Studio 38 - FABLE Superseden (Project Eden Research Journal) by Juu L

RESEARCH JOURNAL

PROJECT EDEN

STUDIO 38 FABLE

SUPERSEDEN

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

THESIS STATEMENT

A design framework using passive energy technologies of a heat-sync tower and nomadic modular semidisaster housing can respond to extreme thermal fluctuation disaster.

CONTENTS

RESEARCH MELBOURNE + HEAT THE FUTURE + HEAT

SCOPE + IDEATION PARAMETERS INTITAL RESPONSE

METHODOLOGY SYSTEMS + LOGISTICS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT REFINEMENT

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

MELBOURNE HEAT

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

PROJECT speculations of SUPERSEDEN Cultivating uncontrolled embodied energy and using it to our advantage to help us prepare for extreme situations.

SITE Central Business Districts Melbourne VIC 3000

DISASTER Heatwaves In Urban Melbourne

CONDITION Likely high mortality rates by 2077. High re-occurrences. Depletion of various resources accelerating our downfall.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

HEATWAVES DISASTERS & HEAT

$593 MILLION $300 BILLION AUD

FOR COMMUNITY REPAIR AND COMPENSATION ONLY DURING HEATWAVES IN MELBOURNE (AECOM, 2012)

HEATWAVES AFFECT A VARIETY OF DEMOGRAPHICS, ALMOST NO ONE IS ‘INVULNERABLE’ TO IT.

Natural disasters are uncontrolled embodiments of energy which we do not have control over. Typically, they destroy the environment but we must consider ourselves to be the core reason as to why these disasters have been able to worsen over time in both severity and frequency. Prolonged periods of abnormally hot weather, that affects both land and sea. Humidity ranges varies. Occurs when high atmospheric pressure moves into an area and inhibits winds. As defined by IMD, the criteria for a heat wave is 40 degrees C for plains and 30 degrees C for hilly regions.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

NATURAL DISASTERS OF AUSTRALIA PERSPECTIVE

$4.1 MILLION

$593 MILLION

SUPPORT FOR ANIMAL DEATHS AND CROPS.

SUPPLEMENTARY FUND FOR FIRE SUPPRESSION ALONE.

$18 MILLION

$600 MILLION

TO SALVAGE TIMBER SCRAPS AFTER HEATWAVES/FIRES.

REBUILD TIMBER HARVESTING AREAS.

$20 MILLION

$4369 MILLION

TO RESTORE INFRASTRUCTURE & TELECOMMUNICATION

EMERGENCY RESPONSE COSTS IN 2009.

$300-500 MILLION

$867+ MILLION

COST AVERAGE TO REBUILD RESIDENCES FROM MAJOR HEATWAVES AND RESULTANT FIRES SINCE 2009.

TO RECOVER AFFECTED COMMUNITIES SINCE 2009.

$4,000,000,000

ADDITIONAL COSTS TO REBUILD AFTER 2009 HEATWAVES. A CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATE.

2,000,000,000 TONS PER YEAR INCREASE OF CO2 ACIDITY.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

HEATWAVES + FIRE = COST OF HUMAN LIFE + FINANCIAL LOSS

LAND Average surface temperature: 0.9 °C increase OCEAN Temperature: 0.4 °C increase Rise: 203.2mm since 2000 Acidification: 30% increase Carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean. EARTH RCP 4.5 predicts temperatures will rise by 2.4 °C by 2025 - 2030. As severity of hot climate and temperatures rise, recovery and adaptation costs peak. NOTABLE HEATWAVES: 47.2°C - 6 February 1851 Black Thursday 45.6°C - 13 January 1930 Black Friday 46.4°C - 7 February 2009 Black Saturday

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

RCP 8.5 & THE FUTURE OF MELBOURNE RCP; REPRESENTATIVE CONCENTRATION PATHWAY

SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABILITY, 2014

A model of representation to understand how climate will change over time, with speculations over the state of the world from observation and analysis of projections in disasters and consumption of resources. RCP 4.5 predicts temperatures will rise by 2.4 degrees Celsius by 2025-30. RCPs originated from the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2014, based on scenarios (SRES; Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) that show trajectories of socioeconomic factors in relation to climate impact. • • •

Average surface temperature: 0.9 degrees Celsius increase Ocean temperature: 0.4 degrees F increase, 8 inches rise since 2000. Ocean Acidification: 30% acidity increase due to carbon dioxide being absorbed into the ocean. 2 billion tons increase of carbon dioxide acidity in the ocean.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

PROJECTIONS OF INCREASING HOT DAYS IN AUSTRALIA ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE PROJECTED GLOBAL TRENDS. THE FOLLOWING REFERS TO THE FAILURE OF HEATWAVE MITIGATION IN MELBOURNE STRATEGIES.

