical studies in Islamic thought. Scholars of Islamic Maghrib were not studied extensively in this regard. For this purpose, we have chosen Ibn Hazmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Tib AlNufus, Ibn Bajahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Akhlaq al-Mutawahhid, Ibn Tufaylâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hayy Ibn Yaqzan, and Ibn Rushdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (Averroes) Akhlaq Al-Khawass wa Al-â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Awamm. We will shed some light on these outstanding thinkers in the field of Ethics, using critical-analytical methodology and Islamic worldview of Ethics founded on the Holy Quran and Prophetic Sunnah, to evaluate their contributions. Key wards: Islamic ethics, Symbolic ethics, Realistic ethics, Muslim Scholars of the Maghrib, Ibn Hazm, Ibn Bajah, Ibn Tufayl, Ibn Rushd (Aversoes), Tib Al-Nufus, Akhlaq AlMutawwahid, Hayy Ibn Yaqzan, and Akhlaq Al-Khawass wa Al-â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Awamm.
) . \ qL ..A 6 .. ..\ 6.. p..[+Q, l ..T B ..A + ..FQ\ J..B # M .. ..` X ..Q, .. ..oA> * .. \ A X ..! = .. ..v ..oA> 9 .. .. 2 . .. m#r . s [..j[ + ..t ..\ u ..o, .. A# . j[9 oo l ! l T B Jx A + L N w# X 6 ** .= z= .m\ . > . N .[ . / .o z . Q> . / N [ [y j[ 0 # 2 mohamedelgendy45@yahoo.com :{ | } .NÂ&#x201A;Â&#x192;Â&#x2026;Â&#x2030;/Â&#x2026;/Â&#x201A;Â&#x2C6; # Â&#x2020;Q[ BÂ&#x2021; NÂ&#x201A;Â&#x192;Â&#x2026;Â&#x201A;/Â&#x2026;Â&#x201A;/Â&#x201A;Â&#x192; # Â&#x20AC;gB qL[j, Â
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 45
: *6 ..j[ .. .. R..7 ^ .. (5 .. . ) R..7 ^ = ..y ..> . DgB ..F +7 .. &'..( ..! . 9 p..Ag#, X . Y .. ..`#A .. 3 ..4 5 .. Z..[\ .. .. I0 ..1 '..( p.. B+, $% . / # L = ..y ..A9 6.. .. 9 .. Q .. 9 .. .. : . < 0% a( ..7 3 ..4> ) .. . . [g# .. . R.. .7 ^ X .. .Q#, [A#.. .j .. . .. .@ .. . , < CDE .. .B .. .FG : FQ l \ 3 B 2 $% z 7 ?7 F/ 6 z e/ 0 . .,) ./ 6. X D 2 6 3 4> 9 ] 2 #y Z[\ 5 e + B[x :-O 2 ..j[9 _ k 5 .. ..o .. ( Z..[\ '..( ..F (( . ,) . S 6.. (( ..m X ..Q#, .. 2 _ k R..7 / $% .. B+ .. .. .. B+ ..j X ..Q#, l ..Q# .l j p A M ` ?Q [m . 9 q.? Q\ [ o , Z[\ M A#j X Y 9% N \ :- 7 .. Q .. &_ k .. 5'.. (( .,) ..T 6.. m .. O .. 3 ..4 $% 9 .. t " +.. Q.. ..w[," " .. +V ..w[," : . D .. [#w> .., b " ..9 F# ..9 *" : .D [ ..! .., b .. .. 2 ..` $% B..`#A ..T% ." h( Q 6\ f " "X A> o9" 6.. X ..D 2 6.. 9 ..o _ ..FA .. #y .. _ ¡ 6.. ..\ ..T :- .D M ..S" ..my ..T ..o l ..! (( . ,) C B. 6.. (( . ,) N ..E ."C B 6 " " m 6. " . b 6. Q[.o < 0% a3 .4> 9 b 6 JBy R7 / t :- . # .j[ - .j - .o F .! .F [\ 7 .m#\ ¢ @ [ " / ."= ?A 6 E" S 6 R#y 6 Q[o, < 'y
47
5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
6.. N ..E 6.. X ..D 2 6.. .. 3 ..4 5 .. ] .. 2 .. &'..@ ..7| .. ..jm[ l ..?Q .. £ q( ..Q\ .. ..^ > ..Q# ..T 6.. . S 6.. ../ 3 .4 .j[ 6. M .+> J.x R.7 ^ '.( .+4, . I V ) v . l .. < .. X ..gB> ¥ ..\ 0% a ..j ..E B ..j¤ $% .. Qm..j .. Q .. , M .. .. .. ¦FQ> .. d = a .. 7 3 .. 4> .. \ m#/O .. .E P . § 7 O% .( . . . ?Q '.y R( '> =2 Z[\ P .. Q R.. + .. A[ #> &_ k N .. E 6.. :{ .. D .. gB> .. Q Q, . * '.. .. \ m#/O . E 7 6. . 7 7 .j[ . + . 0 C.¨| .F/ \ . .* 9k . 2 E 7 6 [\ [i # .. X .. 6.. .. .. / 6.. _ ¡ & Q.. oo .. A9 .. D .. gB> .. 2 p.. A X ..o,O N ..F p.. A .A Z..[\ X .L .\ ..72 f.. y Qg..t 2 " ..E #> J ..," . S 6. _ k Q.t \ e. .gB> .) .o# X .Y 6.\ . B y B l j .j[9 . ) .j[ " .L E" 9 \ m9 ."= ?A 6 E" #y X 6 M X ..!2 6..\ .. ..FB7 / ..gB, =2 X .. ..j[9 . y ..( ..j 7 . S 6.. . 9 .Q^ \ A9 V gB> 2 .p V X o,O 6 l j p A M S ` - g.t - .S% .Di .F#[ Z.[\ .( N . U .V M . 2 6.\ . .T 6 _ k Q.. X .. 92 X .. my . Dm#, .. ( . ..@ = .. j7 .. o l .. t .. ` .. .5 ?Q A l [m A l p S 6\ 7 j7 9 - %2#8 : . ; :"8 ' . . . 3 .4 . \ m#/O . l . 6.\ gB> '( g#7
.. ..+, .E ª p..[ # .m@ 2 aC..mF 6 . ..Q( © . #7 =2 R.. Q> 6. ..72 7 ./
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 4<
.. . . 7 X ..Q# ..mF 7 a .. 3 ..4 ..j[ ..m[ . 3 4 j[ .. m[ I .. #7 e. . S =2 - . . « , .. D 6.. .. 72 7 .. / .. A9 := 00 0 .. 2
(( z ) . 6¬ . .B\ q E l|9 $% Z , 3 4 j[ C .. B 9 ..Q, =2 l .. / l|..9 .. l .. &'..( \ +#.. 0% a(N z ) .- . ` 2 5 .. .. AD = .. > . R.. jg9 .. j = .. > .. M .. >
.. j^ ®B..o, .. l ..` .., ] .. .. N ..A, =2 ..7 L . . " '.. (
{ ..D l ..¦F[ P ..j = ..A .. 2 .. 4 .. 2 $% ..j[ q..[ .. [\ }..\ 5'..
: 0 R7 ^ ] 2 6 ". m[ \
: 9 9 % ?& , .7 .mn .F\ 2 . .c A N [ X 4#TO =%" :q ABS 3 #y RE ! X A .. . v ¯. . \ ¢.. . \ .. . t > .. . 7 y (N z /( z ) 6¬ .. . .. . B\ 6.. . J..j , 6.. .. [AQ N ..[ 6..\ - . `9 ..[ R..+ Z..[\ l ..oA s '..7k = ..j 7
..¨ e ¦.. # .?E =2 ..B[ < ..c A N ..[ Z..[\ X ..B =2 O% ..E ..A9 (N z /( z ) .. .! Q 6¬ .. .. B\ 6.. ° . . .. oQ#j> qy .. ".. 9 ..7 m..! \ ..BS gB..!2 ²..E M .. > 6.. ..j[ .. m[ R..# R..[±
". B 9 V m! \ 4 F#B# F ± ( `,
.[ .t < .\ " .+ r .¬2 6 m[j " BA &'( _ m[\ FT2 6 . .. Q@ ] .. ..j[ p+Q> .. 4#..T 5'.. "{ .. ..m\ q.. .. 2" '..y \ .. .! J.. . .& .. . 6.. . N .. .E 6.. . 5 .. .QA 6.. . 3 .. .^ 6.. . '.. .y qFQ.. . . U N o> `FQ B# :l ( A 7b CjE : G , *& @ A B . ³k DQ . U . N A# B+ :l ( A ; 3 6CD . \ ! j 7
4E
5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
{ .¦B P .BQ 6. ° .B\ O% . @ . B+ N .[ qFQ ]} < 72 $% j 7
. [+ [+ ´ Q4B = mD\ 2
..[E : . E D.. .L . .. ..j[ &'..( ..m[ .. =2 pB.. ..µL ®..`# . j[ [E - J 2 p+Q> [E ¶ t : 9 9 G H% 9 F' .< _ . 6.. J..Dy q#..( " ..7 $% - . \ B, . o .. > ..j[ I ..#Q = ..y (( .,) q. J. qFQ. 6. .G| .y . > R.#y R.[/ $% 9 t l ( .. .A .. .4 .. . 9 A R.. ., .. . .. .7 y R.. .# = .. . \ .. .#B# .. .E 5'.. . 5 .. Q [ .. > .. j[ .. m[ I .. #Q Z.. [\ = .. j 7 e.. [LS .. ".p.. . 0 f q@ = y . Q 6 · .. ..j[ - J ".., M .. > .. 9 ..Dy2 · .. =2 CDE ..B .. .. ..oA - "..# "= ..+A 6.. ..E" l F.. > #..o f.L 2 .. . S 6.. =2 ..my . ..7 . Q 6 FB#y [ µ : 9 I . %& - C ' .E : + * J K .' .. .j[ .. .y .. .1 .. .[ \ ¢.. . . . 6.. . C .. .> _ .. .FA .. . , ¸ . . qF.. . t \ L .. . µ .. . .. . .. . v N .. . ¢.. . l .. .^ O .. . ¹ 6.. . qx .. . .. .7 . U p j e/ > . U p j e/ > . ( U p j e/ > . U N \ h 4 LA % , "· " .6jn 6 X G : mY 6mt 0 Q 6 6 #o # 72 = ?A 6 E #o S 6 y' [j[ ) > : o C 2 ¬2 :p A )LA M N D + 8 O P6 1 . Q 6 z . U N 3 0
Â&#x17D; Â?
NÂ&#x201A;Â&#x192;Â&#x2026;Â?/(Â&#x2026;Â&#x2030;Â&#x2C6;Â&#x152; _ #T Â&#x160;Â&#x2039; = Â&#x2020; Qj 9 > % 4Q
Â&#x201D;. 0 . A> .L ! . . [ -_ t % E j = B# M E AE m[ .FÂ&#x2022; =Âş.9 Â&#x201D; "LS ° 3 #y O% ) 7 O = A qF9 ...Â&#x2019; 7 2" :Â&#x2018; A Â&#x;[ÂŚ.. .. Â".& ..[# ..ÂŞ ..T 2 Âť ..# Z..[\ ..D\ =% & .. 7 9 ..T 2 .. QE Z.[\ Â&#x2018;. Q \ N .. 2 "l .L .j Â&#x201C; 6.. " R.#y Â&#x;.. E2 ..A9 ..o '..( 6. ..>b - Â&#x2DC; ..E2 e../ > R.#y R..#y = ..+ > M ..E2 "N ..E 6.. " R..#y ..B\ 6.. ..m# > [ B..T qy ..E M ..E2 ..my ..Q( 6.. ..FQ - . #y Â&#x2018;..# ÂŻ..#A 6..> _ .. Â&#x201D; .. .. \ = +[..j ..( Âť .4 q.. Â&#x161; l +.. 6.. - . 9 Â&#x2019; ..7 .. 6.. l ..ÂŚ@ $% _ ..m[ .. 6.. J..Dy +..t 6..\ I ..V qÂ&#x2021; . FÂ&#x201C; Â&#x2021;., q..@ Â&#x;. AÂ&#x201C; LÂ&#x2021; 0% a ..m ?\ ..B 7 qF..` B Â&#x;.. E ..mQ = .. - . B[S Â&#x2039; . T 6 _Ob( C 6 6 : - %2#8 J K .
Â&#x17E;.. l + .. j w.. t _ . . 2 C+ . .> .. F\ .. 9 V l .. q.. E = . . % .. FÂ&#x2022; .. ÂŚ# . m ..F#/O .[+ 2 ..j[ .. .. n .. ..Bx _ ..FA C+ .> X .E2 Â&#x; ..t ..> .6 .. ..\ N .. q..[\ L .\ Âť .4 R..#y . E2
Z.[\ .m '. 2 5'. 5 .F> RA[> " , 6 mn" Z[\ l / y E FÂ&#x2022; Â&#x2026;Â&#x192;
". T A S Z[\ A#\O q[\ Â&#x2018; % \ L / = y " l ^ Â&#x2018;, \ Â&#x2020;7
Â&#x2019; ..7 ..F 9 ..ÂŞ 3 ..4> Â&#x;gB..!2 C+ .> Z..[\ .BL[4, 6 ..E > .. 2 qÂ&#x2022; .. , ..> " ..F [\ .j[ $% . qF . E Â&#x17E; B.. = .y .6 ..E > q. E ..( ] q* . % Â&#x;.Â? O% . \ .B, $% .! 9 " .T 6. " " . S 6. " C9 .j[ qÂź p ", qFS 5 ..E > .. [V .. Z..[\ Â&#x2018;..[B 6.. .. Â&#x;. L[E ..m[D ..B 7 Â&#x2018;.. Â&#x;.. E ..T 6.. =2 .Â&#x201A;Â&#x2C6;Â&#x160;U . ½ B# : J ; 62 1' . ÂŹ2 6 mn A>  NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â&#x160; ..A ..T ..9 AD l ] :p..Â&#x2020; 00 % A 00C ' / 00 B 009 ?00, % . ..E ..B\ ..Â&#x2020;y > Â&#x2039; :- ` 2 ?7 Â&#x201A;Â&#x192;Â&#x2039;U - Renan, Ernest. Averroes et l'Averroisme, in Oeuvres Completes de Ernest Renan, Paris: Ca1mannâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;LĂŠvy, 1949, p.82.
.Â&#x2030;Â&#x152;U p j e/ > Â&#x2026;Â&#x192;
4R
5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
. 6.\ I ..V .m* . ..A L [9 .& .! _ ..FA .x 2 =2 . "f.. 6. 3 .A "
Z..[\ . ..Q\ .. \ & .. Q 6.. ..T 6.. Z\ #.. 9 ..j[ .. $% ..\ .. [V =2 J..x
". ( ( ] j[ N L A, Z[\ · ¾% 2 6 E > q = y A9 X G /
0% a . 4> ..j[ .. .. ..7 ª .o# ..F9 : & 00S 00 .. 2 J. # 6. .\ Q# ½ 12 F e § m@ = y l| [, #7 , = # " 7 6.. .. F[Dc ( .. ? .. "l À. j 6.. " .. F[Dc 6S ..B .. : .. ¿ ..j[
.. Á ¸ ".. , .. & .. 6.. .. / 2 5 ( .. ? .. B('ª N .. E 6.. F#.. T .. .N .. E . m # 5 #A,
. U p j e/ > 6.. '..y ..92 ..my X .#\O X ..!2 & .. 6..\ Z..A[, (( ) .., (( ) Q.. ..BS l ..j 6.. .. : ?7 . v ' 2 ( [ 0 B 2) j[ R¦\"9 = 7 R#y 2 ( 92 [ \ ¨ QS B q , . U p e/ ; 3 6CD j 7 z ¢ _ ¡ 7 y my 0 e © #, ¢ 7k A ¡ ", $% m\ o Z 7 6 X 2 = y .. 7 ..[G 6.. ..,' , ..( L .\ ²..E l .. B> ..BA ..[, ..j 7 .. B Z..[\ l .. / l .L.j 6.. ..FAQ#\ : 0 ! , ?7 . B 3 g!2 N ..G| f "..#[ .o> .. :l ( ..A T *00& U 00% - @ A 00B . ..mn 6.. ° ..B\ ..t
6.. z . ( U I
. 7 .L j l .j 6. ' 2 . Q> #9 ²E BS B/ -O # N jQ, l j 6 ( , . \ B, FQ A[, m , . U N =. :l ( A V % 2 . jQ[B \ `A ° B\ 6 mn L 6 z "l ..oB# 3 ..#y" C ..#y J..x ..o> y'.., < \ ..t .. l ..j 6.. R..#y q..? =2 = DE ..B y'.. ..F/ 6.. .. # > _ k ..F/ 6.. [ 0 ..B 2 _ k X ..E .. ..#[G l ..j 6.. R('.. ") .. " 3 ..#y . 2 .[, . . N .E 6. =2 lJ '. RE .! y'. . AQ .?Q .F/ 6. .j[ . 6.µ N E 6 = y : ?7 ". ...p+Q> m O = Q Z[\ j# L ,2 ^ ÂAj Â[4 6 [8 O" ...lJDy R#y = Q ..Q^ :l ( ..A N . \ 3 ..( ..B\ :p.. A : 00 , N00W' 00 . 00 : X00 . ..[\ 6..j .. 2 N ..j 6.. z . U I N Q G| f "# 3 .#y X 2 . " gQ _ ( [> o " #y j[ N E 6 R#y ] 2 6 M .. S " "P .. Q l .. 2 J.. j M .. " .. '.. y ".= .. .. `B .. 2 .. pB.. .. " = .. .. 7 A . .7 3 .4> . \ m#/O . l J ", }y2 @ = y ¢ B#y ] 2 6 ( " m
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 4Y
\ + ?D [ *& Z 1 :" & F
.5 ( .? .B(' f .8 .j[ .[, = a . ?Q .j[ N .E 6 q#F <
Z..[\ ..j[ " :X ..A .. 0 ..FQ ..[m R..7 ^ Z..[\ ..o# ..j[ ) ..\ ..m[9 Ä .. !% J..x - .. T ..( .. .. FmL[ , 6.. .. oA> © ..4 ..* Ã .. ( Q ..1% ..A A
.. > F# .. $% .. b> lJ..j 6..jE ..` ..( 7 m #..j, =".. Q..
". © 4 ( &Jx O j 7 '( \ X .Qm[ j 6jE
M .. S" # .. : .. ¿ z 7 . .T2 .. myz N .. E 6.. .. Q\ .. .. j[ R.. #y q.. (2 f ".., R. L . ..m 9 7 ..j7 Q.. N ..E 6.. P . F 9 ")O .. .. m
.. .E2 R. . [+ ¦#.. . .. .F L 2 .. . . .. 9 B.. . 2 a{ .. .S 9 R.. .g[ - . . /0 1 N L . .
.. ..B#y ..Å2 ..yb> 6.. .72 J..x ..F# #y = .. ] .. g# ../ Z..[\ q..[ 7 O ..!2 © . . > . , .+ > e.m#r C .T , 6. f. .F\ M ) m O : 0 ! , e/ . M 2 +[j X Y _ . ( U I N { QB[ 3 # : J *6% .6¬ B\ = [ 6 z m[E 6 Ä ! mn < B\ mn : G , T *& % 9 Z . X jQ9 z . ( U . Z`, B+ : o ..Q\ . j 4#.T q.[\ . ( N .\ ..BS . N .E 6. . 6. ..¬2 6. .[\ .mn . 2 .( 6. ) o7 6¬ B\ J #A F?#j> RA[> 6¬ B\ J - ] BT ®B!2 6 Æ[ . , e. .v .9 qF . 2 N N [ 7 (2 eG2 = y ²E N [ l_ Z[\ B 2 q[ $% N E .. c A N .. [ .. 72 6.. J.. Dy - y .. .. A .. N .. [ - . .> \ - . .?9 E = .. y .. x B = .. j[ q.. [\ .p+Q> q[ ¯\ j[ 6.\ .9 F 9 "Z[¹ " 3 #y "X + " 3 #y : A FQ b> 6 N [ &'( fQ! 2 "M .. J..j " 3 ..#y " .. m M ..S" 3 ..#y e..t ..A9 .. ..j[ .. 2 5 ( ..? . B(' .( " .gQ _ .( [> o " 3 #y ¶ l A
X ! - ` 2 B#y 6 "P Q l " : ?7 .( N \ , . 7 A> = . ( U p e/ ; 3 6CD . ¬2 6 \ ! j 7 z .. U N { ..QB[ 3 ..# : J.. Z 00- ]00 ' = 00 Z 001 00 .6¬ .. ..B\ .. 2 . A\ 6.. z . ( e. .4[ Ç . 2 [\ X , my F! o7 ( Q\ ) Qj 3 # N # O Z[\ 5 ( ? R('> N A .P A Z[\ # N \ . U I ( B+> :l ( A N.+ U W N % 9 NV . ¬2 6 [\ N E 6
4^
5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
.. l_ .. [µ _ .. ¦9 & .. m\ 6.. C.. D .. D D ] .. É .. = .. y (È ) Q.. . , x 3 B ] É ¢ ¦t Q 6. .Q\ R. . .\ 72 B, #A AE R t F[mY ¥ , .. P .. Q Ä ..!% X .L . > .. [\ .. \ m#/O ..ow M .. ..n ..( N ..E
6.. .. % . ! .. Z..[\ - . ` 2 ..m#\ ..my e.¸B## _ A#.. O hFQ.. ..F 9 N ..E 6.. ..m#\
U .oQ '.( À .y I . . . +. 2 = S 92 _ k ! Ê = 7 j[9
X .. G R.. B# 6.. jE q .. ?Q# .. .. q.. jL#, . .. ( . . .. 7k A .3 [
."P .. Q l .. 2 J..j M .. ". .. > ..F9 .. 7 D # .. 2 . #y .. 2
M . .j . 7 7 _ ¡ 6. - .\ 5 . .Å2 O% Fm¦E 4! 6 qx Z[ 9 [ ..` [ +.. 2 ..t 5'.. ..A[V P .. A> Z..[\ ..F 9 ..m#\ .. . A Z..[\ .. QB>
N '. C9 .+ y Â
# ½ 9 ¿ "C#[ 0 6 Â § [ ` " =2 ( [ 0
& L . ..9 ½ .. #EO ..A# . A ½ . 9% .. 0 6.. ËD#..j ¶ . ..mFQ [ ..`
".. +V 6.. J.. N .. ".. +V .. 9 ½ . .9% O .. 7º9 . .A . .T E" :X .. A - '..
".e Qo#
R(' . U N · :l ( A M6 `a Ab ` V- _B 1 Z 1 . mn l (] 2 : ?7 .( z N \ C m 9 BS T &'( fL 2 N E 6 =2 $% ( + #y . U N [¼ B# :l ( A %. G D _ 2I Z 1 - 3 AL . ( + z . [/ [ ..` P ..x $% R.. _ 6.. = ..S 92 Z.. ..A9 ( .. "> ) = ..S 92 _ Á.. .. 0 ".., N ..E 6.. : ?7 .M # ?Q ÂB, , X m^ R # ?7 B X m\ N ..7 : J.. Z 00 ) 00 *00+- 00 00 & D 9 00 . / ..7 ¢ . # z . U .( Dy2 ./ #> . ¦# [ .oE .7 y 6 . L Z[\ 7 ¢ S V y'> 6 7 F[mY . m M .+ .[m , . .Di _ .T P .Q my n h`Q _ @ $% J , Å alJBy 6 = L . @ - +, 2 M + _ / ¢ N E Z[\ - / . U N l ^ M 9¡ BS : J \ + : * . ¬2 6 [\ N E 6 :- ` 2 ?7 . U p j e/ >
Â&#x17D; Â?
NÂ&#x201A;Â&#x192;Â&#x2026;Â?/(Â&#x2026;Â&#x2030;Â&#x2C6;Â&#x152; _ #T Â&#x160;Â&#x2039; = Â&#x2020; Qj 9 > % 4c
f..[# =% Â&#x201A;Â&#x201A; = ..S 92 . 9 ..my e.. 2 $% Â&#x2122; ..` X . Â&#x201C; .!2 N ..E 6.. e./ Ă&#x152; Â&#x2021; Â&#x201D; '..y X .. : ..( [ ..`9 .y R..y|, ..FQ\ .. 2 Â&#x2122; ..` X ..!2" :X ..A 9 F..` Â&#x2018;..Q\ .# .( .[ 0 .y R.y , .FQ\ . 2 .F[y .Â&#x2122; 0 X .!2 . .^ l ÂŚQ qF  . 72 6.. = ..\ 7 ..7 .. .ÂŽ..Â&#x2020; Ă?. ^ . F^ ..^ : ..( ..( 7 y0 ¢..[ Â&#x201A;Â&#x2C6; }..o q[Â&#x161; ..y ..9 > Â&#x2122; ..` 6. [ ..`9 .y L . |j Âś ". ... ..^ X .. . X ! &'( $% P . . .. Q\ .. 9 Â&#x;.. 7 y ¢.. .. [m M .. .. 6.. .. &'.. ( .. [8 O ° .B "J.B 3 " "J4.o 3 " ¡ .#y " Q [y" & Âź 5' y Q@
.. 6.. m#..j> . .. .! M .. Â&#x2018;.., #y Â&#x;..7 y 5'.. e.. A> 6.. pB.. .. R..7 / $% .Ă&#x201E; ..t . y - g..t JÂ&#x2DC;"..# Â&#x201D;.. 0 ..ž .. Ă&#x17D; .. Â&#x201A;Â&#x2030;.5 ..Q@ q.v .o, q( .T \ 6 '. P .Q M . eB## _ A# O hFQ Z[\ N E 6 m# Â&#x201A;Â? .3 BÂ&#x2020; 6 = O Â&#x2018;[y Â&#x201D; 0 } Â&#x201C; 3 / L qF 7 M m\2 ) , 4[4,
.@ 2 a . 2 .o Â&#x2DC; Â&#x2DC; 6 ( ! Q\ m# =% :X A7 Â&#x201D; 0 Z[\ e.B## _ A#. O Z[\ QB> ! V Â&#x2018; Ă&#x2030; F 7 Â&#x2DC; A Z[\ QB> j[ . Â&#x2020; F9 FD Â&#x2DC; 2 - Ross, David. Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics, Complete English translation, London: Oxford University Press, 1925, p116.
Â&#x203A; A Â&#x201D;[, Zmj, Â&#x17D; D 7 j7 Â&#x2019; Q Â&#x203A; C R Q# N ?Q = , 1% [ ` =2 := S 92 R(' Â&#x201A;Â&#x201A; .AS Q Â&#x2019; Q .9 . .T J. .[ 0 [ .`9 .@ Â&#x2019;. 7 .y =2 Â&#x203A; . 7 F.Â&#x2020; l .A B.t 4 l .A [ l A . 7 F.Â&#x2020; [ .`9 Ă?.^ .F# F#[ 0 \ ÂŚÂ&#x2020; Bt 4 Â&#x2019; Q [ `9 F^ F#[ 0 m Â&#x161; F#[ `9 \ ÂŚ.. Â&#x2020; ..m Â&#x161; : ..( Â&#x2122; ..` ..F 2 p.. Ag# = .. = ..j7 X ..#\O .X ..mV ( . Â&#x2020; ..F#[ 0 : ?7 . Â&#x2018;# j[9 Â&#x2019; Q Â&#x2018;B(' C Ă&#x201A; = S 92 =2 F? 5' X - Plato. Republic. Trans. Benjamin Jewett. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973, p 435.
.Â&#x152;Â&#x152;U p e/ \ + : * N E 6 Â&#x201A;Â&#x2C6; .Â&#x2026;Â?ÂU p e/ M6 `a Ab ` V- _B 1 Z 1 l (] 2 Â&#x201A;Â&#x2030; .( ( .E l}.V =Âş.9  .Q# O Z.[\ M . . Â&#x2122; A#. O hFQ.> '.( Q#j .Â&#x2026;Â?Â&#x2039;U p j e/ > Â&#x201A;Â? M . Ă? ÂŚ# Â&#x2122; A# O hFQ> '( FÂ&#x2022; Fj 2 M eÂ&#x2122; Z[\ Q [+, =2 e +#j, ¢ :Â&#x2018;. #y (NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x160;Â&#x192;Â&#x2030;zÂ&#x2026;Â&#x152;Â&#x2C6;Â&#x201A;) John Lock s . = ./ qF. 2 Z.[\ CÂ&#x2DC; .š C t Q\ Â&#x201D; 0 .(NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â&#x152;Â&#x192;zÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x192;) \ C FÂ&#x2022; 5' 5 Â&#x2020;B A A
44
5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
:Z 1 *+- Nd $ Nd e A f .7 :g e .' .. .. ..( N ..E 6.. ..Q\ [ ..` $% .. b> ( ..\ ..Fm A M .. =% :C( .ÉO .E2 5 . 5 7 . [BA#j ¢ ( y [ = j7 hFQ .j " : . A P .Q 6. .j A. 6. - L .y N .E 6. ) .L ._ A 2 l j .jÌ7 2 6. A. .! > . 0 6
7 \ + ` j 7 jÌ7 2 6
". \ + ` 6
7 ! > 0 j 7
6..\ - .. p.. [g# ®..m+ O ..72 A.. ..j[ N ..E 6.. f.. , :..E 7
. ° .S2 6. & Q 9 6 l m#j> N A[V j[ \ $ .. , ° . Ð 2 . g/ Z..o\ 6.. l ..j ] ..9 ..` p.. S .. ..A9 y [..
e. y|. > .j ., Bx & _ .(2 .#\] Q, 6.m9 . .Fm[ .j Q _ A. R.[/ . =
l .. Z..[\ ..m#\O ..m . 7 6.. . ..j ..#7 6..\ Â L . .. [w> ..
..# x p..Ag#, ..¦Q ..A9 p.. + '..( 6..\ ..v $ .. , ° & . L ¢.. p..+Q s
¼{ :$ . , . 3 .B '( Ñ" / \ L ° \ T 6 l m#j> [ D> N # .( z : \] Q ) zÊÉÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁÀ¿¾½
.7 a6.jE s [. .y [ .`9 . e ./" 7% :N E 6 X A = j7 '( 6\ .FQ - .L y = a{ F. e.B+ 6.\ Ï.`4 e.B+ 6.\ .F\ .@ 6\ Q ZÅ .. 5'.. ..F 9 ..t > p. +Q[ Q.. X m #.. O% p..B q..[9 ..@ R../ .. e..
". Bj q FB 6\ 7 . U p e/ \ + : * N E 6 . U p j e/ >
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 755
: e \ ' N6 .
.9 > .og# eB , =2 R¾ [ l A =2 A9 ½ A 'E N E 6 'E .9 6.\ .o O% .t 9 .m\ 6. .m9 FA S CB, L Z[\ \ j 0 = a 9 AD . y ..oE q..[ [ =2 .. 0 . F/ ..[ 0 q..[\ zN ..E 6.. ..Q\z [ ..` . . A¸ , .` X m #. q.[ . Q " :N .E 6. X .A [ 0 y oE F¦[ [ `9 .FBQ#¦ 9 . 0 ®B. q.[ l .¸Q . .F ," 9 .` 6.jE q.[ =2 ( m ?\ Z..[ 9 . ..Q .. Q 9 _5 .. _ ..QD ..[D R..xJ9 6..j _ ..QD em..j l .¸Q .. ". [ 0 y oE F¦[ [ `9 y oE q[ [ = =2 R¾ A> &'( :Nd $ Nd e = f' .3 .. 2 ..F[y ..` X ..!2" :X ..A 9 z . 0 ..` X ..!2z N ..E 6.. ..; R.y| }.o ( ..Q . ^ l ¦Q qF X ( [ `9 y Ry|, FQ ..\ QA l ..¦Q . 72 6.. .. ..7 q.. . ..^ l ..¦Q 6.. ..µ ..mFQ ..E . y .By [ .`9 l .> l .¦Q X . 6. .By [ .`9 M .o X ^ 6 By ".}o q 6 .®. Í.^ F^ ^ : ( 2 N E 6 ( g 9 0 X !2 2 .t .F^ X . .t ^ .9 .` X .! .t2 .( [ 0 y Ry|, FQ\ . ^ t ® l ¦Q t Í^ qF .` 6. F.` A7 0 72 $% N E 6 J N A, Z[\ - j ", [ . .y N w#. $% Q. X0 L $% .A 5'. "em+ " N 2 f , X 2 fL #9 Z..[\ = ..j7 .. k 3 ..jE Z..[\ .. 0 = ..y .. ²..E Z..4#B> $% X ..! . /2 6.. .q .. 0 _ .. p..[ ..( qL .( L . XL 0 L . .!2 em+ ..9" Q.. ..¨ l .. 3 .jE ¶ 6.. ...q..F X .. ..^ l .. ¦Q 6.. .. By ..! &'.. ( Q.. ( .. 7 & ..t Q.. ..7 = .. 6.. = a ..` P2 ..( e..m+ I ..\ ..( Q.. ( ..7 . \ .M R '* j R(0 q jA# '( D $% . z U p e/ \ + : * N E 6
757 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
..( .t = ..j7 9 Â&#x2018;..j 7 e..mS 6. Â&#x201C; = .. 3 ..E [ ..` { .. q..F9 .. = .. - ..A ÂŽB.o Â&#x2019; Q.. Â&#x2018; ..Q9 . BÂ&#x2122; ..T .y 6.\ FF ..Q, Â&#x2018;.j 7 .. y , Z.[\ l ..A .L i 6. .l ..ÂŚQ [ ..`9 ..( &'..( $ .. , ° B.. R../ . /2 6.. g..`# J..V . 9 Â&#x201A;Â&#x2039; ."N `#(O 6 7 Â&#x17D; Â? l 6\ l \ Â&#x2018; 9 Â&#x;Â&#x2DC; E Â&#x2018; - BS l ÂŚQ Â&#x;7 y 6 :\ + h - Nd .< ..j^ l .. 6.. e.. 72 Â&#x203A; ../2 ..v \ I ..\ P .. Q Ă&#x201E; ..! =2 N ..E 6.. Â&#x203A; .. ..j^ Â&#x2019; Q.. Ă&#x201E; ..!% qĂ&#x20AC; .\ .. Â&#x2019; Q.. l ..> § . , ..j^ l .. = aÂ&#x2018;..t 2 I .\ .. .[A\ = .. .( '.. .( Ă&#x201A;.. .A9 .. .j^ Ă&#x201E; .. .!% Â&#x2013;.. . .. .Âľ Â&#x2018;.. . N .. .m#(O $ 2 . . `92 - . . :I Â&#x2122; q(2 6 Â&#x2C6;Â&#x192;.5 t :U C& _ j J CiB .' zU ..oV Â&#x2018;../ Z..[\z N ..j l ..o Â&#x2018;.. [\ X .. .owT 6.. N ..E 6.. '..w# X ..\ 7 .. ..m E l .. ÂĄ J.. 2 6.. " :X ..A Â&#x201D; '.. - . ( - . }7 Z..[\2 - D.. .Ă&#x152; . #A [9 ( .. " Â&#x2122; .. ` M Ag#.. .. F[y M .. 6.. n Z.. [\ _ . .#EO lJ.. j ° ..Q7 \2 Â&#x2018;..Q 2 .. &J.. Â&#x2018;.. 2 m #..j N ..j l ..o Â&#x2018;.. [\ ° X .. ..mgÂŞ
Â&#x2C6;Â&#x2026; . .( S .. jB { .. . .y Â&#x2018;.. owT X .. . j/ L .. ".Â&#x2018;.. _ .. # O Z.. [\ Â&#x2C6;Â&#x201A;
. F[Â&#x2122; 0 Â&#x2018;j 7 Š 2 I \ 6 ¸ y v 5 #A =2 4BQ ¢ et #
. Fj 7 g o p j e/ > Â&#x201A;Â&#x2039; . Â&#x2030;Â&#x152;U NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;ÂÂ&#x192; .D Â&#x161; M .9ÂĄ : J. P .B\ = .jE% :p. AÂ? Z 01 Nd A . ÂŹ2 6 [\ N E 6 Â&#x2C6;Â&#x192; 0% a(Â&#x201D; , j ) j Q Š "j l ! > j Q > X / 6 N E 6 3|A Q( . ( I . _ .B .`#A .F/ \ (".Â&#x2020;Q> .j 7) m.j^ Š 6 s Q( =" X A $% (d m[\ R(' : ?7 . 7 mj^ Ft \2 B j Q v B 2 . ( Â?Â&#x201A;U . o> `FQ B# :l ( A & & g . o#7 Â&#x2019;7 z .Â&#x2026;Â&#x201A;Â&#x2C6;U p j e/ > Â&#x2C6;Â&#x2026; :- ` 2 ?7 .Â&#x2026;Â&#x2030;Â&#x201A;U p j e/ > Â&#x2C6;Â&#x201A; - Donaldson, Dwight M. Studies on Muslim Ethics, London: SPCK, 1963, p. 194
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 75<
:n- lmV+ J CB lT k+ K A .