Highest maximum temperature reported in the period 1 January 2013 - 18 January 2013

Heatwaves contribute to UHI in 4 major ways: Increased energy consumption, Increased air pollutants and emissions Reduced quality of human health and comfort Reduced water quality According to AECOM’s reports on UHI, heatwaves contribute to 33% of the $300million used for community repair and compensation in Melbourne. NCCARF(2010) reports that Port of Melbourne stops sea import of goods when the day exceeds 38 degrees C so productivity in summer is compromised with a loss of 49.5 to 72 crane hours, depending. Melbourne Citipower reports that every degree above 20C, causes network and electricity load to +0.228GWh (for degrees below 16, +0.283GWh for every incremental degree)—heatwaves ultimately increase our rate of consumption over current finite resources. Government and implemented strategies do not address the heatwave itself, but only respond to human needs for temporary relief. Governments prioritise establishing more partnerships and sponsorships to “revise…further implement strategies”; reports in the past decade 2009-2019 does not actually show progress in any of these apparent ‘strategies’ they are implementing, aside from the usual ‘stay hydrated, stay indoors’. Due to the temporariness of the solution,

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN MELBOURNE (UHI) AT 1AM, 12TH FEBRUARY 2018

>26°C

<19°C

UHI is the phenomenon referring to Australian cities being 5C hotter compared to surrounding areas, which creates ‘hotspots’ of high temperatures. It is caused by drastic differences in temperatures and decreases atmospheric pressure in the area, leading to discomfort and in many cases, death. The rate of consumption of finite resources accelerates this process and despite numerous reports on the increase in severities and damages, written strategies are not taken seriously and do not address the main scenario at hand. Heatwaves are the extremities brought by the UHI effect.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN MELBOURNE ENERGY USAGE IN URBAN MELBOURNE CONTRIBUTING TO UHI EFFECT

Temperature (°c)

19.5 18.5

17.5 16.5

15.5

Deer Park Rockbank

-30

-25 -20 WEST

Braybrook Sunshine

-15 -

-10

CBD

Footscray

-5

Prahran Richmond

Chadstone Caulfield N.

Noble Park

Clayton

0 5 10 15 20 25 Distance from CBD (km) - SOUTH EAST

Hallam

Dandenong

Beaconsfield

Narre Warren

SPATIAL VARIABILITY

MELBOURNE URBAN HEAT ISLAND AT 1 AM, 23RD MARCH 2006.

Researching into the broad notion of energy, the findings evaluate the correlation of high usage of energy within capital cities and with large quantities of people. This occurs as the Urban Heat Island effect, due to our constant energy innovation and high demand of energy within our urban landscape. There is a double effect of high production and the counter-effect of destruction. The counter effect is our inability to control our surroundings and inherent disasters. Melbourne is in the event of our summer and hotter months with the added case of UHI. Taking this a step further is the scenario where we have no control over is that of a heatwave. Factors contributing to UHI • Idle state • Summer • Seasonal state • Heatwave • Atmospheric repercussion from season We are countering a 3 faceted force every year. As an individual: We counteract this dilemma with air conditioning, and water consumption. As a city: We counteract this dilemma with indoor seclusion, thermal heat intake and depletion of water stores.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

THERMAL IMAGES HEAT ABSORBED BY INFRASTRUCTURE 16 JANUARY 2017

Thermal images taken in 16 January 2017 heatwave show the impact of urban heat islands in Melbourne. Taken by an Elizabeth Street heat camera opposite Queen Victoria Market. Photograph: City of Melbourne

An image from Royal Parade heat camera opposite Queen Victoria Market in Melbourne. Photograph: City of Melbourne

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

HEATWAVES: SEVERITY & MORTALITY WHY IS IT SEVERE ENOUGH TO TAKE NOTE OF

Doctors for the Environment Australia predict a 5 degrees C on average increase by 2070 and that extreme hot days will be longer, hotter, more frequent and 1-in-20 year extreme hot days will occur every 2-5 years. Currently there is a 0.83-0.95 degrees C increase per decade in Australia. A study in Harvard University by Laurent supports the above and also shows exposure to hot weather above 26 degrees C already starts reducing cognitive function, and at higher temperatures up to 30+, there is risk of inflammations and brain damage with a -9.9% in thought output but oddly +13.4% in reaction times (Laurent, J., et.al, 2018). Melbourne City Council (2017) has deemed it damaging enough to the overall health of communities and in order to reduce the damages and risks, they have written reports and plans to address heatwaves specifically. Despite being officially acknowledged as a disaster common in all parts of Australia, the strategies do not respond to the issue at hand, instead encouraging ‘staying hydrated/ indoors’ and “increase stakeholders… to inform vulnerable communities of (said preventative measures)”.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

MORTALITY

4 IN 10 <19 YEARS OLD

SUBJECT TO HEAT RELATED CONDITION DURING A HEAT WAVE

7 IN 10 >65 YEARS OLD

SUBJECT TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION DURING A HEAT WAVE

+6214 DEATHS

BY 2050 BY HEATWAVES IN VICTORIA ALONE

Mortality rates, assault rates, aggressive and disordered behaviors are aggravated by extreme temperatures, especially from heat waves. Climate Council of Australia states there is a minimum “20-fold increase in ambulance call-outs… and overall mortality”. It also affects productivity rates such as when the “tennis tournament was suspended…treated almost 1000 fans for heat exhaustion”. The rescheduling of mass events relates to any event held outside. Health and productivity are compromised, with the added risk of fires, infrastructure, agriculture damage and overall mental aggression (+crime rate) during prolonged periods of hot weather due to stress (Trang, M. 2017). Not limited to, but it especially elevates negative emotion in those with PTSD, pre-existing anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. Auliciems & DiBartolo(1995) found that, based on a threshold of 25 degrees C, every incremental degree increases violence and crime rates by 0.549. In US, every Celsius holds +3.68 crimes per 100,000 people.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

CURRENT STRATEGIES & FLAWS CURRENT STRATEGIES FOR HEATWAVE MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION IN MELBOURNE. FAILURES IN HEATWAVE STRATEGIES FOR MELBOURNE, VICTORIA

STRATEGIES The current strategy is in reference to the Heatwave Planning Guide of Victoria, by local councils (Hyde, J., et.al, 2016).

Vulnerable populations are identified, with written coping strategies to encourage the populations to follow. Community support and health information is given in the form of understanding and medical response to local hospitals when appropriate. Instead of addressing the problem of heatwaves, the government’s strategy is a written plan to support long-term and sustainable behavioural adaptations/habits from us to minimise the effect of heatwaves on health and wellbeing. This does not address other disasters/issues that arise from the presence of heatwaves (eg fires, marine heatwaves, agricultural famine). Each plan is reviewed by the councils after every summer season.

VIC GOV HEATWAVE PLAN • Raise awareness of the impact of heatwaves • Commission research to understand heatwaves • Assist councils to develop and implement plans • Establish heat alert system to inform councils and communities • National conferences • Map vulnerability in metropolitan areas, taking note of UHI hotspots • Funded 13 pilot projects to implement heatwave plans • Develop a brochure/guide- drink more water, stay cool, stay indoors. • Shaded indoor green areas, building design and fixtures (blinds, curtains), aircon areas, reschedule mass gathering events, not using an electric fan. • Long term plan consists of material proposals during building and subsidies for insulation and window coverings, as well as “informing the communities of implemented plans via the local council”

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

VULNERABLE POPULATION GROUPS • Age >65, children <5 years • Pregnant/nursing mothers • People with pre-existing medical condition (eg diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, mental illness) • People with thermoregulation conditions/diseases • Those living alone with little social contact • People with disability • Homeless • Low income earners, limited transport access • People who are outdoors, do strenuous activity • People who cannot readily access the health care services or info.

2009 HEATWAVE STATISTICS • 46% increase in metropolitan Ambulance Victoria for emergency cases • 34% increase in Ambulance for heat-related conditions • 61% increase in Ambulance for heat-related conditions for elderly cases • 69% increase in patients dead on arrival to a medical facility • 374 additional deaths than expected (62% increase in total mortality) • 12% overall increase in emergencies

STRATEGY FLAWS These strategies are failing because they ‘relieve the symptoms but do not prevent/cure the issue at its core’. By targeting humans and not the weather itself, this allows the disaster to continually worsen over time whilst humans remain in stagnation. Strategies done in other parts of the world to combat heatwaves and the UHI effect, but have not been implemented in Melbourne nor have been considered for implementation: Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral(NZ), OysterTecture(NY), Singapore Marina Gardens Supertrees(SG), Seed-Vault(NOR). Festo Organization has started looking into bionic engineering tactics to enhance human health and rebuild living ecosystems through machine (refer to Future Technologies: Precedents).

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

RESEARCH

THE FUTURE + HEAT

GLOBAL HEATWAVES THE SEVERITY OF HEAT

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

Excessive energy consumption has greatly contributed to extreme heat on a global scale. Yet we continue to form new methods of technology in response to this slow demise.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