Q¦. 0% . = a . .t 6. R .!2 N .E 6. .Q\ 7 t Ì e..m¾ .. X 2 . ( . T 6 b. . < Q¦.. 0% Q.. ( . T 6 . 2 ..@ '..w # ., ¢.. .. B .. 0 5 #..j ..j Q NO¡ e..9 52 aqL . @ ..S ..( Q.. ..t P ..Q .. [\ ..BL, .. 2 .l .. Ò . m . / ..\ ° $% ../ # ..( [ .. J.. =L % . ( ^ < .. Ó . [ . 0 ..! > . F^ . (2 :. \Ð l ..t $% N ..E 6.. R('.. 9 :\ .. ®..oQ C .A#Q [9 Ç .\ > .BA# < =º9 . ÏQ -_ # a F yO _ ^ qj¸ B, Ó Ì g#.j 6. / 9 BA < =º9 _ V ( > Z[\) q g# :\ $% :\ .C[ X A & 2 $ , ° 3 2 ( '( = aÇ \ > Q :;M i o9L .3 .^ P . 2 P . § A .( ° .Q\ . R.[S q@ L eÌ Ð9 P A =2 N E 6
52 q.L .@ ..S" ..( l ..E .. x Z..[\ = .. mY P ..Q =2 = .. B N ..E 6.. 2 ..B . . 0
° $% ./ # .( [ . J. =2 .( ^ < . 0 5 #j j Q NO¡ e9 . q#.F .ª qL .@ .L[AÌ 9 ./ 2 . /k / \ X E y Z[\ & BA 9 / \ L ". Q^ 9 /¡ 2 p o 6 qL? 7% P Q .+ a . S X . > R . [ S .1%" :X .A 9 q.L @ eÌ .Ð9 P .Q ) Q.!2 N .E 6 ;
.F^ qL .( ..j 7 6..\ .. ..+ a ..B[S 6Ð . q. .[ R. .[S ..1% .. ..A qÀ .( qF.j 72 6..\ . qL . ( ..j 7 6..\ ..v . À . ( ..1% .+ a .. 0 R. .[+ 6Ð . P ..Q .. n ..B ..¨ $% Ô ". Q\ < X E2 R 4 E¸ #
. z U p e/ Z 1 Nd A N E 6 . U p e/ \ + : * N E 6 . U p j e/ > . U p j e/ >
75E 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
:(N% ) _ - 3 CS q. q D g .p :ZX i ' s*% :8 C% Z*- r . . A Q..[ .. E . 9 = ap.. p.. S s [.. R.. / 6.. =2 N .. E 6.. .. Ì N . N .m#(O = aq.F 0 P Q Ä $% # = p & m 9 = j7 m P .Q N lO B> s ," : A 0 ®t . A ¦ $% Q F#Q P Q 6. q [.jÐ .72 . 6 = ... F[y E [y A ( / \ p V N lO B> p .A $% = .j Z.[\ j 7 © ?ÀQ pAE 6 = QY F9 qFB \ P Q 6 S qFE ..ª .S B#x 6.. ..Dy2 ..T2 & . % P ..Q N'.. ..S B#x = ..y ..! X 2 ..F#>k =% }..o q[ .. - .. ] - . `9 f.. #y }..o9 ..4 [. B. 9 p.. = ..y =Ð % & .. % qFE .. = a& .. % _ .^ ..v Z..?g 9 .S B .. 0 L 6.. Q..jE '.. " ..7 a- .1 x .. 0 e.. = ..y Õ .E '..( ..F [ # < ..F 9 R.. # < X ..m\" l ..¦Q $% = .. .. I ..E2 ..( O e.§ . 9 : '.y . _ . q* . q.F 9 & % P Q Ä 4[B < =% 2 .= QY O% 9 ". 4[B < 2 qF 0 4 [ . X E y Z[\ / Ö x 7 a& % qF 0 :N% : [ - 3 CS r I .. ¦[ .. ( 5'.. .. BD .. A g.. ! Z.. [\ .. BD " .. 0 N .. E 6.. X .. A I ..¦[ =2 ..mFQ M .. .M .. .. ) ..\ O% ..mFQ M .. O - ( B#..T = FB#.. .. ®. [ < 2 & ..j9 ÄO .. R.. 7 ..> - .o7 . \ ..[ 9 2 .S B Z..[\ = ..y .. ..( Z..[\ = .. ..1º9 ..A g..! ..( 5'.. ..BD .. 2 .N '.. '..( & ..j9 O . ! ". mn '( [S ® [ < - AE _ > & A#\ Z[\ 2 p Z..[\ ..BD 6Ð . C.. ..A ..
# Z..[\ N ..E 6.. .. y", p ..j Q.. 6.. :..E . 0 =% - . # - .A# - .Q b .BD 6Ð . q[ 0 / m\ 2 X 2 l 9 . U . M `Å B# :l ( A Z 1 *+- G .6 Ä ! = . U p e/ \ + : * N E 6 . U p j e/ >
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 75Q
..
# .. ( Q#> N ..E 6.. .. ..7 ..Q( . ..# J..x +..` \ ..7 & ..\ .. .. . Q\ - 9 Z[\ - Q b BD 6Ð [S l 9 Z[\ BD 6Ð C : * t 2 8 *2 9 .h .AD N .\ $% \ . N J4 - Q # = y 6 #> AD $% N E 6 \
J..x Z..[\ = ..y =% 6 ..#> p.. " :X ..A .. 0 .Cm[..j> 6.. = ..y .. 6 ..#> J..4 Ì $ .. , ° .. fw#. L . 6..m9 ..Q Z..[\ ..72 ..F 2 =% fw#..j> p..D, O .Q ". [\ p , _ T Z[\ Q ", 9
..A - . 6 .. . A q.. E 6.. ..³ ) w#.. O =2 N ..E 6.. ..A '.. ( ..A ..t 6 ..#> . . 0 ..` $ .. , ° .. fw#..j> 6ib.. ..9 ..AD = .. .. % e../ 6 .. .. 6.. - + ..t .. = aN .. 6 .. O = ..y .. . 7 V 6\ ZFQ, 7 Z[\ F#[G ::L N V.B q +% & 2 8 .E . ., E @ © , L ¢ 6¹ B Q F/ > [ p+Q> 6 N E 6 '8 =2 . Z.[\" :X .A . 0 .. [\ 6 '.m[##> . 6 . g#> .m[i Z.[\ . = .y '..y .p.. .. Ä ..[ ²..E = ..( ..[+ 2 O ..#BD < ..m 9 f..A = ..(} ..#B 2 .. ..BD N .. g g.. o .. t > 6.. \ Q.. j e.. + .. . $% P .. Q .. j .. Q [\ .. 7 #.. O 9 ". Qm..o ..m A =2 .LQ Ì 2 ..A9 & ..Qm 2 0% .= ..(} © .. # O 0% a ..( / J..x ..y O . j 7 q .. 7 $% l ..j ..T $% 5 b .. N ..oV ..v Y p+Q> .. . D P ..Q .. 9 ..#, =2 L . X ..o . #Ð By 0% m .. O N k ¯.. 6.. l ..#w> .. Q..[ f.. Q C..E .. X ..BA p..g[ ..`V p.. R..[S ..B [4 6..\ ..[w# . U p j e/ > N { .QB[ 3 .# : J. P .B\ = .jE% :p. A q0 +% *0. ?0 62 . ¬2 6 [\ N E 6 . U
75R 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
q( .. % P ..Q q ..? , N ..oV l ..D lO ..B ..E2 $% p.. e.. ´ g #.. O N ..\ .q ? # $ 2 q?\2 \2 N 2 qFQ Dy2 p 9 q* \ l .. O% Ä ..# O ( S A#.. ) _ ..F9 p..+Q> 6.. m#..j> I .. .. BS 6..\ .. 2 ..S Z..[\ ..B/ ª .o; _ ..> = ..y ..! A> e.. m^ - . / ..# B+ = ..y =% (l ..n) ..( ..1% .. P ..Q . F/ .. ..Q .L[Ì = a5 .. M ..[× . y .. % Z.. 5'.. q.L .@ . E ! ¶ [ o Z[\ q* ..( P ..Q .. # _ $% e../ I .. p..+Q> .. n RB..j . ."52 g..!" .. qF ..j 6..\ P ..Q .. O p..+Q .. 9 ®¦Q.. O 5'.. X .. O 6. qF .9 = .y ( . Z[\ = j7 BS Z[\ N [ = ` 7 y q* '[ 2 A9
. j 7 X m\" Zt 2 y [ $% Ä , = y : e \ u ?. .Q
. #B qF BS mj# CB¹ Q\ [ ` P 4 [ R L 6 N E 6 '8 :X ..A ..F9 . F . , L 6.. .. . 0 [ I ..\ .. 0 . ..j^ F.. '. ' 6..\ e.. 9 ( ..oQ\ . !2 ..A [V &'..( ..jA> Q.. _ . /2 C.. X ..o, ..( R.. " =0% .. B¹ 9 ".X ..o 7O X ..o,O .. ( ..1% .. [w> 6 .. B# I] ..m# .L . =% .Cv #> C[o#> C N A, 6 `# 2 6 9 Q# C N A, O N E 6 Q\ I .# .E . .( .#[G R. F B.T _ Z .j N .E 6. Q\ B 6..jE Z..[\ .. y"# & \ .. ª _ ..A, O = ..j7 [ .. ..j 7 .. ..( Z.j 7 Q.. = aR.. . E X 2 N ..E 6.. ..Q\ Q..j l ..o .= L .ÌV = . .. # Z..[\ l ..oA .. A 0% Q.. =".. N ..E 6.. f ..` . . G _ .T . R..¦ , Q..jE . ( U p j e/ > . U N ) > : o ( S :p A %. G D . ¬2 6 [\ N E 6
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 75Y
[.. oL, @ ..T2 6.. - .. T ..o _ . L 0% l F.. .. ( &'..F9 Q..j l ..o . A A B¹ g! L C .g#> .Bn F[.`9"9 3 .t R =2 Qm[\" :X A \ 72 R R, 6\ .. % R('..> ..[gØQ .!2 M .. ,O .. % .m .F#/O .. % ./ ..\ ° }.Ø .Bn R. +> s |.TO . .Bn . A .Bn ¶ = j7 gQc q[\ ` ". ...&| mF [ [\ = m#¾ j L C g#> Bn ... 2 Q\ _ > ` R.. X .. 6.. [ ..` ..!", $% N ..E 6.. \ . .. 3 . 2 .. Z..[\ .q@ - J 2 - 9 ( ! JV q ¸ , CB¹ C _ 9 $% .Q =2 .. l F.. R.. C.. ..
# Z..[\ .. [D 6.. - ..\ N ..E 6.. M ..j l ..o R. L .E ..( ..j/ .. \ l F.. .6S ..B ( ..? C.. ..
# y ..FQ ..
# . Qj l o _ - T Q i CE = Q X o, F9 R 2 Qj *1v 2% G ' # :" S F . 3 .4 .j[9 lJBy 7 #; 72 ¼ / 6 $% Q[A#7 0% .. j[9 Z.. [\ .. 7 3 .. 4> f.. 6.. X 2 .. F9 .. , E .. o 6.. qx .. Z.. [\ . ( U p j e/ > . U p e/ %. G D N E 6 . ( U p j e/ > q.. . .. . 2 .. . Q , .. . > . . / .. . [\ p.. .[+ .. ./ 6 .. . ) .. . > Æ .. .o 6.. . .. .mn .. . .. . 2 .. .( .G , .+4, =2 Å".T 6. lJ.Dy _ .T2 .( +, *". 7 ./ 6. l . E 6\ ) O Avennepes Ì BQ 92 ./ 6. =2 = . b> y' . S 7 x [ BT% $% FQ A#7 ( » E +j 72 O% Q\ [ y ½ A. . .- . \ 6 . \ ., ] . +.j ¶ .S 7 x Z.[\ - . = .y 5'. q ( . % 6 · ] # .S 7 x $% . 0 . R.(0 ¶ . ., b 6. - J.Dy .F 9 fLQ.! ھQ. [ B.T% $% ./ 6. E +j & .jg9 - .\ - .B BS .! , F.T '. . . .S E2 s .Q( .C+ .> ½ . P .9 $% ( 6 : ?7 .N /( Q m9 qj¸ & j9 Q . U p e/ ; 3 6CD j 7 z
75^ 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
.. Fm m , X ..E ..j * \ .. t f. À 2 ( ..` Ä .. T ..v À<". 9 a .. > 6.. :X ..D 2 6.. .. 6.. & .. _ ../ 6..> p.. + .LB\ .. '.. ..( l ..Q# .. . A Q \ t m O m ?\ l 9% Q 92 5' T 6 S ..!2 ..E ..FB#y ¢.. .. .. ..j[ . / 6.. Q..o ] .. 2 6.. J .. ., . . #y ¶ .. .@ q.. .[ m .. . O .. .j[ .. . k .. .Dy2 FQm.L . .t 6 9 .. j> .· .. [ [..t ..Q > B.. ..( .m# L L < [F.. J..x ..4 &_ 2 e..G .. 9 .E #> .. ¶ = .7 . 9 X ".. - ".# .@ E2 Ð .ÀQ. . 9 X .Q, " Q.. " 3 .#y . P Q ../ +.. 2 R..#y Z..[\ ..A [ # Ä .. 6.. ..\ mY $% 9 ..t X ..o,O .N A# 'Q R# &'( R[x2 t .q(Jx 5] · J ..," # .. 2 .. #y ../ .. # ..j[9 . / 6.. & ..y0 .. q..? . A : O .A . 6. &'( f "#, . F 72 B#y q(2 L 5' " E #> . E o A 7 j7 X 9 A J # Ë :l \ _ 2 Z[\ J # Ë N E 6 X Q# : *2 [+ J ., : . D = .> J , :{ D p[+> J # ( ...< [ J , :X .. Q ..m 9 ../ 6.. .. % ) ..F .. ..( .. > = ..j7 J .., ..F9 :e.. .. 2 X .. Q> '.( .# f. y = . .( ( .E #> J .,) . &'.( 6. ) .@ ." EØ #> J # " ...l j j Q pAg 9 , / `92 X Q ²E EØ #> = j7 :C.# + C#w.j7 3 .# .F? { Q Z ) j[ $% 3 # '( Q Ç #EO ` e/ . #y 5 ..w9 ../ & .. 7 l ( ..A ½ ..+× (P . C. 2) ( .. 7 ..o 7 ..FQ [..o ..( .. 7O B : ?7 .l / ( / 6 6\ . U p e/ @ A B Ù 9 z :- ` 2 ?7 . U N C m[ q[ : J @ A B m\ Ù 9 . U N FQ : J M # Nd A . / 5 w9 z . U p e/ M # Nd A 5 w9 . U p j e/ > . U p j e/ >
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 75c
6.. \ ..É Q 7 ..j7 X .. 9 ..?Q $% ../ 6.. R('.. 9 : & 00 & N00 .. 2 .FQ 9 y Z[\ p[+7 =2 6 c ¢ X 9 ( AL # fo#, Å" "J ," :l \ ) Q!2 $% / 6 Q\ 7 j7 X 9 qjAQ, .{ j7% 9 7" .. 2 $% ½ A..j y ( 7 m..j^ ) .. > = ..j7 .. BS 6..\ ..o, X .. 92 :X .J #[ - \ t = , =2 6 c O +t X 92 ( .. x X .. 92 . &'..( ..( .. 7 = ..j7 .. BS $% .. / X .. 92 :{ ..D .J #[ - \ t = , O 6.. ..o, X .. 92 .. % ..( - ..\ - .Q y ..! = ..j7 $% R.jQ, X .. 92 : .. D .N @ E 6\ o, X 92 2 l T B A
. 00 & 1 A 0 V "..j 6..\ ..F9 " ..E #> J ..," .. #y 6.. ..D D .. A> .. 2 . ! A { ..j7 . l .. . e..A, ¢.. .. E l ..o &'..( ../ 6.. ..o; : ( l \ . L jE !2 6 & Q\ F[y &'( l y ' [ w> s| > z
6. . ¦# .o[w#j> .L [ q ( . > l .r { . > ( 7O @ O A > z O .. . .A .. . . ¨ . .. . (Jx l ¦.. . .T N .. . .F = .. . j7% N .. . .F > .. . .AAg#> U w.. . T .l > 2 $ @ 6 \ #Q Å a 7O ( $ .. ( $% ..¿ / = ../ # O = , ..! ..¿ : #..j> . A X . L . A z ..( ..ª ..F[y ..! A> &'..( p.. A $% I ..#n . EØ #> =2 $% pB.. ..µ ../ 6.. ..[« 6. m.j/ Z.[\ :9 .; 7 mj^ B9 7 mj^ o /2 6 m $% +` = j7% 52" a [ .. .. ` Z.. [\ . o; .. ! V .. 7 E .. , E Z.. [\ L¶ 6.. f. [# '.v = . #9 ( . > y n Qy ( / F ! Q j^ 6 F 9 / 6 Q\ 7 E o : ?7 . $% = j7 s ¢ { > 9 o# ( Ë > . U p e/ M # Nd A 5 w9 z . U p j e/ >
754 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
.( 5'. .[A / ( , / `92 X Q 7 E "M N .N / p 2 : w v & & = 9
.v .c 6L . Ì . =2 J9 [#w> & m\ E = j7 X 92 C / 6 Â .. Q ..[E : . E .. $% = ..j7 ..m\ q. jA L ..( ..v ..! -O .. 92 = ..j7 . 7 j7% [E 7 E [E e9 .. .. 92 ¸ .y = .. , ..[E > &'..( .. + 6L . Ì ..F9 .. QB ..[E > .. 2 .2 .(5'L 4# 6 ) 0 4 Q 6 .. $% ..#y E .. 6.. ..#i .. QB ..[E > .. Ñ"..#9 .. 7 .. [E > .. 2 .3 B.T2 = .j7 X .E = . , .[E > &'.( L. 9 / , 5' $% F# . F + X 9 , ¢ m FB Q[ l + j = , pS Q Jx = X .. Q\ J.. # .L _ .. '..Q 2 ..B, ..( 7 ..j7 ..[E > .. FQ Ñ".., . ..FQ = ..j7 X .. 92 ./ , L ¢.. ..AS Q l ..A[ .. 9 ..B[4 ®B..o, ..[E > &'..( = ..j7 .M S / Z[\ - 7 j7% ®Bo ( .. Ñ".. , ¢.. 6L . .jØ [ .. S , L . . , 6Ú . . X .. E . .y = .. , A .. j . .E > · .o# 6.L LQ. Ì C. . .\ B#[ · oL# 6 ®BA#j 7º9 ' a @ L. 6.jE 52 . l ./ .m 6. .( . F 6 CQj C o E . A O ( E ( ¢ m $% ) oQ =2 Z[ 9 ..1% - .AE . - .AE .t = ..j7 =2 $% R('.. ../ 6.. =º..9 ..[m^ Z..[\ . LÌV . ¾ .. '..( . Di M ..!2 ..F 9 . ( ¢.. 6.L .j . Dc 5'.. = ..j7 .. 0 ..( . F ( Ïo l mn . U p e/ M _# Nd A 5 w9 :6mt *1 2% *B .Û; 6 mn / 6 i . U p j e/ > . U . 7 : J # .Jj , © T . U p j e/ >
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 775
:Nd e J &' l .. / l .. > 3 . . oy &'.. ( 7 .. / .. N .. [ .. ( : .. .. ` .2 .&'( [ e Qo ½ BQ# O . X .G Z.[\ X 9 &'( l ¦Q _ wj y : [ ` .3 ..F 9 ..oA 2 . t . m .. ..BA #9 - \ .. Q.. .L , =2 . v ..oA . 7 E , ! X my FQ\ og 9 _ T :38 % Nd e N V.B 9 \ + ?B R., > = , . # P .Q ¾ 5' ( X 9 ) # O =2 / 6 =2 CB, . P ..Q =2 ¯.. '..( ..FQ ..m 9 e ..BS ) #.. 6..\ h, ..7 ) #.. ..( :Ñ" m 9 R, > / 6 o; .q@ 92 R, ª +B, qFB, q.( .B, > &'( = [ 6 ' U wT =2 ¯ , o V 7 mj^ B, > .2 . F % = # #[ O 7 E l o = [ ; O q( .C 7 mj^ 6jE2 6m.`#, ( . .( A .j 6. Z.[\2 .B, > &'.( : 7 E 7 mj^ B, > .3 . FB [4, N \ 2 7 mj^ l o Z[\ 7 E l o R [4, Rj C# [#× C#B, R.. [4, R..j C#B, . ..A A ..B, > &'..( 6m..`#, : .. [A .. 7 E .B, > . F B.T . E Q &'( 6 ( .R [4# '( N \ 2 7 E l o Z[\ [A l o Z.[\2 .( . [A l .o[ .F 9 B[4 = , ¢ > =2 Jx 7 E 7 mj^ B, > . T = C#B, > ¢.. ..y > .. E 6.. _ . P ..Q R.., ª ÂB, ., X .. 9 R.., =2 ®..`# '..
. j[ q* E E 7 6 2 7 > q* E Å [#; . U p j e/ > : 0 e/
777 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
: g x V6 W :L N V.B
:l j o A S .2
.. 7 E ..o q..[\ p. S . EØ #m[ l ..j ..o ..A S ../ 6.. ..o;
. .` . O% qF.j 9 [G P Q X # " =2 &'( E #> L Z[\
6.. ..( ..1% .. B+ .. 6.. ..( O ..* 0 .. x ..j l ..¦@ 2 .. &'..(
". Q g! R[S /2
:l j o E #> L .3 . A X ..o,O ..( [..t ..Q > " .E #> L " ..F % B..o ¢. ..oA .. 4 ./ 6. · . 6. Õ .y R.(0 5'. Ì > < M g[ 0 _ 6 X .- m F % e[+# =2 [\ ¢ l j Qy & L \ $% 6..m , O . EL #> l .. =2 6. m l ..j &'..( $% . ! 5'.. X ..m .o s [.j l à j E #> L l =º9 'y B[4 2 & ^ 2 j^ l'[ l ..j s % =2 9 ..o q..\]" : ../ 6.. X . .l [V .. .. # q..[ . mF 5'.. ..! ..7 y .. ..( Q ¢.. .. 4 &'..( ...u
# .. . q.¸[ , .. = .. .. ..oA .+B = .y - S . & ./ = .y . .m\ O = .j7 _ ./2 ) .T2 .AB .E #> x . ( U N [¼ B# :l ( A Z 9 *+- :L P& . z f.. N .. 2 ..Q( 6gQ..9 . .. Q ..A S ..Å" F ..o ..o f.. 9 ..o M ..S ..[G Z..[\ ../ 6.. R.. . A .. F?ª { ..j7 e..B+ 6..\ - . / .L w# 6.. - . \ 7 9 ..o ( .. > . 0% a ../ 6.. O { ..A\ .my . 7 E .o q.[\ p. S .( l .j .og# . k p. S ./ :X .A 72 p[+Q 6 - S - `9 `9J9 ..( ¢.. .. + N ..[ .. .. 6.. ..( U ..oV ../ Z..[\ ..E #> 9 .. ?Q N [ .. ..F % X ..! 6.. c ..QL : ?7 .P A P N [\ . U p e/ *1 2% *B / 6 z . U p e/ *1 2% *B / 6 6. = . . ( U N C m[ q[ : J &*% 2I . o7 2 · :6mt X A = j7 X o, / . ( U p e/ M _# Nd A 5 w9 z . ( U p e/ *1 2% *B / 6
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 77<
=2 ../ 6.. .. .. 0 6.. ". .. ?Q ..m ..( ¢.. .. D N ..[ q .. # e.. G =2 q..[\ . mÌ [Ð \Ì p..E ° q . Ì[\ 6.. " 0% a ..Q 3 ..A ° ..t ..oA . E #> L l .. ". Q 3 A & t - l j q?72 Q\ B +w _ A q?\2 ..ª . m ° ..\ S $% = ..j7 \ .. q[..j ) ..j[ 9 ..72 Z..jQ O ../ 6.. q.[ O = .j7 =2 Z[\ l j o 5 #F 5' A ° B D ²E t s 2 5 .. . ?Q q.. . [ . . .oE L - 9 .. . j[ 9 ®B.. . !2 0% O% q.. . [ 6.. . .. . / &'.. . v ° . \ = j7ºy - y U V X m - y ®B!2 + jB X A O A > 2 al .. j $% ° $% Q[ B.. .. ( q.. [ '.. ( 5 .. ?Q q.. [ $% Q[ B.. . A 9 3 .A .Q\ .Ì B .F^ ° 6 3 ØA q[ .q[ Z[\ o A¸ # 2 l B +.. 2 .. " 0% aN .. +.. 2 C.. e.. m¾ .. / 6.. =".. y l .. q.. ?\2 ° 6.. 6.. .. ?7 z .. ( 0º.. 9 ° l ( .. N .. .. ( .. j[ = .. j7 l .. ". j[ p S 6\ ° l ( z / $% & .+w#, =2 .4BQ .1% . .Q\ f. #, O Ë. > '.v ./ 6. Q\ l j .. Fm ; ¢.. z .. / 6.. .. ?7 .. F/ R.. j – [.. t .. m#r 9 . . .t e.. m#r . j 7 l m#Y EØ #> " 1 i " G ' N D ' :" A .` . .j 7 .j[ ., { D q[ > S 6 2 L
..S .. E ..o> ..F9 (= ..?A 6.. ..E) .. #..o $% . S 6.. l F..T . U p j e/ > . U p e/ M _# Nd A 5 w9 . U N M > : J N D . QE Jm ´k 5 .. \ { ..D = ..A . 2 .. Z..j A . S 6.. .. ..mn 6.. ..[> ..B\ 6.. ..mn .. .. 2 ..( ·2 R. BS m 9 ®B!2 72 ) > 6 6 ,', 2 ," 7 6\ lJDy [ s Q( j . S 7 x 3 ..\ ..t .. [9 .. BS .. [ = ..?A 6.. ..E # .. ..7 .(N z ) f.. 3 ..A
77E 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
2 N .. \ Â&#x2018;.. / . . B+ .. @ Â&#x2018;# .. j[ .. FQ p.. [ #> _ . . ) .. j[ '.. ( _ k Z.. [\ .U Â&#x2018;/ Â&#x2018;# j[ FQ p[ #> :N D 8 U Az = ..y Â&#x2018;. Q Z..[\ Â&#x160;Â&#x192;. ../ 6.. h..Ă&#x2026; Z..[\ .. Â&#x2018;..Â&#x2122; k .. . S 6.. .. .(= .. .?A 6.. . .. .E) l F.. .Â&#x2020;> .. .j[ Â&#x2018;#.. .o .. .F\ 2 ¢.. . l .. .j 6.. .\ Â&#x2018;.. . F : o # 6 _ Â&#x2020; _ ÂĄ &'@ [#w> R7 ÂŚ[ Š Q : % . Z ' .7 ..( Â&#x2018;.. m\2 J .., = ..j7 ../ #E =2 ..B#\ +.. 2 ..Â&#x153; . S 6.. ..gQ Âś 6.. .X .. Q> = b. Â&#x2020; J .., .. M .. 2 6.. .. m[ ..m Â&#x161; l"..Â&#x2020;7 RB..j :Â&#x17D; D = j7 Â&#x203A; A - A9 N j 2 Â&#x2DC; Â&#x2DC; $% [m m Â&#x161; &'( Â&#x;mjA7 . S 6. N . . . [ .T Â&#x2018;.A m\ .9 AÂ&#x2DC; Z.[\ X Âľ j[ N [ e T = y A9 j[ Â&#x2018;B(' (NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2026;ÂÂ&#x2030;/(Â?ÂÂ&#x2026;) Q [V '( , > z 7 T2 myâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; Â&#x2020;#j R BS o f 6 3 A 2 [V Q.. . . . / & .. . 9 ².. . E Â&#x2018;.. . # [ 3 .. . A ¡2 6.. . .. . F\ 6.. . .. . .. . 9 ½ B. . . . S 6.. . . . A : ?7 . A# 6 6\ (NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2026;ÂÂ&#x2030;/(Â?ÂÂ&#x2026;) . ( Â&#x2026;Â&#x160;Â&#x201A;U p e/ % A C ' 9 ?, % Â&#x2020;y > z Â&#x2122; . Â&#x203A; .E% = .Q\ .( "= .?A 6. .E" =2 Ă&#x17D; .A yL '.7 . . &'.( Â&#x203A; . . S 6. . b 6 Q[o < Â&#x152;Â&#x2039; .Â&#x2020;> .m Â&#x161;  .t Ă&#x201A;.jB# L . 4 Â&#x2020;> Â&#x2018; [ 6\ = Q '( Â&#x2019;B# S 6 T Q 6 : ?7 l # .Â&#x2018;# j[9 n f b 5' 3 # e[+ F % JÂ&#x2020; ¢ p .` Â&#x20AC;. E .NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â&#x152;Â&#x2030; .o> R.# :l ( .A "O 0P6 0 01" 0 A N0 D .q [Â&#x161; B\ mn z . F[ ! , 6\ '( QDÂ? .Â?ÂU Â&#x2026;I NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â&#x160;Â&#x160; ) .. > : ..o _0 6 C B {M+00 00 00 009 . .. q ( . % y . Â&#x160;Â&#x192; 6. < . A AÂ&#x161; $% 3 2 - ?7 qFQ M'E2 k f[ q( 6 f[ Âś :" S 6 " X A / 6 6\ . Q> Â&#x2018;., # ².E 7 . Â&#x2018;#[4.T Â&#x2018;.72 J.x .Ă&#x2020;Â&#x2122; .o 6. . ¡2 6 d M !2 O - ?7 ÂŽ!2 O - Q(0 RAÂ&#x2DC;2 qF 9 q.[\ 6. .Q .! . X .E '.F9 :- Â&#x2122; . Â&#x2018;., B\ . S 6. q#.#ÂŤ ...Â&#x2018;#m E Â&#x20AC; Â&#x2018;m[\ 6Â&#x2122; FÂ&#x2022; B : ?7 .Â&#x2018;owT p[7 < 6Â&#x153; / '( .Â&#x160;Â&#x152;U p e/ O P6 1 S 6 z - Munk, Salomon. MĂŠlanges de philosophie juive et arabe, Paris: Lib. Philosophique ,
J. Vrin 1955, pp. 414-415.
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 77Q
.. [m q .. ?Q, 6.. .. F 9 .. = .. B .. ! V X .. m\ .. 9 :X q.. jA .2 . 0 Jx B[ 3 y" 6 _ '#xO m#. , = .B .A L .> { . Ä . .! V X m\ 9 :{ D qjA .3 . [#w> y X 92 s Q( =% ¶ ... 9 ?Q X j#xO JF+# X m\2 Z[\ 6.. l ( . > M 4#.. O ./ e7 .o ¸B. # X .; .. 9 : . D q.jA . . F % F#Q, m[ m F % A, ¢ mA Ì = ..B X ..m\2 6.. .., E . E ( ..E) ..v ..c ..F#[G . E > &'..( :. Ð E L X .. .m\2 $% . . A#Q ¶ .. .m , ¢.. . _ '.. .4 ) Q.. .!2 _ '.. .4 .. .A .. . l .. . .( lJ. .[E > _ .É ¶ . m.j N / . ( .L E) B. # ².E X j#xO l F+ .( B+ < \ ",) p V 2 X / > "# F 9 ( E L ) #« ¢ : % % . u .< ..B 9 .M .T l ( .. > f.. ..( ( .L .E) ..Q\ .. [m ..m .. x ..7 a Q .. ) .. > ) ..o# y .. ) L . o, ..( - 9 ..! Z..gQ ..gQ, = ..?A 6.. e.. O% .FQ\ N . 6. c O z L .E . .myz l ( . > f. . ( .... .n .[A\ 6.. .. 0 5 m..j Ä .. $% = ..B 6.. Z.. p.. S ..( ..F#[G ..B .- . . ../ [ . q..F ..[A . 6.. P .. 2 Z..[\ FF .. Q, Q.. J..F+, X .. .. .j^ '.. .[> 6.. .\ © . . \ . . ( ÂB.. .t Q.. . l .. .( Y F.. . ®B.. . 9 B. .( .1% .` = .B ./ B.[> 6 .j> _ '.#xO 6. . [A _ #yO p.. S 6.. \ p.. .. F# x ¢.. .. [m .. m $% X .. ! .. # x p.. A (Z.L . E) .M 4# O l ( > . U N [+ : J 2 G ' % % . .Z[\ ] < . Z[\ @ < mj =§ ( 1% ( L E) = j Z[\ Q( S 6 X A . U p j e/ > . j[ [ p m\ qF9 6\ qQ L X ( j . U p e/ "O P6 1" A lN D mn
77R 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
::L N V.B .E < 6 '.. 6..\ ..g# 9 l ..j 6.. q..F?E .. B ) Q..! . S 6.. © .. # . F# F. _ . A7O q.F¿ L / = 9 Jj O% A l + 6 Bj# 6. q.@ $ . + 6 - B7 / Di 2 S 6\ g# ¶ . 7 N S eG = b. .> .. @ . . _ . ./ .. > = .. BL#> q.. ( _Ob.. ( Ý 2 R .. o7 m [.. j l .. + 2 ..A l ..+ 3 g..!2 q..F9 ..D D .. + .. 2 . ..Q > P ..Q ..FG e.. l .. g[ .X A X o,O Z[\ l A @ ¢ l m#> X A 3 g!2 X ..o,O " ..A S ..oA l ..j q..@ p..Ag##9 ..oA l ..j 3 g..!2 .. 2 p. e.+ ./ R./ - . ] . 9 J. # = . { A\ p S ( & Q\ "p 3 ..t . mª .. 0 & . _ ..T J.. # 6..\ .. L[ ..+A7O P ..jn .y e.. . j^ A 6 g# l ( r :[ | ; 6B l Nd e .Q : B+ e N ¦j7O [ `9 z . =º.. 9 X . E 6.. X .. E 5".. . B+ e.. = .. j7 © .. # O2 R.. ¾ .. F 9 z .Fy . BS 6.m9 . . .! - . x - .7 E N2 - ., B7 = .y2 _ . < . '( / 0º..9 l .. / l ¦..T l .7 . y 6.. I ..w © Z..[\ ..( 7 ÂA..j h..`Q, =2 z- D.. e.Qc .7 aM . 6.\ - . L . '( [m\ =º9 F¦`7 B l mD &'( = j7 f+ 0% , \ .. j = . . g[ B.. jQ '.. y ... .. / '.. ( .. # x p.. A; =2 6.. .. BQ ... .. 2 .., BQ ..A > .., BQ .. ]% _ ..> = .. / p.. \ .. ]% ...= .. $% I ..#E R.7 ^ &'.( ] . . .v .92 . B+ e. N ¦.j7O p. A Å".T 6 X m\2 F[y . [w> B+ e [ , X 6 ( E L ) S 7 F[y :- ` 2 ?7 . U N _ E :l ( A Z 9 ?W X% . B\ . U I p e/ _6 C B {M+ 9 y z . U p e/ 2 G ' % % . ]
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 77Y
: 92 [ `9 z . = ..j7 .. B+ C.. . EL ..F9 s [.. . s ..¹ . S 6.. . Q\ ..(
.. \ 6.. ..F .. ( .L .E) ..o 6.. .. 0 Z..[\ .. .o O = .. # 6.. B..T
. .B¹ . .v .# \ mj, A9 ( CE \ , F , ¢ B+[ ( E L )
.F [\ = .E ., .> .Fm + l .[ .mD .@ ¯.#¾ B.oV .\ > v , = y
..m 9 .. Ç ..\ _ ..FA .. X .. . m\ L I ..« O ..Q( . S 6.. .- ..T - . 7 E .. D Î ..B p..9 .. [ .. \ m#/O .. q?Q.., ¢.. .. [m ..m Ì p..[ # .} mv 92 6 A, JB N |E : FQ :" 1 i " *+- K G & .R = ..j7º q#. L .( ..A9 .. \ m#/ 2 .. Q 6.. ..t M .. . S 6.. © .. # <
.. x .j .t M . =% ¶ . \ m#/O ..# ) . O . BS . Ô . .A =2 .#B 2 ( .L E) 3 .É =2 . 0 = . . . 2 . x $% p S ( * 0
ÂB.t . = b.T q .?Q, Z.[\ . 72 &
ª A A $% X ! Z[\ 5 B
2 & . 2 = .j7Þ q?Q / = / E O 0 `92 / Z[\ em#r X E2 . my / Z[\ # % ½ T Cj Z[\ & \ j .A#[, . 6. l m#.j> . [m .m =2 Z.[\ . y"# $% S 6 F#Q s ..Q( = ..y 0% - . = .. A#[ .. ?Q .. [m := . #m 9 a . A ..m E e.. .. FQ .. ( À. .Q l ..E ..Ã =L 2 . Dm# M ..9 ..( p. + ..F9 C..#m C.. M ..9
. U p j e/ > = .j7 .A\ .¦ .1% .* 0 l / .\ .j . S 6 ?7 F/ 6 6 6 l m#j> [m m ..,O n q?#.Q, ..T q A#..j, =2 ..( . .. #7O 6.. ..Fm^ :..E =2 ( L .E) s 2 ..A9 .. B .. BS Ú 1 : ?7 . [ \ O% Fm^ 6 l ¡ ] O # 6 #j> '( M 9 M , . ( U p e/ "O P6 1" N D mn z
77^ 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
.. 0 .. ..T 6.. .. X A .. .. ..( . ..! w[ . .. 2 P ..Q 6.. .. [ .N U V M #^ "Z ~ G ' " *}A :" X gQ. .LQ [ o , Z[\ M - A#j -O Y T 6
<
.. , b X .. 6.. .. .. BS ) .. j[ 9 _ k m[#. 7 =2 Ñ¡ © .. X .. 6..