TIME LINE DISASTERS OF MELBOURNE 1851 1800

HEAT FLOOD

HEAT

BLACK THURSDAY, 12+ DEATHS, LIVESTOCK DEATH 50,000KM2 BURNT

1890 FLOOD

1895 - 1896 HEAT

437 DEATHS

GREAT FLOOD 3000 HOMELESS 1898 HEAT

12 DEATHS

1900

1907 - 1908 HEAT

246 DEATHS

1909 - 1910 HEAT

109 DEATHS

1910

1911 - 12 HEAT

143+ DEATHS

1913 - 14 HEAT

122+ DEATHS 1920 - 1921

INHERENT DISASTER + DRAWBACK

1920

HEAT

147 DEATHS

1926 - 1927 HEAT BUSHFIRE

130 DEATHS 60 IN BUSHFIRE

1930

1932 HEAT

9 DEATHS

1938 - 1939 HEAT

438 DEATHS 1940

1950

1958 HEAT

8 DEATHS

1959 HEAT

FLASH FLOOD

1962 HEAT BUSHFIRE

14+ DEATHS

1965 HEAT

1968 HEAT BUSHFIRE

14+ DEATHS 1972 HEAT

99 DEATHS

1977 HEAT

8 DEATHS

1980

1981 HEAT

15 DEATHS HEAT

10+ DEATHS

1993

HEAT FIRE

2000 2000

7+ DEATHS

HEAT BUSHFIRE

BLACK FRIDAY 75 DEATHS

1996 9+ DEATHS

HEAT FIRE

1983

HEAT

17+ DEATHS + UNREPORTED

1990

2006 HEAT FIRE

2 DEATHS 2010

1997 HEAT

13+ DEATHS + UNREPORTED

HEAT

69 DEATHS

1999 FLASH FLOOD

300 HOMES DAMAGED

2009 HEAT FIRE

980 DEATHS + 173 IN BUSHFIRE

2013 HEAT

10-DAY HEATWAVE

2018

BUSHFIRE

61 DEATHS

9 DEATHS

1970

1943 - 1944

300 HOMES DAMAGED

1990

STUDIO 38 FABLE

HEAT BUSHFIRE

112 DEATHS + 71 IN BUSHFIRE

1954

105+ DEATHS

1960

1939 -1940

2018

2014 HEAT

858 DEATHS

FLASH FLOOD

1400 CALLS FOR HELP

1969 FIRE HEAT

280 FIRES 23 DEATHS

RESEARCH

The timeline of Inherent Disasters and Drawbacks identifies the most oft occurring incidences that majorly contribute to the increasing mortality rates of the population in Melbourne. Number of deaths and impact of severity was recorded and studied to determine which disaster Project Eden would primarily respond to. The most severe occurrence was found to be extreme heat (heatwaves), which remains a silent killer, as many Australian Government systems have very few strategies to combat the increasing amount of deaths that happen every summer solstice for Australia. In comparison, floods in Victoria, Melbourne were reported with far less impact and less severity as the years progress. This could have been due to the Australian Government primarily focusing on floods due to the larger incidence of floods happening in other states per annum. However, since Melbourne is the main site of Project Eden to be addressed, heatwaves were the issue pursued, as Melbourne is very rarely affected by flooding in comparison.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

HEATWAVE AFFECTS WHAT/WHO IS AFFECTED People Crops Forests Animals Infrastructure Energy

QUALITY OF LIFE Heart attacks, brain damage from inflammation, heightened mental aggression. Lack of hydration, electrolyte loss, heat strokes, rashes, cramps, syncopes.

ENVIRONMENTS Water stores deplete. Damage to electrical wiring, especially copper wires. Buckling of roads. Power failure. High risk of forest fire

ENERGY USAGE Energy demands increase. Electricity prices expected +0.20% every year from 2020 onwards. Slow-down on Melbourne’s Urban Forest Precinct Strategy as determined by funds to rebuild tree health. Partial transfer of financial focus to heatwave recovery.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

LIVING STANDARDS & HABITS HOW DOES HEATWAVE AFFECT LIVING STANDARDS AND HABITS HOW IS URBAN MELBOURNE AFFECTED Heat waves have caused us to change our habits in ways that injure the environment; such as being encouraged to use more air-conditioning and hot weather encourages depletion of water stores. Trying to stay indoors as much as possible puts a strain on the urban heat island spots and increases use of shaded transport such as trains and trams which contribute to the overconsumption of resources during the period of the heatwave. According to the Department of Environment & Sustainability, heatwaves can last from minimum 3 days up to 7 days. The Heatwave Management sub-sector did not give a number to the risk of fires but did mention 30-40 degrees C calls for “severe risk” of fires. High risk for disordered and neglectful behavior for every incremental degree past 27 degrees C. Melbourne’s public realm only has a 22% canopy cover, as determined by the Melbourne City Council. Current strategies are very direct, such as drinking more water, staying indoors and the plans to build up the Urban Forest Precinct. However it is identified many neglect the basic need of hydration during heatwaves (Hansel et al, 2008.)

HUMAN NEEDS INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO: Current human needs according to RedEnergy Australia and Victoria Government’s Department of Environment & Sustainability on water consumption and targets. • Electricity/internet (Feb 2018 stat: 25% hot water, 38% heat and cooling, 4% cooking, • 7% lighting and household appliances usage up to 13.7kWh to 41kWh per household/day. • Water (Target 155; Melbourne scheme with a target to limit water use to 155L/day) . Trend: Decrease in 5L per person every 2 years. Expected to reach the 155L goal by end of 2019-2020. (In 2018, 161L per person was used on average.) • Warmth (external temperature for comfort: 18-21+ degrees) (internal temperature: 37.4) • Happiness (health; to have absence of physical, mental and physiological illness, including satisfaction of needs, such as morals and values as deemed necessary by the individual) • Physical happiness is in health and tangible provision of services, emotional happiness in fulfillment/ability to establish goals and meet them, social happiness is in opportunities to form relationships. • Economical happiness is having sufficient resources to support basic physical necessities such as food, water, shelter and healthcare of some sort. • Physiological happiness takes into account access to factors that indirectly affect physical and emotional happiness, such as sufficient access to clean air, light, metaphysical objects that give contentment.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

RECOVERY HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO RECOVER FROM A HEATWAVE Aside from design perspectives, humans respond to heatwaves with other adaptive behaviours, which include but are not limited to: Physical recovery: it can take up to several years to rebuild a community affected by fire from heatwaves. Psychological recovery: varies depending on situation ie death of a family member, monetary loss, loss of home, disability etc Economic recovery: Cost average used to rebuild residences from major heatwaves and resultant fires, $300500 million (excluding deaths and material salvage) since 2009. - A supplementary fund of $593 million for fire suppression alone. - Additional estimated $4.1 million support for animal deaths and crops. - $600million was required to rebuild timber harvesting areas - Additional $18million to salvage timber scraps - By 2010, est. $867 million spent to recover affected communities (VIC ONLY) - $20million for restoring infrastructure and telecommunication - In 2009-2010 alone, $4369million was used as emergency response to damages - Victorian Commission gave conservative estimate $4 billion to rebuild on top of $4369million.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

OTHER FACTORS DISASTERS WITH LESSER IMPACT THAN HEATWAVES IN VICTORIA Floods mostly affect Northern Territory, Queensland, rarely Melbourne.

Pandemics (influenza does affect Melbournians). However we are constantly putting our focus into medical technology—immunizations and yearly breakthroughs that keep us on par with the evolution of viruses (technological evolution vs viral).

Drought effects on a countrywide scale that is typical of arid countries. We have set targets (Green strategies, Target 155) to respond to water depletion and predicted replenishment. Drought is the product of reoccurring heatwaves and lack of water replenishment.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

MELBOURNE’S RESPONSE HOW WILL MELBOURNE RESPOND TO HEATWAVES WITH APPLICATION OF FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES Currently we are advised to change simple habits such as drinking more water and using wet towels or implementing airconditioning and blinds into buildings. There are other technologies that help harness energy suitable for our use, that will also contribute less to the heatwaves/ UHI effect. The Australian Government intends to implement: • Sun Cable Company plans to produce electricity from Australia’s solar exposure to help power Singapore using a 3800km subsea cable. Intent to build a solar farm of 15000+ hectares. • Asian Renewable Energy Hub (AREH) in WA: Solar/wind hybrid farm with plans to dedicate 20% of output to power tourist town Broome. • Single-tower solar thermal power plant (SA); intends to store energy in molten salt and operate 24/7, generating renewable electricity. • Hybrid technologies by ARENA, funded by Australian Government ($200million+). • Solar/thermal+wind, battery storage backups to replace diesel-fired generators. States of focus: NT, SA, WA, VIC, TAS. • Carbon-capture technology; water, nutrients/vitamins and carbon dioxide with solar energy, used to create a new ‘protein’ food powder. • Carbon nanotubes convert waste heat into solar renewable electricity using thermal protons. • Biodegradable plastics: Ionic liquid enzyme. • Resilience and safety in nuclear reactor expansion: using liquid sodium to transfer heat from fission. Less hydrogen waste and overheating. • Thorium, abundant nuclear material in the earth. It goes through a life cycle of using its own by-products and waste as a source of conversion to energy. • Zero Water 2018, the desert air water harvester. It condenses water vapour and filters it as usable water,

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ENERGY SYSTEMS CURRENT & FUTURE SYSTEMS

PRESENT

FUTURE SOLAR ELECTRICITY Sun Cable Company plans to produce electricity from Australia’s solar exposure to help power Singapore using a 3800km subsea cable. Intent to build a solar farm of 15,000+ hectares.

BIO-FUELS SOLAR WINDOWS NUCLEAR WASTE

SOLAR WIND ELECTRICITY Asian Renewable Energy Hub (AREH) in Western Australia: Solar/wind hybrid farm with plans to dedicate 20% of output to power tourist town Broome.

FUSION GEOTHERMAL HEAT HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY Single-tower solar thermal power plant South Australia; intends to store energy in molten salt and operate 24/7, generating renewable electricity.

TIDAL POWER FLYING WIND FARMS HUMAN POWER

HYBRID SOLAR THERMAL WIND ELECTRICITY Hybrid technologies by ARENA, funded by Australian Government ($200 million+). Solar, thermal, wind and battery storage backups would be replacing diesel-fired generators. States of focus: NT, SA, WA, VIC, TAS.

SPACE BASED SOLAR POWER CCS CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

SCOPE + IDEATION

PARAMETERS

STUDIO 38 FABLE

SCOPE + IDEATION

THE CONTEXT NEEDED TO THRIVE SUPERSEDEN PROJECT PROPOSAL

The conditions of living in the air during a heatwave is more suitable for the human being, with the least risk of genetic mutation required to ‘survive’, as opposed to other speculated living advancements.

Taking into account the resources needed to survive and conditions needed to live.

We must ‘move up, not down’.