.l #> j[
: *}A 3 9 G ; - & .7 .. j q..[ ÂB, . Q.. .. 6..\ A#..j .. T 6.. .. Q\ M .. q..[\
e.. / " " +.. M .. 3 .. #y .. w[," .. B#y .. 0 Â.. j .. { .. > R..A l ..`A ..t R..oQ 2 .B, N /È Q.. ..BS .. ..T 6.. ..¬2 6.. ..mn .. .. 2 ..( Q.. . . .. . ., . .. . .j[ .. . .t R.. . .+ .. . .A .. . . @ .. . .#9 A .. . .\ Q, .. . .BS ) .. . .j[ < .. .. .. j[ .. y .. t A, .. @ . .Dµ .. k .. .. j[ .. A9 .. , 9 N /( : ?7 . Z[\ = jmV . U N X _ E% : J | \] X \ : G , *} *}A .= Q j7 k z :N j 2 2 T 6 b oE 6 c 6.. .J..Dy .FQ e..BS 3 ..#y . C.. 2 eB.. e.A, .. b> &'..( . . [m\ ..j[9 .. b 2 Ä .T . ."X o, 6 m C m 9 X A> o9" 3 #y " 9 *" 3 #y j[ R# &'( C .3 #y l \ ¤ b> &'( eA, BS Qo 2 Ä T . .3 #y eB eA, y FA9 b . : ?7 .3 #y eA, 4 2 b . . z U I N C m[ q[ : J & 2 C tA : d L .P + { #jB z 2 .. FA 6.. ..( L ..j[ .., m#( 6.. Q.. .. ( ..o# O ) X Ì ÐQm . . .. ..T 6.. ÂA.. 2 : ?7 .l `> e9 2 B $% N 2 $% " ! A " . U p e/ 2 G ' % % . ] z 5 . 6¬ . .B\ #y . .( 2 .[ [ .A [ , _ QD#. c 7 }\ G , 2 · o7 A 3 # : ?7 . + A Q M 3 # , 7 Q . U p j e/ > z
NÂ&#x201A;Â&#x192;Â&#x2026;Â?/(Â&#x2026;Â&#x2030;Â&#x2C6;Â&#x152; _ #T Â&#x160;Â&#x2039; = Â&#x2020; Qj 9 > % 77c
Â&#x17D; Â?
Â&#x2122; ..` _ k Z..[\ 5 ..#; 5'.. ÂÂ&#x2C6;" .. +V Â&#x2013; ..w[," Â&#x201D; '..y ÂÂ&#x201A; "= ..S 92 .. .. B+ Â&#x2019; .. S +.. 2 R.. #y e.. / 6m.. t " +.. Â&#x2019; Q.. Â&#x2013; .. w[," 3 .. #y Â&#x2018;. . , b Â&#x17E;.. . .. . 2 .. .` $% B.. .`#A .. .T% $% 9 .. .t '.. .( . .. . @
ÂÂ&#x2030;
." .. h( ..Q 6..\ f..Â&#x2020; " "X . A> . o9 " " .. Â&#x;..9 *" : . D [..!
= m.. jA .. j q.. [\ .. ( .. E q.. [ = m.. j .. T 6.. .. Q\ .. j M .. q..[\ ½ ..B, . x Z..[\ ..[m 2 6 m> .. 5 ..?Q 2 2 ..B> ½ ..B, a mF..` B = ..+B, ÂÂ?
.Š _ T go : E ( 5' ÂĄ Â&#x2018;mjA go Ă&#x2DC; :G 9 *}A U Ab .<
+. x .o . 9 M . + 2 R(' T 6 m# x .. o 6.. .. 7 A .. $% 3 .. 2 . . ( (M .. Â&#x2018;.. #y .. ( : .. A Q )
ÂÂ&#x152; - }. 2 ..[Dm# F..j 7 2 .. .. ..j[ =2 $% qF.` R('.. .. 7 S 9 . +.. 2 = ..y ..A9 52 . '..( p..9 7 6..Â&#x153; . Â&#x2122; ..` [ +.. q ..jA# ..FQ\
qFQ. Cm[.j> - JBy- JÂ&#x2DC;", LÂ&#x2DC;2 ¢ M q[\ \ Â&#x2018;#x ! - B R.jQ, ¢. . FmÂŚ[ P Q ./ e. / Z.[\ Â&#x2018;.#[G Ă&#x2039;.B .( = S 92 FG 3 # Â&#x2013; w[, 3 # '( ÂÂ&#x201A; Â&#x2018;[..!2 6..\ ..D E .. [Âź% ..G , ..mD9 ..A9 .. 3 ..# '..@ ¡ .. .! =2 e.. .C..QE 6.. pg.. % $% ..F#G , Ă&#x152; : ?7 .X #7] M Â&#x2020;#jm[ 5 L }Ă&#x152;Ă?
- Averroes. Averroes' Commentary on Plato's "Republic", edited with an introduction, translation and notes by E. I. J. Rosenthal, Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press, 1966.
: ?7 ÂÂ&#x2C6; Â&#x2026;½ q.. [A : J.. 5 .. 6ÂŹ .. .. B\ :p.. AÂ? 00 0 A 000 / 000 B . .. .. 2 .. T 6.. z .NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2039; 09 _20 A* l*0}A 0 : *0& = 0%-' :6m.t 3 .4> /Â&#x2019; .V .mn . / 7 j7 N [ 3 ÂĄ [y l Â&#x2020;7 ÂÂ&#x2030; .NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;ÂÂ&#x2026; Â&#x2026;½ Z +.o : .o " . j 5 .` " = Q\ Â&#x;Â? FÂ&#x2022; O D 9' o # . 2 T 6 ÂÂ? .Â&#x152;Â&#x2030;U NÂ&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â? Ă?[Â&#x161; ¡ B :X D> B Z[\ ?7 ÂÂ&#x152; .Â&#x2030;Â&#x2C6;Â&#x152;U p e/ 2 G "8 ' % % . ] z
774 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
. M .. ..B('> .t \ ( . A Q ) $% _ ..¦# O 6.. ..Dy2 5'.. ..T 6.. ."= S 92 e /" :\ + 9 Nd e \ u G D .' ..Q :C. j C[ B.. .. = .. P .. 7 ..` P ..4 =2 ..T 6.. .. . . +V . s .QF9 ) Q.!2 + 2 Q\ & Q\ ( my Q .& y . s ..Q( .. Fm^ = ..S 92 ( ..m# ¢.. ..( ..Fm^ ..v R..S « ¢.. f.Ð . &'.( .F[Di q.@ Z.AB# = .y =% Fm^ Fx [ 6\ oA ¢ 7 (} 5'.. (N .. . (2) » ..^ .. Q ..T 6.. .. Q( .. O ._ .. m 2 ..! V Z..[\ . T 6 Q\ = m[ #> = S 92 Q\ = +j j #« J.. .x _ .. .\ O% = .. . .. .9 .. .Q '.. . , X .. .E .. . % ".. .¦#[ & . . y .. . 2 & .y . 0 = . [.t = .> .(2 6. j l \ q( [ ` _ Q CB ¦#j> [.t .Q > .(2 .F [\ 3 . =2 .4BQ ¢. \ ¦. 6. F 9 L O ¢ 3 : ,¡ R X 6 :[6 % K A % r (s %) l ..E ..y E \ .. .. / l .. 6.. \ ¦.. X ..o P ..x q#.. . .j^ .` P 4 Ë #9 t 2 .(ZA > t ) C[ B 0 8 6 L O ZA .. > C.. =0% p # ..9 . .. A[V ..` Z..[\ ..Å i Q.. f.. AD# ZA .. >
. @ my A[V [ ` N i $% 5 b t
. ( U p j e/ > L b.. 5'.. .. L Q..o .. = .. , '.. ..( 6..g[ 0 .. ¹ . ZA .. > ..T 6.. ..oA . ^ . +V . q.F [m #. .+ '.( 6.\ . 0º.9 = .(} . +V 6. .Dy2 = . # Bo : ?7 . 7 (} J + . U p e/ O D 9' o # T 6 z . U p e/ O D 9' o # T 6
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 7<5
: % . ; ? D 9 hA *2 r 6.. \ l .. D R.. [S 6.. \ 9 .. oQ =2 [.. t .. Q > C. .Ø |> Z.. [\ .. 4BQ .. F 9
. \ . Â.A9 5 .` $% .F/À =2 L . O q.Å a .` R('. X #
.q[\ I #c k q[\ 52 Q\ ¯4#j O q[\ 'F9 .3 j \ q[\
.. j u ..[ ..Q\ = ..[BA ¶ . ..[ ZA .. > q..[ 9 .. Q@ = ..m[ # &'..( .. . .4BQ . 0 . .6 . 6. ².E .
q.[ , Z.[\ l . \ j 2 l \ q.@ Ä . 7 $ l .+V .Q\ Fm[ , T 6 = S 92 e7 c ¢ j[ q¸[ , ... .. Fm¦[ .. A A .. F 9 N .. A, ¢.. . . . . +w[ .. [ Dm# .. o '.. y .. Q( . qF . % qL[.j , C. D .j V C. D 6. u .[ ²E j[ q [ , m#j .Q > l . Z.[\ 6 . gB!2 = 7 m '( CjmV 6 ²E Ô ^
. l %
:;I . M [ .2 O' C+ 2 = V ' Nd e .
:Ñ" m 9 X oV &'( T 6 m¾
._ T ( ª - > \ ?Q N [ eB+ - À F - L = =2 −
.. O ..y ..> m..j ..> & . . > ..mF ..> :.. .. / = .. =2 −
.& jQ . y ..9 ª - . Bx = .. ..F\ 9 ². N ..[ ..og# q..[ [ - . Bn = .. =2 −
.) > 72
. [(2 3' [ - `4B [(2 M o[ - Bn = =2 − . U p j e/ > . U p j e/ > . U p j e/ > . ( U p j e/ >
7<7 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
ÓÌ .X m[ Rn Jx Ä Q> 3 > X y"> Z[\ & T Jx = =2 − . c 5 - \ ¦T ½ BQ# O / Q+ / = =2 − .l B 6j E - 4 [ = =2 − :A M%, % . Z H .3 2 ..m ..[# =2 ) .. > . ..F ..m E ..Fm¦[ ..T 6.. ..o« ...P .. Q[ ( .. ? q .. [ , Z.. [\ .. o# O . "# R.. ¾ .. Q( 6.. - . QS - ( .. ..
.e my2 F9 ' [ 0 RLQ¾ [ ` qL[
© .V ] ./ N \ 9 qFm[ k - ¦FQ = (} ( T 6 e` A>
.. > = '.. .. E2 \ .. .. [m \ Q.. o " = ae . Î .. B X .. ^
qL[. j =2 = ..j7% . y Z..[\ R..¾ '.. ...q( ..Q\ 5 ..t ..( \ .. ..` Z..[\ .( E . . \ .Fm^ q .[ , $% oA, e ". F 9 [A =2 Î Bª N .\ = .(} .(2 Z.[\ .4BQ . .y . [A# qF .[\ R/ 5' a Fm¦[ ¬
. Fm¦[ 0 ", f y
.. .Q N .. X .. ^ . .(2 .. Fm^ e.. t .. T 6.. =2 .. Q( ®.. t .. - . ..oo8 '..y ..mFQ . - A#..j - . ¦FQ . o o8 6.. qx .. Z..[\ l ..E . mFQ p o#[ B, - \ m#/ ::L N V.B .p .m#\O ( .o; l .j p. A + 2 hFQ T 6 hFQ $% .. A# . E . A .o ²..E 7 ..j7 ..A .. mQ, P .. . A Z.[\ . ¦# . Fm^ . B+> : .o = 0VB 0 0H 0% . 0 0% 9 = 6% NV9 . 2 T 6 . U N . U N ) > :l ( A 7 = m [ :p A j9 M2 j9 MB . 2 T 6 . U p j e/ >
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 7<<
l .. . j = .. .j7Þ p. . Ag#, ( .. . `#Aª ¢.. . Ä .. . > X .. . A < .. . X .. .o,O : ¿ = #B, @ l j . oA P .Q[ .Q m> l .j 6. ./ .[, ( :( l j ) y| > l j z . ..m ..F [\ ..A , ¢.. ..` .. #y . 0 6..\ .F#7 ²..E - . G . 2 l .B .l ¡ A A l j ] Z[\ = j7Þ F#7 \% A 'y ( ..F % \ .. [ ..`9 . y ..B, . o P ..Q C.. y|.. > l ..j =2 .. ..T 6.. =º..9 &'.v ) . > N .[ 6. Q.[ .o; . .Aª .FQ\ .Å ¢. . 0 s ., .& 7% 6 c O R¾ µ e y '( l j = , ` .. .FG .. .Q\ ) .. . , ¢.. . l .. .j .. .( :( .. .! V l .. .j ) .. . A A l .. .j z Zm..j .. ] ..É .. .. ¢.. ..oA l ..j 2 X ..o,O Cm[..j> .. X ../ q ..\ O% .. O l ..j &'..( =2 $% ..T 6.. ..BQ . y|.. > l . j . > ´ 9 Z[\ 2 w Å y q( - "..# .. 9 _ . ¾ 7 .. l .. .. A A l ..j ..o l ..` ..T 6.. X .. =".T .( .my . 2 l .j 6 b O 7 7 l l j o; 5' + " .¼ .T 6. .j[9 +. . ./ 6. qx . Z.[\ 6 l A . 2 7 l j & % 'Q = ®t 2 F 9 X ..o ¯.. X ..m X ..m p..Ag#, l ..j =2 .. ..[m^ Z..[\ ..T 6.. ..! V p.. S ..( . "# ..?Q 6.. m#..j> q¸[ #.. ..[y .. 0 p.. S ..` Z..[\ 6.. '.. ( { .. / .. o f.. Z.. [\ .. V .. j[ hFQ.. .. [\ R.. [4 5'.. .N p S ( jm# 'y X m p A 2 E 7 6 E 7 .o> .`FQ .B# :l ( .A { .( b.9 .¬2 :ß .A, p. A T +0 02I / B . 2 T 6 . U N 6.. Â . . z U N .. ¦# .. m¹ .. B+> :l ( ..A 00 L {W 00+ . .. .. 2 ..T 6.. = \ #..j, { ..j7 _ A.. 7 ..j7 l ..j ..9 =2 $% R('.. 9 l ..j .. ?7 Q.. .. C.. ..T . + 2 X Q Z[\ X r '( © 92 ( ( ( / BS Q ( ) Q 9 . U . { QB[ 3 # : J _2 9 *}A .Ä 9 = +72
7<E 5 Q^ [\ mn
C j[ 3 +V
: %B R.7 ^ ) p.[ #> .( j[ R7 / 6 - mF - B7 / &'( Q, 3 .. 4 .. 9 ] .. 2 .. [Dµ ( .. .. ) .. S% .. #^ .. i 0% a( .. q@ . Q, ..S% ..^ > 6.. C\ ..Q 6 '..( 9 ..# .. 0 .. g# ../ Z..[\ .. . .nz .. 3 .. 4 5 .. .. _ .. / .. . .. .. `A[ .. j[ .q( o\ l j \ m#/O j t [o p S% z ^ > 0% a # .j[9 . R7 ^ ^ - - ¦FQ j 7 N E 6 A9 .. j .. e.. 6.. .., + - m#..j (P .. Q R..S) .. Z..[\ X .L .\ ¢. . 9 ´ .\ 5'. em#r © 2 w # N .& o\ # Ô > \ m#/O 6.. L . . O = .. 9 .& .. o\ .. j 3 +.. tO .. X . . .. ¦ #7 .. F
.. 2 & .. Q .. FB#y ¢.. J . .jØ M .. # .. .. 7 9 (P .. Q l .. ) .( m M S) > # 'y , E P . Q .9k .o N . M . J.j Ä !º P Q 5 N E 6 = y . A Z..[\ ..m A [ ..` s [..j C7 . X .. 6.. ..F/ B..j . `92 = .. _ k C. . M . . N .E 6. .o .\ Q, '. N E" l b> p.. Ag# ( Q..j 3 ..# ) .. .. + 6.. l m#..j .. Q .. 2 .. 7 7 ..j[9 .° Q\ R[S p S 6\ q@ L e9 ( Z¨2 ) ( 6. .`A .mY © .\ 0% a ./ 6. .Q\ F?9 ^ > 2 = .j7 ./ 6. . 4 =2 . 9 .yL 2 5' " E #> L J ," #y X 6 5 ?Q - ".# X . Ø E L A X o,O m R q[ p S 6\ $ , ° 6 3 A ( . · j[ 0
N /( _ #T = Qj 9 > % 7<Q
6.. - J..Dy .yL 2 5'.. . S 6.. ..Q\ .. ..jm[ " .. " ..^ > m#..j, X .o,O = ° . X .o,O Z.[\ . = .j7 =2 .@ 6. BD ¢ j[ { > ..m ..B, . O ..A > s % .. j¹ 6.\ .. , O Z..[\ .. ..[A ..7% 52 a ..E" 5 .. · 2 3 [.. 2 Fx ..! ¢. (= ..?A 6.. Z..E) .. > # .. & ..Q\ .. 2 ¢.. ..j[ .. 9 6.. ..\ Z..[\ m#..T ..j[9 .m\ ..Å2 $% 9 ..t X ../ p.L9 =2 . S 6. +#. f. y .Q 2 . . .A[+> .A A .7 $% X .! FA S 6\
.?Q q[ p S 6\ % X ! 6 c p =2 B#\ 9 o#> _ k C .- 7 "# M ' p S 6\ ¶ -O 2 .mF#^ » . V 5 . 3 [. w#. . . S 6. / 6 = y 0% l ..j ..o .. y .. { .. > 6..\ ..mF F ..FQ 6.. ..j[ ..`A[ . 0 ®Q. < .72 O% v . # . 2 6. .^ \ .m 9 mv ", mF , =% T 6 =º9 z- .m l .j ".j> . `A[ F = y Q( 6 » V 5 gQ 6.. Q .. 6.. · .. & ".., = .y . ..m?Q> .. m[ .. [m .. Z..[\ zN ..E 6 ..y q#. O Z.¨ JV =2 + 2 e FQ A & Q 2 9 - gt + 2 = S 92 qF[B . "# q[ O%
:
! " "#$ *
%&# ' (" ) *
**
%!, # - . / 01"
* + , - &./ 0 1 2 (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % ! " " L J . H K 4 J 5 > ?@ 8A BC ' + , D E F G 4H 9I B ' 9 : * ;< = .4 5 6* 7 8 3 ' + W ' 8"# $ & % W > :U 8"# $ &% > R S0S A ! T' .M 1 NO 2, C ' H NO + ?)P + , D E F ! U Z[ YHW , \ ) N ) , Y ./ 2 H X ON 8"# $ & % + NC ' 8"# $ & % 4H .@C ) 0 1 2 8 0 P G (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % ^ _ ] ' .A BC ' G' 8d& ?C 4H b N .@C &.c a ' 8 0 P G (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % X ,>B ` <' 8 )' .e'> E &. T0H 8"# $ & % : ! @C A & N .e'> 8 8 ) N ) , 8(#) $ & % 8"# $ & % : 2 3 4 "5 .e'> 8 8 ) N ) , 8(#) $ & % Mircea Eliade's Concept of the Sacred and the Profane: Critical-Analytical and Comparative Study Abstract This study is an analysis of Mircea Eliadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s writings on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sacredâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;profaneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; through his understanding of primary and ancient religions, on which he has formulated specific archetypes that are known in all religions and beliefs and explained on its basis human behavior and religious behavior. The study identifies three manifestations of the sacred: sacred symbol, sacred time, and sacred place. These three reveal what Eliade calls cosmic religion which is the truth of all religions and beliefs. This study raises the issue of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sacredâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;profaneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in Islam, compares and critiques Eliadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concept, defines the sacred and the profane in Islam, and their relation to Muslimsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; cosmic concept through the conception of Spirit (ruh). Key Words: Sacred, Profane, Cosmic religious doctrine, Mircea Eliade, Spirit.
.( ,W ) h > ,i' G (KUISAS) B g N G 2, 7[' + , D ) H ? < [ * madhajy@hotmail.com
C B 0 P B g G ) ?)P B ' U! l B &H' 82, 7[' + , D ) < [ ** dribrahimz@yahoo.com . ,W . qruw/u/ut p, >O4 %T' 8 qruv/t/qr p, o Ym ? n
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 678
: +> > 1 '[ G Â N O Â&#x201A;> 6 > N@ G u(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % ~ > .Â&#x20AC; Â&#x2026; Â&#x201E; ' 4 T' .+ ?)P p, ' Â&#x192; O)' 2, X ,>B ` <' 8> OH E 8 @ ? @ ' ^ & Â&#x2030;i ' (@4 ' p, Y B J5 , Â&#x2C6;J "# $ & % Â&#x2020; ~ @ Â&#x2021; H 2 A> .Â&#x20AC;[' 8+ ?)P 4H "# $ & % 9> Â&#x20AC; ` ? ' A ? G .B F Â&#x2026; _ 1 T' ( NB ) 1 G 9> R WÂ&#x160; Â&#x2021; 8 _ B ' 9 B A @,>B ' A ` < 0 1 i T0H 1 "# $ & % Â&#x2020; ~ B Y RB Â&#x2026; Â&#x2030;Â m T' . .4 Y H Â&#x2039; Â > [ + 8"# $ &% 5 ' ! A m %H Y @C 2 N O .~ > 1 ' 9 B 2, J uyÂ&#x152;{ / uyrxJ (Mircea Eliade) q ' 4 T' .(#) $ & % 89 H A @ Â? 4H > Â&#x17D;[ Â? Â? &Â&#x2018; & >. z 2 ' 8d ~ C . &. H 2, Â&#x2019; ,>R) ( [ m ) : 2N3 8d a 5 5 & Â&#x2026; ~ 8 4H (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % .@ Â&#x2C6;' Â&#x2020; _ Â? l Â&#x201C; + Â&#x201A;> 6 > N@ G + , D G .@C B [ />B ' 8 m4 B/ \ Â&#x201D; D ' "# $ & % .@C , ) 9K > T Â? 5 Â&#x2013;,[ l Â&#x201C;' .+ , D 9 !' .@Â&#x2022; c ' 8> 7 BC . Â&#x2014; 0 ,Â&#x2DC; 01 2 (#) $ & % '
'[ ) :A ~ C 2 Â&#x2122; +' G "profane" & N "(m) C " Â&#x201A;>B Â&#x2020; ~ C & H + u , i' 8 ) + N / Â&#x153; / ' Â? , i Â&#x201A;>6 >N@ G "# $ & % + Â&#x203A; H K 4 8 # Â&#x161; , > ~ ' ÂĄ ¢ ' Â&#x17E; C m Â&#x; BÂ&#x2022;  , , 2 N ' 8 # Â&#x161; + N / Â&#x153; / ># Â&#x161; . >B (m) C Â&#x2020; ~ ' 8 ! Â&#x203A; H ÂŁ 4 ' >@4 ' a W $ % A / ] B ' 8+ , D p, ' Â&#x2030; ] C G ÂĄ ¤ 8 ?4g b ' 8+ , D ) K & H Y [ ![ q 8 4Â&#x2014; ' >6 ' '[ G " .+ , D p, G H C @ Â?Â&#x2022; B ' U3 D h ~4 Â&#x203A; H l'>B ' 8A 6 ' + , D E / G 5 , : 5 ' ÂŁ B T' .9 C A ,i G U &B ? & [' 85 >_ : ?)>/ G &H' 2 ' 8p, ' , '> ' + , D ÂĽ G 9 H A 6 Â? Â&#x2026; F>% 9 , H A @ Â? ' 8 N,> D A B g G 0 1 2 ( 2, >Â&#x2039; Â&#x192; Â? 3 + ' 82, G ' '[ G C _ ) 2, d]! / ' 8 S Â? ' ' 8Â&#x201D;>6 ' h>O ÂŚ dÂ&#x2013;T 4 2 §,W U 8 7 1 @? / 01 2 8A 0 :>R) . 4 ' Â&#x192; ' 8 )0 B ' - Encyclopedia of Religion, "Sacred", 12/ 7964, see also: - Pals, Daniel L. Eight Theories of Religion, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. 2006, p. 194.
679 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
N O ÂŚ .Â&#x20AC; > N (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % U ~ +[ G ÂŚ[ ¨Â&#x192; ' Š' 8Â&#x201A;> 6 Š B G 2, 9Â&#x192; O) Â&#x192; ? G &m i' 82, ], Â? A G  E ' N O + , D ) ÂĽ G >B ÂŁ N '[ 0 P A &Â&#x2014;' 4 2, Â&#x2030; '>])[' 8+ , D p, ' 8 , ^ & Â&#x2030;i Y H 0 1 2 ` <' 8ÂŞ T ' Š &. .@ +[ & i 89 B ÂŁ , 4S G > < &Â&#x2014; + N, N, i 8 Â&#x2122;' .o, Â? > B G 2, G ' mn NO Â&#x2018; ÂŤ 0 1 2 (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % .@ ÂŹ 4 Â? Â&#x203A;B ? ' Â&#x2026; ' 4 \ E Â&#x2030; >C  B ' 8 Â&#x2018; Y RBC H _ @ 7' Â&#x2C6; 0 1 2 P Â&#x2026; .Â&#x2030;' \ A )i " , +[ o ' ! T' . K ÂŽ Â&#x203A;B ? ' . 0 P T0H' 4H  , ÂŁ ) g Â&#x203A; H 5 W > 85 Â&#x2013;,[ U Â&#x2C6; §.4 e'> Â&#x192; ? ' Â&#x2030; Â&#x2013;T' (#) $ & % ' "# $ &% .@ d ) C Â? . 0 P 9 B G (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % .@Â&#x2022; &. T0H'
Â&#x17E; , .4 + U 0 P Š B G .@C Â&#x2026; T \ A + 0 P T Â&#x201D;> B 4H "# $ & % Â&#x; " Â&#x201D; A  > [' 8 , 4 ÂŻ 8 ) &6 ,'>@ v" >Â? ' Yc ~ " ] >B F°C ÂŁ N ' 8 Â&#x201E; z% X " B ' X Â&#x20AC; ÂŻ Â&#x17E; , + .4 ' .o Â? + ? > '> w"d ? ) , G A > _ :"' ] + , D 9 !' Âą 2 ' 8 Â&#x2030; 9 !' ÂŻ 0 P 9 B Â&#x2030; G Â&#x201A;>6 .@C d ?! ? {" />BC ' "# $ & % " Â&#x201D; ' t8" 0 P ) N * B Â? " Â&#x201A; .> ) . uyyx 8E, ' >O4 B ~ :A' 8UO >c ; Â&#x2030; : F> 8 # -: ( . ,'>/ 8 ) &6 v 8 / ] Â&#x203A; HD ( ² :9> 8Â&#x201D; H Â&#x201D; H : F> 8% & ! ; < 4 = # .+ ? > ' 8o Â? w . uyyx 8uÂŹ 8 Â? : , 8 2, X : F> 8 > ? 5 @ A B .d?! 8> ) t . uyyu 6 Nar, Seyyed Hossein Nasr 8Knowledge and the Sacred. Lahore: Suhail Academy, Chowk Urdu Bazar, Second Impression, 1999.
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 67C
4H (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % .@ :5i'[ :U 8 ?T[ S0S 2 X Â&#x192; ' 7' "# $ & % > R ' 8(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % B c : Âł > 7 4B /' 8 .(#) $ & % ' "# $ &% .@ ´> B 4 :5 ) S . 4H (#) $ & % 3 9> R) 0 1 2 0 ,Â&#x2DC; &.@ 7 (#) $ & % ' "# $ &% b N .@C 5 ] S 8"# $ % > Â&#x2030;' e'> ' 8+ N : Âł > 7 4B /' 8 4H .@& , ) .(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % Â&#x;B ' :DE F 2 4H 2, Â&#x2019; ,>R) ( Â&#x192; ' 8 4H (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % .@ 2N3 + , - 4H (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % B c />B 'D ÂŁ ) g :d ) Â&#x2030; ÂŁ ) g [ . &.4 g T0B ' 8 &. ' &Â&#x201C;Â&#x192; O) 0 1 2 @ ¤C A BC ' .(#) $ & % 7' "# $ & % > R ./ b ] : A *: .6 : HIJ .F 2, :U 8 S0S H 0 1 2 Â&#x2026; [ 4H (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % 9Â&#x192; O) + .2, C + ?)P ' 8 * Â&#x201E; $ ;< &4 ' 8U* Â&#x201E; $ + ?)P ' Âľ
x Â&#x2013; Â&#x2019; @%, i 8U* Â&#x201E; $ + ?)P ' Âľ 2, E [ 9Â&#x192; O4 ./ 8U ~4C Â&#x2122;' U Â&#x17E;&Â&#x2014; Â&#x; B 2 &Â&#x2C6; C "U* $ Â&#x160; " Â B \ "primitive" & ? + ?) '[ > 6 2 W + ?) [ Âś"Archaic" '[ "Pre-literate" @ 7' Â&#x2013; Â&#x2019; @%,' m ! T' Â&#x152;89> 6 + , D 9> R ) >] [ "># .9K > ' N T
Â/> , 5 5 @ 7' U ~B \ (U* ) & 2 5i + W A , Â&#x153; > \ 4C F° U U* Â&#x201E; $ + ?)P x .+ W ` < + ?)P K ~H
8
Allen, Douglas. Myth and Religion in Mircea Eliade, New York: Routledge. 2002, p. 107.
67K 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
K < +[' 8 2, )[ , 5 @7 ' y. &H[ G 5  5 ) N U* Â&#x201E; $ + ?)P &?, 9 Â&#x203A; H 5 B ~ Â&#x2013; B¡ > D 85 > !  , a ?C 0 1 2 + U Â? ur . >O Â&#x2030; ]C "Archetype" U* Â&#x201E; $ ;< &4 .R 4H "# $ & % 9Â&#x192; O) Â&#x2026; ~ ' 4H ,W / C 2 5 H ) + ' . 7D '[ ]C '[ "Paradigmatic Models"' & i ' 8A , />BC * 4] & T Â&#x2020;4 3 + < œ¾ '[ U* Â&#x201E; $ + ?)P H 9> N/ Â/> 4H , A B& ² '[ * Â&#x201E; $ 4 +D ` < . 7D />BÂ&#x2022; G 2 &N KU z 9 T +Â&#x192; 2 Â? U ./ 8 7[ Â&#x2122; 2 K i '[ 8 ] Â&#x2122; Â&#x203A; H Â&#x2030; +[' 85 7[ 5 Â&#x2030;< = > N, '[ U ÂŤ +[ i 5 ! B@ '[ KU O , 0 / uu8 7[ & ?, ' . Â? Â? > @ [ 8Â&#x; BC 2 ¸ H ./ š ] ;< = ( , Z G + ?)P . ÂŤ \ ;< &4 5 m H ."Nostalgia" 7- d 4Â? uq . Â&#x2014; A Â&#x2039; '[ T A Â&#x2039; U l ~C b BÂ&#x2022; "# $ & % ÂŹ 9> Â&#x20AC; +[ A BC ' + , - 01 2 Â&#x2030;' Â&#x203A; H 9> 7 T Â&#x153; / Â&#x2026; ? %] % '[ ;< = 0 1 2 "# $ & % .Â&#x20AC;' 8 Â? ' ) 4 N M ¢ ?@ 2 N .2, C + ?)P & O 8Âľ '[ U* Â&#x201E; $ + ?)P ) 4 N Â? 85 Âş 2, : d4 Â? Â? O, i ) < Âś2, C + ?)P .@C , 6 +D œ , &H < G > O 2* @ Âť B + " : , 8 ) ?)P 5 ) ?) + N +[ a> 1[ 9 B ' . > D ~ > & T .B F Â&#x2014; &B ' ?4g 9 Â? ' U H' 4 G " [ > 4H "# $ & % +[ Hi ' uv".5 4, + N +[  B, 9
Saliba, John A. "Homo religiosus" in Mireca Eliade: an anthropological evaluation, Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1976, p. 45.
10
Ibid, p. 49.
.uÂ&#x152;M 8 uyÂ&#x152;x 8uÂŹ 8"0c :ÂŞO 8 c 1 Z : F> 8 /L A H ( F . 8 uu .xtM 8 uyÂ&#x152;Â&#x152; 8uÂŹ 8ÂŞ O :ÂŞ O 82 ?! Â&#x2014; H : F> M . 8 uq :5 Â&#x2013;,[ >R) .u{Â&#x152;M 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 /L A H ( F 8 J 8qÂŹ 8ÂŞ O : , 82 ?! Â&#x2014; H : F> 8 ! 5<L 4 3A N! $ . 8 uv .yM 8u; 8 qrr{
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6OP
8 c O)' b ?)P >N@ &* 7 1 )[ 9 "# $ & % X ,' uw.+ ?)P + ?) ( + ` < H ,' . Z' + ?) , +[ 2 N3 i' Y « ` ¼ @4, i o, + ?)P + < ¶b0 B UH c O) > ¥ W º +[ 2 N3 [> ,' * &4 ? 0 /D O,' 8e> ?C £ ,' C E& ?,' 8£ G E ,' © H G 5 ,[ « 8U B c' Uº © H G / « i & N ) [ ¶£ N 2, C + ?)½ . ~B, \ 9 ut.¹ 1 + G' 8M 1 8 ' U [ ^ _ 2m, C + ?)P / 82, ,>R) G '> _ KW U ' 8 > N/ G ,W > .@ M 1 N O 4 ' 8 2 , H G "# $ & % > ¹ ] ' 5 ,[ + 4BC ' "(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % " N !>z G (#) $ & % ' "# $ &% 2, C + ?)P ."2, B c" 8 H N O 2, C '[ M 1 N O µ '[ U* $ + ?)P 9 ! +¾ / N ' "# $ & % B c' 8(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % 9 O) .4 ¯ \ 4C 9 C P Nm z c G i L> , i 9 ` » B, + ?)P ` < 8 4 ¦' & O 8 * $ ;< &4 > N [ ¶ 4 B B@ ` < > N i ! G ' « i' 8"# $ & % G ; )i 0 1 2 ?@4 @ 8 B K ~HP + ?)P B ?, . @ ' ."# $ & % G » B ' 8ET : . .Q ! KU O U* $ H G + "# $ & % +[ ! ) 2 B, ª 1' 9>S 9 H @ 8h0c¾ 2* N !' "# $ & % +D ¶ U BC ' ) 4 N T 2 N/ #± 2 > , B· " u{8 3 . ., K zD U* ` ?&/ 8 ) © B >, (#) $ & % +[ a>1[ ! ) 2 B,' ux". ' 8 F° >B &R4C :A' 8 C B : F> 8%! ; < B A N! 3 % R #* . 8 uw .wrM 8 qrrx .wtM 8ª ? E >C ut .vrM 8ª E > 8 /L A H ( F 8 u{ .vyM 8ª E > 8%! ;< B A N! 3 % R#* 8 ux
6O6 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
Nm O, i Š B E ´ B 8 ~ ' ) } + 3 &NÂŤ 2, C '[ uÂ&#x152; . B [ Âś Â&#x2030;'0 8ÂŞ 10 8 U !0 ) 8 & N U Â? Â&#x;BC 5 C H .@ 7' G c D 0 1 2 (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % \ 2 H X ON,' +[ > \ 8 ' >@ c D ÂŞ B \ ' 8A , + ?)P' B ~ š'D E_ c . ? . K> C + N ž + 8´ D 2 5 Â&#x2030; ,>T K G Â&#x2026;) K &? ´ D 2 H K & ? Â&#x2026; %/ 4H' . Â&#x2030; B '[ Y ? '[ 8ÂŞ ? A ) '[ 89>Â&#x17E; z + ?)P / ' 8+ ?)P ÂŹ ` < 2 H Y Âż ~ [ | ! ÂŁ ? uy . ~ D .B + ?)P 9W &C ÂĄ* ¢ 5 _ H ( ' > Â&#x2030; '[ ~ "# $ & % +Â&#x192; B, Âą 2 ' ?@) ¡ +[ 2 N3 )D' Âś * Â&#x201E; $ ;< &4 ÂŞ , J> m & J ) < Âś"Contingent" 5 _ H ) 4 N (#) $ & % Nz + N ` < Â&#x203A; H K 4 ' 8š ]C ;< &4 9 Hž >& (#) $ & % , d ! G 8 H NO ÂŞ ~C @7 "# $ & % K ~H G' qr.U [ NO 2 ^ 4 . ?@) K zD G Â&#x2030;' i )[ > .R% \ Â&#x2030; 9 !' 9 B A S Ă&#x20AC; 8´ B "# $ & % ' , (NB .A ?#) $ % '[ A # $ % .@7 W
& Â&#x2020;&?, UH _ C [ C "# $ % 2 N ' . _ B, m +[ , KU z i < Âś+ ?)P ,>, + N [ G 5 > _ ! B _ 1 U < Âśd 4Si d L> &* ' Â? / 8(#) $ % Â? , m +[ 5 &* E ~ ?, 8+ ?)P UH > z Â&#x203A; ~B (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % d ´ B ' 8+ ?)P ¢ , +[ (#) $ &% 2 N3 . Â&#x2013;@ \ * / G 4, R4 @ Â&#x20AC;' ]& ' qu ."# $ % Â? .wrM 8ÂŞ ? EÂ&#x2030;>C uÂ&#x152; 8 qrrw 8 / ] 9  ' E ~ :ÂŞ O 8 ! ÂŁ ?! : F> 8 L > 2L : L . 8 uy .yy 8yÂ&#x152;M 20
Olson, Carl. The Theology and Philosophy of Eliade: A Search for the Centre, London: Macmillan Academic and Professional LTD, 1992, p. 106.