To the sky.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

PARAMETER CHARTS

HEATWAVE ECONOMIC CURRENT FACTORS VS SCENARIOS

CATEGORY

PRECEDENT

TYPE

# OF USERS

RESOURCE USE

INCIDENCE COSTS($)

TOTAL PROJECT CO

UNTETHERED

Air Force One A380 B747

Command centre Commercial plane

102 853 605

Aviation fuel Diesel Diesel

3,900,000

Goodyear Blimp

Airship (non-rigid)

Lifting gases

3,000,000

Graf Zeppelin

Airship (rigid)

Helium

2,000,000

12,000,000

SPACE

NASA Space Shuttle

Spaceplane

7-20

450,000,000

196,000,000,000

HYBRID

Bird of Prey

Mix-use passenger jet

Electricity/fuel

67,000,000

Aeromobil 4.0

Flying car

Electricity/fuel

1,000,000

SEA

Oyster-Tecture Aquarius Lab USS South Dakota Poseidon

Coastal application Undersea lab Submarine Undersea resort

N/A 1793 -

Oyster shells Diesel -

3,000,000 N/A -

4,000,000 2,600,000,000 -

TETHERED

Supertrees

Thermoregulation

Electricity/solar

50,000,000

1,035,000,000

Coober Pedy

Underground town

1761

Renewables

600,000

38,900,000

PRECEDENTS APPLIED

POSSIBLE TYPE

# OF USERS per unit

POSSIBLE RESOURCE

MORTALITY COST($)

POTENTIAL PROJEC

FINANCIAL PARAMETERS

(Focus on value of life costs vs project cost; how Air Force muchOne the proposal will potentially save Hybrid; and nomadic invest for habitation each inhabitant) units 102 with dormant ‘command’ Electricity building Bird of Prey 80 Solar Supertrees 20 Heat/air density changes 50,000,000

9,100,000 67,000,000 1,191,000,000

(+11,369,098,600 mortality cost) Totals

202

Hypothesis

*All rates are per annum, based off data, statistics and some qualitative research from reports of 2016-2017. *In the yellow table, ‘Mortality:Project Cost’ refers to mortality as the ‘cost required for recovery/payment required to supplement human life’ and project cost is total potential cost derived from existing precedents. *Please note some values are estimates based on an average calculation, in cases where the exact figure has not been supplied and various sources have relative disparity. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa751c/pdf

https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/uploads/9901f6614a2cac7b2b888f55b4dff9cc.pdf

STUDIO 38 FABLE https://www.gen-agedcaredata.gov.au/Resources/Dashboards/Aged-care-data-snapshot-2017

11,419,098,600

1,267,100,000

SCOPE + IDEATION

MORTALITY COSTS($)

TOTAL UHI HEAT IMPACT($) UHI ATTRIBUTES($)

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE($)

433,700

67,600

501,300

4,919,600

25,500

4,000

29,500

289,400

148,613,300

133,643,200

282,256,500

3,766,464,400

1,967,700

21,840,700

96,619,900

8,325,900

8,596,100

16,922,000

11,840,400

3,871,100

5,051,500

2,300,000

257,997,700

3,144,830,000

3,147,388,697

1,059,924,400

2,660,900,100

435,517,200

4,309,602,400

INCIDENCE COSTS($)

TOTAL PROJECT COST($)

ECONOMIC VALUE($)

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE($)

3,900,000

5,200,000

9,100,000

3,000,000

21,000,000

24,000,000

2,000,000

12,000,000

(scrapped, 1940)

14,000,000

450,000,000

196,000,000,000

209,000,000,000

405,450,000,000

67,000,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,500,000

3,000,000 N/A -

4,000,000 2,600,000,000 -

7,000,000 2,600,000,000 -

50,000,000

1,035,000,000

106,000,000

1,191,000,000

600,000

38,900,000

(45,000 per house) 411,050,000 If 60 sqm/house, 10% of 495400 sqm are homes, total cost: 371,550,000

TOTAL $11,369,098,600

TOTAL (2 precedents of min.cost) Untethered: $23,100,000 Space: $405,450,000,000 Hybrid: $69,500,000 Sea: $2,607,000,000 Tethered: $1,602,050,000 MORTALITY COST($)

POTENTIAL PROJECT COST UNIT:COST POTENTIAL RATIO, per annum

50,000,000

9,100,000 67,000,000 1,191,000,000

(+11,369,098,600 mortality cost) 11,419,098,600

1:89215 1:837500 -

MORTALITY:PROJECT COST($) & EXPENDITURE

11,419,098,600 / 1,267,100,000 gives 1:9. Each ‘unit’ of the project can inhabit 9 users.

(total costs above, divided by 2) = 1:463,357 Per unit = $463357. If 1 unit has 9 ppl, average amount spent per person per year is $51,484.17. 1,267,100,000

51,484 per person per year

9 people per ‘home’

Each unit can house 9 people daily. If they<<live If they in it for lived 1 year, in it for 1 person 7 days would duringspend heatwave, est $51,484 $141.05/day total. (elderly). $70.52/day(young adult) 7 days= $987.37/person(elderly).

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

HEATWAVE CURRENT ECONOMIC FACTORS VS HYPOTHETICAL CALCULATIONS FOR FORWARD PROPOSAL

MELBOURNE DURING A HEATWAVE 2019 CATEGORY

TYPOLOGY

NO. OF USERS

CONSTRUCTION TIME

LAUNCH COST

TIME SPENT

RUNNING COST (maintenance)

AREA SIZE

IMPACT/OTHER STATS

EARTH (land)

505,40

EARTH (underground) Gov Financial Assistance, 2013: $11billion, 2018: $2.4 billion to help run communities and basic perishable resource

495400 sqm

90% mining area, 'Area size' refers to 10% livable area

Coober Pedy

Underground city

1,762

684 months 1 x dugout=xxmonths

Aquarius Lab

Research lab

12 months

$5,000,000,000.00

10 days

$2,100,000

35.1 sqm

Government funded

Space shuttle

39 months

$196,000,000,000.00

180 days

$3,000,000,000

7884 sqm

Weighs 4500000 tons

Airship (rigid)

24 months

$12,000,000.00

101 hours 26 min

$14,000,000

262.5m (L)

Blau gas used

SEA

SPACE NASA Space Shuttle (ISS)

SKY Graf Zeppelin

STUDIO 38 FABLE

HEATWAV ($

SCOPE + IDEATION

RUNNING COST (maintenance)

Gov Financial sistance, 2013: billion, 2018: $2.4 lion to help run munities and basic ishable resource

AREA SIZE

IMPACT/OTHER STATS

495400 sqm

90% mining area, 'Area size' refers to 10% livable area

35.1 sqm

Government funded

3,000,000,000

7884 sqm

Weighs 4500000 tons

$14,000,000

262.5m (L)

Blau gas used

$2,100,000

HEATWAVE COSTS ($)

1-DAY($)

TOTAL HEAT COSTS($)

MORTALITY COSTS ($)

TOTAL UHI HEAT IMPACT($)

UHI ATTRIBUTES($)

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE($)

505,402,800

1,344,902,300

2,003,565,800

1,211,296,900

3,169,398,800

3,877,569,400

11,369,098,597

14000000

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

SYSTEM PARAMETERS AIR & ATMOSPHERIC INFORMATION

STUDIO 38 FABLE

SCOPE + IDEATION

QUALITATIVE HYPOTHESIS QUALITATIVE DATA; SUSTAINABILITY VICTORIA

67%

Qualitative responses regarding 3,333 Victorians aged 15 years and over; perceptions and views on heatwaves. The survey was held by Sustainability Victoria, from 17 November to 14 December 2016, following a pilot test among a small sample of Victorians. The online survey was conducted from 19 December 2016 to 20 January 2017.

ARE CONCERNED ABOUT HEATWAVES

68%

The following is the Respondent Profile: LOCATION Greater Melbourne Regional

73% 27%

GENDER Male Female

48% 52%

AGE 15 - 24 25 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 64 65 and over

16% 28% 14% 25% 17%

COUNTRY OF BIRTH Australia International

73% 27%

“ “ “

Help smaller communities to develop community energy programs. More localised energy generation rather than upgrades to power lines.

Today’s society is very much a NOW society, they want to see something NOW, though that builds the future.

We would take action if it helps with our everyday expenses and convenience as well. For example, public transport is not effective in this country and so I have to use my car. I would use public transport if it was effective, but it’s not reliable.

ARE CONCERNED ABOUT BUSHFIRES

72%

ARE CONCERNED ABOUT WATER SHORTAGE & DROUGHT

91%

ACCEPT HUMAN CAUSALITY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

”

“

”

“

”

“ 43

I have a nephew, and my friends, they have children too. And I would like them to have a healthier and happier future.

In my generation we are already seeing the changes so it is an urgent matter.

Because if it proves to be an empty threat, taking unnecessary action will not cause significant harm, whereas if it proves to be the imminent disaster that it appears, then taking the action required to ensure the survival of the species should be a given.

” ” ”

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

NOTICED ANY CHANGE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF:

CLIMATE CHANGE INFLUENCING INCREASE OF:

qualitative data; figure 16. Sustainability Victoria, 2016-7.

22% think the Victorian Government is “doing the right amount” however 61% think they “should be doing more”.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

SCOPE + IDEATION

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

NEW TECHNOLOGY SPECULATIONS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN BE APPLIED TO LARGE-SCALE USE POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO SUPERSEDEN PROJECT

NITROGEN VACUUM

STUDIO 38 FABLE

CARBON NANOTUBES

AIR WATER

SCOPE + IDEATION

HYGROSCOPE

TEG

E-MOTION SPHERE

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

Boiling liquid nitrogen to create a vacuum, a space with differential atmospheric pressure.

NITROGEN VACUUM

Could be used to displace hazards in both liquid and air by replacing with nitrogen gas, this process is Nitrogen Purging. Methods: 1) Pressure transfer of liquids 2) Pressure-hold vacuum methods 3) Displacement purging 4) Dilution purging

CNTs are an allotrope of carbon. They are commonly used for wiring subsea cables over long distances for deepwater oil and gas field applications.