8Â&#x201A;> B G ] W >C :Ă Â&#x20AC; [ 8 , 4H 2, W H : F> 8 I3 ; < . & ' ! L - " . O 8+0 ? qu .uÂ&#x152;rM 8 qrry 8uÂŹ
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6O7
: % / S T>A .4 & ?, ' (#) $ & % G "# $ &% 5 Â&#x2039; L 4 +[ A S ' ÂŤ 8Shows" :U 8 B/[ 9 H U Â&#x17E; & N ¤ ?,' 8"Hierophaniey" "# $ & % +[ YÂ&#x2122;> / 8 4 < "# $ & % >.R," ` < G , 8"Reveals 8Manifests 8 ! [' Â&#x2026; T' [ G (#) $ & % Š H G > .R, T )[ i 8(#) $ & % 2 H 5 H ) X Â&#x2021; + ' qq".A Â&#x17E; ÂŞ ,>c 2 H T @ 1 U B c KU z [ , Â&#x2C6; Â&#x203A; H ` <' + B& ¡ i dĂ&#x201A; z d ´ B [ 5 ~4 5 _ B ( (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % d ´ B < qvÂś"Negative Dialectic" Â&#x2030; 0 1 2 "Mutually Exclusive" + . 01 2 > .R, (#) $ & % KU O U 6 , "# $ & % +[  B, i U Â&#x17E; + qw . 6 Â&#x2122; Â&#x203A; , > R G )[ E 85 B c 5 Ă&#x201A; z ?@) ) 2H XT , UB ~ KUO Âś2, $ Â&#x2013; ? &.4N 8+ _ B 4H (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % +ž/ 8 Â&#x203A; H K 4 ' > g G (#) $ & % 2 H W, & "# $ & % / .` < '[ + N, +[ & ÂŤ KU O + [ > .R, 8 H / E 4 "# $ & % N O, d ! U @/ 85 # $ % + N H , +[ 2 N3 2 N Âś"Sacrilegious" ^'W 4 ) 2 N3 [ Âś H / Â&#x2122; (#) $ & % B ` <' 8E Â&#x2013;,' "# $ & % ÂŁ ) Â&#x2030; 2 Â&#x203A;@ Â&#x2013;C &N Â&#x153; 4 , < "Desacralized" 8(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % d L> &* ' Â? +[ Â&#x2022;' .5 @)ÂŽ 9 C ÂŹ ? S ! "# $ % . ?@) R G "# $ & % +[ Â&#x17E; 4 ' 8(#) $ % Â? , +[ "# $ &% 2N& / qt ."Defiled" (#) $ %' : H 2V .U &.4 T0B ' C ' 9Â&#x192; O4 0 1 2 (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % B c Â&#x2020; N ' J YHW , & J + , D E F G "# $ & % + < Âś 4, >Â&#x2039; m ,[ ! ' 5 : 22
Eliade, Mercia. Patterns in Comparative Religion, translated by. Rosemary Sheed, London: Sheed and Ward Ltd, Fifth impression, 1987, p. 30.
23
Allen, Douglas. Myth and Religion, p. 78.
24
Eliade, Patterns, p. 30.
25
Ibid, pp. 15, 18.
6OO 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
![ a Â&#x2026; ? \ ` 8 '> _ '[ N z[ G B 4N 8 Â&#x2030;' [ G Ă&#x20AC; ! ' + , D > ?@, H' 8>O ÂŁ) Â&#x2030; 2 Âť BC Âş 2 9 : RÂ? G "# $ &% : , 8U* Â&#x201E; $ > Â&#x17E; @ Â&#x2021; aÂ&#x2DC; 5 Z Y ° Nm O = 85 H .4 ?![ Â? * Â&#x201E; $ >] [ 2 ' 8+ , D p, + " .Â&#x20AC; 8 ]C Â&#x203A; H 8 * Â&#x201E; $ A Â&#x17E; > ] [ 2 ' . # $ % E* T' > RÂ&#x2022;' 8A # $ % ?4 Â&#x203A; HD U Â&#x17E; Ă&#x192; ! 89>Â&#x17E; z '[ > Â&#x17E;! Âś ^ _ G "# $ & % q{ ". Â? , >& G ^ ~ ) 2 ( ' 8Â&#x2020; ?C ^ ?, G P ?Â&#x2039; m 8U
?C +[ & ÂŤ KU z Â&#x192; / 8 4, > R 5 , z 5 B (NB " # $ & % 9 !' + E Â&#x2013;,  , Ă&#x201E; Â&#x2039; G' 8(#) $ & % E h @ N O Âť, B , "# $ & % ' 85 Â&#x2039; + N, N z[ G > R ,' 89 , Â&#x2030; K z[ G ?@) ÂŤ' 8p, G ?@) $ >& "# $ & % J a> , & J B + qx.5 ~ + N, +[ 2 H X N, ` ' 89 , Â&#x2030; D ,> g N OC ZD ÂśÂ&#x203A;~ B A Â&#x2014; Y B 5 / + N, +[ ÂŁ ¡ + qÂ&#x152; .2, : ) . W .7 > R ´> H 2 m i 8 4H (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % B c 2 H X ON B ' 2 ' ,' .ÂŞ T N O &Â&#x2014; .@ Â&#x2020; Â&#x2013; , Ă&#x192; ! 8(#) $ & % 7' 8"# $ & % + W ' W > m G (#) $ & % 7' "# $ & % > R Â&#x203A; H W >, )[ 0 1 4H  , L ? Â&#x2018; O [ ¡ Â? 5 / 8 Â&#x2122;' N A ) , G + NC ' 9 !' '[ U* Â&#x201E; $ > g ! ' 8+ , - 9 ! ' ,Â&#x2DC; > Â&#x20AC; G ( NB 8+ ?)P ."# $ & % .ux 8u{M 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 8 q{ .uyÂ&#x152;M 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 L >2L : L 8 qx 28
Eliade, Patterns, p. 29.
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6OX
: Z Y .F A @ 7 H £?} XON, 8UB ~ W > m 2, G Y ~ B _ 1 . B ' 8¬ =[ 4, > m X 4 T T' . ![' "# $ & % d _ @C H Y* "# $ & % L G ,> O l0 1 X ON, Uº ~ G' .b N &N ¯ ; ¼ G b ?)P UH § ) (NB \ 8 > m 9 H O, '[ 8 4, , B 2 H , H Uº ¯ @4 8 > ª 1 G b ?)P ¢ ' ,' .+ , D 9 !' .UB ~ h / © H' + N : % Z .Q B X , 2, G 2 W +[ YHW / 82 W 5 ,[ 2, m G Y ' ¸ / 2 ./ 8 > N T U m~1 (#) $ 2 Y ? 4, ./ 8() ]3 + % , 2 H ' K zD H T' 8 > N T > * "# $ % 2 ' 8p, ª ,>c 2 H ` <' 8p, 2 A0/P £ ~ , "# $ & % 2 W G » B ' .9 ~ D ]Å A &C +[ B,' . * ;< &4 ' 8 ^ & i ' c D , ' ·' . ) 2 W 2 '> ' ~ D 2 W > N 2 H 9 H + , D G 9> N/ ^ 1 ' «' . 7D + ?)P d 4! G (@4 Y H G 50 ?@4 , . 9 B l0 1 2 Y > B/ 8
?C ' , . 9 B H ' # 2 W Y @& , B H £ °, i > R) G ` < +¾/ 8 3 + , D 2H
?C ' .U ' >@ > B 9 B A BC E F l +[ &m i 8 ' 2 W , () H U ? * 9> N/ B + , D G 2 W > R +[ d , U N ` <' .2, G 2 W ,>R)' 8(#) $ & % ' "# $ &% .@ G 4, , B 82 W : ' 5 .4 ´ B ` <' 8+ NC () H 2, G + N& ,>R) G £ <' i 2 ! ' 8 / "# $ & % U 01 2 ! C "# $ & % + NC d
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
6O[ 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
9 7 ]3 BC "# $ & % + NC Â&#x203A; H ] [ Â&#x201D;>Â&#x2013;,' .5 : 50Nz &ÂŤ Ă&#x2020; W >C 4H "# $ & % + NC W & , < Âś ' & ? ;< &4 ]3' 8Š B Š B E 7 ~ ) ]3' 8 B D h /Âł 01 2 ' 8 / Â&#x201C; '< " c o ! 2N ?C '[ BC K 4 G 5 ' * Â&#x201E; $ ;< &4 Â? ' .U B ~ h / Â&#x203A; H ,>R4 A Â? ´> / ' ÂŤ +[ Ă&#x2021; !0C ' .b N ÂŞ ¢ $ BÂ&#x201E; Â&#x160;/ >Â&#x160; N$ % . .B F A BC : 5 ! .U Â&#x2018; O [ 2 H P Â&#x2026;@ O + NC ' + W ' W > G "# $ & % > R + ! ' ' 8+ , - 9 ! ' ,Â&#x2DC; > Â&#x20AC; G ( NB 8+ ?)P 4H  , L ? Â&#x201C; < U \ ) 4 N U , : 9 H ! '[ 8"# $ & % 9 !' '[ U* Â&#x201E; $ > g 5 m ,[ 8 4H + ?)P / 8 ) ?) B c Â&#x2122; U ) 4 N G Â&#x2122;> +[ Â&#x2022;' ."# $ & % 2, " Y . H ÂŞ ~, \ ) N ) , 2, , 85 4, i '[ 5 4, + > R ]Ă&#x2026; \ ' ) N 9 B :d H ! ' \ ) , qy."U ?4C 9 H' 8 Â? ' Â&#x2030; 9 !' Â? 9 H U ' 8 ~ ! + N G "# $ & % B, "Desacralized" "# $ & % ' [ Âś(#) $ & % ]Ă&#x2026; \ ÂŹ ? Â&#x2030; Â&#x203A; H W N > 4H (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % * 4S +ž / H' . !0 ' Y )Â&#x192; .+ , D E F : Z[ YHW, \ * 4] ` 8 B ' Â&#x2030; * 4S 01 2 UB ~ ` &Â&#x2C6; 8+ , D E F ] . ] J . 7[ GJ
?C +[ Â&#x2026; ]%,' T N " : , 8 .4
?C Ă&#x2020;,>@ A 0 ' : i 8 ) N 9 B Y ' 8U
?C 2, 2 9>~ D ^W )' "# $ & % 2 + N Ă&#x2020; ,>@ A 0 Ă&#x2020; ,>@ "+ ) & B " + >6 + ,> B Â&#x2018; T \ A ~¢ G Y RH N O ` < B vr ". Â&#x2014;Âł 2 B ~ .uwÂ&#x152;M 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 Y 8 qy
30
Allen, Douglas. Myth and Religion, pp. 77, 78.
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6O8
+ ?)P / 8 Â? 8>& T > 6 N@ +[ Â? ÂĄ Âş' 8 B 4 7 ./ J > , Š [ [J K ' 82, C + ?)P 2 Â&#x2019; > 7 BC  , 0 + ?)P L Â&#x2020; 0 Â&#x203A; H Ă&#x2021;/ ÂŤ  J > , Š [ [ K J ) + ?)P ' UH m ,' ?@4 >B O, + ?)P + . 4, Ai C 2 m 4 2N ' 82, C vu . @ Â&#x2021; A c' 8 Ă&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; ] Â&#x2022; l> ,  2Âź, 0 :D \ Y @ )i Ă&#x2030;' 8+ , D U1 Â? 2 5 ) 2 ^ 4 Â&#x2030; ' i' 85 ,>Â&#x2039; '[ 5 & H 2 N, Š §.4 +[ Y ) G '[ ' . Â&#x2039; ' Â&#x17E;.4 ' U ' 8U* > i ; 4 i Â&#x203A; H i ,>R4/ 8 T 5 ] + N, +[ 2 N3 vq . ,W / A _>@ W 2 ~4 8 c 4 U [ NO ZÂ&#x192; z 2 ' 8 4, U 4H D N OC +[ 4 ÂB a[ & / @ 1 ' vv8 > R Â&#x17E;.4 ÂŁ ?} 2, H _ ´ m +[ i Z[ a> , Y. Â&#x2013;B / 8 ,>R) K ' 2 &N \ _ °/i A C ! G Y.4 7 1 K 4 ´° @, )[ 5 H ~) Â&#x2026; ~H[
?& + < Âś
? : ] 8p, , BC T> O + , D Â&#x203A; H & B ,>R) +[ a>, 2 L 4 ' vw.
?C G + U ¤O H +[ ¡ >1Âł Y.Â&#x2013;B ' vt.
?& .4 ' 4Â&#x2014; .uwÂ&#x152;M 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 Y 8 vu
32
Olson, Carl. The Theology and Philosophy of Eliade, p. 10. Join A. Saliba, "Homo religiosus" in Mireca Eliade
85 & H' 85 H _ ' 85 @ 7' + , D " , Y B + N, +[ Â&#x203A; H 8 > R Â&#x17E;.4 ÂŁ ?} z vv :>R) . . @? /' + , D A 0 7 < B H [ 2 5 >ÂĽ' - Douglas Allen, Myth and Religion, p.18 34
Saliba, "Homo religiosus", p. 103.
35
Allen, Douglas. Myth and Religion, p. 221-222.
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
6O9 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
Â&#x2026; R@ ! \
?C U ' v{.d ' 'D d !0@ 4H ) N
?C Â? vx .
?C T * B : 5 ! ;< ] Z3^ .6 ![ 2, m +[ B, )[ Â&#x2022; ` <' 82, m 5 7 1 5 P + 2 N3 Â? 2 H o G ) ?) Â&#x2122; U ./0 1 + , D +[' 8+ ?)P A ) N ) , @ 7' 2 N3 vÂ&#x152;8 , Â&#x2030; b ?) ÂŁ ( Â&#x192; Â? 5 H 8Â&#x;BC ' Â&#x2030; ' . ], Â? ' 3 + , D ' 8A BC E F , 4S G E&Â&#x2039; \ ) N T Â&#x2022; ' 8 B g G 5 c + 4H B Â&#x192; O) ) N ) , H + @ ? / 2 H ]} K 4S[ 4Â&#x2014; Â? < T Hi 2H o [ T' 8 ]N ` < U ' 4Â&#x2014; > N@ Â&#x17E;/ 8b N + ?)½ ;< = l O B 8 z ) ?) ,>R4 ( Â&#x192; [ / 8Š B K ' & / 4 N B e'> E U !'> Â&#x2C6;i Â&#x203A; H > , m  , B O X O [ 9> 'D 4Â&#x2014; G" : T G ` e> m 7' 8 4Â&#x2014; G K 4S[ 8 Y RB Â&#x203A; H' 8 ! G  SÂ&#x192; U ' 4Â&#x2014; > N@ + N ' vy".b N + 5 ,> E ~ [' 8 Â&#x2018; ÂŞ &B 5 >SÂ&#x192; U ?@) m H[ )[" : T G ` < 2 H I m H T' wr ".\ ¤z Â&#x2026;) m ' Â&#x2026; Nm z T , 4Â&#x2014; Y B 82, ! Y.@, [ U ' 4Â&#x2014; >N@ 2 9 ! ?C ) N ) , 01 2 ) Â&#x2030; 9 !' 9> N/ Â? 9 4 ?C (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % * 4S Â&#x203A; H m ( Â?,' Â&#x2014; A T ¤C B c +[ a> \ ' 8+ , D G ,W > 9> N/ . BÂ&#x2030; \ 8 ' 4Â&#x2014; 36
Olson, Carl. The Theology and Philosophy of Eliade, p. 55.
.urw 8urvM 8v; 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 ! 5<L 4 3A N! $ 8 vx :G " , Â&#x2030; b ?) ÂŁ " / :>R) vÂ&#x152; .ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8%! ;< B A N! 3 % R#* 8 J 39
Pals, Daniel L. Eight Theories of Religion, p. 195.
40
Allen, Douglas. Myth and Religion, p. 125.
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6OC
./ 8U ! 2* 1 Â&#x2030; , wu Â&#x2122; '[ P + K š B C "# $ & % +[' 8E m~ ' . B e'> 2 KWÂ&#x2030; ) ?)P e'> ' 8U Â? Â&#x2030; .Â&#x20AC; i + N ) , 8Â&#x; BC ' Â? ' Â&#x2030; "# $ & % + G ÂŁ < Â&#x2026; # $ % K zD H' . ^'W 4 7D G + N 8(#) $ & % 5i @) | ÂŤ% ./ 8´ H Ă&#x160; c ( ) ' 8 B Š B ( NB [ 8 ! Â? ^ Â&#x2030; P ' > T "ÂŹ Â&#x2014; " B@ @4C K zD ' 8+ NC ' + W G 5 ' !' & + , D p, 2 Â&#x2026; BÂ&#x2030; Â&#x201C;i Â&#x2C6; G * 4] + ."# $ & % U Â&#x2039; B@ 7D 4, ' @ Â&#x2021; A 4, ¤ , Â&#x17E; Ă&#x201E; Â&#x2039; ) 8U Â&#x17E; Â&#x2014; Y > 2 H 9 H a>, . 4N D ' 4  D ÂŁ?} G ]&C ) N ) , 0 1 2 A BC E F [> , [ mÂą 2 ' Y ./ G H > D 8 !0 ' Â? Â&#x2030; 8(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % Â&#x2030; Â&#x2014;01 2 Â&#x203A;B ' wq8 Â?
?C ]Ă&#x2026; Z[ B, BÂ&#x2030;' 8d ' 'D d!0@
? ` < Â?,' . 3 ' T> O A BC ' + , D G Â > ' 9 ~ - , Â&#x2030; ?@ Â? YH ' ) N ) , ,>R4 Hi 2 9 & ? Â&#x2026; ) Â&#x2030; >])D [ E F +[ W > G (#) $ & % 7' "# $ & % > R E G 5 _ ' ` < > .Â&#x20AC; T' 8 . C 9 !' Â&#x192; Âś
?C ' , . ' 3 ' * Â&#x201E; $ * B d + NC ' + W '
9 ! ?C ) N ) , 0 1 2
?C [> , +[ ÂŁB 2 2 N, Š > N@ ># S[ / .U ' 4Â&#x2014; 2, d ' .4 O ) N P ` <' 8U ' 4Â&#x2014; >N@ 2 U B ~ h / 8"Divine"U Â&#x2014;P 8"God" P : ] A ~ Â&#x2022; š B C "# $ & % X , + wu 8"Being" ) 4 N 8"Ultimate Reality" 8"Absolute Reality" ~C Â? 8"Supernatural" Source of " 9 Â? 8"Infinite" ÂŞ ~C 8"Transhistorical" p,  ' Â&#x17E; C 8"Eternal" , D "# $ & % ´> H ? A ~ C '[ b BC Â&#x2018; l ., ' 8"Bliss" Y B4 ' 8"Power" 9 8"Life 0 1 2 ` < Â&#x2C6; +[ 4, H &Â&#x17E; L°, )D Âś"# $ & % ÂŤ i ./ .2, G C H 4 @7 ]Â&#x2022; Hi 2H F 4 A Â&#x2039;i ' L ? Y ., +[ + , D p, G ¨ > R Š B ' ÂŤ N/ 8 4 B . ) ?)P >Â&#x17E; G š B C Â&#x2013;! d B + , D p, 2 l Â&#x2014; +# [ ÂśA # $ & % 42 Ibid, pp. 107-110.
6OK 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
+[ 4
?C G 9 1D ` A> mS[ ± 8 S $ ) c0/D @ ? @ H U ' 4 wv S[ T' . B 2 ? 4N K ® , H ± 8U >~ ( , H Nm O 2 9 '[ 9>S >* Bz' 7' * H'
?C 7[ +[ º A 8 ) ) ' 8 , zD ' 8 ' 8 @ ' 8 ,> C ' 8 , 4 J ww > O 3 + , D m [ T' wt. ,[ G '[ ?C . T 9 * ) \ J ) '> ' : T < ¶ , c I P K ¯[ G 9> O 4 ) \ B O c D ' + , D /" 8
?C ! )i R G 9 ! 4S N zD U ' 8 ) '> 5 ,> ª B , > D +[ ' .l , D ¹ [ G 8
?C E @m N +[ B 85 ! N @ 5 1 + 8 , g > > B G ' g _ 8 H 4 A < ) , w{ ¸ Ç@ « R, +[ ' 'D , ".p, T È | ¾ N z ,' < ¶^ ?, 9 ! , ' G 4S '
?C d O > .R,
,' wx. > H & H ' , ~ [ > 7 4H 2
?C & ' 8 , ~ [ 8
?C ,W > 2,> 7 BC 2,> N@C ' ? 4N K ® N4 G A 1[ 8 z H ,W c m 2 5i 8µ .B G ;< = ' m w
.U
?C © B + , [
JyvM 8 qrrr/ uwqr 8 > B > N@ :9> 8' ! L ; < U #/ .Ë H &: 8 ' T> O wv .urv i 2 9 B & C 8( 4S + , D ) 9 H 2 + ]! H l B ¤ ? i ww .UB_' 7[ G 2, +[ £ \ 2, 9 O) G ~ ,>R4 £? % 82,W U WH 9 : F> 8 # & " \ ] )L Q 3_ .l 8Æ) ,' 8 < 8 ) ,' 8 , ) 8+ , ) wt .utM 8 )'°N P ¤?4 8 ) ?)P A ¹' .BC A O4 :9> .utqM 8 uyyu 8u¬ 8+ B4 :ªO 8 c 1 Z : F> 8H ( L . W . 8 w{ .qy 8qyxM 8ª E > 8 I3 ;< . & ' ! L -" 8+0? wx 8qrvM 8 uyyr 8 / ] 9 ' A O4 :ª O 8 ! £ ?! : F> 8, ) . 8 w .qrw
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6XP
P ?Âź Â&#x2039; 9 H [ ÂśU
?C 2, D 9 B G O Â I , ÂĄ T' c [ G B* z Â&#x2026; ) U \ ' 8
?C W & > ? m B \ ÂśU
?C ?Âź Â&#x17E; ! 0 1 2 ` < Â&#x203A; H ,' . 3 >OC Â&#x201D; BO ?Âź Â&#x17E; Â&#x2014; A0Nm O 2 ? B > .Â&#x20AC; Y RHD ?Âź Â&#x17E; m H < ;< &4 ¡ 9 )Â&#x192; ' > .R, ?Âź Â&#x17E; '[ Um Â&#x17E; +ž/ N ' ."Prefigurations" J &H £ ?!J Â&#x2020; ?C ?Âź Â&#x2039; + [ Âś 3 > O + , D 2 C U 7D 8 Ă&#x201A;c 1 > O + , D +[ 2 l> %H l0Ă&#x152; B, #Âą 2 ' .U* Â&#x201E; $ ;< &4 " NB) 2 H 9 H 4H A ?Âź Â&#x17E; '[ A Â&#x17E; / 8 ,> O  , B O ! > G 0 ÂŻ ' ,> O 4, 9 Â? m H 2 N3 )[' . ?Âź Â&#x17E; > m ? ÂŞ ? NÂź O ?* , Ai' : R ) c ? U =
?C Â&#x203A; H ? ' 8A Â&#x17E; Â&#x2030; G ]& C 8K BF wy .Â&#x2020; ?C 8 > O m + , D _
?C 4 z X 4B Â&#x17E;Â&#x2014; +[ a> , H' B Š' . / mn > B E ~ Y ?m , )D Âś Âş .Â&#x2030; 2 850c ' 5 3 T A tr . i A Â&#x2039; ,[ E '[ >1ÂŽ 2, [ G 1 G l Â&#x2039;
?C Â&#x17E;.4 5 @ Â&#x2021; 4 B ,Â&#x2DC; 2 ÂŞ ~4 2, m +[ > .R, 4 2 ' / 89> R G ? 9> N/ m,[ B ' 8 H _ C UH m , > R ) , 9> * 1 A BC ' + , D E F Xm4 +[ ' Â&#x2C6; 4, 9> R 9 !' 9 H Â&#x203A; H ( Â&#x192; , U ' 4Â&#x2014; N O Â&#x203A; H Â&#x201C; < A & H \ ) N ´ D Â&#x203A; H A BC ' + , D T[ 4H ]3 U ' 4Â&#x2014; 2, + N ' 8 Â&#x2030; 8 ) N ) , 5i N z[ A BC ' + , D Â&#x2020; #Âą 2 ' tu85 Âş 49
Eliade, Patterns, p. 30, note 1.
.vuM 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 L >2L : L 8 tr Â&#x203A; H ` < ( NB) ' 8š Â? > B G ) !'> 2 H d]! Â&#x201D;> 6 > N@ >SÂ&#x192; ÂŁ Â&#x2022; Hi + tu U N,> D + ,W@ ' &4 ? G 9 1D A 4 ? A . z / 8M 1 N O U N,> D ' Â&#x201A;> 6 0 HP ' Â&#x201D; D 2 9 ! ? o, ! > H ÂŁ T G c D  B ! . T ' \ A0 ? ?C ' 0 /D 2 5 H
6X6 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
G ` <' 8 ) N ) , >.R H[ G d ' 'D d!0@
? NzD U* $ ;< &4 ?C / m B, ' J &H £ ?}J ?& Y RHD ?¼ U ./ 8 m 4H X i ) N ) , 2 N .b N ¡ ¤C 9 S ( NB, ) , " 3 > 7 BC + ?)P +[ YHW , ` 8 '' + ?)P > i (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % +[ / , ' 8U ?4C 2, m 4H / 7 C ) N tq .o, © B G +0&B, T 2 N/ "# $ & % ¬ 4H ´° @ \ * 4S + 2 8 !0 ' + N 0 ' B T 2 N/ (#) $ & % ¬ ET ' ' 9 !' 9 H ´> / ' : U 8(#) $ & % _>H' " # $ & % ,> g 01 Y 50 / (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % G + 4 B%, \ 8+ N G "# $ & % U ' ) ' 8U P U! . / E >¼ % Z 2 N3 \ ' 8 ) N ) , U ?@4 ' U B £ ° 4 ' 9 . 9> N/ P + ' 89 '> ! ' © B ' T "# $ & % +[ 2 Y > HJ B· > D .+ ?)½ "# $ & % W 1 '[ 9 !' 9 H '[ ) N ) , G W 1 , J W 10 . ?@4 @ '' 8 ' ' 8 + ?)P T0H G : > ? % `T .7 > mS[ A BC ' + , - 01 2 >mR4, 7[ ) N ) , B + ,>c G BC X T' < ¶+ , - 5 1 ' 5 ,> @7 ' H U [ NO È 8 E B ' 0 P H T H G ` < £ ? ' 8 0 P Y.@ . B \ ) N ) , Y @ E & B _ BC ` <' 8 0 P a [m . 4H 2, ,>R4 5 Y @ ' 8(Thor)' 8(Avatar) ] N,> D 0 /D ' 8(Lost) . O ? ?C ` <' 8U ' 4 2, . 0/D 2 ' 8(Love, Eat, Pray) .uw M 8ª E > 8 8 tq
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6X7
A ' | }
_ ] D 2 9> /' ¤ ?, +[ 2 YÂ&#x2122;> Â&#x203A; H )[ Ă&#x2021;!0C / 0 P 9 C > .R 82, G + , D ' A BC 2 ] 2 9 & ?C ) C 4H ÂŞ &B B Y ?m , .4 ' 8 , 6 T G ¤ ?C Š )[ l° H +[ (Â&#x2026; , Ă m z) > < T' . . ¤ \ a> 1D C C Ă? $ Âź B +[' 8 >B />B B ` <' 8 0 P 2 / [ ¤ ?, Â&#x203A; H & Hi ' 8 0 P 9 C ¤ 2 H 4 G 5 ? * 5 + U D tv . , ) ] C G + N Â&#x203A; H[ +[ J 0 P 9 B ÂŁ ?}J > , : ]C Â&#x203A; B/ Š ' tw8K & ? W > T 9 Â&#x2030; Z[ Â&#x203A; H , ÂŁ~ YÂż + < Âś BN Š B  B Y ? ' .(`4 ?4,') 2 ? T ÂĄ Ă&#x17D; ) 4N ' 8U 0 C ]C G B, tt . O ' .L 4 >. z[ )Â&#x192; D > Â&#x17E; @ 7' G ` <'
~ ? D Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201A;Ă Ă&#x20AC;¿ž½Ÿºš¸œ¾´³²{ : ,Âł l>Âź B ' ) N ) , 2 H ], ! ´> B G (qqv :9> ) zĂ&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;Ă&#x201E; T0B ' U H W &B d 4 S Ă&#x2026; G + N > R G Â&#x203A; H + ?)P + & Â&#x2013; Â&#x203A; H ÂŤ )[ Â&#x203A; H 0? ' 90 H &: > ; >BC > <' t{. ?4g N/D ' A BC p, " S0] A Â&#x17E;& Âş G' tÂ&#x152; tx."b z"
53
Shippee, Arthur Wright. Mircea Eliadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Concept of Myth: a study of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s possible relevancy to an understanding of Islam. North Canton: Ph.D. thesis, Hartford Seminary Foundation. 1974. p. 9.
54
Eliade, patterns, p. 100.
55
Ibid, p. 227, 376.
.uqvM 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 8 t{ ÂŁ ~ ' 9 OB '[ Y N!' 5i'[ l > m B ./ 8"l> B, " :(Shamanic) + ) O X ,>B tx :>R) .2g ' e ' D E Â&#x153; ' 85 Â&#x2013;,[ - Encyclopedia of Religion, Second edition, "Sacred", vol. 12, p. 8269, 8270.
P Â&#x; BC ' p, 2 H o Â&#x201D; YÂ&#x2030;°C U@,>B Â&#x2026; ] >R4, . / >B ' ) .N U B* O >B F° [ ."Â? C B " 58
Shippee, Arthur Wright, "Mircea Eliadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Concept of Myth, p. 6.
6XO 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
9 T Â? 5 O ty8" 0 P Â&#x2013;Z' &:" + 4B 0 P p, 2H ÂŁ " 4, ) ?) Â&#x203A; H 5 Â&#x192; J &H £ ?}J . ' , +[ 0 P E~ ?, Š \ "# $ & % U Â&#x2039; &:' 85 ~ 5 !' 5 Â&#x2014; B _' Â&#x203A; H Ă&#x2021;/ ÂŤ Ă&#x2039; /" :50* T 8 . Ă&#x2030;' ) N ) , T Â? U. 4 0 P +ž/ 8
?C ' , . G & ' 82N ' 8 ¤C Ă 4 + N 8 0 P 2 D 4H l T' + {r".K B@ O ' K ~ 2 H +[ &m i 8 l Â&#x2014; 0 P ÂŁ4Â&#x17E; , +Â&#x192; U! , T NO Â&#x2018; Â&#x2014;' 4 ' Â&#x201D; . z 2Ă?> Â&#x2013;/" b ? > N@C ÂŞ ,>c 2 H 9> ? Â&#x2026; ) 0 P />B Â&#x2122; N z B Â&#x2030; G 5 > _ : 5 < [ B ' uy{Â&#x152; H G &B, + "(4, . Â&#x2018; &B, + \ +[ Â&#x2020; _ 9 B C &H[ G Â&#x2030; i )[ (Â&#x2026; , Ă m z) > < T' 0 P 9 C > < 2 H ´>Â&#x160; BÂ&#x201E; % , +[ Â&#x2030;'' {u8 , ! Y B ![ 0 P 5 H ) O T Z : 2N3 \ ` 8
?C ' , . 2 ] D 4H . ] D Â&#x2014; B 9>N@ G '[ 8 > Â&#x20AC; G 0 ] [ E G ) N ) , ? *> Y @C Â&#x2030;' H + &B C ´ > HP + B C 9 ~ - .@ : ]C Â&#x203A; H 8 Â&#x2014; _ B 2 N3 8 0 P \ A ,Âł G > .R, i 8 3 A B& ² G 5 ,> Â&#x2030; B, 8U* Â&#x201E; $ 2 W 8 Â&#x2039; '[ ?Âź Â&#x2039; '[ ÂŞ ~C .Â&#x20AC; 0 P  / ` < Â? l Â&#x2013;, .ÂŞ ¢ 2 H | i ~ ! '< Ă&#x2039; / 89 @ '[ + ?)½ Ă&#x201A;c ¢ B ~ '[ ÂŹ ? 9> N/' +ÂŽ> G p ?4 Â&#x192; ? S ] :` N O ? &Â&#x2C6; .4N H _ > R G ' 0 ½ ty 6 Ă&#x2039; > '[ +[ G a> 1D 9> C ' 8 &H £ ?} 0 ? ' 90 H > Â&#x192;~1' ÂŞ ) >6 T G 9> :d > ? ,> B & ?, ' .A WÂ&#x17E;B Â&#x2030;' B 0? ' 90 H > Âť,>T z ' .K z &@ 0 ? ' 90 H > >SÂ&#x192; G ,[ ' . 4, ,> H ÂŁ ) Ă? ' T G 0 ? ' 90 H > :>R) 8
?C .v; 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8 ! 5<L 4 3A N! $ 8 J .Â&#x152;yM 8v; 8ÂŞ ? {r 61
Shippee, Mircea Eliadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Concept of Myth, p. 210.
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6XX
(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % .@ ´ B, 0 P B· > D .p, G ? , .2, ,>R) + [ ´ ,' m 8 4H N O aI N + , D ?@ 2 H 9> 7 T 2, m +[ , N ' ) , ? . H E 8 , . '
?C D B · +[ ' ! T' 8 T G 8 > G ) N ) , E
?C * B B h @ E 8 ) N ,>R) H U 0 P +[ O1 8 0 P 2 H 5 &H / 6 T + , D Ñ & +[ , +[ 2 Y > H' . ) N ) , _ / [ +[ O, 0 P ¦ +m ¾ / {q8 N , ,> O p, . >C m 6 T . A BC ' + , D H ) N ) , Y &B G ( > !c ) " ; 5 :D a \ . h>~ \ 9 B !>~ © 0 P G (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % \ & + > D 8 > 6 G + , D Y H ¥ G + ' ' + ], ! &Z < ¶o d ~ C 2, Y ./ U , ' 8 4, > ' 2, Y ./ G 9 , H §* ) >. [ . ' &? 2, U ]3 2, +[ 5 H 8 0 P G 2 N . . ) B A> <' 3 0 P C . ' T "# $ & % & + H 8 ' l '[ 9 B Y H G 5 H ) ,> + N T (#) $ & % & .@ 7 & N e>c 4H 5 >6 > D W, T' 8U 0 P @ G . 9 zP G U D > 4B + Hi 0 1 2 [ C 2 N 8"# $ &% 50 G U D B 8e'> ' 8 0 P G {vÁ ?4 "# $ & % . ! 4 2 (#) $ & % .trM 8ª E > 8%! ;< B A N! 3 % R#* 8 {q .5 !i 0 P G Á?4 "# $ & % 2 C {v
6X[ 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
l T £ ~ , J £ ?}J 0 P G (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % .@ + :¨³ 4 H 0 , @7 + N H :' 5 . .6 \ * 4] 8U B ~ A @ 7 Y [ 2 U B ' * 4S + . .4 ' ª O, UB ~ + N m H 2N3 \ 8e'> ? H XT A 4 O 2 & H 9 B '[ 9 C U B ~ ' b N / + N +[ 2 N3 i T ~ + . &#R4 T c [ ¶ 67 Wm ! 2&_ > C * >.N +D ¶ . 7 1 2 7 1 + N +[ 2 N3 i' 8 . H X T ZD ¶9 C 2 5 KW +[ E ~ ? Â4 ! i ' 8d B E _' G 5 : 5 R) 8£ ? / 5 R) ? T ~ +[ U ' 8 ] ] _>@ 8+< .Y R4 . 7 1 2 a> 1[ A0H @ YR4 89 C ¡* 1 2 ' . ) 8U 1 > 1® KU z A0H @ > m d ? 'D ' + >N ' d ' 9
D a> 1D > 7 4B ' > ' 9 > / . 5 >.R >7 4B ¤ 9 89 ÂO4 + N +[ 2N3 i 8 ' . ' A < L> « U !' + N G A0H @ > m + : 2N3 A G > ?, 5 !' 5 L 4 + [ ¶£ ° ' 4 A S 2 ^ ) U C c 9 , e'> YN , 4B '[ * >. '[ * _ '[ , >! T ~ / 8b N K @ ' +[ Z' T ~ ' 8 !' T ~ R) U e'> / .5 H '[ 5 ' 85 ) ) '[ + U & H B ' .e'> . / ¼ 4H > T c ' $ 9 C + .5 H e'> . H ª ~%, \ ' 8 . / 4 N ' B ~ d) B_ 1 9 C G > .2, G 89 C K / 8 T ~ '[ 9 & + ! ¦ B ' * 4S + ' ' ( B ' 8 B ' ( 8+< . ' ± 89 C %K $ B ' + ! ¦ 8 ) ¤ ? ' 9 'I * 4S : ]C H .9 & + ! &.4N 8
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6X8
A ' | }
.4N ' 8 ) ¤ ? ' ? 9 'I / 8; > ? m + ! ¦ 8 & R ' 4 ' 89 > 6 C E_ + .K dB E_' 4N ' 8 & R ' ( 4 ' 89 > dB E_' 5 R) '[ 5 ) ) T +[ H J ¦ '[ 5 > '[ 9 > ! ) J T ~ '[ 9 & ¦ B ' * 4]/ 8+< . B ' ; 1 [ ¶h ? b N Y N« . .4H U 1 R) . T 9 C + _>$H$ '[ + ! / 8A 4* N T + N, \ 9 B AK +®> G e'> & + zÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁÀ{ : B T G e'> b O > ?/ :b O T 8+ ?)P « ª ¢ G £ >C > 4B Z[ H 8( t :K > P ) + N + >m C e'> : / 8 4H ' ?C e'> G " 4 X 1 " G "> $[" & + : 2 N3 4 H {w".2,> ?@C > ] [ T ' 8 ! ."UB ~ + ) " & N o, Y B 4B, B ,³
d ! ? ' 8e'> &* 9 & + ! ¦ B ' * 4S +¾ / 8 N ' 2 H @4 0 P G U P +[ &m i 8 P ª ~C "# $ &% Y H & , +[ 2 N3 i +[ B, .e'> H Y* b N 8 9 !' 0 1 2 ' £ < & ~C ]3 i #± 2 ' 8 9 !' 9 B ~ ` < G' . 6 &* e'> Y* T b N 2 N ' . : . e f .7 />B 2 N 8 . B c + ' , £B , 0 P G . ! o ! 2 e'> + nm{ : B Ë , 8> N m @ ' Y B 2 + ?)½ ¨'%[ K _ G 4NÈ ¦D 2 ) ' .(quJqr :A , ) zwvutsrqpo
H 6 * ?C Y .@ ) ZD ¶e'> G >N@
.qtwM 8v; 8A. 8£ N © H :> 8 ! g3< . &: H 2 &: 8b O {w
4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
6X9 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
8 ~C C m ' 8 ª* } 5i z[ U e'> + < ¶ 0 P 4m .Ë + ?)P 7 ZD ¶ . />B ¦[ 2&N 4 ' vu{ : T G > [' ) < Ë ./ _[ < ¶"# $ % > e'> +
ÅÄ{ : T' 8(vu :> ) 8(xq :M) z~}|{zyxw
{t
.p@4 ª ,>c 2 H K U B c h / ' 2 Z ' 8( t :K > P ) zÈÇÆ m [ Z[' 8 P D 2 Z[ a[ ' {{8 N*0C (4 2 Z[ ¹ W 6 a[ 4 2 ' 2 " : ,' & ? 9 C Y 2 .@ 7'' {x. _ D ? ?¢ ? D 2 E/ [' , H !' / 8+ _ D , C H ,' & ? 9 C H £ 6 2 " 4 U ! X @1 H b ) Y ? " : > . z[' { ". N*0C £ 4 @,> z {y ".L>
' & ? C + O, )®> A ,³ G + " > "' "^ > " U 4B B ' : B T' 8(uu :9 ? ) zÙØ×ÖÕ{ : B 8e'> : B T' 8(q Jqx :> @ ) zZYXWVUTSRQ{
ÄÃÂÁÀ¿¾½¼»º¹¸¶µ´³{
> [ 2 e'> + < " : ¹ W 6 ` < O, 8( : B&g ) zÇÆÅ xr ". B > ' 7[ . ' + N,' 8£,>6 + G + N / B
h / ' 2 U ' 8U T' H © H 2 e'> +m ¾ / 8 ¼ H K 4 ' ` U ' 8h ' &? © B +D ¶E ~ U P 2 ? .4N 8UB c 8u¬ 8 4, / ] N :9> 8 . T f h f .> &H 2 &: 2, > ¤/ P 8 > {t .{wM 8 qrry/ uwvr . J{M 8A. 8 , , & NC :> MH A& i _ . &: 2 &: ! [ 8¹ W6 {{ .uy 8u M 8 uvwq 8q¬ 8 ,> C B ~C :> 8j A ' Z . &: 2 &: ! [ 8¹ W6 {x .uxrM 8A. 8+®> N :9> 8f .>N [ 2 &: 8 , g Y 2 { .qr{ 8qrtM 8ª E > 8 . T f h f 8 > {y .urM 8A. 8 , & NC :> 8 " . &: 2 &: ! [ 8¹ W6 xr
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6XC
> 2 ? \ ,' & ? 9 C " + < ¶ ' & ? © B i ' xu ". L H' B ' ) 4 . > $, U m H 9 T U P
, 8"5 ?@)" % xq8A 4* N H _ / < "# $ & % > Ð e'> + B ' xv"8(@4 i +®> G . & ? E © ® e ' [ + " :Y 2 8 HD - C U ' 8 B 4g ' :d . ' (@4 Y ?T 4H ¹ W 6 &./ m (@4 e'> T0H + : 2 N3' xw. ) . U ' 8 / ? 4g '' 8"# $ & % ! H e'> i ?g e'> E + ' . ?g d~ T0B 8 2 H ? A 4* N 2 ( @) +¾ / H' 8(@ #4 & ?, 6 l> O G .4 & / A' @ ' 8 7' A 4* N ^ )[ £ ?! H " @4 B / e ' D . ' 8 ,> O e ' D ./> z[' 0H /" : > X 7' ! H 9K ) ' xt ". 4 a . ' 8 & . > ¼ ' m ¤ ' " ?!P ' L P ] a T ?g e'> 4H N O ' \ U [ 8A &B K > + N U " (@#4 / 8 ' 9 . O ' @c B ' + 2 N3' x{". ?g 0 1 2 , C '[ ?@4 2* N X* L i' U B i ,0¢ ' 8 ,01 2H 9 H Í +D ¶2R%, & Í ( a Í +[ T & H ' ` < G 9 zP 2N3' 8> i' >N@ i' +¾ / H' xx8> D 7 G L° O 4 ,[ 5 ~ / ( 8 W. [' 4 ' .Í ( ' 8e'> 8(@4 a T Z 2N3 \ a xu :+ &H m 8 ' ? C > ~ &: : F> 8 "A > ? ; < &"< 4>^ .£ ) 8" ~B .urwM 8 qrrr/ uwqr 8u¬ 8(* @4 .ut 8uwM 8ª E > 8 " 8¹ W6 xq .ux{M 8ª E > 8f 8 , g Y 2 xv . q{M 8 qrrr 8u¬ 8+ 4 N :A' 8¹ W6 P A ~ H 8-SA k < xw .v{M 8ª E > 8 . T f h f 8 > xt .qqqM 8ª E > 8f 8 , g Y 2 x{ 8> 7 BC > N@ :A' 8 2 ! W B j^ Mf % l I &! . H £ 8+ & ? xx .tvM 8 uyyw/ uwut 8u¬
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
6XK 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
4H H N O + ?)½ ! e'> .@ ON +[ 2 N3 \ ) N > D + Â&#x2018; Â&#x2020;4 & / 8 7 1 + N 4H '[ 8 .. Â&#x2030; ' e'> '[ (@4 a />B ) ?)P (@4 Ai ! 2 ! 4 Y. 4H + , C Â? 8 T 1 A T G Â&#x201D;> 6 G . ÂĄ 1 T' 8 ? Â? + ) !'> Â?' 8UH'0 Â? Y. Â&#x2013;B F> 8"Parapsychology" UÂ&#x2030; N Y H o, Â? > B '[ B K ' G B o } )[ Â&#x203A; H l> B%,' 8" !'> A " Y B >B 8"U !'> " U ?@4 ` ,> ' 8U ?Â? h / L P ' ÂŤ U !'> o . A < a>1D A ' > R ' xÂ&#x152;
8 4C G T ,Â&#x2DC;> G > .R \ K ÂŤP a T !'> a 2 + ' U ? c 46C Âľ 4 ' xy8"Telepathy" B 2 H >c ¤ :K ÂŤP a T 2 ' N@ 9 T' Â&#x152;r8"d B " l>B%, '[ ?Â? ' 8" Â? :e'> a T 2 ' 8"Hypnosis" 8 !'> a 2 B +[ 2 N3 9 T L 4 ' Â&#x152;u".Â&#x201D; g + ) T" Â&#x203A;& m ?%, '[ Â&#x201A; ¡P &H[ ¨Â&#x192; ' 8 ?C Â? 4 ¨Â&#x192; , T .4 ' 82 g Š B i Â&#x203A; H 9 U ' .> ?
X @N U ° > 9 T G ]C Â&#x203A; H !'> a ] > .R ' O 9 ] 7 Y Â&#x203A; H J i' 4 > R) 2 > !% J Â&#x152;q(+ ÂĽ [ l> z[) Â&#x203A; H R/ : 8 R4C ' R ' Â? + D A NB) 59 ?ÂĽ 8 ! Â&#x153; Â&#x161; ' B ~ Z Y X W{ :Â? B T Â&#x203A; H 5K 4 8 4 ! G UB ~ h / Š B ' (@4 d L 4 xÂ&#x152; onmlkjihgfedcba`_^]\[ .(wq :> W ) zsrqp Â&#x201D; ? Â&#x203A; H 9  B, ) [ Âś> 1Âł + ?) H 2 A BC )' 7 Â&#x203A; H 9 C : B% 2H >c ¤ xy 2 ] Â&#x2018; >B O, 9 C .>H O '[ 5 N/[ A BC + N T' 8> 1ÂŽ ^ ¸ ' 2* [ 2 H A B , S ! U ' 8>c ¤ Â&#x203A; H 9 2 H Âş S ! U 0 P p, G L 4 ' 8 Â? YÂ&#x2018; Â&#x2039; G " 4 . Â&#x201D; ~¢ 2 >&H @ ¤ g , .(@4 '[ e'> a T 2 9 T ,Â&#x2DC;> '[ > Â&#x152;r . '[ ¡ 5K | !D Â&#x201D; ¡ +[ + ?)P 9 :Â&#x201A; ¡P N@ 9 T Â&#x152;u
82
Armagan, Esref. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVGLCfpkiT4.
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6[P
K cD +[ 2 Y > 8
N zD ' ( , C B D U S0S '[ R4C Y > K ( « i +[' 8 ] Y H B § 4, © > +[ @ O . !'> , > U 8>1® + z 2 , 9 T L 4 +[ 2H 9 XON .5 ~ A / O 2 + ?)P T +[ 2 H X ON B ~ A + 9 H 2 8+ D µ T 4 ¼ ! T / 8A N ' A H °1 ' >¤ m ' o, > B Ã ! 8A ! 2 . ' 8A > - * 4 G ) H>@ + .+ N © B ) AK _[' 8 />BC < \ e'> a T a ? 8+ N .K '- A >N B) 7' 8 >O ^ P U + N +[ 1 a ¨ 8U B ~ h / © H 2 Z / _P e'> . ? N \ N$ $ C + \ "e'> " A 4* N d ° OC 9 C ª,>c 2H a>1D A 4* N .c 2 5 ,[ + < ¶ ) N T ~ > + ?)½ !'> T ~ / .+ N . 4 ?, 9 H T ]Å G +[ 2 Y > B/ 89 ' + N G N '[ &B 9 ! U e'> 5 ) m H 2 N3 ) N T ~ 2 N 8 ?C @ E & 9 > @ A '< + N Ò> 7 '[ z [ ¶A 4* N d ° OC 9 C ª ,>c 2 H + N 5 ! d ` ' 8© B K z[ E F d U 1 ¬ H &B U ./ 8A 4* N d U e'> + .+ N X Ó C ' O ~¤C (NB / 8b N ' + ?)P .90 TP 5 7 5 ) N ' v89> c U 0 P 1 B ~ B \ T ~ E Y ?g G T ~ BC ' : .@7 _ , G È + 2 ! '[ ) N T ~ . T0H' ?@4 a µ T >O L U 8 ) N ' O 0 1 2 b' . O 8+ N 9 .~ . O \ ,>6 > R B L 4 v > @ [ G > ~ l'> BC ´ > [ . O,'" :50* T > R B > ,' 8> R B Í>@, Ã! Ô) * ! '[ £%4 % ? < 8 * > £ c H K g 7[ G dH 2 ?,' 8 ? 4 hW < 50 T ª ,>~ 2 H 4 % ' + ? ' 9 > d g 5 ,[' . * > £ c B / 8XR4,' / U [ [ U . 4, A C G H ~ A 7 1 ' . , z A 7' d m ' 4 E % '[ 9 B :>R) ".ª ¢ ' X '[' 8 ~ ? > g 8u¬ 8£ N :A' 8 1 ' % T * \m . Ï[ 2 &: + «> [8b' J .qutM 8 qrrr/ uwqr
6[6 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
+' J 3 + , D B G 9 ! Hi O ) + N, ' .A 4* N . l> m '[ Õc ¢ Y.@ 2H § ) J .4 H '
@ ` + ' 8b $ . N z G e'> U (@4 ' 8"# $ % > e'> / N ' 9 T J .T>c X O N, d !J + ?)P U ~B (@4 '[ e'> .N Å \ ,' &? e'> + ' . N*0C © B z[ [ © H 2 [ ¶ # $ % 9 T Z[ B c 2 N 8 ' 2 4Å £ ?} 8 @ 7 U B ~ + N H U@ Öe'> .N Å \ : B A .O
+ , U 0 P .@C ' 8 >B 6 G ""# $ & % " & N 6 g + ¸ B ' ' . > % ' x8 I ' {8Y RB ' t89 .~ ' w8 ,W 4 : .4 9 B + :>R) . Ë ,W 4 :(, w 8 & B £ N :A' 8Q A ' & n!o $ M' &" ' & .2, F @ [ 8 R4 2 J :>R) ." ./ W 4 Ë ' .vtwyM 8t; 8 uyyv/ uwuv .xuyM 8q; 8"" T" 8A. 8 >B 6 E&¥ :> 8p -SA J :>R) . .~ :(, 89 .~ :" t 8> .~ :" .vtwyM 8t; 8"" T" 8ª E > 8Q A ' & n!o $ M' &" ' & 8 R4 2 J :>R) .>.~ :" 8 B Ë K [ 2 L C > ~ :"' : / 8 uyvv/ uvtq 8v¬ 8 ,> C B ~C :9> 8p # . B, 2 &: 8 ® ' @ J :>R) . ?@) >.c :5 ?, Ë " T .d? : 8l .xuyM 8q; 8"" T" 8ª E > 8p -SA J :>R) .YRBC "# $ & % ' 8l>O 2 Y¤ E 4C :" { 8w; 8"" T" 8 uy{{ 8E , ' > O4 : 64 8 A q $ . > &: ? 8 W J .quvM :>R) .L C :"# $ & % 8 H Ë L i [ Ë T i 8 I :" x > ~ :"' .vtwyM 8t; 8"" T" 8ª E > 8Q A ' & n!o $ M' &" ' & 8 R4 2 J :>R) .L C :>R) .L C :"# $ & % .d? : 8l : / 8ª E > 8p # 8 ® ' @ J .xuyM 8q; 8"" " 8ª E > 8p -SA J :>R) . . ) « i : >%
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6[7
X 7' ,IÂ&#x2030;' Â&#x152;y.""' " X 7Â&#x160; '% Ă&#x2039; / .+ÂŽ> G >@ ' g A '' yq. ¸ '' yu8´ D 5 @ 7' "# $ & % Ă&#x2021; @ +ÂŽ> G K Â&#x2030;' yr8"" e' " yv 8 Â&#x17E; ?C '[ Â&#x2026; ] + N& 5 @ 7' ]C Â&#x203A; H " > Â? " "# $ & % A > @ yw . >Â? >.zD ] + W ' G "# $ & % +[  IÂ&#x160; % 8"" T" Â&#x2030; . H Â&#x2C6; \ Aii , B + ) Ă&#x2039; T 2 H ? Â&#x2013;! 4N 8+ NC ' + W ' A ' G >_ ! 0 P Â&#x2030;' +[ Â&#x2022;' .A Â&#x2030; C 2H W 4 ' 8 0 ½ W &C ! R4C 01 2 Â? B ' Ă&#x2039; Â&#x203A; H Y* T "A 4* N T [" "# $ & % / 8ÂŞ ¢ Â&#x2030;' Â&#x203A; H Y* T h ¤C L 4 @ ? / 9 B ' 8 6 a> 1[ T' 8 Â&#x201C; T L 4 + [ Âś""' " . ?) T' ~ T yt
~C + : 2 N3 d d h> @ G Â&#x2020; _ 2 ,W& ' i [ 8ÂŞ ~C ) N 8 ÂŞ ¢ Â&#x2021; T U ' 8 Â&#x201C; < G  B \ U
:A' 8U @,>c ) &:' 8Â&#x201D; B, E, :ÂŞ Â&#x2C6; 8f # r . Ă? 2 H Â? > ) [ 8 > g J .qu{M 8t; 8" >!" 8uÂŹ 8 & B ÂŁ N Â&#x203A; H " # $ & % " A @ ' K Â?D ' A @ 7 2N 8 0 P ÂŁ N ÂB G "# $ & % Ă&#x2039; X7' ' T' Â&#x152;y :>R) 8" # $ & % ?@) Â&#x203A; H i G @ . Â&#x2DC; Â?Â&#x192;/" : & 2 , 8 ]C 8uÂŹ 8+ N B :´ ,> 8' !? > ? 2 B " > 5 .Y ! 2 Ă?[ 8 & 2 J :>R) 8" # $ & % <  B, ! ' = " :Ă c> ,' .uyxM 8 uyÂ&#x152;Â&#x152;/ uwry .uuvM 8ur; 8 uvxq 8qÂŹ 8ÂŁB O :9> 8's 52L t S . Ă?[ 2 &: 8Ă c> J :>R) 8" # $ & % < Â&#x203A;Â&#x2013; Ă?> " :>Â&#x17E;! 2 ,' ÂŁ : 8UT H Â? / &: ÂŞ Â&#x2C6; 8 1* g #) f h * g3< .b0 ?B U H 2 Ă?[ 8>Â&#x17E;! 2 J .qyqM 8{; 8Ă&#x2014;uvxy 8 />BC :A' 8ÂŁ ~¢ 2, .(urq: 4 ) yr .(qu :9 * C ) yu .(uq : c) yq .(q :9 * C ) yv .(t : ) yw 2 ÂĄ ¢ ' 8ÂŹ> z '[ K 4] '[ > ! '[ T 2 H > B C N '[  B, U@ ? @ Y Â&#x17E;BC G ÂŞ ~C yt :>R) .ÂŞ ~C )Â&#x192;  ' Â&#x17E; C ! P X7' 2N3' . ' < G Â&#x2030; C 8 , Â&#x2C6; '[ d B
6[O 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
8 ?) ( , ª ~4 2 > R4, \ A T ¤C 2 d ' 4 ?) } , 6 E _ 1 8 ?4 / 4 Z o ! 2 ~ + ' B \ U ./ y{ ?4 [ . 2 > 1³ ^ 4 ' 89 ' ' [ ¶ S ! T Z N 5 ,[ . ?) B ' 8 ~C 5 ?) [ 8 G . 6 T' 8 T L 4 1 ª % ¥ "# $ & % + : 2 N3 d d W
& 0 1 2 ) E ´ B , i "# $ & % +[ B, ' 8+ NC ' + W ' A ' G ?¼ ' ) ' "# $ & % d 5 _ B L 4 + 2 & A T ¤C '[ ) 4H 4 B ) NC i ` ` 3 i U 0 P .@ "# $ & % ' 8(#) $ & % ( Á ?4 "# $ & % B· > D 8A T ¤C ' ª ¢ d T0B > Ë . G 5 B G A # $ & % / 8 ,' & ? 7D . B c G e'> ]3 Á ?4 "# $ & % + Y 7 Y H Ë Y @~ 7 0 ? Y. H K )D ' >¼ ] 0 P ,' ' & ? .* @ 7 G e'> R@« +[ H ~ Y ZD [ ¶e'> > H[ >C G HD 0 ? ' 90 H > n 1 + ' 8 # $ & % . Ë 2H Æ ' 8U! i Y. 4 \ >C ` 8 !'> ' 8"Ë 0 " '[ "Ë " µ>N +®> 0 P G A # $ & % > [ 2 ' [ ¶ ?¼ B 2H X º > [ ' 8 B ' ) A & G Æ 7 8Ë > [ 5 @7 ' yx8 ) 0 H Aii '[ UR@ B G B ' ) > [ . .tyM 8u; 8 uyyy 8h'>O :9> 8 r ! . H 8 ?C J ¡T )' ' 8ª ~C ( NH ' 8 )'> i d B , i' H ' X T ,' £?4, ./ :Á?4 y{ :>R) .+ NC ' + W > ' :' .tyM 8u; 8ª ? E >C J T i ' 8¹ D 0 N H Aii K )D N*0C + ? H W 4C Ø @ D + " :b >.O , yx :>R) 8"¹ [ µ T C ' 8 S ! 8 qrry 8 ¬ 8 & B £ N :A' 8j # j " .µ> N H 2 &: @ [ 8b >.O J . vM 8u;
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6[X
A ' | }
m l k j i h g f e d c{ : B T G e' Z Aii
° ¯ ® ¬ { : T' 8(q : 4 ) zut s r q p o n
A{ : T' 8(ut :>/ ) z¾½¼ »º¹ ¸ ¶µ´³ ²±
V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H GF E D C B
5 !' ) +®> ' .(tq :a O ) z^]\ [ZY XW .b N R4 H Ø @ H
° !i ' 8E 4C ' > R b B &.c ' 8 0 P G d # $ & % + NC ' + W + ;> B +[ 'D C G l , B >* B O 5 ~ P > 'D Y RB 2H § 4 , B >* B O ' + < ¶K 4 ' K @ Y , Ã ! 8 ' & ? e'> , "# $ & % / 8^ O¢ , .~ , .& >* B O 2 5 K 8(@4 W U .+ NC ' + W 01 2 ' '[ ) e'> 5 ª & (@4 a a> 1D A 4* N G e'> 2 H + ?)P G e'> W & ' 8 ~¢ ' 9 P ' > N@ ] A @7 .4 & \ ) ?)P a ` 8 > < [ ' ,' & ? N*0C A ' 8´ D G /0¢ @ 7 ª ' 8 3 2 ?!% 2 ] H %/' ® 4 > % . H' 8 ) D 1$[ ' 8 ® G 50] È 2 >! Y RH[ + N 0 P G 2 C >!% 8Y > !' % 8A T ¤C y ¼ ~ " / 8"# $ & % 7D 9 B ' &N Æ , a ' . # $ & % BN &H [ 8 7D !'> B ~ ª ª ,>c G B, &N ¯ + ?)P yy ". 7D B ~ ^ ' 9 H i ` 8a T 2 U ~H%[ ' 85 # $ % m B, U !' + o ! 2 + ?)P + ¬ '[ ® Â ~1 £ ? 9>,> z '[ 9 / '[ ?#) $ % + ?)P B c + N +[ 2 N3 ,' BN l ~, Ë ,[ T" :'> &H 2 Ë H 2 H 2 2 H '> o, ! > R4, y 2 Y RH[ Ë 4H 2 C > &: (@) ' 8` >! YRH[ ' `&RH[ 8`« £ c[ ' ` c[ :>R) . 2 i Ç@ ." ' ` >! Y T 8q; 8A. 8t¬ 8l BC N :´ ,> 8n . 3 n u 3 g # ) .2, > 7 ) &: 8b D J .vu{M 8qwwuo, .xuM 8ª E > 8 "A > ? ;< &"< 4>^ 8" ~B yy
Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
6[[ 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
8+ ?)P B c ?@ Â&#x153; > Š 0 P G Ă&#x201A; ~¢ +[ />B 2 N3 4 2 ' . 4g 2 . ÂŽ "+ ?)" U ' 8(@4 a T a ! ~B Â&#x2026;~ .4N ' Z N Â&#x2122; + N G .B_' < Âś ?@) Y Â&#x20AC; )[  B, B + ?)P l °T + urr. .4H ;>1 '[ Â? B c `  ' Â&#x17E; / 8 . / l> K [ )Â&#x192; ' 8 Â&#x2018; ÂŞ*0 urq >@N '[ uru Â&#x17E;@ ÂŁ ? @7 @ i ""# $ & % > g " e'> +[  B, "# $ & % > g ~6 6 4B Â?, \ & A @ ` urv8ÂŞ?@ '[ G 2* N [ 8 , Â? B ~ XT Â? Â?, > D ' . 4 Ă&#x2018;0?)i ' 4H C ' @ , Ă&#x192;! 8 ! 4&C a Â&#x2122;' ?@) >Â&#x2013;, ~1 2* Â? / 8 < A & R G Âť B, 2Â&#x2022; '[ 8(UB ~ R4 T) e'> m~H T Â&#x2026; C Â&#x201E; Ă&#x2039; q p on m lkj i hg{ :Â? B Ă&#x2039; , 8a m~B : B)D ) zÂĄ ~}|{zyxwvuts r .(uqq
0 P G "# $ & % + 2N3 U!'> 4B G "# $ & % Â&#x;B 01 2 ' G | Â&#x2C6; \ N , Â? B ~ : & H 9 B [ Âś R4 '[ Â&#x2030; & G 2* N [ , o ! 8 B ~ G 1 Â&#x2030;' 4H | ÂŤ 2N3' 82* N d @ d ' 8(Â&#x17E;4 '[ urw(#) $ & % @ 7 4H YÂ&#x17E;4 , '[ .urrM 8ÂŞ ? EÂ&#x2030;>C urr :>R) .ÂŞ,>~ 2H Â&#x153;T ? ' * C >Â&#x2030; @ ' Â&#x17E;@ .ÂŞÂ? 2H C 7[ : Â&#x17E;@ uru .vrrM 8q; 8">Â&#x17E;/" 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8Q A ' & n!o $ M' &" ' & 8 R4 2 J :>R) . T Â&#x203A; H Â&#x203A;#~6 >/ N +Â&#x192;N/ 8 °? ' KUO Â&#x203A; H ~6 >@N 7[ :>@N urq 8 qrrt 8 uwq{ 8uÂŹ 8 & B ÂŁ N :A' 8 v" H e . , 2 2?Â? 2 &: >N [ 8  D J .uuvM 8q; 8">@ " [ 8 ¢ 2 T ?@)i ÂŞ @ h z 4 ' 8 > OT 2 Â&#x2026; Â&#x2030;>1 < 8 c>Âź Â&#x2026; ?@) :YÂ&#x2014; T 2 7[ :ÂŞ?@ urv :>R) . 4 10?) :>R) .;>1 [ 8 > [ 2H ÂŞ?/ , .uyvM 8q; 8"ÂŞ?/" 8ÂŞ ? EÂ&#x2030;>C J .vr{M 8w; 8"ÂŞ?/" 8ÂŞ EÂ&#x2030;> 8f #r 8 > g J .@ 2 > .Â&#x20AC; T "() C " . F> A 1 \ ' "Profane" & N Â&#x2014; Â&#x201A;> 6 .@C + urw ÂŁ 4C ' > @4C ' a W C Â&#x; BÂ&#x2022; ¨Â&#x192; U ' 8> ~ ' ÂĄ ¢ '  , Â&#x17E; C @7 4 +[ 8 . ! Â&#x203A; H
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6[8
A ' | }
+ ?NB, ! 4 2 ¦' urt. ! H £ 4C ' >@4 % C ' a W% C @ 7 +0 & > Ù £ 4B ¼ @ U@/ ¶2* N 2 e'> S ' [ 8K zD B c G 6 m > ' + ?)P Y ? G B~ ' K C ¼ ' 8 # )D ¶5 ?#) $ % [ 5 >:% , 9 B 9> ~@ 2 ¼ [ 8Ë L > zP + ' 8A 4 2 &. B· 5 ,[ SRQPO{ : B T G ¿ 0 P G B, /> 4C B, 0 P G (#) $ & % +¾ / H' .(q : ) zXWVUT ) C "# $ & % A @ 7 2 @ 7 U \ 9 .~ a> 1[ 9 B . R4 G 50 1 8 R B 8 > m (#) $ & % / 89
> _ (#) $ & % +[ B, ' 89
.YmRBC B 8 > m "# $ & % 8U B ~ ' 8> g e'> 2 0 P G "# $ & % K / N O , N ' ¶5 ?#) $ % '[ 5 # $ % + N, +[ 2 N3 8 0 P G 5 ?#) $ % ( ) +[ B, ' 4& _ U ² ) / 8+ _ H 2* N G (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % + [ &« ` 8(#) $ & % ' "# $ & % 1 > ' } > _ ! ) [ ¶ ' ' Y m , , ' "# $ & % X ,>B + 2 N3 i 4 2 ' . 0 P G W & C B _' ?4 ' ~C ¹ ¥ d T>@ H E 8 ) E ' ´ B £ < & ' ) G ~C ! 2 N3 i < ¶J ª & J ."# $ & % ' i G
8 Y* "# $ & % U P :+ , ? 0 P G + 1D G e'> ' 8 @ 7 & e'> +[ ' 8 6 &* e'> Y* b N ' > (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % * 4]/ 8 B ' > \ 9 C H >S
_ : 6 () C B + < ¶ ! H £ 4C ' > @4C ' a W C B +0 &« ( 4 ' () C + urt :>R) .K 4 ' / R4 .x{yM 8u; 8"() " 8ª E > 8 v" H e 8 D J :>R) . 4 O, B/ < 8 _> H > () .ytM 8v; 8"() " 8ª E > 8f #r 8 > g J .wqvM 8u; 8"() " 8ª E > 8Q A ' & n!o $ M' &" ' & 8 R4 2 J 4 ' . T KUz 2 ' " 4 2 $ :( #4 6 BC [ :>R) .() :( # $ .ty{M 8q; 8"(¿" 8ª E > 8Q A ' & 8 R4 2 J
6[9 2, &: Y > ' + ~ >7 4 H
4H (#) $ & ' "# $ & .@ % %
G +[ ` < , È' 8 YHW , & U B ~ ( ' 8U !'> > ] [ . B· > D 89 B A . H ' . ) B Aii B 0 P . ' I $ '[ > 5 ' : 5 .@ .@ 7 . H ~ [ \ Y @C 2 É B ~ 7 [ ¶ / e'> i T ( H' '[ Â ~¢ 9 H G & ª ¢ 7[ ° ( ' 8e'> 7[ ° B 8 N , C ' 82, G £ , & * ;< &4 ª ,>c 2 H ¬ ? 2 N3 9 1[ 9 B .e'> 2 K 4H () # !> 8 N 0 P G "# $ & % +[ & :"# $ &% ) N , > £ ?} .e'> B c ~B '[ K z- UB ~ (#) $ & % / : $ ^ N O 2, C ' 8 H N O + ?)P L 2 5 T0~) J ' ! [ ¶+ ?)P 4H UH 4 > 7 4H 2 > 4H "# $ & % +[ JM 1 a 7[ HW ) 2, HW ) +[ , È 8 c O)' b ?)P > N@ &* 7 1 ¦ z[ Ã ! 8 ,> O " 4 D d ° O 4, 9W ,>6 +[' 8+ ?)P 9 ¢ C B A HW 4 a ! B ~ h / ' U P BC & i +[' 8 * ' . # © H G U P h ] C 9 H' 9> ~@ .@ 0 P G l> H ' 8 ) ?)P º 7D E F G & iJ G T + : 2 N3' 4, B 01 2 + ?)P 4H , L ? O C D ' 8 4, " ~ , N@ G 5 ! ' 5 L 4 +[ A S G H ?, J , ) '[ > R 9 @ > G > D ' 8 H N O + ?)P L 5 ,[ N O, 8 ° O h0 ~) ~ ) .@ 7 b ?)P 7D 9 !' ' & 9 B C 4, 2 T 2 N ur{. & H £ 2, G S b' ' ! & >, 4 W > : c>¢ 8;T ; * % / " 4>^ 8w(/ = # x . &: Y > 82, ur{ .ttM 8 qrur 8u¬ 8G>BC
A ' | }
qrut/ uwv{ K z 8xy B 8+'>OB 4? 8 />BC 0 6[C
> @ a 5 Z + , D ?@ ª ,>c 2 HJ "# $ & % ! + , D ,W > G + ?)P + [ ¶ ) N K H ¾ H 4 + , [' A B d ª/ ª 1 JU* 8p, ' > £ ?} N z[ 6 \ 8 ) N ) , 2, , 2, 2* ! i 8U 0 P 2, &m i 82, ' 4, , B ,>R4 A S ` < G' . 4H ~ ! @7 >.R, "# $ & % U .@ ,
5 &* T 5 ' @ 7 J + N .@ G W N >, 0 P +[ o [ T' ` 8 ~ ? ' ?) T H U@ \ e'> ! H J 6 ( / m± 2 ' 8 6 &* T e'> 8 ) E 5 _ B i \ ?4 7 [ ¶ A @ 7' a T 2 / e'> i T 9 H G & ª ¢ 7[ ° ( ' 8e'> 7[ ° '[ 8 N B ~ ?#) $ % ? + ?)P B c +[ , > D 8 YHW, & ¬ ? '[ Â ~¢ , 8 S X T '[ e'> a T ~B £ ? 2 N ' 8 Â ~1 £ ? (#) $ & % G 8"# $ & % A @ 7 2 @ 7 U \ 9 .~ (#) $ & % ' "# $ & % * 4S +¾ / N ' . > '[ ( #4 H ª ~, ' K z- U B ~ Z[ Y H \ 9 >² ) 4 N 4H XT i Z : 2N3 8 0 P G .U! E . T0H G e'> 8 ~C
I H ,> O . ! J G [ \ J !'> > + > ` 2 2] ?%, ©' 8 !' . ?@) G >S[ T <' S® ?C T' 8 .º :` 2 N3' 8"# $ & % ! A @ > R .4H Y. B I H 8 ![ i 9 ~1 .4N 8 ) ?)P ' A BC ' + , D >& i ( *> B ) Z .U! i } ZD ¶ ~C '[ N z[' " C ~ G A 2 5 ,W +[ ' d ) C ' 8 ! ) 2 . / 6 C '[ N zD 2 H S[ ' 8 0 P G 5 ,[ ' .+ , - Y. 4H ` d > 6 ' 8 N z[' " C . 0 P 9 B ¥ G R! 1 , © ~ C ` < 8() C Y./ 2 ,WC
! "# $ "% :
*
**
" * + -. , / 01 :&' ()
***
+ 2, , 3456 + -0
! " # $ % ! & ; 4 <. .6 789 5 0 1234/ 0 '( )! * ' + ! , ) - . $/ 5 > ?@ ABC9 D E $ . F/ . # 4>$+< GD (H .I JK 0 = 0 . $ T 5 ' 9UV -8D S - Q9 R=/ -8> L M > L. N L O8 P " / A + Y ] ^ M $ D H= 1K AM X)! QP. # $ % X Z " 2 ) \[ " /. .?W S 6 2 +! g1 +I * R " / - d ef 0 b% c - K.â&#x20AC;&#x201C; _ 4 . ` V . 1$hS =/ o Q A(d 9 ? Q " / CH] lmm 4 ) " d9f " I(Z "/ # $ i j$ O. s ut v . . q( B r 9 > RS 21=/ O.p >789 ' + ! q 9 " / y. ^ !. RD z & $ - Z r w < gx % b =$f
* H } 4 14~ : x 7 77 77 77 ! 77 "# 7 $ 77"% : 77 .E ND {I 6 N .EÂ&#x201E;mÂ&#x20AC; / Â&#x20AC; Â&#x201A;Â&#x2026; .p 49 Q (` e q( ). EÂ&#x201E;mÂ&#x20AC;Â&#x201E; / Â&#x20AC; Â&#x201A;Â&#x201A; .p 49Q (O.p q( ) 6/8+ ** 5 . Â&#x2020; h/ 4/ Z " / .p >2 4 M $Z! 5 G &r .Â&#x20AC;l Â&#x20AC; E ! + >Su8 = / > / " / 4/ Z Â&#x2C6;! . >D 4 . ! N ' 4/ Â&#x2C6;! . 4/ Z " / Â&#x2021; 4 # p b ! $f . d$ NZ ~ Â&#x2030; N/ .I Â&#x2021; M N+Â&#x160; # 64/ Z 14/ O.I $ > 4 ' + ! ! HNf.I >Â&#x2039; fI Â&#x152;+I . ! HNf.I # p >/8 + >4S = . 789 Â&#x17D; D ! & : 1=/ ' H Â&#x160;~ " / 4 M .- >/ r - K Â? O = . 1Z / >C> N/ E8 + 1Z / 2 N/ ! + M /8 I O8 P " / B Â? 4 h f r = . . >C>N~ . >x !p x $ ( 4/ Z 0# Â? > f 0 >D 4 Â&#x2030; NS N/ u $ +I >x !p 4/ 0 789 b ! $f *** husam.lahham@yahoo.com :`.Â? Â&#x2018; .EÂ&#x201E;mÂ&#x20AC; /Â&#x2022;/Â&#x20AC; Â&#x201C; ! $D h= Â&#x201D; 9XS. EÂ&#x201E;mÂ&#x20AC; /Â&#x201E;/Â&#x20AC;Â&#x201A; Â&#x201C; ! $D 4Z ~ Â&#x2030; N) Â&#x2019;
' 4Z /. ' q S
E m / q $ l 4 . h4 =N K 4~ >/8+v 89:
5 i ) } p , u A + " ih D >=X * e . . * 1 , ) > jD Br 9 ! Sv ?/ A q Z * > r " . . r &H . d 94 $ S . O 2 . . :" / M> G2$ >= S U ~ ' H & , ) p A ` Z v O ] f d 7 M f % G e * Q = 5 b ? R I r 5 h9 # Z ) .q & $+< . G> C $ . E S!p v =$N/ 62 T 5 +
B r 9 Q= . . Q = , ) " " G e . " i $ * ] ^ M)< 24$+ . ] ^ M$ " I H/ > r "/ 1C>@ ) #I S. A# $ ! / Q=~ % 4X . ". >/ > . 1=/ > : h9 =)< 24$+ - x > b% / v" :M D M = - C&H/X - >9Q). - d3=) b >fj) 5 Br 9 > &4$N/ ' $ N/ 1 = . &4 % =K * >2 4 ' P< "/ " t /[ # & B >¡ J4D ¢ =4D %Pj 1R4D r8$). $) O p . } 4~ =$/. ". D ~ . . Q~ v G>9 + < t I M 4/ £! ¤ 9r¥D > $ ¦ &$ " /.I c. s 2 - H f b% c M $ ! 5 q =D V M / 1H/ B r 9 NZ S. . Z § "/ M> ' Qx 0 >12 $ 0 B r 9 ¨ 4 >x " i h v ©Q . 0 & % 0 i . .( ) 3 b% 6 & $ 1 X * Gª N~ "/ « : . 0 Z 4~ !. 2f0 6 ]p b =4 - f % / ( ) z Q &/ 5 ' + ! ¬ 4~ % ? Z ) 5 - 1 9=/ "M e >) .I M4=] G>C$N % /p " >9 N = :0b = 0 ; 4 / . A 94 .I ( >2 $ .I ¢ H $ :` 4/ v >789 . C $ D d 7 $/ v ¢<( x< . 6 2 4 O. = $ " 49 . '. H $ . : U8U &s. q / = g x Z " 0M >9= $ % 4D0 C$ . .62 4 gx . d94 $ gx . 6789 gx . ® y D + ?Z / ! "# $ "% : ;6 N . l® y D N ?Z ~
898 E C 5HQ&/ E Nr
q S v : ( 4~
- K.[ 6r E 4 g 0 9x > I 5 . &~ K! ` e . O.p B r 9 ¦ 9 ~ . & [ H=/ 8 h < 2 I <v 0B r 9 d 94$ > @!p " "t " / d 94 $ S . 6 789 O 2 p "A % ' 9Uv $~ 6 2 4 " M e r B r 9 9 . . 8$ P< . ¯ = D >9 N = D N $) * Gª N~ =U ) g x % Z. > r 0 4 M =/.0 6 2 4 g x . ] 4~ ' + ! 2 >+ <. M . =) iN4 $ - RK ! M$ > I.
° I 0 ? } M xI v 0 + q / q ! 6& ) 4D0 Br 9 61$= . g x . A Z b % g x , u 5 0q ! , ) " / Z D 5 )I I G e2$ . A >2N $ b% ! Z efp . M>K p K e % 5 $ . . 1 e >) " q C &H # 4 ( - > f r . > r = =H S ) V M Z. £ = > K" : $ ? S 2 ? S ~ K ef ih$ x / = ² K . ± PI " - (4=/ ª b% "/ 8U .I $=U .I Uv r $) i >f 4x. ' $ N~ b% " / ! N . ' =C * 2 f G f L 6 H$ i >f. ' K <. r + <. H = ) <. i S ) d7 "/ ¦ Pp .I 8 U .I $=U .I r . UI i P. 1H> R) . >x S ! 9 .I g >f ) .I ".Mx I. M I. $ gª "/ efI
q !. " / 6ª g x % + ! B r 9 ¦ &$ . 1 = M K - r &/ ' 2 &9 5 0 . ³ h9 =) ! D. =4Q$ + /0 = I ? Rx I" . A + ! O + " D Z 5 - 9 &=/ = > +. >D 4 =$ 5 6r 1f ) * 4D G $=x \ ´ = + / S v b% K @I u /. ´6r " I : r . ". % ]I 5 = v , u
rI O.p q( @ S. A 21> f " I( N " % " B r 9 g >w 3 G &H~ -8 &K h G > C$ D ` e q( µ$ P . A D D - / . ¶® y D N ?Z ~ . ® y D N ?Z ~ . ® y D N ?Z ~
' 4Z /. ' q S
E m / q $ l 4 . h4 =N K 4~ >/8+v 89<
5 6 >9Q) >1 ? / d Pp " h4 ! N . L H ! + . W K ! + A $ § ? 9$) 0O.p q( 0 B r 9 g1 N > &·h " 6r " D E + ~ O.p # 9 ! >K :6 A 4$/ !. M$ >] &P. H) Dv 5 M>K (f .
... ! N :' >2N $ • .` C$ • B r 9 1r >2 N) 6 . .( ! N # I) p " H • ¸ H I. g >f ). ,ª 9 + :" / H $·~ > =H ± / / c ! + " / i ~ . $ . q $N/ ª W. ²D .!. G] K. ' v. ' C Q&/. .! N ( >2 $ • z) H ;H . >x ! N >&· •
' ! 94 .I g ; 4 . A >x >9 N B r 9 O. =$ ` e G &H . ª + x f * (g >f ) ,ª 9 N / ' r . 0 ± º0 ' . ¹ * x & » r -8 W - =/ ' 2$+ D f h/ + S x f. 6 4h . q 4h F> N = . ¹ " / 0 19 D0 " [ B r 9 1§I. . % U rI * 1 ª 9+ - x / 1 >Nx G> h). ª N ® ^ > $ .# 4 Hx 2>3 ( h9 : $ >9 N . >x >9 N D x / B r 9 4 B e G &H . v - >1$=/ 9 = . h9 : D +p . ` # +p D ¢. H 3r8~ A 9 = . ' S8 . ¸ H p ' S8 \" - 4/ 3H . >9 N $ D O " / G f ` H » r g4 & ( >¼ ; 9 0M f , u0 . .J49 D 1 R4D ' ! 94 . g >f – K ". K. 4~ h9 g> +p D. 1=>D ² ½ I 4 ¾! 5 . ® y D N ?Z ~
89= E C 5HQ&/ E Nr
q S v : ( 4~
¿ "/ M> G2$h " / efI .I « ) S d ] ' r D y ½ 0g> +I. 4/ Q $P 21/ 1 v. 1$78D. ± ! 9 . 1§ H I > ] &P 5 3K G 3) « : % =/ » r Z § b% I K8 " /. . h9 G 2 < ? / . C = 1K I. 1$>=DI. 1 ª 9ND
U8U .I 3H " / i j $) * À> & Á 5 0? D G &H 0 B r 9 i . 1K 4) } Z >x >D .I T .I S8 5 À> & Á b% " / E /. ¸ H I - $=$ N/ 0b! &$ 2f0 h9 G D ~ [q v ? R . G 9S >D 4 =) 21/ h9 =9>f ) D. 1=>D h~ .I D! 2 O Â < t I" x ~ b% "/ ".- R I >x ' d94 $ j % j =9> +I M D 1 h$N - > >9Q) - Zu ÃI 0O.p q( 0 U ~ ! + " / B r 9 % · $ . = I ? Rx » r" :M D , u -8 4/ A H $·~ 3 M$+ ! 6r " / .p ' K ' 1§ 2f 3 b% r N/ 5 0 c8P " /0 ¶ ". / 4 &D. ? qG/ O( =$) 6 .
I - ! / A q Z * ] ^ ¸ H p 0 / ^ G&H 0 Br 9 G s. 9f ~ . = / & , )" G D b r. Ä H Z " 2 < 6 > " / > $ >D 4 [ x >x X H ] 4 / ] * / h . l " / M$ > ] &P Åj ) S % Ä H Æ xI 5 e/p 4$). ".g> 6+ >S S .I M) S $ D - Z S .I =4~ . >3H M) Z "/ Åj) K A H $Ç . /"/ ~ ) z Q &~ ¦ $N/ v 6 ) S. >3H . =4~ M) Z "/ M $>] &P Åj) m .ÄH 5 b H@I % È ¬4~ "/ Åj) S. ( K '< 24$ +< . ¸ H É > >9Q) + ! N G &H B r 9 H . < /" 1=/ - Z - 3H (¶ ) 5 q $r - = >9/ U ~ ! + ' . É . ® y D N ?Z ~ ¶ . l® y D N ?Z ~ l . ¶ ® y D N ?Z ~ m . l 0 lm® y D N ?Z ~
' 4Z /. ' q S
E m / q $ l 4 . h4 =N K 4~ >/8+v 89>
- 4/ =4/. !% º A- > f /v 4 5 - / Z 'q Z - 3H ( ) " G :6 . G9S "/ q =9 % !% # 4 K 4/ ?/ =4/. 1ª =9D A- >ª(Z /v. 1K 4 } >]) / È / X / ).I / ª8/ / r / ND [ /! S = /(Z [ /[ 4] Y . H t ~ / ! [ Nt [S / [ +[ / [ +[ /(¬4~ % 6 4h [ 6r G 9S # 4 1K - 3H ( ¶) " G < / 0, % f0 ! N R). G r .I - H Ç -< 24$ + 24X$ + .I - Z ¬ 4/ { 1 = . :6 . ¦ PI ¸ H I / [U X /!© S /G $ X K / >= /' 1/. /!%xjK / XS / . ¼ / >r. / Xx /, D . / K /¦ fu /8[e /[ /¨ / / =$K / ± Y /! = # C]I / h 4N) 1> /!%[) <. /6 9X) < [ /¨ Ê / N~ / q N$ /' =Z/ 2> # C ]I / => ! / 9 Nf $ /E $ [ / Pj . H ~ G I. ¦ $ G I / f% $ " > x )I/" E >D #% x / Rª ^ v B >r " / A ' S84 0?D N G &H 0 B r 9 ! . :Å § " C$ . > $ ²D ' . p ? @ . r " ) 3 efI "/ (G] . G&H ) § 4 . . G] . G&H . % . - > 789 b% B r 9 E " >x 789 " D E + ~ ` e # 9 . :Å C = 5 Æ $) AO &K 4D!I . >x ! & q =9 :O.p G&H
.' H$ < : ` "H :` e G&H
. C$H=~ :B e G&H . ?/ Z :?D G&H
89? E C 5HQ&/ E Nr
q S v : ( 4~
5 1Z. P. 1 $ >r. >x ! & Z 0O.p G &H 0 B r 9 " -8 RK0 ! & b% Z ¦ 9$). .6 Ë 1$ * > $ ! & 4 h d 7. 1=/ O. $~ ! 1 h~ >x >9 ! & G f 0 · R & $ ( ^ ! & ; H q =9 >+ +I ! U rv UI " Br 9 ih . .! 1h~ * Wp D =$~ . >49 . ! Q$~ ' S84 "/ Æ xjD # 4 - ÌZ H/ > $ r . / # 4 ? @.. Z 9 r 4 O >^ G P I ¼ A ! & 1=/ $) ' S84 . Wp . 4Dp , $D ex <. 4 1K 4 } ! & "/ G/ f } E /I 4Dp ' u ! & ) >x ! & Æ xI O B r 9 G &H I 4D. . ( > @ K< ! & . G 4H ¬ 4~ " / ! & > ). f C$~ . 4$~ ! & . U ~ ! + 1 f Æ xp , ) o h } - Z - >x S - =K MH ] D A' H$ < Æ @ / 0` e G &H 0 Br 9 ÍS = . S H } >789 I ¦ . . » r b 4D <. G 9S 4 # p M K 4 S. .# 9 % hD )I r > ! 4 p . ' D " H % 4>9W A ` " H % c 121K 5 % 1Q P 4x . $ . ' H$ < D Q P D B C 6 4>9 Q O C$ . 6 > ' H$ < D >x b » r Q ·K ' H$ :6 . ' H$ 8 Æ xI 4 N) B r 9 5 &rI. .Æ! R/. ¨ / ' H$ = ' H$ "/( ' H$ ' H$ ' > &·h ' H$ 1 h~ . .' 9U . % ' H$ g & = ' H$ G S 4 d 7. G S 4 ' H$ 4 5 Æ xp b%c M/ 1H/ - 9Q/. "/ 1> e/p - D! @ 1 f Æ xp b% . U ~ ! + Æ = , u" -8 o $Hx j N/ 0B e G &H 0 B r 9 o Q . .I g >f .I 3H £ ) * x ~ 4>9 Q . 4$~ 4Dp ' u " / " / Æ = % Z. v d h . '< 2$r< " / 4 r $H/ >x ! 94 . ® y D N ?Z ~ . ® y D N ?Z ~
' 4Z /. ' q S
E m / q $ l 4 . h4 =N K 4~ >/8+v 899
³ b Z. 0M NHx S 0 6 H= . " " / MD h$~ " ' d94 $ . ¸ H p .I Ä H 5 >r $Hx< H & &$ ) <. . >r $ . > 4 ' " / . G / H . d 94 $ q =9 0b = 0 G2 h) G D 2 .I ! 94 ³ . +! . # $ E8 Sp # Q $ + ! +I I " / o $Hx< % f. ". . ¦ / 5 ³ 6 4 h D x ~ v 0G &H % 0 B r 9 j . 4) B >r " / A $ D ? + h 9 - 1Y 3/X C$H=~ . C @ . A6 49 % # >7. G .j $ > D S. ¬4~ 4 h . 4 h . ¹ * 0 C$H=~ M $ 0 MU rI % >34 Up / ¹. ! &4 g $ g> $ N) Z D # 4 j Z HK" M .( x &4 >D p M) K h$f . M / . M $K U. h9 H ! Q). Hxp 8$ P . rp > ) E v C$H=~ b% & ) g9 N B r 9 ? Z . X ". . " / 1> v i> R . 1>= - Q) C = S" b Q). # 4 jD G e2>K A, u 5 e/I # R . ". / Z S 1 G s .I 1> I d 7 <v r G f " / r . O e - >H$ / µª &^ , ) " / 1> v G ] © ) r Ì ? S ~ 5 i \ A r . O e/ " / efI Z. 1C> @ ) 6 $ N S * '< .I Ä H D - 4S / " h . 4 N) " G < 1=/ y ½. U ~ ! + >r $Hx< " B v 0 o $Hx< &>&P 5 M K S. 0 M . =) $ . . ! 9 UI - C @ / A > # $ ' "/ Î N=~ . + = D 52N /. >x ' q 1 P . P N=/ 4) * ' J 4D M Z b% & ) . A &>&^ R$S >c 2 j D , u - 7 N/ A C$H=~ q GP ) * yu 2 = "2 @ · N=K A! $) " . ª! W. $ S / = J4D 1 =§ rI. O rI ' O( =$) I" . m ® y D N ?Z ~ . m ® y D N ?Z ~ . ® y D N ?Z ~
89@ E C 5HQ&/ E Nr
q S v : ( 4~
- C$H=/ G3> " / O( =) / G f I f! }. G 24 + 4) Ï # $f M2 RK q 2 N 1 * rp . . 3 I. ! 2$ + D M NHx >4 ! $ I. ! &4 G ". / $/ 5 $) I " E8+ K 4D / "/( ' ! 9 ! h$x . A >/ > =) >r UI 0?D G&H 0 Br 9 6 w. q v) :' ! 94 , ) e/I " /. A =/ 6 . .I &S . ?/ Z "/ 4) (Z / " / d ef 5 ¹ ¦ PI >x S ' ! 9 Ð. .(Ï 2 4Z ! M > v xv. Ï xv Ï , u " / µ ½. .( 1 $ v jD ) <. > r! ! H7 Ï v) :G e/ A" N p , ) O e/I 5 R= A ? / 9x P . ` S / S ? @ X I !. @ v - 49) - ] P - >2 - H>=&) 1H>=&) $ . > 9 . (Z ~ . 4/ 9 = . >x ' ! 94
j D B r 9 o ] S. . 4 + . K. >D I . eD /. >D 4 =$ q =7v > D A 1>x 4~ .M$+ ! I rI 54N~ % * 9 = . >x ' ! 94 q &rv 5 9 = . ` / K E ). ? / 1/ ·$ + v . 1> v M >9= $ " \ 14«. O e/p ¦  = N p 5 ' Z G h I " / . A d94 $ M )< Â. M) 9 + =/. O 24$ +< % ? S / v ! ".M>$ K D Ñ8 $N/ - =4/ - 2 4/ G9 $N~ " G < / - > & U ~ ! + ?/ Z f%D G&H % Br 9 $½. o $Hx - f /. A c 24$ + '<  - r Y /X 1 f + S. 4/ Z ! 9 U8U. Ò . &r !% 4$ * >) > iS ~ . ` 4~ "/ de '< È , ) 3 &H/ > > L + ! 1K # $ " / ` e q( /I Y I 5 M >K i S. 3x GP q( % B r 9 z$ $K S. r . ! + - 42$ - >1 -8P / 3 , ) " / -8 Z O.p N +.! ~ 3 .¦ Pp ! N + ! . m® y D N ?Z ~ . ¶® y D N ?Z ~
' 4Z /. ' q S
E m / q $ l 4 . h4 =N K 4~ >/8+v 89A
3 , $ - > > L - Zu ÃI W K ! + 0GP ~ 0 B r 9 % · $ . . ! + ² + .I " /. $4/ 1H ] D A ! N b% c b! >$P -8 4/ A !. @ - f / 3 , ) 5 G2$ h I v , u "/ 61$= . 6 R$ MK h$f O. s % $ I £ ! v Ë ! 94 v 2 v >9 N " / A 1 > ] H) G D ¦ [ N© . 2C r8/ ¶ © . 4D \ 1 9S ' >ª( b% "/ Gf S8 v 3H v
6 > o $H~ 1H ] D A# $ / / v Æ Z > jD M ª! S B r 9 f % X . M $) K " t /[ K v - d h/ $ } v O P , u ) . AMK h$f . b v ( >> 5 ! 6r O( =$ H 9 , ) h 4/ ' ( 4/ G f ? / =xj ) M >K ( >Ã 4x K A Q =$H I v 0B r 9 = 0 " / # 9 I ' C+ * HW ^ R/ , ) ( = r "/ ! $~ . 2$N~ . ª c 4>9 Q G Ëe2$ A, ) H p (Z - W /v B C9 % M 2 Br 9 4 . . / O.I b 4 M 4S . ! Wv 4 Nx 5 0 S , u ( =) 2f0 l . H .
i > + M xI v 0 W K ! + 3 M > L ¨ 4/ 0 B r 9 d h . 4X9 . 4X9 :6 . M e¡ c8P £ C$ * U8 e > + +p 4Dp 5 " / G f t [ [ D - Zu ÃI G e % M > L I v g % . . H 4X9 . 6789 0¦ 2f0 M = . 24$/ d7. - (Z / - > .I - >9Q) + ! "/ Æ = % Ge/ 9Q I ¿ yu Ãp " t /[ B r 9 G >s. . >x ! N 5 d9f r v f. >H/ " / I q( c µ &P * " h4 ! N . L H ! N M > L v + ! b% c 24$~ .` e : >) R W K ! + Br 9 1 r * 3 G e2$). ¶ . m® y D N ?Z ~ l . 0 m® y D N ?Z ~
89B E C 5HQ&/ E Nr
q S v : ( 4~
:' C Q&~ . ' . p . ¸ H p . ¸ H p § 49 % 3/ L Åj) * 3 I I Br 9 ¦ 9 + !% Z " / Z > ] * , ) q + A = + / S v 1 P I * Z !% Z " / Z.I * , ) .I H $Ç ¦ PI - > ] M =/ >D 4 K I ~ , ) . A >x ¸ H p " / P - x B r 9 f% . . / O.p G P =$~ ±< 24$ + . ± S > + O8P "/ 1C=/ * >3H m . Z ` 4/ !. ¬4/ - '
= + / S 1 P I * ¸ H p " / efp . p Æ = 5 B r 9 M 9= . M > ! 4) % 6 ]p =4/ " / $x * ' 2 , ) M D & . " / Æ = % I v d h . . 6r8Q ]< ` =4/ v E8+ G9S # 4 ? S . 2f * K D - ! & 9 } uv" A / G f e9/ ¸ H p ".- R I > ³ >/ > =$ v GD >2 4 . >D p . 3 "/ def ¸ H p " / $ +. Ì/ " G < / 0 W K ! + 0 B r 9 6 &s. .d2QS ! h4/ ª8~ : 1=/ . '< 24$+< ' u ' . p . ' C Q&~ . .£ h K ) W K : ¬4~ ' u ¸ H p "/. Æ = % G e . .d4 N ( (4 S [^ : >r8Q ]< ¸ H p " /. . >x ¸ H p "/ D fp (^ 0Br 9 = – ' C Q&~ "/ : Z ` 4/ G2L * ' . p "/. .I (q ( Z) " / g S . A h9 =$ MK 4) < ¬4 ' / E ·$+ 0 ( ) E8 .(d9f ZI. H / c / c = .I (Z I) # % c :(# ) .( %x <v xI t v) >K = ( /) ¬4 ( t v) E ·$+ 0 .( S 2> f M xv)G9 $N~ . @ . 6@ ~ "/( ( f) ¢ $+ 0 m . ® y D N ?Z ~ . ® y D N ?Z ~
' 4Z /. ' q S
E m / q $ l 4 . h4 =N K 4~ >/8+v 8@:
:' d94 $ . g>f . 5 6 + +I G hD =D E * d & À> & , ) Br 9 ;4 . . / f « hK 19>f ) G2$f !. .O 4Kp .I q p 5 M=/ efI ' . p : g>f e/I "/. . %x <v xI v / c G+ / 8K / c ,N¼ 8K : ' d94 $ e/I "/. .d4N /Ï d7 P "/ G /Æ D!. 8U. ¬e/ # C]I / K ) ÓjK : ' S84 "/. . ª8~ G Z /' . 2N W K :¸ H p D .I . D ] ^ r 6 z9&$ 2 G r :G2 D .# : . C = p " y. ^ . A p " y. ^ . " y. ^ D 3 b%c M > L Br 9 ¢ H Â " / 19[ [ K 1 + f I v - 9 u . C = . +I E rI. x S v 1=/ def G 4 $ . d $ D S. # 4 D . $/ > ). I G X S. M 9S .I 4D 5 )I I I /8+ 5 1> v =$N $D U µx ' Hx . 1$ P I * (E rp . x .I) 3 D C = G 9S >D 4 1> 5 C = q< e4 }. 1> c 2$ D E /I x f I ? / C = 1 N> ~ 1 RPv. 3 , ) G .j) v . \[ "/. .¢ P< .I > $ 5 C$+ ¹ Z : >x ,ª 9N .
I v g % . W K ! + ( >2$~ q =9 ' u ,ª 9 N 5 B r 9 i ' u ] ^ M ª 9 + - Ì h=/ g 5 - +I! > $ ,ª 9 N G f g > q Z . ® y D N ?Z ~ . ® y D N ?Z ~
8@8 E C 5HQ&/ E Nr
q S v : ( 4~
.M ª 9 + > ) C$ + ? / ' " / G f G2 h . A( >2$~ q =9 " /. . 14>« ! + j j Z 0 W K ! + 0 1 f ,ª 9N I ¦ . : >) ' - Z Br 9 4 * ,ª 9N X , ) e/I ~}|{zyxwvutsrqpo{ 0
.( : W K) zª©¨§¦¥¤£¢¡
À ¿ ¾½ ¼ » º ¹ ¸ ¶ µ´ ³ ² ± ° ¯ ® ¬ «{ 0
.( : W K) zÂÁ ÕÔÓÒÑÐÏÎÍÌËÊÉÈÇÆÅÄÃ{ 0
.( : W K) zÛÚÙØ×Ö
:6789 49 . ! + >x ! & 5 S D 4X9 % >D B r 9 ¬ 4X # 4 j / " Z P Z ! ] $ + " / efI M > L 6 &s. W K
( ^ % # 4>$ + " (Z HS. * >789 x ? R }. & $ – 1> ' Qx * ! & , ) " /. . G f & $ :0Br 9 g % 2f ( : W K) zsrq{ 0
.( : W K) z»º¹¸¶µ´³²±°¯®¬«{ 0
.( : W K) z^]\[Z{ 0
.(l : W K) z ~}|{z{ 0
.( m : W K) z»º¹¸{ 0
.( : W K) zgfedcba`{ 0
' 4Z /. ' q S
E m / q $ l 4 . h4 =N K 4~ >/8+v 8@<
:' H$ < "K .
K 4/ 5 Hx ut v AO.p q( M > v g u ' H$ < " M e r B r 9 f % X <. o @ . H $ . 24 . F R = % G e <" : 3 b% c 0 G 9S0 # 4 ".Æ = $ . K e b% Ge
"/( ' H$ :6 A' H$ < % " / Æ xI 4D!I W K ! + B r 9 G s. .g& = ' H$ . = ' H$ . # Q^ ' H$ .
* ' H$ < Æ = - 49) 1H = & . W K ! + ! ' 2 1h$N . .M$L y! =) G 2L I " * ¸ H p G f 0B r 9 1K 4 2f0 6 . : C$H=~ .
. NH~ .I q 1 H i $P * ' .I G 2 .I ' d 94 $ G f. ¬ 4/ " / efI : 1$ e/I "/. . 1> .!. [ / K ) / W K :¸ H p "/ 0 .! h = , %f /! /p ?Z ) :' d94 $ "/ 0 A(g > Q 4 & M > v) : 4) M S 6 >9Q) yu Ãj D B r 9 1 h$N . ` f h 1/ * '8 .j $ . q ! N>K A C$H=~ b% 4>9W z @ > .( z$K) # $f b%c bdNH) : ?/ Z .¶ D h$/. =$/ i S / &$ " * > ' 2 , ) Br 9 & . : 4) M S W K ! + ?/ Z "/ 4X) * e/p "/. ". >/ > =) >r .( : W K) zpo{ 0
. m® y D N ?Z ~ . ® y D N ?Z ~ . ® y D N ?Z ~
8@= E C 5HQ&/ E Nr
q S v : ( 4~
.( : W K) z×ÖÕÔ{ 0
.(¶ : W K) zlkjihg{ 0
.( : W K) zrqpo{ 0
.( ¶ : W K) z´³²±°{ 0
.( l : W K) zDCBA{ 0
.( : W K) za`_^]\{ 0
.( ¶ : W K) z´³²±°¯{ 0
: H 49 .l
~ . /( 4Dp >D 5 Æ @ ~ % c Mr B r 9 ( f ' . " B r :G e/ A >D 4 ( >K e . . $) * ! Kp . # $ . ª8~ " B . ! 1 = . G > y .. ¨!p . ' . 2 N W K : . W K ! + q Z ¼ d7....' = . q( 0 ! N b% M 2 I 0 R b% M . =) ¦ 0 B r 9 f . .I 6 789 MS H) 5 -8> ) <. M$ -8> L <. - dNH) " 0` e M $78D. b! ]. b T. [ Dv 5 M 2 & >+ Ã v. d 94 $ G 9S # 4 = M > ! 4$~ .I > $ " / b( >> . % q & $+ . b! KI. H ! Z r N/ 5 1
r * >S P< K e r 9$ E8 + . >D 4 . O >^ . L H ! + G > L B r 9 Æ h G > C $ . 6 & $ " / C = % 5 . . K & = N~ ®8 P H = :6 . d Pp " h4 ! N . ( ( ' 4 ! U $ &4 ( 2c G >H Í S ~ U . $ 4 ! = >9 . ¶0 ® y D N ?Z ~
' 4Z /. ' q S
E m / q $ l 4 . h4 =N K 4~ >/8+v 8@>
? S ~ + ! 5 E Az @ . F1=/ 5 1 f 1 > L Br 9 ( ) . :6 " . = NÒ L .' C Q&~ . ¸ H p . . > P ' S84 . À>& . . ,ª 9N . . C$H=~ ?S ~ . . ?/ Z . :+ C " / O + " g >w I + ! b% Æ Q$ + Br 9 v :O " D " / Hx S. .6 24 >9Q$ . 3 = o h D 7 © N~ ] ^ b 3x 1Z. O. =) 0 . 6 789 ! 9> G t L }. H Mr QD de ' + ! . %c M$H Ç . 0` AB . &H/. r. Q/ # $ 1 hS x * R G Z x f ' . p . g >f . ,ª 9 N . H~ . # b Z. 4) :G e/ I <v A ? / Z. % . G] . G&H . ' H$ < . & $ . 6 Ã v 0 q Z * >H> . D0 3 b% I ' 9Uv o Q ~ - 9Yf / .I 19> +p .I # 4 X Y - Y N/ N> . ( ) > . q =D0 G e2$>K A = Ns 2>K % 9 q Z \ 1/8f Mx N x f > AE8 # 4 g> +I. # +I D d 9 '. H $ D 0 1H % 5 Z " 2 G D AM =/ - x G e f v. + ! b% ¦ ) 2f + % M $ O8 rv. > D i &4 " / " . % x & »r ! &4 Gf dUj) $/ . 1 $ . 2$ B r 9 p AG /j$ . 3 = D Z . + ! b% % .5 t 4 [ ' 2>24 $ .I ' 9Qx< v "f }. G> C $ . q &r 5 M) 9Uv
*
! : **
%& ' :" #$
***
% () * ) +
! " # $ % # 8% 9 . / ) 0# / , 1 23 ! " # 45 6 & ' () * +% , -. & *: ! ; < , = >? @ *A B C% D ! " # # ,E
F / ) G0#F H *C / I $ J = ,*+ K L , MN% ! " # 23 O A ! P
Q M $ O - * R /*S /T U< P V 9 J 9 W % F / , . " # 456 XY ) 5Z " + 9: F_ M: F * &> ` 6 ' 9 8* & F a+ - \]^ [ 9 * b+ - - * < Pdc C % b *+ e -. < , /I e % e M: N " F /+ % + k + l % D /: e *A f b ) g h i)j# J .b*+ e -. < F_-. + k : n Y * + k : o A R 8 < :@ ( & b *+ e -. < . p A
s , ` t# 45 6 u 23 f k â&#x20AC;&#x201C;g h 0# $ k q [
; & R ( % / _ "v - * < 0 w x .(! ; < +k + ) /: e *A & F /+ k + = , : / /O : ,, ,, ! : ,, , , ,, - , , ,, . " O { * . ~^}~ }| = _"v
% O & ! ; @ / S 4 # ) /Y 8 d i O & = _ "v 9 + k : 4 # ) ** . 8J k"h / _"v ! " # / _"v " /k u Yd Â&#x20AC;# Â ".
d .{ a / ! # v /O O n Y * / ) k b -. b *+ Â ". *** maherhaswa@yahoo.com :Â&#x201A; L v
. ~^}\/}}/Â&#x2021; Â&#x201E; # X CJ ~^}\/Â&#x2020;/] Â&#x201E; # O < k% Â&#x192;
! O ! W J
~^} /6}\] W n k : / _"3 ./0
& - * / g h b MM *: [ 5 6 & e @ M+ . / - ! + % a M b > D J_ M* B j N 3 U - # ; .= Z , /% % - * . " & F_`: n 56 : 6P . 456 - *> / * g/ M 23 ,O
! * Y j N [ - * 23 {# v n & / _ "v ! / ) o a .. .# Y >/: 3 / _"v -
.F > . 9> . "C n & : e % .[ . A ) U # e + 3 .! / - M & W ,*+ b 5 =,*+ K L & | " .K . k [
* $ Y O ? 23 & - + h & F ' () ! * Y 45 6 X : J .{F O F . - * D ! +/ M </6 + & 8 U456 { * ! ; @) n . 23 qw > % " q g h =, ! >/ k* & O a/a - ! >/ k*% = 6 - * < <O Y 5 6 g h G >) ! ; < - * < l # f k% D
} . M @) _-v ! 8 M , O ; ! P :3 &
{ > *A qF ;Y b+- q - * < # 8% /+/) g h " J
< 5 6 W > ! , "3 < 6. F Pdc C Z & ( Z ¡ n * .e 56 ¢£ b j J FW , Y
: p_p # . @j(> - * < 23 ¢£ b: . P . n . g h G . e -. 23 " Q M & - * @*Y ..
.\^ R " 9O ! : - { }
.// { M k 6
= _"v 9 +k +) - *
@ O U J 23 " W # & > A " & - * @ *Y .[ . , O #. &>N c F k/¥# F £ - * <
~
. / 8* 23 / ; & - * @*Y .!
n . G.# - *> { - </6 + @ M+ 5 6 & Wi O ¦ g h e % b *+ f> kC 23 F{ F{# 3 ' F / b e > " /> " # / & ,*/*a - * f k% n. $ § D a M = 6 U" a M " ] . / _"v . e_ F + k : b+ - ! ; < g h b/: % *: [ & ( @M+ . X * Y g /) (F /+ k : F /¨# %) /¥ T /+ k + { ; F c k C @ / a F , . /Y_* _ f>k C FW , Y / k +k + 23
5 6 e ª D # : ." :F_¥ J [ 5 © ! ; - g h j N J / _ "v + k + 45 6 " / _ "v / ; +k + " =6 6 , 8 n. [
p A p A & @ ! ; + k : *Y & /+% n. & « L*
\ ". ¬ / " P p A p a " / _"v " e *Y M*
FW , Y = i @ / a F W @ / a u6 g h " >/: + - . ! & >® ; F : H C ! ; @ / a . +/E R/*S b M* F_ F_)C @ H C , / 23 q! ; < /+ k + ! ; 9 " t 8% q g h f FW , / S 23 # M/" b Y. " ; " 6 b - = _ "v 9 n . L :
:=6 ! ¯ X" , O g h , O J { ! ¯ . R k 9O ~ . \ R k 9O ] . R k 9O \ . R k 9O . R k 9O
! O ! W J
~^} /6}\] W n k : / _"3 ./1
b /*+ & 6 5 # M
© M* ! ; > /) # v / 8 .. . 9J .= i = C ' + u, W / 3 © M* / C .[ .°_TY 9J M ! /` * 9 @ + R £ & +Y .! </6 + f o a > / / ! J_ = Z $ /)L .K b 6 5 b *+ e -. f u, 5 6 R / 8% qX Y ) F .q ! + </ k* F " ". ¦ ! > k b " ". < kJ : > kJ ! ; < kJ g h n . )N 5 C .b 6 .</6 + <kJ F > >, / ° + J </6 + b" ". . ! ;Y O % 3 U 9 >? * £ & % .w R: ; 5 F :_ @ n @ * V ". > % / i 3 /¥ p .$ #. # - 9" . 6' & (). l % % D > k /¥ T g h N J - * . /¥ T . .[ 4 5 = ; @/ a u, @H( C G ! >k @ b *+ $6 5 F /¨# % F g h b O *: [ 5 6 & o ( @ M+ . D "! > kH V ". f >¥ * " * 8 * /,> /T U 6# 8% @ / *
. / * $6 5 ! +/ M% X xC "
@ / a f FW "! >kH V ". f >¥ * " $6 5 g/ M% g h *Y J :! * Y P . 456 ( @M+ b 5 = ; ;
FW ¯. X /8 C. D "# M " i // @ O 6 : >, / / S ! e + 3 .}
/+ A "V /* " ,+ qF_( – & F - F . $6 5 9 /I F + ± ,+ / " - * " ,+ + ? "[ a M " " ,+ . / : " " a M " .}^ R k 9O
./2 { M k 6
= _"v 9 +k +) - *
(# M ) > k
$ k² $6 5 i //> @ j(> :| + </ > .~ g ´ $6 5 X Y ) > .t C n ka " ³ Iv k ) U 6 > % D
q n & , x " 6 > n ¶ : (# M ) > k g % Mµ , / >/: .g/ M F */J F " ". qg h $k² g M 8 n . & < " :g h e J & : # M /¥ ( ! # / .] @/ ° : / @ * )# a M W 8 3 b * £ n ¶: = bY. f n . –g h ;Y ,O $ k – R A @ A e -. & F / F :_ g ¨ b ". i > [ J. 6 b , , { @ @ + F /¨# % XY % $6 5 : : /+/ M % e + 3 .\ # M <) · >;Y R , = " /" 6 , TO 6 ¡+ Z -. f FW $6 5 g/ M% @ % 1 @ 45 6 n . ' . + x
.G /¥ ( @ ,/: ! ) D * 8
°_ £3 P >¥ p. n . g h G 3 : v /Mx e $65 n # . f F " /J © # M i c § 1 e - ! ;Y n 3 ¸ $6 5 f <,¥ ¯. .$65 e -. X+ ¸ © ic C D v W #¦ f F " ¡ Y 6 b *+ $6 5 @ + g ` g h % J & F_ `: Y# * / { ; f /¥i? W #¹ { 8/ " # : J_% ³ v
. © </6 + f + ± ! a 8M $6 5 °_£3 9 # M " g h b MM *: [ & 9 @ M+ . Z % D # & .= ; @/ a /,> T U © R / * / >k
c F H/ C Z º , , F % » + e - W > </k*% F )#c k C F * C & n ). W " U! +/ M R >/: F - Y / R8 W > W h6 ¼p % . / . G · o/ .}]] R k 9O .}] R k 9O
! O ! W J
~^} /6}\] W n k : / _"3 .13
Ub V ". F +/ M% a ' a » + g/ M% g h N J ( & ' () t_ @ ½ = 6 ( k @ / Mx ) g/ M ' n .
" " "< a>C " ! >/ k*% @ § = ,*+ K L V# ,/ 3 ; D
g . ." 6 ; " 6 < kJ 23 >/: e h % qg h ;Y $k q " 6 ; " . "F /+ " . "F >®" n % J k [ » + (). n . 23 ¾ / 23 O e . f = 6 ¿ . # "F " . 6 # ,Ev n f FW & N;C J >) t - 45 6 "= / £" ° : O _: f F k/" % }^ ."<" A " * £ " / - : » + ! g/ M R >/: q i 23 9 J f k 65 _ ) n . g h # H *C > /+ A </ k*% D - * { ; g ¨ 5 6 b [ L J A B qn v # J }} .[ ,/ 3 f k & ³ Y . ` b 5 n . g h G.# *: + x ,+ 23 k .
! # / % F 8 " % @ *% {# M R 8 ' /> A /¥ ( ! # /
Y & S ,+ 5 © e * & N = {W * 45 6 . , / F I }~ .{'T
t ; $k 6 %
6 n." :g h G » + M > ' @ / S ¨
5 6 P J >,/ A /Mx //* 5 À g k W ,*: F F ,O % Á _ ...F_ -. /: A –X a T | " * £ /* 5 >? & bO
; # O b Y. t M T * 8 | " W
{ /T - *> . < A f ph % n. & « D " # ! A 8/· t ; }] ". 5) < A f ph% n. & « D & .} \ R k 9O }^ .} ^ R k 9O }} .} ~ R k 9O }~ .} R k 9O }]
.1. { M k 6
= _"v 9 +k +) - *
* b O . 3 U³ Iv , G 9 # M g h e % 6 + / Y 23 @ j % 9 # M & F # M b+ - ³ Iv 23 ,O
³ Iv | R @ ) n . ³ Iv g % Mµ ° +% & @ . O .F * X J / > ! */ 8% ³ Iv @ -. ;Y o² ® qb/ 3 k q f ³ Iv @6. R: % K ² = ¾ Â f b*+ $ ) s ³ Iv M : . "V /J" / > # K n. R k 1 b Y. UF */J ¡/ = I # J 4# J 5 6 }\ F /% " . n ) F XY ) k . f ³ Iv "! p3"
a M f M J °_ £v f b % p3 & « ³ Iv n 3" :b * i &
} ".t <6 n n . 3 ³ Iv 23 ,O
! * Y @ ) 9 F /*8 F T " g h G . J &c 5 ¹ P F :_ /*/ < /+ F / 8J F_/ 4 e - W > @ OC .F / E 4 & F # M = ,*: < 23 b /*+ © @ j N " / ¦" g h 4 C N/: V /* . } .9 # M = 6 D – @ / f # M J n . F H/ C > A @/ g h ÃJ Y J } c q$ k B .b < A l . UV /* =¥ T G k @>, C & F >® # 3 ; o A 5 / @ -. 23 g h # .
# ; o A f j * C @- "_-." k/J 456 N C % 3 U k/J
} .o A Å O , O 56 /Ä. j N U 6 6 g h © 9 J D / , / v %. n. * 5 6 /+ & = ,*+ ; +Y % 23 F / { ; F * " * Y 3 !Å * Y ,k+Y { ; V# « 6 4 Y .} R k 9O }\ .} R k 9O } .} R k 9O } .} \ R k 9O } .} R k 9O }
! O ! W J
~^} /6}\] W n k : / _"3 .14
{ - ! ; g h b /: e : [ 5 6 & ¡ @ M+ .
= _ "v 9 ! ; + x { - ! +/ M F c k C = _ "v 9
Ç C ¼ % ! _ ! > k </6 + b " ". F O F +/ M% F /H C FW , Y Y# * ! " # F # F / 65 g/ M 23 { ; # 8 % .
. /p A /p A ! # * p_p 23 , <,+J W > gH MC 5 M g/ M% g h * Y J .(n /¥ / v ) n /8 " n /Y > ( C? n 6 ; ) n /c: ÇNA := 6 t -. 3 UF / J F /*/* F # M% M 9 n & N «N b Y. * Y 5 6 xj C .t - 456 n H(«C & N ¸ ! :_ !_ % O % : £ F j( C e " / ! O# b " ". F L* F +/ M% g h % 6 ¬ J L % / A ! O# O * 3 U@ £ R A : Ä :ȹ a f F /Y / , /( & « i
A
@
# 5
e h
V "
W= b/:
@
t 8
@£
F / *% F , O É kC 5 @ :( d ) # 5 @ M* @ / 23 " @ ) :e jh M* . M /: A 23 F " F / . A e " 23 4 f J @ ) :V " M* .# b e jh @ ) :t 8 @ M* .4# bO O :"W= b/:" {# M* @ ) :@ £ M* . T # 5 O g ¨ /a M @ | 23 k . b/: ¡/ # ½ e " ¬ J G </ k*% 23 g h > :! O# & >, / {d # ½ =
.15 { M k 6
= _"v 9 +k +) - *
= # ½
+ o
Q M - *
Ë n¦ * ! ¦
{d # ½
/ * u A
( A ° *A </*
/ * $6 5 .
# M J_ n / L* ! ,O
9 Ç C /¥ p J_ O . . / A O# @ * = _"v 9
p_p Ma % . G.# = _ "v b *+ / A ! ,O
g h j N J ! ,O
45 6 . p A bO % p A bO % / * bO
:=6 ! ,O % . ,/: X>,". D ! # / & { Ê =6 , )
/ 65 / * : #. . g h G { : # b : / * b O
. .=O bO
! ! ; { ? 6 ; { ? / 65 / * & ' () b /: f * C F / F 65 B 5 b O
/ 65 / * t j C% [ & R / `% –g h .# $ k²– $65 9 R : % D o ! ¹
& $65 & (). f F a + n : { ? / 65 / * . . , O
# / 5 Z n . g h G $65 f M *% : / * $6 5
M* . a M # ,>? .# @/ a - L% =,*+ /OL ' N 5 6 /p A / _ -v 9 qo ( # / q f J_ (# / ) b Y.
{ ? 6 ; . } . />/ / _ "v b% k"h F_j( C = _ "v 1 k F d F # M - * n % n. { : {F F # n # & 5 . , H(>C/: - * 45 6 n C N / p. ® Z n. . / , O_ <, i =O b O
! ! ; [ a -. i /> .F /Y > F # :. ~^ . /£ *« >;Y F - b/: @ [ T /¥
.~ ^ R k 9O } .~ R k 9O ~^
! O ! W J
~^} /6}\] W n k : / _"3 .16
5 6 # 8% g h " *: / _ "v p A 4 ¨
= _ -v @ : /%¹ ! # / @ j(> 4 5 6 : # n . F H/ C F /¨# % 8M
{ 3 Q M B % D ! ; # a i @ # 5 @ ~} .e - /' k+ @ "# # ,E 4 >½ e J3 >½ p. g h . / T "# Ä p % 23 F ' o A _ -v " /" % 7= _ -v
. / % ! / ) {# - = kY + n Y * ' k+% { 3 X D ' k+
F # = ' k+ B 5 = _ -v ' k+ # ,E # / 5 6 p. P . ~~ . f ( w > & F >® / W + 3 d 6 @ W # & 6 M*: # 5 @ "# . 23 t , ' n . = _ -v @ & g ´ = 6 ; . f s 23 g h ° 8% J .= _ "v b *+ ! */ 8% = */* ' /T% K 3 . n * & 5 , : /) L ³ @( & "# 456 ³ %. b £ @ j( N J 4' b £ >½ >½ ! ) ,; >) f ¯ _ "v t 6 @ H( C f / f+ . 5 ( /Y 8 k ) # [ F /¨# % 5 g h
~] . /" K# = * < A
f / W + 3 /T U M ° . % "# 456 n . g h G 6 - * F % < ,+C% n. $ § ! k [ MY n . F )Hh C R / 8% # M% = / M+% = " /" @ /6 . ;Y R : / ,: 6. /
~\ .n d n /p A @ + >) * k & ! , "3 g h " *: a M f >¥ * ! ; ¨ f B p. , O d ) # - * W 8 3 b % ;Y # .~ R k 9O ~} .~ q~ \ R k 9O ~~ .~ } R k 9O ~] .~ ^ R k 9O ~\
.18 { M k 6
= _"v 9 +k +) - *
< W " UW * "_ A X p. D u, # M Ì ¦ ! , "3 ~ . / . o A
=p A 4 _ F : # F # /% b+ - b *+ e -. ³ g h e % G ¹ d / n¦ * 9 @ 4 >½ ! ;Y :
+ ? $65 {L ³ I3 f> kC # M Ì ¦ * Y 6' ³ Iv
23 /p A { ;Y / % ' / % 23 k
g/ M% # & ! ,"3 ~ .9" V /* 23 =¥i? V /* & Í - V /* ,+ 9/" % b : j >) – b M* = _ "v 9 p A 4 6 o ( 4 >x >® X / +% 23 t ¬ /+ k : /: *p / " /" { - ) @ ) –g h
t , b % # /% @ 4 5 6 . ,¥ { 3 + /: *( / + t & ~ ." [ 8 8 "" . " 8 "" i) ³i Y 23
/ := 6 { F kJ. p A ! # /% g h < kJ J ! " # /Y Y * * ! " # { ? /Y_* /Y ¨# ~ . /Y > /Y_* `6 ° "
/ " J & i) ³i Y 23 t ¬ D / / a { : / # / M* ! ) F / O ,; <6' % f 8 " & S
f ( & >® g h J ~ . Ä' " P ." MY n )#. >½ c .F H* C F * C U
K ! : *( M e Y# :. @ ) n . © M*/: /Y ¨# . f / /¨# ! # 8 ,k+Y /¨# ! J /k , +/E , ½ .$ ka: / i F 8 % ,>,: M ' k+% @ § ]^ / - ! J /k
.~ \q~ ] R k 9O ~ .~ R k 9O ~ .~ ~ R k 9O ~ .~ ~ R k 9O ~ .~ \ R k 9O ~ .~ R k 9O ]^
! O ! W J
~^} /6}\] W n k : / _"3 .10
o /Y ¨# J_ & b( G # a >a 4 5Z g h @j( J .
kY" 4 ¯. 8 " "@ * " W 8 3 {# b %. G': { ? /Y_* # /% . ! Y ) ,: /Y Y * * ! " # # /% 23 k . ]}." M
" /" < /T U © e > /Y Y * <; (@ / S) / +% t © { a !
8 % g J f ) A 45 6 / + i )H C (È > d ) = + _ -v
5 6 B % & N *Ç N Y n ¶ : G . {# ]~.b / b 8 . n Y * X D 8 k
, k+Y k n¦ * MY *Y 23 @ M = _ "v 9 f b8*". # /
D = k/Y >£ : 6P . { ( # / 5 Z g h @ j( J . ,/ L ]] .<,¥ ¦ 23 W [ k Y { . W T f X L
G = +Y" 23 b% Y ! f " *: ° " ! " # # /% . # 3 " + n / 5 6 ¥ # n ) "= J *( b J +% Mµ [ T
° " # ; & / _ "v ! " # p A # * p. . / " ! % D ! : *( q / 23q / _ "v { /* n . L : @ j(> ]\ .<6' $O X , P O < P >) / T {# `A , / ; # * 9 [ 5 6 & ' V k @ M+ g h :. J :@ ( ! ; + k : ! ¯ & { + "_ ½ = _ "v 9 ! ; + - = _ "v b *+ /T U /¥ T +Y % / > /:
6 b *+ "{ M* " /¥ T , ".# f ! > k 45 6 g /E % n : { /A
. k/¥ [ t 6. .
b *+ /) # v > k /) % /Ä. * /) # v / 8 & g h R 8 @/ g h @ j( J .Ì < Ç C . qF Y / .– & N;C D Z /" * b¥ 8 3 .]^] R k 9O ]} .]^\ R k 9O ]~ .]^ R k 9O ]] .]^ R k 9O ]\
.1/ { M k 6
= _"v 9 +k +) - *
b M & R * a < # ³ Iv e " 23 W #¹ & ' () Î ³ Iv
*Y" b ) />/% & 4 8 " I " .b£ t_ & F_ `: ."³ Iv $% 9 /> / ¦ ® 6 @ 9 # M & F # M ¡/ ³ Iv n. g h G 23 @ ¼ F / ¦" 4 N & 5 n /p A 23 $6 >) = I # J ´ . W #¹
e . & F_ M/ ³ Iv 8% ! L* f g h R : ." / I G : ] ." # . / > )# " t © .
Y " f+8 M $ 8J b / 3 f , Y g h 4 ) 23 g/ . n. /+ & :e J. { W > & * @ A @ 6. / b / 3 @ j F ic C F > ³ Iv N 5
t_ h G © <¼ % , O k W P3 # M & M
] .
. ; Y f » +A M* e_ 3 23 ,/: b /: |L ¢ M ¸ * ³ Iv n ¶ : $ 8J .# $ k² `* o / n Ï 3 / Mx . : k * 9 />? & *:
. 'M
/ M @ F / N C ,: N & , O k V /* n . g h j N J /Ä. 23 g h # . *: o 23 k . .b /*+ /) # v / 8
q $ k n. = T b *+ n . f & / o A + - i // ] . - * R* ª 5 t C qF / > / ; "9 / C ¯ R /*S Â" o a g h % ! / f > /Ä. ) h/ U"e M· " P b M j : >) = ¥i? @/
= ' + /Ä 4 j Y .= @/ / 8J # % = ¥i? @/ { P ' + e " 5 ) ¢ k ' + b " 23 F / =
.]}] R k 9O ]
*+ , ,,( ,, 9 ,,: ; ,, ,,<! ;,, $ ;,, = *,, ,, > 9 ,,: ? @,, .f+8 M $ 8J Y "] .}} ~^}] }| :
.]} R " 9O ! : - { ]
! O ! W J
~^} /6}\] W n k : / _"3 .11
n & @ > O a " f ! ; + k : B ÇC U¢ k ' + - *
] .$ " n & @> O a " MJ *: ! ; ! ¯ & F ¯ N C 5 " +Y Â" oa . F % /,*+ ' /T% : Ä ! 5 +Y_ * £ > 23 g h b/: ! 5 F >, F / ¦ "=+ k + +Y " ( )# : *( ) 1 0# 'T ] 9 ; % @ +% R¥ £ G 3 t Ç C g h N J .= _"v b*+ ; \^ FW @ % / > f ( & F I " .n kYv l/· 1
_ "v [ A # ,+ n % </ N : 8+ J - :@ ( 1 0# t Ç C f . 1 0# n . F )Hh C b / $ & N S w i {. > Í | L @ 6. & ! " # a/a - /> R¥ * 23 k n. $ § "9 J b *:" f> kC \} . Mx
° / k b /: " *: "=+ k + +Y " g h 4 ¯. ¨ J + k + Í i T * Y n . F H/ C 8 "#. W #¦ + k + & <,+J W > =¨#
qF > q = ,*+ ' + Í - u, A ; ' + & A <, ". ! £ " T ! o ² f i ) e - < @ E . , ) $6 5 ! O 9 @ "ͦ" ;Y ® = ,*+ | " R 8 = * /: A /*8
\~ . 6 - * ' ) # n & ! # ;· + "_+ © <, ". D / ! : v & { + " 23 g h J @ # & g J >) ,/ W /Y Y / + k + 8% n > k
T b > k% # * e h % n. $ § M n . G 3 U@ * @ * #
\] .@* 9 R: % ¸ .]~] R k 9O ] .]~\ R k 9O ] .]~ R k 9O \^ .]]} R k 9O \} .]] R k 9O \~ .]] R k 9O \]
.12 { M k 6
= _"v 9 +k +) - *
23 =8/ k =¥ ( g/ M g h * Y " % Â" b (a n % ¸ ! ; ! ¯ i // b & « F. 6 > 23 { { ;
K L / >? M·
/¥ ( ! >/ k* F ` . g h * Y J .F / J (). \\ . f ( & F ) &; 98* /¥ p (> =,*+
@ n >,c kC% " - * # * " " %" ¯ n . 23 g h f, Y J c 6 ; #
G 3 U # @ / OL k = , F * C n . R 8 @ -. "=¥ ( " ' + b O
n k , & 5 6 n . $ T " %" ,+ i i % M 9 >? * £ & { :v 6 <6
23 = `+C ( %) >k 456 e + 3 n . f P \ .# M* 56 f c = _"v b*+ Y
. 8/· ! J /k t ; @>, C b *+ L* ; ¯ P . N C % D " - * Â" o a ¨
" M* " 6 ! 23 O Ç C : 3 23 g h *: = _ "v
c @¥ k < ; n . G 3 U! T $ Y ? f # M J F * C | " # ½ e # % , 6 M* > ´ b *+ e -. \
@ / Mx F " ". - * # 23 \ .³# » + . &
Ë n¦ * F - * (). ' k+% Â { 8 = 6 = ' k+ "# n . F H/ C <,c kC - * > n . M = ,*+ e " { ¥ 9/ " % <,c kC Å *Y / , 8 g h L J *: k e ® . .b */*S | / * %
"Å 5 " . ! / 9 W 6 o A a - 23 | N : 3 .]\ R k 9O \\ .] \ R k 9O \ .] ] R k 9O \ ' k+% @ % @ / % p." :b Y Í @ M H + C o ² b / 3 ! J X ) g h b / 3 \ F ( . ! ) > A = 6 o a { M* n . X aO# b /: " /¥ `J /,*: / / - % " # : M
: ;Y .³# M* RH*SC D / > A 23 F " ¡ R 8 //*% /M´ f ,, A " /¥ `J /,*: / / - % " # : M ' k+% @ % @ / % p." . k 6 { M q .] }q]^ ~^}\ { a / ! # v B C D
! O ! W J
~^} /6}\] W n k : / _"3 .23
\ <,c kC J o A - * g /E % n . F a H C "= , 5 " 4 ¯. J O & Ð Y É : 6 F > o A # @- A É + & <, WiO " \ . 8/· b: E ° /" ) *Y n . F d c C + o "9/ " %" & # & b J " * k u6 b / X Y ) F Y# * " - * " G k & i u, 5 6 ^ . ,*/ 8% o @ % Y { P & F_`: | " <,*¥ £ f M * - * f > 5 9 " V /* 23 g h J W * " 3 M 3 U - * 9 *: a M > 23 =¥i? V /*
& = T 6 /,*+ $6 5 23 k n ka " n . G.# = MY & } .{F M* R/ 8% / ! /;+ ! / F )L F{ J @ H( C n. & « - * n . ,/: ) . µ b ) g h < ~ . , O _k F /" ". F # / - * 23 F / F /I $6 5>
{# , b% % b . b *+ [ # e O e - J g h n 3 e * f *
4 M* : k $ *% /T U[ # 45 6 ' k F / , F ¯ # i / l ¾ # & g h b £ n . C {F# % F )#c k C .G . {F# % F ,OH C F_ H ½ .b / (). b b / b F [ 5 6 & N C ! ; < 9 `* & F ' () e 8% J / * k ! W * {F F . +% O 45 6 @ .{# (
.] R " 9O ! : - { \ .] } R k 9O \ # & ! , O & F I b /: !P . 5 "# & = ,*+ , O 1 & " o ² ;Y ^ : ;Y k F - M 9 b % - *
X E ! D A "# & =,*+ , O 1 & " . 6 { M q . q ] ~^}~ ^ .] R " 9O ! : - { } .] R k 9O ~
: : !"# $ % & "% ' ( )% * :09/4 # 8 517 6â&#x20AC;«Ú¾â&#x20AC;¬/425 3& /21/0 - . / +
*
% % < < => # # + < ? : ; E F G 8 %C D AB
â&#x2C6;&#x2014;â&#x2C6;&#x2014;
! "# $ . # / 0 1 2 3# 4 # 5 -% & ' ()* + , "#
, " % & @ 6 ( # & $ 7 89 ! "#, : ; < 1 =. >?, !I& E F& G 2 H" : ! "# . B, C R & =â&#x20AC;«Ú¾â&#x20AC;¬MPOQ ? J MO MN K " 4 L = ; >,B % & ' "( J .UNTMP SB 6 Q : *Y
ZS> !IH X5 ( #@ W #/
! "# c b a` . B, (3& $ ) . &] # X & > 0 \ [ d X = ! "# X & > ! ] e # fg 6# h i 1 [ ? k &B@ & $ / " F 6g f" B % B G f6& K * j g d 5 q =. Brg 6 6 : fH lg *Y ! "# $ $ X %&mn ,' 6 # 5o p" a * I g Br = 1 # v =F B a % # = & F lg =C& w&1 =.2 ,Bt f o =3"# s t 6 =: u .x n# # #By =j > .5 U / =z k@ { G =%&G 5 X .% &' X # |&Jg ,> X &> $ #@f & &@> L g â&#x2C6;&#x2014;â&#x2C6;&#x2014;
B,5 " *
UNTMR/fMPOQ F a =}~ 6# =% 2 @ = o /H0
= ! kk .\ ! "# @ ! * $ [ J v = ? , j > /@ " ro g X &> Z& {,5 F & d "& 1# $ 4, / "#* mn X &>* Z& {,5 * $ F @ # ! S t " X (6 ? I X> i 1 [ C , Z& { ,5 =NTNR g ! "#, (# # d.B, d # B ,\ @r& B@ ! 8 ! "# \ 5 [ d! u ) c * ! @ &>* F @ X> i 1 (" 6o ) ?@* B k* | k*I U 5 & &@>* X (6 n [ X & > G $ I ! " ro ! "# k ! @ &>* d 6 ! 0 1 2 # ` X5 X F S v %&mn / # \ = m8 \" "g ( # @ | ; ag W@B * # \ %6"9 6& & * < ; :X ?, m8 < 1 ! ! &1" a X ) F 9 F B, X 6# 5 o Go = # o 1 * ( 25 4 ) 1 ( # @ p" a .( # @, r * / &* ! v # n I , "& u 6# 5 . I ! "# J t m # f < 1 X 5 ,m . B / mn X G n ! , jB =j * ' " E@ " J t ! # @ 5 n I , !# / > a Lo -% < g ? )n "& 1# 3# 4 # 5 " / jv# * ! "# a ! E " j n # J U \ = B @ / "& u . 7 $ { ,5 ¡ ? I o 56 =! @ Bm # 2 ) @
, B,1 4 L # / ,* . @ (6 ; @ 9 ! ;, & > B < # 3) =36 # X u "& 1# r9 X &>* .B, C 1E L =" B I /1 * , & @ X 5 @ Z v9 U&, 2 U&,5
/H2 ย mn ,' X
! "# .B, C ,
ย 6& /ย ยขg { ,5 # 1E g B1 .ย j >* X U&, ย % 1 ย . B, f @ j fย * = , ย "# f @ # n&* ย *" ย ย ) * ยฃ a ยค / ย !I& c 1 &* ยฃ n = ! "# ' * ย 9 C& 1 B5 "& 1# g . ย &n n &1 H" 0 G X X >E ยฅ =!I ยฆ ! "# # / U B f X 5 7# ยง # . >?, . # / B, U . U&, "6 kย 2 ย ย ย '* = -3 '@ # "& 1# % & ' ()* + , "# # X 5 7# ยง ยจ ? nI 0 ?, ย ! " ย u { ,5 ยก ? I (" G X 5 = ! "# L g @ 3#B k # v "& 1# # 1g ." &u ยฉ k / & = 9 ยช &ย 7 89 ! "#, : ; < 1 ย ย " " " ย ย * { ,5 @ OR " ย ย I ? n #E `* >? ( # @ ย ) f %E g { ,5 ย B,1 = & $ " ยซ& * 'y 4 L ย o G . f =ย ; I ! "# c a e 2 I B,5 'y = ; ! ย I ! "# ยฌ t X & > ! "# ย kkย ย mn j f 1 { ,5 ( , ย 6 19 ,ยญ 9 ยก r ย Y "& 1# B,> n I ,ย W B v .ย "# f @ & ' I ( # @ e& ย > 2 ย & /l 7#E B @ @ย , ย ย " 3 f < # .( #@ ย )f ยก ho f X j1 B @ @ย , F ย 59 = / ย 1" 2 @ g ; > B,5 ! kย a ยซ >* ยก I j ?n @ย ยฎ # \ ! "# ยช * . B, & '* .ย 6 19 / \& X WB/ g = >,B ย 6 1g & ย 5 -ยฏ > # By "& 1# : f =ย J t S f @ 0G = ; ! ย I ! "# c a # B5 -ยฐ u 2 , # By "& 1# =%6"9 . I >?, C #/ B, .B ,\I # -3 >, X n . "& 1# ..ย a& #f 2 "& 1# : ; n =" ย @ # ยฆ # 5 "& 1# ! "# " ย 9 ,ย "& y % 1 .| 9 U& ! , W ,' 4 L # |& Jg ,1 X 3" < ,; &* "& 1# L 9 / g * ="! / &* ZH"
B,5 " *
UNTMR/fMPOQ F a =}~ 6# =% 2 @ = o /H4
6 1g & 5 -¯ > # By "& 1# «# * X 9 ,v # W 1 .% & ' X # a ()* ' * , k *6 ± X 5 /,/ = ; >,B f6& & ! wo & ² "& '* X 2 ) f
n < 5 = ! "# 2\ @ | v X 2 ) f j X 5 f# |F = &B5 3& $ j u = ! "#, (# ! ; e # f9 |& n ("& B , 9 X 5&B (" G { ,5 g v X # 1g = 2 B@ c ' c * %g X > i 1 § j g X 6# ¤ 1 n % ³ 6o ! "# e #/ ..n 36 X # , , a 2 B@* . # / B, . B ,\ # -3 >, X n . "& 1# ,v # Wn r B " ro /? J& = ! "#, # # &/? %6"9 /. >?, >?, . # / 0 " 2 X ³L ² U# \ B1 .X 6 j 1 , , Z& { ,5 F & =. ¡ J /@ , * J v n J . , ! "# ! "# ()* g X & >* g = * 5& G& . B, ! "# . L 9 " 6 ¢g { ,5 U t # 1g .# # { ,5 . n Jo J . 0\ & ;* ¡ ? , n X ! ! "# c b a` # B5 -° u 2 , # By "& 1# # 1g ´ * X 2 L µ k j # j X 6 U %g ; ! "# c b a` j f 1 { ,5 ( , 9 B/ j = f ? a { ,5 & f .j > 5 2 &¶ U i . f ; ! . / | / f @ / #fg @ (6 5· # 5 "& 1# 2\ |H * "d 5 2 U& , .B, C , L " ¸ L g [ B, F B, . 6 § U 9 #5 -" @ # ¦ U#E \ U %g Zg" Lo - " " u #/ = & & < B, B, p$ . E,1` ¹6 5 ! / &* j> a { ,5 > " n 5 2
/H7 mn ,' X
! "# .B, C ,
% < ; ; / \ j < @ ' j 3) . ,B © 2 ] J . >? c J`g # @5 =U& , i , W \ 3) " # & f =% > 0 = j 5 ? 0 \ & 1 & f" 6 X 5 U& , ) f W ?E, 6& B j ,t ¡$ \ 9 ) f X ³ , . J 0 \ & K " ,]& U& , (& f# G 5 X n ` =© 2 ) @ © @\o : , * ,B5 ! & 'v " @ "& 1# = B 0\ & = "# ("&w 7 #no = # * .j < @ X & > # " º 5" |& n m , !"& ¥ ! 2\ @ / * =! v # X 6# 5 , ) f U# \ ." ! "# ."& u 1" 2 X ! " y U& , < 1 " -" @ 6& l "& 1# /@ | 9 F< g * # / f @ , # - B\"&\ " B5 "& 1# { g .(# & 5 B I 1 * ! "# " ©& G& ,v # 1$ ! "#, ?E k » U& , , : " 9 # / # -½ # ¾g "& 1# jv# * -"{' & ¼ % # , | 6 ! "# " X 5 (< 1 J v U#E \ Lo - " "& 1# -. >?, . #/ B, U 9 º 5 4 L # .": " 9 6 §I ! @ &> F "o . >?, . # / " C& 1 B5 @ -U /, & : "& 1# U#E \ = ; X 5 ." ! "# c b 2 ` H ; ! ! "# @ , , .C u # # U @ o M~¿M @ / * )@ - ! "# j , # \ ." @ # ¦ # 5 "& 1# g * # m , X ¯ m F< g < 1 " -X # ³ * & g "6o "& 1# , fI g W 1 =! v # 0 "g F< ) f U& , . B, 0 \ " % & @5 W § s ° . B, , °r& # v "& 1# f g # m g ."! # ¬ ? : 5 B I
B,5 " *
UNTMR/fMPOQ F a =}~ 6# =% 2 @ = o /H5
; ! "# ! @ &> " % & @5 W § 3#B k % < ,; . < 1 X ¡& , # ¾g "& 1# U#E \ 4 L # ="# # . ¡ J ! "# # f . B, . &] # X & > 0 \ " % & @ ,v # < |& Jg L g -¯ @? 9 c X 36 & & I "& 1# U# \ vg =" < < B "& k " ©& G& ,v # # · &>u U " ¸ ? .".B, &'* # : ! "#, SB 6 Q & ھMPOQ ? J MO W U& ¯ m U& | ; ag W ,' @* !#/ a =3# 4 # 5 [()* + , "# .UNTMP (6À ! 2\ @ W *`g =7& X 6# 5 /@ j 1 º `5 = & j B5 ! , :ÁY & @ {,5 ! "# ! @ &> " f"&y % 1 : 9 j B , X / 3& / <1 %& E > L g -½ # 5 " @ "& 1# / g * ." B@ / \ 5 U& , a " - , X # & "& 1# / 7# § .(# & X & > $ B@ ! "# " 6" X 5 < % B,* ¸ m ,v # g .LMD # # 3 < . U @ j /, ?* j @r& ¸ * &, ! kn C , L g -e a t "6o "& 1#, W > ª ' 3g = 2 B@ ! "# " ©& G& t # By ,> 2 # J ? |&Jg L g -U 1g ½ # 5 "& 1# { g "d. * $ I wg # J U B fI . @*" ©& G& ,v # ; / 6 1 2 L g -3 '@ # "& 1# , ,v # W 1 =" & J9 ! "# "&B G 0 \ " ©& G& % & ' ()* + , "# ! "# n X / j f , @/ ( = ! "# c a . &] # X & > W > , ) f ( v9 ,v # g =" L&² $ k "# U ¸ ( J ! "# L g -¡ # # v X #By "& 1#,
/HI mn ,' X
! "# .B, C ,
F& G ! "# j e 2 f @ " ©& G& = 6& .>, mn ,', ,v # ( 25 Bà , W B v ."( J !I& g |& n /,B !"& ¥ = ! "# $ kk ( $ "& n «& * =# # U @ j  " ! v# s *" B C , \ 5 ) 1 =! r . Ä v ¼ =c ' L 9 Z# B, >b,B b .0\ & ! "# a \ 5 ! "# . B, " /5& G& : m j B , -" a # "& 1# 0 # W 1 . B\ \ " B5 "& 1# / g * ." B@ :% & @ \"& ; /| ° @ # U&, 6Y ,> C , L g B =". ,B ! ,' . B, ! "& @ ! "# " X # By U X ¡ < < # 5 X i ', # 5 "& 1# ,v # W 1 X # By U $ 7&8 0\ " |&n =º 6& ! "# \ n -e" 5 Å Æ "& 1# ,v # / ,* =" 6& ! ! "# . B, , kn" :|& n ? I # By X # X ½ # 5 "& 1# , ,v # W 1 ." 2 H" : ; ¡$ "& k*" :% & @5 W § = 6& # v 4 , $ ,1 X .5 2 2 Ug : ! "# mn $ mn @ , k -½ n "6 # 5 X ½ # 5 "& 1# ,v # / ,* ." L&² Z . B, " :©& G& \"& < / @* X . ? |&Jg ,5 # By "& 1# \"& 1" 2 ! v # ." 9 ! n ! "# , 2 H"" : &@ 6& # v 4, X U6 1 # c ." L&²g 5 \ " -# v 4, ¸ 5 2 U&, .B, ! "# @ * $ " : f"&y % > m m jB , g % < ,] . < 1 X ¡& , # ¾g "& 1# / g * ." ! kk .\
B,5 " *
UNTMR/fMPOQ F a =}~ 6# =% 2 @ = o /HJ
! "6" :% & @5 W § 9 W 1 =! v # 0 "g , W@B * # \ = < 6 mn / #E \ =" @ &> &B@ (" . 6 k \I / #E m ,v # g = ; /% & ' 3# 4 # 5 X 3"# j > j g X " ©&G& ; /( ' @ 6Y ,1 X j #@ #By "& 1# ,v # ." & .5 # # &? 8 U& , ! "# > 2 ! "6 7& ! F \ < 1 X .\" ' ½ # 5 "& 1# / #E \ m m j wg 2 # @5 . ' k , < > ao" :©& G& > ! "# B, 7& " ©& G& ,v # W \ '* ." ! "# n -C « > # 5 L 9 / # \ "0 B ¦ \ B@ / \ 5 .% &' X # |&Jg ,> "& 1# <1 ! "# f @ F @ " :"& y j B , | ; ag !# < 1 X - & & #By "& 1# , g * ." J 0\ & ! #§ F&G L g - | 5 | Ç "& 1# / U#E \ .s X & > $ X / 3& / \ ¼ \ :3# "# " :% & @ ,v # % & ' X # |& Jg ,> (# U& , \ X %& # n \ "& 1# { g =" ! ) ! "# ! " "# " :©&G& |&n ,v # < – 6 ] U& , 6Y ,1 X 0 " # By X 6 By "& 1# 7# § ="( /@ %&B ! ? |& Jg "# * f @ " X 5 ; / [ / / #@f & &@> L g -3 f < # "& 1# g =" & * ? J "6 ¯ $ > , " :X 5 7# % & ' X # |& Jg ,> X & > $ - @ # By L + t ,v # W 1 ="d³L& ² 3g = ! "# ° # , ,> 2 " :©& G& ´1 ! "# n ! n$ É ! "# & @ j ,t Xr & f9 # J" : 6 1g X ) ! "# n - y & L 9 { g ."|& ,n # # # [ , Jg &] # ! >, " :X 5 W 1 6 ,v # (( ' @
/HH mn ,' X
! "# .B, C ,
# a" L 9 / | @ ( v9 ,v # g =" ! "# f @ ! "# ¡ ? " :©& G& (# & | 9 # By = "& 1# 4, n -¯ ."° # U 5 &'* {,5 4 L wg | k*I U 5 & &@>* {,5 . "# r & '*" f"&y % > t j B , g X # ¾g "& 1# / { g .½ # ¾g "& 1# / g * ." ! "# > > Z Ug ? |& J9 p" 2 L g -3# ; < <5 X j 2 # 5 "& 1# { g =" j n U& , "# * r" |&n ,v # ! kk F @ ¤ " :% & @ ,v # < – @* X ! n >u "& 1# B,> !) vg 4 L # =" ? 2 @ « > %¼ ! "6 ( J t # By ! "# 2 ;, U& ,5 (L g -3 # Z 2 ! "# c 2 &;, ! " / 1 0 \ " % & @5 W § ,v # W g =s # By X . "6 . u #By "& 1# ,v # g ." f &'* j L 9 X \& f F 69 (6& !I " :©&G& W > ½ # 5 X > X ( f< "& 1# W # \ ." ! "# n ! "# c a "# G $ I /@ J&kt " :©& G& G 5 < # v "& 1# 7# § ." m #u "# ' 2 H" ! J&kt : 5 2 " X 5 s X & > $ \ n -36 \"& n -7& 8 "6o "& 1# { g vg ="( > 1 # 6 H") 1I &5 . .5 2 "# " :% & @ ,v # (# & "& 1# < 1 X & > $ \ ." B@ " 6 3g .> 1 # # j < @ , ¼ 3g (6 e a { ,5 % &' u 5 B | j?n ( #@ ´ f {,5 \`g 5 B " # e r X c n$ ! B,1 # - 1" 2 mn F B, 5 w * /? J& % & '* @ # X 5 . w ª a º 5 ® " B56o # By "& 1# .(&> & i @k* c n)
B,5 " *
UNTMR/fMPOQ F a =}~ 6# =% 2 @ = o 099
% & ' " ¶" # @? ! # @ 5 \ F i k@ 5 { ,5 < 1 ! Ç " º kk # ( # @, , W BE ` -3 f < # "& 1# , g * # \ . ; ! "# . B, < 1 3) ?@ # -j {?' k "& 1# 0 # W 1 .( #@, 3# ?@ #
fg #f <1 ? * G 5 U#E \ 3) ? (©# ) B, ! "# 7& < 1 " " c -6 ¾ X B5 3I& "& 1# , ,v # 4 L c 5g = * r 2 !F =< 1 ) f |& n G 5 / U# \ 3) "s 7& ! "#, # J 5 B I U& , < 1 " # -" @ 6& l "& 1# ,v # 4 L # 2 , # By "& 1# ; ! "# c a # B5 B,1 g ="(# & º 5 F ="s [0 B ¦ U& , { , Ç" e # fg ( 2 |&n !<1$ ° u % 1 4 L # ."| ° [(" u ! "6 <1 " Ê " a # "& 1# # ¾g L 9 / " /? U \ " $ ()* 9 ; B " " 6 ! "#, : ; < 1 " X 5 k ? * 3#B k # v "& 1# U# \ =Ë < 3) 3 >, X n . "& 1# , ( v9 ,v # W 1 ."% & ' & $ 7 89 4 L # . B, ' 2 g fg ". >?, . # / " ? * () U#E \ & ]" X ) "& u X B, < 1 F H" É | ¦ , " z :C & @ {,5 v#* !F = ; a | f<1 i @ , , B, /, " U @ U /, & : "& 1# ,v # [ ." ; ! ! "# c a 5 f" " º"9 ( u U& ,5 L g "& # By "& 1# ,v # [ ." ; | B2 @ %¼ .B, ,> 2 # J ? |& Jg L g U 1g ½ # 5 "& 1# ,v # [ ." 6 k \I & / ? ! "# <1 " " 6 1 2
09/ ย mn ,' X
! "# .B, C ,
ย = 5 @ย , 6 # 5o X ( # @ | ; a9 ย ย , , ยบ `5 ( # @ U v ( # @ ย %g j \ .( #@ "&ย u ย 1" 2 {,5 # >2 ! 6 /a W5ย ( # @ ย ) f %g ย o ,ย ย ย " 3 f < "& 1# " ag >u 1) X ! @ ! ร ! "# $ $ ,r ! " / p" # & '* e" F w J W 1 I ย ( # @ W,>E a = B, ' 2 9 @* "#* (" 6 & ,* X ) @ย 5 B @ @ย , F ย 5ย 1 &ย 6`g Lo -c "# )f X . ' 2, . f&@ร ("6 ย )f % G u X #\ . ! \ : /ยขg ! J& X 6#5 X5 ( #@ ย )f | ;ag ! ? g #\ ย =ย " 2 i , ย X . ยค F B,5 6& / # n&* ย o (&5# [ 0 B ยฆ ย \ i , ย ย I ย / o (" G =. >? ! J&kv . J -6# ย ยค 1 n % ยณ 6o ! "# e #/ (" G [ ..n 36 X # , , a 2 B@* ยง j g X /ย f @ / # fg ! "# c a` @ (6 5o ย o (&5# [ . , >* ย &ยถ ( @ 0B ยฆ ย \ | @* | v X = / | ย ! kkย ' * ! "# (6# ย 4 ยณ "6o ย o (&5# [ >? 0 \& B5# =j; 2 ย & ! u ย = j > ,
y Z vg .( J (" ย u ( ย / o J . & * | v X = ! "# | ย .B, ยบ&/@ (" G [ U& * , > j B5 0 " 2 ("& , = 5 B I U&, | ย jย . ! "# kkย 8 <1 ย ! ย ย X & > | k*I U 5 & &@>* 6 { ,5 u [ ! "# " G $ ! " ย ย * > o >? =. ย , .
: ! " # : $ %%& '(%%)* + % , . . ) * #'( &#$ % ! "
+ , ! -., & /0 1 2 34 5 6 78 9 :; <=>8 ?@ +) *A J; /0 K 7 KA 1
H ? : ; G 7A L B C DE FG H ; I
N Q O ? R0 M K 7 R . /0 M ! 8 ! ? NO ?9 P L D ; KA RS S0 T K 7 UV W D0XM H= 9 N, 2@ N/ X=>8 H= 9
<= >8 KA : 3 _J ` 1 KA /7 . D0XM H ;Y8 H X!A Z J3 [\ "P ! ]@^
: ; [X ?f ge 3 <= >8 KA MV .a X8 ! b ,8 M a .9 ! c! R d .dX=>A h @ N @*8 !iI !A j 8 d e ?@ H 3 ?@ ; R; a= > : ; H k 9 li m n9 a! 0 0 i Z! ?@ ! d ?@ o 0 : ; pU q r 0
! X=>8 @ 9 4! <= >8
[ 0X= ! = l /7 <= >8 t k ; a! 0 /7 . @0s H `, Z X=>8
a! 0 [ x L o >A! . " A! K \= A! w R :N .; = _ A u! 1v 1 .dX=>8 o/` cy @0z9 H 3
:+ {A /| -+% .()* " % /0 1 + , , 2 3 " 34 .# . ) * #$$ &#$ % < u 0 ; J 9 a= > : ; [0
: 6 \ c } K ? KA = ~ 1 7 A = FA ! .c 9 - X lo ? 01 N 0f "L k ;" !A "L " [ * 1 0
: ;! . " 3 : m @0 ! c , c V @06 N X ; K ? KA K! >u ~ 1 : ; L ?)0
! LM X d X=>8 [ i; d R i W 7 N 6V = Mn <= >8 2 " A i K M R d X 98 ?@ _J ;! =
Ky 1 [ D "<= >8 " [ L /z k L n; 0 / 3 A! co 7 ; & [ 1 ? N @ g ! d ?@ o 0@ ] / ! D9 d <=>8
c D0s r!
&#$ / %' 0 ( K! ? 9 ;= V 567
Z /J; L ; K ? N 0 ! .
! C ^ o 0@ 2 8 B A /7 V ^ .9 J9 : ; _ R N R i J X=>8 K ?@ .d X
@ #$ &#$ # !8 < H
7 ; :K 8 8 %%9 :%% .% . ) * ( $$ _ 0 .7A N .6 i d@1 /@0@ 1 ¡ f a!A 0 i L |! L ¡v;! L ., 1 ( ) J @ m , ¡ f ! J : Z A c "> ¡v li N ¥. ! . /@0 _ J 2 @ -., ! /@ c ?; V ¤ + Xv> 5 @ O H ! D; : ; D; _ A : m N Z /7 8 C DX! o ? 0 07 * >! d;= § f : ; co ? o ¦ , ?; O : ; J 07 R 01 - /0J9 ? d / 3 ; > ¡v li & Rf .H @ O
; R9 2 @ 0 i :; a!8 @¨ 0 UV WL @ : Z 0 _30 «y ª .H )@" D9 ?;! © J ! H ; R9 ! /@ ; R9 ! !
Z . _ ?R ! (_ Y) H ! 9 & ,A : ! : . @¨ Z a!8 _ ?R
¬ H @¨ Z b . _ ?R [ @ ( ;) 8 t k ; : ! :( V % H @¨
k8 : ! : %! # : @¨ Z 1 (_ ) ? : ! : V L o >A! (_ X) H R9 : ! : ( V H @¨ Z j; ^ ! (-R ) & 0^ Z! (H! J\) H J" : ! : ! ¬ : @¨ Z © ? _ ?R
. 0 H R)@; O K! @¨ :/`0 ¨ 1A _ 1V 2 @ =(%% * %% / - %% - (%% - ;<%% : :%% . . ) * # &#$ 1 ; 0 ; :c R {A o? f = ! [fy N, ; 00 ! (N O V 1 ) /@0 g m 0 0 a! 0 7i ! c=D ;y1 ]@ 0 / J @ ~ 5 O ! D _ A! [ ! f 7! " _
<=\V A ® K 0., +, X! .&=,8 o? f! ! _
J @ ]@" ° ¯ R J A : l /0 U! W /@0 2@ " J
V L 0
U! [ ! f : JT T X! J ; [ /@ 0 7 _ 8! 1 0 9
2@ F 0 Fi /@0 : f 1 K ., & X ª .p! ^ o? f Z ;
56> : : Y K ,! ! @; A
! ! "_ O f" K /? /@ :; a A c J0 k! " 9 " 2/?f H f K /? /@ :; F >A a A N X :; L R,M + k! ±9 i 2@ " ¡" 2/?f :; J @ ;! /@0 4 ! 1 K 0., a! 0f U 1 ."_ O ;A" & ,A H ª . J ; N7 N` ! c=D ! 7i ! i a! 0 ! ! B _J k! Z /@ [ V 0
Fi ? ! c=* N7 H R ; ²X c=D
c=*! J0X! Z c=D n ³ S ! ¤ R ; o¦ Z c=D 2 @* :³ ;S _ ³ ,! :; N` T ¤! @ R a R0
! ] " Z c=D y?;! c=D Z 9 DR °;! D ³ RS
* ^ 8 1 ]@ 0 ; i7! t ^ ! c J" 1 ?I ¤! c=D@ K 9
. ! & " 1 (%% % 4 . %% % %% %, + % % , A%% % 9 ..'(%% %)* +%% % ? % % . . ) * % # &#$ a! :H!o1 l 1A ! ? 8 B ?@ H
_ ?X Z U 0 8 Wl 1A ! ? ; D b , J - 1 1 f 5 µ X= ¶ ;=; 0f V 0 ; Z w 7 ; ´ /0 M ! :d ? O ! | 1 A a= > : ; d ?@ 3 ; : ; <= >8 ! ? ! : ¥
; / ! X=>8 ¤ R@ 0; Z _ R ! /0¨ ! ? ¤ ; R; Z
[ 0X= Z : ¥ ! K 6 Z d ?@ a R H ;V b , : ; R0 M ! ?@ [ ! f a= > : ; N / i A J3f! . /0 M ! ? § Q 1 Z J0 7 ; : ; _¦ 2 @ 1 ?@ b , 9 Z L 7 L ; /0 N f 5 :
L ?@ *8 ! d;= C c R HM! | 0 :/`0 .d ?@ · f Z ])0 ?9 & /0 M N f * 9 d ?@ : ; /J; ! ¸ ?1 i7 [ ! Z J@7 p f! + ¹ a 7! ©! v ! + A , H 1 A N.; 1 H 1 0
d 5 <= >8 ! ? ! : ¥ - 1 §=. X= V .º @ c 09
K " A : ¡ f ; @ + I % %%J3 +%%HK :G % :H F % E C $%% D%% ; .' # &#$ @ O H
@ " ?@ 7 9 e ; :» & +)@ . ) *
c D0s r!
&#$ / %' 0 ( K! ? 9 ;= V 56L
: ; r §=§ : ; L o >A L " N 0 i KA 0 ; R; Z ! 3 c V 1A N f ; Z * 9 · 0 U 0 A WK ; @ ? !G B=> f /7 | V J `>V a=> :; 1U 7 / * J* H / @?; c Z i t v > " 07 : ! J ; . ! a!8 : A I Z /7 ¸ li +@. ! . ; * [ 0@ 5 8 [ 1 07 Z " " r ! ."N O V r A t v> " 07! J
.78 ! J N O V : " :K 1 L 6 Rf 0 :/ `0 .[ 0 J : 2 @z0 B "! "N * 0 Z ) 0
" : f¼ : ! + @{ a D : ; / ! " D K 1 D;! K! J;"! "N \ K ;SY! S S A"! " /@ J R§"! " X \ + ? N T0X "! "- 0R9 ¡ 7i 0 "! ": >u - X V - X : ;"! " J 1 "H 0 Z J : ;"! "½N O V Z J : ;"! " v
! L 7 f ."L V [@ !A dk 9 f" :])@;! " DQ :; p! ^ "! :H!o 1 @"9 n : ¡ f Zo ; ©M! _ f %# =( 4 MN, O .( . ) * #' &#$ a! 5 H 1 " kM 0 + X ; L f f &= ! µ - 1 H X= f K 0 ? µ A! < Z Q ! G/0 : ; Q ¾ ,y7 Z +§ , ?1 H J} 5 1 µ ¿ D9 k "09 JI H 7 Q 2/ ? ; 0 ! (Z ; ©M ! _ f) m n9 ¶ k ! . µ : ; K J0 ?; _ y 1 _O -/@ ?9 F ! !8 < Z H ;Y8 ! ± 7UV V L /O 2 ?f 1 µ F R KA m 7 7v 9 _
R 2 @ < fM ! _ 0 1 MV H ;Y8 li B N À , V a * @ N M KA 0 i «y µ li ] R4 N Z! .¾=. ! / ? H /Á 5
.&= Â µ : 5 H ; J _ , r º µ Ã R@ © 8 1 [ 9
; ) ?9 ! J ! &= - 1 7v 9 8 8 N D ; N 1 r ! HM Z º µ /0 /@ &= J; X 5 / 3 H ; J Y 1x 1 & /0 M
¾=. ! / ? H KA "Zo ;" F ! . B ! G I ! @ ! _ @ 0 ! 1v
. ! c >8 ! _@ / X! ¶; ?0 Ã ; 2@ J 1 / hv f a! :H!o 1 { { + :%%T* A%%N9 ..R S % & %% G % PQ8 .¬ . ) * %%' &#$
56U : : Y K ,! Â&#x160;! @; Â&#x2014;A
! 9 H Ă M : ; §=. 18 Â&#x2020; f 0 m n; a! , Š R9 : b ) Â&#x2039; Â&#x153; @R0 *8 ! § Q 1 ;! ; R :d ! ! | J ÂĄ ; Kx ; , Â?V `X 0; ! f H Ă M li KV b ,! .[0
! a!8 N D W-@ D : ; 0 K 0 . J b ) @ K ; �V Š R9 N 4 m n9
@1 R;" :a!8 & ?XA §=§ J ! "L . 1! L .Ă&#x201E; :Â&#x161; *8 Š R9 d; R Š R9 " :K 1 Â&#x161; *8 ; X : , ! Š R; Âś1i; 2@ " :Â&#x152; . ! " *8 c ! ; R c -1 Â&#x152; . N D ;A ." ! K! : ; ; TA :Š R9 N B :b . ! "d; R *A! & ?XA §=§ [ ! W" a n ! c 3 @ Â&#x2026;A :L ; *8 y ?9 " :[ ! Â&#x161; *8 : § Q a ! *8 " Â&#x152; . ! "& J 9 ` ! *8 " :a!8
Ă&#x2026; 1 : ;" :b . ! "d§ Q
r [ ! ."~ ! b 1! Â? * b 1 :b 1 Â?V b ;! I 8 :L O \ K > b 1" :d Â&#x161; *8 &= Ă&#x201A; } ž=. b ,
j 9 : ;"! "d;= V e ? b : ;= ? ! b H >A"! " ! ."K J\ �V ; :;  J¥ :Š R9  /^ b 1 �V 9. Islamic Ethics: Divine Command Theory in Arabo-Islamic Thought (Culture and Civilization in the Middle East), Mariam alAttar, Routledge, Reprinted Edition, November 2012, 220 pages.
%% %% , %% H 4 %% * +%% J3 :=(%% 4 V %% .() " : 1 1 0 K Z 0 i b ) ."(X%% * ' %%Y %%, +%% 3 +%%, &P ) (%% 4 %%8 N
"d B ;8 3 " Ă&#x2020; ; C ) Â&#x2018; ; d;= Âş Z ?@ H X=>8
"f Âś f 5 *Ă&#x2021; ?@ j 8 2 @ Â&#x; 7v Â&#x2018; ; "f! ¤y ! @R0 c 3 : ; ~ R 2 @ ! . @0z9 _ ;8 ! H R. - 1 Q ] f! Â&#x2018; /0¨
: ; c | , &= KA : ; c * 9 H M ~, 0 Kx &= Ă&#x201A; ;8 3 d d;= d X=>8 Z 8 3 KA! d X=>8 t "0
-/@ ?9 : ; N O !8 -., KA m 7 " " ¯ ;" n9 ²X f! .d B
"f + 0f! .& Â&#x; H 3 ! / R H 3 : X=>A H 3 ÂŚ * 2 @ @/ 3 @^ :d ! a D 0 : ; 0 K 0 . ;= 1 H X=>8
Â&#x;0 9 N X X=>8 Â? i 9 ! b Q ! Ku R@ X=>8 H k v M ! Â&#x2C6; 0 !
c D0s r!
&#$ Â&#x2022;/ Â&#x201C;%' 0Â&#x2026; (Â&#x2019; K! ? 9 ;= V 56[
: I H X=>A! ?/^ K 7 Ă&#x2021; X=>8 H o ? 0 : Â&#x;0 9 H X=>A! . 9 X=>8 & ,8 N @4! X=>8 & ,8 H k v
10. Living the Ethics and Morality of Islam: How to Live As A Muslim, Ali Unal, Tughra Books, February, 2013, 226 pages.
] % %N/ D%% ; :2%% .() =(%% 4 V %% .() +%% Y N " : 1 1 0 K X=>8 Ă&#x192; 9 ! _ R@ \V ÂŻ Rf "a !A d @ " m n9 a! Â&#x2122; ."$ %% ; ^%%/ Â?V o ! . b ,8 ! Ku R :&= Z /@ 8 D9 :; R0 9 ! 5 Â? X 9 0 ²X /7 .:;n 9 Â&#x153; ² KA d Âľ 5 H ; Â&#x;0 M ! < RQ
.&= ? ! c= D [ @ /| a c , Z N ./0f /7 ? ! Ku R J @ Â&#x2018;Â&#x201A; ž )0 ! "&= <= >A "a!8 N D a! 0 Wa D ?Ă&#x2C6; : ; 0 K 0 ! Â?V kV [ ? l Ă [ !! [ ! Âť l Ă [ ! :_@ ?9 c Q : 3 ; : J04 9 NO ?9 : ; L ! /0 M H X= a! 0 ÂŞ 8 H
.o 7 N D 01 &= Z K ? < R, t k ; J @ "r Ă&#x2030; Ă&#x160; A! @ 2 X A - 1 : ? " K N /) Â&#x152; . N D ;A ! & ^ J k! Z " ! @ " H k ; a! 0 ! Â&#x152; ? a / ! "r Ă&#x2030; Ă&#x160; A" Z F 3,=9 CO D^ ! j @1V! a! 0 ! " ? ! Ku R J @ Â&#x2018;Â&#x201A; * > Â? X ;" b . N D a! 0 ! . =^ ! M 5 R0 : t 0;M ! _ @ : t fM ! Â&#x203A;= > N .; Â? X 9 li : ; L o .7 : ; /Â ! Ku R : ; H u" Â&#x2018; 1 N D a! 0 ÂŞ . oÂŚ! &= ! ] 0f H Âź Â&#x2020; @f : ; /Â Âś k ! "c /Q ;= <= >8 a , b ,8
j; ^ N D ;A .ÂŻ Ku R Z _ 7U ÂĽ@>T : i - ;n9 Â?V kV b ,8 ! ."Âť a cÂ&#x; /9 CO D^ " a! 0 11. Mircea Eliade: Myth, Religion, and History, Nicolae Babuts (Editor), Transaction Publishers, April 2014, 223 pages.
o; K 7 ."_ 0 %% %% +%%, : %% %% " : 1 1 0 K < . Z 0 i b ) ! . R. H Â&#x201E; ! : @ : Y - ,A Â&#x160; V N 0 1 R@ 09 l u C) 0 ! o; a / A Z [0/ X! Â&#x2020; U mO }!! ^ ! :
56` : : Y K ,! Â&#x160;! @; Â&#x2014;A
Â&#x160; 3 2 ) 9 a! f 2 @ 0 d n ; :; b, 1 N7 Ă&#x2039; N/ ! .j 9 ! Š R9 -1 9 ! R. " 8 ! O @ . Q Š R" K 1 Â&#x2018;; ^ ! :
Z [ H Â?V f JĂ&#x2039;@7! . 1 0 ! c R ! &= 8 ! K o . D; :N .; @0z9
m [ A o9 Â&#x160; 3 2) /@ Y Ă&#x152;V _3 A K g ! .Z ^ a z@ f 0
Â&#x2026;8 Âś ; 2 @ N R 1 c X ! d\ R ? N X ; N F ! [ [ ! H ^ - 1 <! : ; _ÂŚ 1 [ A K n9 Â?v R ! .-Âł Ă? ,! Ă&#x2020; ;! L / X ž ,8 ! .Â&#x152; ? d @ 8 N.Â? Â&#x2013;A MV Â&#x2C6; 0 D; Â&#x2039;=0> ! Š R9 ½d§ , 1 ; &A Â&#x160; :Â&#x160; V :d a D :; 0 K 0 Â&#x160;A ! ÂŻ R Â&#x17E; @ Â&#x160; V "Â&#x2039; 07 c V" Z 8 K ;! d O 9 o ÂŚ Â? fv ! : ; ÂŤy ; :Â&#x160; V o;! _@ ! ^ Z Â&#x160; V Â&#x160;A ! ^ a , o ! Â&#x160; V ) ? R RQ ! ^ ! : Z Â&#x160; Â&#x160; 3 2 ) 9 ! ( ÂŚV Š §) [
.M V a / A Â&#x2018;; Â&#x160; Â?!8 J 9 : /J 9 R RQ ! 12. Mircea Eliade: From Magic to Myth (After Spirituality: Studies in Mystical Traditions), Moshe Idel Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, Second edition, March July 2014, 284 pages.
%% N8 %% ) +%% , a%% Q%% ? %% : %% %% " : 1 1 0 K 5 H k 9 :; @?@ 0 a! 0 ."(+ H9 & , V 0 :+ 3
/ M Â&#x160; V A ~ c 9 ;! @^ a! 01 A UV W J0
+ @Â&#x17D;TA Â&#x2020; U 1 . Âľ Â?V [ *! Â&#x2018; ; ^ " Â?V XA K 7 Â&#x160;i Â&#x160; ) ? Â&#x17E;
[ : 3 /J;! A d ! J P Â&#x160; V H J f 0 a! 0 [ \ f 0 : ; 0 a D a! 0f ÂŞ Â?!8 [ / A Z (M 1 ) o§yf Â?V kV D ~ 1 Š ! Â&#x160; Q Š Q 1 Â&#x2039; Tf 5 "09 ;! / 7 Q 1 9 Q 1 [ Z ;! R. Â&#x2018; k! Â?V kV Q 1 Â&#x160; V F 5 R " 2 @ Â&#x160; Dz H G ^ §u ÂŻ Rf 2@ 0 N/ /7 . .
. B=> :; : r
c D0s r!
&#$ Â&#x2022;/ Â&#x201C;%' 0Â&#x2026; (Â&#x2019; K! ? 9 ;= V 5b6
13. The Wisdom of the Talmud: a Thousand Years of Jewish Thought, Ben Zion Bokser, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, September 2014, 218 pages.
N ." :%H % % = % D% : :% +% " : 1 1 0 K Z J R0 ; Â? ?, [ ? A + A X! Â&#x160; J :; & m A Â&#x161; , /@0
L A /@0 T ! .N 1 1 Z - 9 Â&#x2018; /0Â Z Â&#x2020; U! = 9 N X Â&#x2018; 1 K R Â&#x2030;
!A [ K! Ă&#x17D; : i ! J ? /Q 1 Âľ D ! [ 07 ! J c )@ : fÂź a D : ; 0 i K 0 ! .Š R9 0 Ă&#x2020; ; ? f 5 H /@
* ! dÂ&#x2C6; 0 l \V Z /@0 ! /@0 ! ! Âş A N / 7 /@0 ! ; R9
Z Dz <= >8 ! /@0 Z /0 M H X=>8 ! /@0 Z f =
. /@0 Z ? / Q ! /@0 Â&#x2018; f! /@0
14. The Jewish Position on Other Religions, Sina Cohen, S Research Publications, March 2013, 102 pages.
i - ."c %% )* " %% * %% :%% H D%% .: " : 1 1 0 K J i Â?V 2 ?f 5 F >8 K 8 1 ] @ 0 / J 3 J ! 0
½L J J d R1 U 9 :N .; @Â&#x201E; A : 1 Z "- 7 " n9 b ) f! . J V Z a! 4! ½F >8 K 8 ! J - 1 < ;! ½L /| !A 2 ? 0 Â&#x17E; U 9! H lo .f Â&#x160;i a I Z c R "1 J H * a D V :; 7y0f KA ¤ 1 V H Â?V < "0f Â&#x2013;x &= ! ) ?9 2 @ Â&#x; 7 f Â&#x2018; ;! ._J0 a , F >8
d ; :d ! a D : ; 0 m y 0 ! . U ! ! B N .; L ` A X
) ?9 ! J o ÂŚ : ; Â&#x203A; z Â&#x2026;8 ! d @¸ d, ! Â&#x160; J R0 9 ! J
.co>A H /@7! < H ! /|! &= ! 2? ! 15. Heaven, Hell, and the Afterlife: Eternity in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam [3 volumes], J. Harold Ellens (Editor), Praeger, July 2013, 838 pages.
+%% :H %% , :%% : %% )d %% Q 0 %% # +%% #e " : 1 1 0 K c )@ c * 9 ! Â&#x2C6; 0 H 3 9 0 i C) 0 ."=(%% % 4 + Q %% %
5bb : : Y K ,! Â&#x160;! @; Â&#x2014;A
: ; -., 1 J H 4 0 i B §=. Â&#x; 8 Z! . 1 Âľ H Z c >Âź
Âś k ! ._J ; N R0@ ; ÂŻ Rf N A :; -/@?9 ! - ) ?9 ! J
1 Âľ " @/ " H Z @^ 1 R@ 09 _ 9 ! H X=>8 KA m 7 0
Z " 1 ) ? " !A " @ " H K f KA Â?V N Â? 5 X K 8 Â&#x2018; ; ~X 0f !A " Â?! " N X : ; "C S0 Â?T " b , c Q 1 ; a , ¤ Z! H X=>8
. & !A o
16. God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason, John Walbridge, Cambridge University Pres, September 2013, 228 pages.
b ) ."+%% 3(&N +%%,( :=(%% 4 %%, f%%!# g " : 1 1 0 K : 3 ~ Âľ1! . ;= c Q Z ] " /@ Â&#x160;Â&#x; 7 9 ! Z 0 i m n9 Kx d, 2 @ L ; L R0 L ; 3 [ * 1 &= : 0 9 m * 0
.2" K! R i ; ;= 1v ! ?@ ! Â&#x; Â? 5 R" 9 < " a! 0 - § Q : ; N 7 J k 5 ;= R" 9 R0 2 @ 0 Â&#x; 7 ! a 0 ?f /7 @R0 ;= c Q Â&#x2013; [ _Â&#x201A; Â&#x160;i ;8 - *8 ! &= N R0 ?; KA Â?V m n9 o ! .o 0 : ; L R/ N XA! L § , .7A a Â&#x2026;A Â&#x153; . =R ! ]" 9 c 1 Â&#x; /0
17 .A Fresh Look at Islam in a Multi-Faith World: A Philosophy for Success through Education, Matthew L.N. Wilkinson, UKRoutledge , November 4, 2014, 304 pages.
%% %N $ %% % %% %, =(%% % 4 a%% % %% % K %% %J3" : 1 Âľ@ 1 0 K "K ? @ ! f ;" 0 m n; & R ."$ %% N h(%%) %% i %%e# + % , :" %% *
c D1 o 0 P L @/ ! L 3 L=; Â&#x2026; L Â&#x201A;J ; p G; 7 Z m !! J ; Z k ¸
1 f ?@ r ! .K 8 0; Â&#x17E; Z -/@ ?9 ! &= a , R / ! Â&#x201A;J ; Y! Ă ! § Q 1 ; H 4 2 @ Â? @Âľ0 Z _J f _@ ?9 @ c * ; & R ! .-/@ ?9 o ÂŚ Â&#x2018; ; _¤ X= ! _J@ f Z Â&#x2013; J 5 H R ! H Â&#x201A;
c R Z d/ 9 ] / 0
! D H o ? 0 Â&#x2018; ; N ; 0@ L ?@ L Â&#x201A;J ; 0
c D0s r!
&#$ Â&#x2022;/ Â&#x201C;%' 0Â&#x2026; (Â&#x2019; K! ? 9 ;= V 5b5
R X :_
Â&#x20AC;J 9 i 2 @ ] @\A! _ @ 0 ! /9 Â&#x161; Â Z ;=
* o ? f & Â&#x2C6; KA Â&#x20AC;J 9 i B : 6 m 7 eÂ&#x2018; 01 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0 Â? ! . ;=
H Â&#x; 9 li B : 6 m 7! &= K 7 A N .; ;= c R Z J @ Â&#x2018;/Â&#x201A;/T
c , Z 1 Ă&#x17D; Â&#x17D; ?9 Z ?f KA _@ ?9 c , R " 8
. 9 D Z K 8 c 0; G H \ R6 18. Islamic Ethics and Moral Philosophy in the Global Business Environment, Shahina Qureshi, USA- Idea Group, (September 30, 2014), 339 pages.
+%%j 8 %%, +%% .()* + % =(%% 4 V %% .() " : 1 Âľ@ 1 0 K Â&#x201A;0 a / 8 Â? Ă&#x152; Z L A L D H 7 !n ?; +) *A ."+%% N M%% N
X=>8 H ; Â&#x;0 M : ; ; /Â&#x201A;g Â&#x2020; ?/0 ? ! .Â&#x17E; PA Â&#x2018; ÂĄ Z Ă?
¡ f Z! 7 @ 1 Ă&#x17D; c D Â&#x; Â&#x; f Z d;= & 3 Â? g @; H 7 0 i & R . 9 a / 8 Â&#x201E; 1 Z X=>8 ?@ ! ;= <= >8
c V HM Â m @0s Z X=>8 H /9 ! _ 9 ] "f 2 @ ` Â&#x2030; @ ?01 * ÂŻ Rf Z - ÂŚ = " ! -., ! - 6 7Ă&#x2021; L=; Â&#x2026; L D; ! a / 8
.d;= V 3 ; :; a / 8 Â&#x201E; @0z9
19. Ethics in Islam: Friendship in the Political Thought of AlTawhidi and his Contemporaries, Nuha Al-Shaar, Culture and Civilization in the Middle East, 304 pages.
%% %%, +. %% :=(%% 4 %%, V %% .()* " : 1 Âľ@ 1 0 K W 2 Â&#x2013; [ 0; X Â&#x160;i 0 i & R ." 2 %%T N %% : %%# %%
Z d ? ! d X=>8 @ c c X X Z ;8 ; I Z ÂĽ 9
?@ Z -., @ L ; 0 i T ! .(Ă&#x2018; Â&#x201C;Â&#x201C;( â&#x20AC;&#x201C; %Â&#x201C;Â&#x201C;) dJ D
. ;= H
! K R9 dX=>8 ! ?
UV WÂ&#x160; , 0 K , ÂşA d;= Â&#x2039; ?@ 2 @ Â&#x203A; > N 1 0 Â&#x; 7 ! X D & J g N D0 / / M! l +@ Â&#x2026; 5 c R 9 H o§y 0 m 0
5bk : : Y K ,! Â&#x160;! @; Â&#x2014;A
/ X ,x1 Â&#x160; , 0 & X R .dJ Â&#x2018; /0¨ Z < Z [ @ @4 Ă&#x2019; Â&#x160;i
d /0 M & 3 Â?= * @ ! N ` A Â&#x2013;A 2 @ J; X! ? Z X D
] R)0 ! f i )@ D9 ! \ Â? ÂĄ Âś ! c c Q @ 7! d ? ! Â&#x160; , 0 Â?V 3 : L k ! . + ;Â&#x;0@ k /7 N / ! N R Â&#x; Â&#x; f! K! 0
[f X Z 0 i [ ` @R0 ;= H R0 /@ L ` Â&#x2018;/0¨ : LM!Â&#x; ; [ f 3 KA MV l : ; co .7 Â? Ă&#x2026; Z L= *A K 7 / 1 [ A Âś k ! ! Â&#x2C6; 0
. ;= R. Z z
! c iÂ&#x201A;0; + 7 ;8 :; o. 20. The Cry of the Conscious Behind the Religion: A Book about Facts and High Thoughts, Utthor Purush, XLIBRIS, July 29, 2014, 272 pages.
fI %% &Q %% n %% ; : %% 0 :%% m%% l" : 1 Âľ@ 1 0 K Â&#x2018; ÂĄ Z l J} : ; c ; N , ; Z &= 0 Â?V ¡ 0 o " %% N 0 %% ,* Â&#x2018; ÂĄ Z 0 >u : M g ! . Âľ@ co 7 ?1 1! !A! R A! u PA KA V : 6 M 5 ]O RQ : ;! .&= J 0 5 ? 1 Â&#x17E; PA < f KA! .[1 @ A! [ ÂĄ a= > : ; Š : ; - =9 Z §A d Ă&#x201C; , 07 Ku R
K : ; o .7 a Y ; : ! Â&#x160; )0 : ; o .7 [ L ;A a Y ;! K 7 Â&#x152;u R "^
FÂ&#x2DC; K @/Â&#x2122; -/@ ?9 : ; L o .7 N Ă&#x201D; &= R RQ -7 ; oÂŚ b . Â&#x17E; =1 K! ! F , _ J@ Ă&#x17D; Â&#x160;i ;8 . @ >Âź ! Âş Ă&#x17D;V J ` 1 W&= a , @0s c Â&#x2020; i 1 DR M [ A 0 m n; o ! . 9 H R U E F 0 ?; [ 1 07 Â&#x2039; KA! ] " 9 ! N R & z0 1 Â&#x160; R o 0 Â&#x2018; Â&#x201A; f Â?V N1 &= Â?V KA! N X : ; [ "E Â&#x17E; 5 D `R ~ 1 _@ ?9 Ă&#x192; R N i . Â&#x153; [ 0X Â? ! * ^ [f R0 ; a , a ?0
# & '# #$% #" . : ,# # + # # # # # #) *# # ( . - & ./0 ' % *1 . =;<56/#95678 2 3 , 14 , ><< ! " # $ %&' $( ) '* " + , - . / 0 12 ! . ( 3 4 , 5 6 117 ! 8 9 : $ ; <=!
F G ! > ? @ AB ! 6 . D
C E $ !
.H /I! $ J ! K L ! ! 12M LN$ 69 O ; C !
\ +" ! !' :,- . / 6 Q O :$ R S )I T UV W9X Y ! Z
ab9 N : $ ; < H !' ! ] ^ ? _NK \+ ! OK ` *
?9 . 9 AZ c\ ! d e N f I f g \ Z9 ?9 . h K$ g =E 8
V ! i j K K 1 L G ! L k! ! 6 _N ,
l / ( m! < F n : \ \S ! 6 . (
O Z o( ! p f -Z : <$ jV'\ $ q K : U , U V )9= < j. I \ ! j sK
s ! d r 6 12M o I : &g 6 . KS!
. / ( \ o *
&' !"#$ %
• . .) / 0 1 23 4 56 4 / ( 7 8 " + () , - – () . 1: ; 2 < 6 = ' > ? @A B CD ,E -F G HI &S J"&T : &" + N @A O "PQ R $ ' 1 J"K ,E LM1: • J"&T : L&#Z [\1 .! $ , U < S ED VS W ! SX ! Y K / D ^" ,G+ , / _ 1 ?]` E abU .!: S? : !#O 6 L ?]. ^&cd e S VU Kf gO 1 E abU hS A i b H/\: !#
$ E e S' 'D k e l'D S < S? E abU . Y K ! $ a = j- ^T "4 J& _T b: e < b S m n+ B J G W J- < oA @A h o $ 2 P4D J E - !:E LM1 _PSO . 4 p$]?A > n.D q S1VU 0 LSPb: 2G vA ... pc k p S6 k p( :< " / "4 LP4 ^/ ' 1 S- J 1- tsr r y x 2 4 q L4 : wF S- J 1- @A 1 &/ & 1U !cC J (<] P ) <]a - 1U z$ ? {jV • @A p~ S ?D ! B J - " J"K ] p a\1 6 ,E -A $ #" . z$ ? nl ' @A o Z E . :R !o { - " VU S ]'A" Sk / • . > "VU Sk - b 2 G ( − m v L
7 8 [S U , 6 V S6) b < Sk : − :, &b ) : c L4 S' jb6 hS : , P L' K ' 4 ( s / @A , f - jU Z z + @A Y o \ E $D k : − &/ @A 6 E J S I < VU S~ "/ ' m v V Y jU .. 1 N& " H&.D L&'( = { - GS+ L
<] z / Sk : 1- − 1' 1 E / 1 hS S I Sk < 6 S "/ ' 1- A , K VU !1 <n. 0n =G < \a 2 4 1 . E 'D /
â&#x20AC;ŤŮ&#x201A;ŘłŮ&#x160;Ů&#x2026;ŘŠ اشتعاŮ&#x192; Ů Ů&#x160; ؼساŮ&#x201E;Ů&#x2026;Ů&#x160;ŘŠ اŮ&#x201E;Ů&#x2026;ؚع٠؊â&#x20AC;Ź .' (......) $ %& (......) !"# (......) / .............................................................. -+. / 0 /() *+, ............................................................................. $ 1 2 3 4 .................................................................................... 536
.................................................................................... 7 8
........................................................................................... ............................................ : ................................ 9+
C D 6& B== ? "3@-A > 6& <= /2; :/ E + 8 E F G% 0 HA I J" K/G (+ L /, (LCCRS) NO ? 3 & P Q; R 8 A S /%
9 L , ( 5" ) 83 + 8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; .1 V W â&#x20AC;&#x201C; S% T+# 7 8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ?&D ==\]BB^=^_]B :X Y & Z1 [
:` 7 8 a4 bA % c d & LCCRS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Bank Audi, Bechara Khoury â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Beirut Acc. No: 58280546100206201 :â&#x20AC;ŤŘłŘšŘą اŮ&#x201E;ؚددâ&#x20AC;Ź B,< :i C e 8 B=== :h / e 8 B,< :7 E ef. ^< : 3 e . <=== :7 8 e?6 B= : " e 6 k= :/m e 8 B,< : /J e5l k= : + / ? j e 8 eD# # _ : + + e 8A k= : G e*+8 ]== :7 " e? o+8 n :/G e 6 B<= : -+
e? o+8 _ :tu e + & k<= : +# e s n= :I/r% e7 8 :X# 1 e 8 <= :/q Sp
.? 6& B= w/xE & /q 3& C / e? o+8 n : +# m / e& <,< :v& &E d6