CARBON NANOTUBE

It is considered potentially highly conductive and has high malleability due to the copper component. Potentially has the strength equivalent to diamonds. The high conductivity is most effective for long range telecommunication and electrical systems, including high lifespan when treated for underwater use.

Researchers from University of Akron, Ohio (2018)

AIR WATER

STUDIO 38 FABLE

Developing large-scale prototypes for a water harvester that can gather 10 gallons 38 litres per hour of water from thin air. Currently there is a small-scale prototype about the size of a standard coffee machine, that generates drinkable water from the air only.

HYGRO SCOPE

Responsive architecture that behaves in computational morphogenesis. The project is suspended in a humidity controlled glass case, responding to its own microclimate (opening and closing) depending on humidity. Factors within their design parameters: 1) fibre directionality 2) layout of the natural and synthetic composite 3) length-width-thickness ratio 4) geometry of the element 5) humidity control

Machines that can convert heat energy to electricity. The thermal gradient formed between two dissimilar conductors produces electricity, however it is highly dependent on temperature. Efficiency rates as of 2011 according to researchers Yazawa and Shakouri state TEGs are efficient in function and cost for a transportive unit such as vehicles and small-powered gadgets though it is not yet able to power for all needs of an average household of 41kWh yet.

THERMO ELECTRIC GENERATOR

Long flight times due to autonomous charging. Large spatial area covered with low power consumption and positioning controlled by infrared technology to prevent collisions. Suspension and movement in XYZ directions possible.

E-MOTION SPHERE

Material: 7-layer bi-directionally stretched PE/PP film Thickness: 25um/ 27g/m2, 95cm diameter System: 1 infrared camera per unit, main processor, 8 brushless motors to activate propellers, 4 infrared LEDs Inertial measurement unit: 3 gyroscopes, 3 acceleration sensors, 3 magnetometers Battery: Rechargeable, 2 Li-poly cells with permanent condition of monitoring charging status and procedures. Material: Sintered nylon & translucent PE film

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

SCOPE + IDEATION

Architect: Achim Menges (2012) Function: Prototype pavilion aspect; Transsolar Climate engineering.

EXPLORED ALTERNATE CONDITIONS

TEMPERATURE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY RADIATION PER YEAR

STUDIO 38 FABLE

EARTH

SEA

SPACE

25.6 °C

18.7 °C

-270.42 °C

27%

77%

100%

82%

3.01 - 50mSv

0.26 - 45.3mSv

2000mSv

6.04 - 26.2mSv

SKY 1.1 °C -

18 °C

SCOPE + IDEATION

DESIGN RESEARCH SUPERSEDEN PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

CONTROL the environment the micro-climate

REDUCE the heat mortality rates

MAINTAIN to preserve quality of life

3 aspects of focus that later are converted into Alpha/Beta/Omega+Gamma typologies. All typologies inherit these traits however they have their own prioritised function: OMEGA CONTROL the surrounding environmental conditions and enabling thermoregulation, by absorbing excess heat via heatsink. ALPHA REDUCE heat from internals by maximising exposed surface area of the framework, whilst also absorbing heat from the environment and converting it into electrical energy to support and sustain life. BETA+GAMMA MAINTAIN the logistics of the overall framework, acting as a support mediator. (Refer to: FIRST PRINCIPLES)

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

PROJECT REFINEMENT systems | logistics | deployment | function urban collective hub & suburban typology

COSTS IN 2077 CONSTITUENT 01 URBAN HUB/TOWER CONSTITUENT 02 MODULAR UNITS + AIRSPACE RECLAMATION Module Configurations Technological Systems Cluster size limitations Propeller Mechanics Urban Framework Parameters Individual Module Parameters Tower Configurations Alpha Tower Airspace Q1 2019

27°C 16°C

28°C 17°C

25°C 15°C

22°C 13°C

18°C 10°C

14°C 8°C

14°C 6°C

16°C 8°C

17°C 10°C

21°C 11°C

23°C 14°C

24°C 15°C

GLOBAL WARMING °C

5°C

URBAN HEAT ISLAND °C

11°C

14°C

12°C - 18°C

SEASONAL MONTHS °C

14°C

+ 12°C - 18°C

2077

STUDIO 38 FABLE

HEAT WAVES °C

ESTIMATED

5°C

65°C 52°C

75°C 67°C

60°C 48°C

45°C 39°C

35°C 24°C

25°C 15°C

20°C 14°C

25°C 16°C

30°C 20°C

35°C 24°C

45°C 31°C

55°C 38°C

SCOPE + IDEATION

SYSTEMS & LOGISTICS SYSTEMS | LOGISTICS | DEPLOYMENT | FUNCTION

WHO The at-risk, at two scales. Residential Urban WHAT Built form that responds to a natural recurring disaster. Heat waves. A modular system that incorporates multiple effect systems that together combats heat related impacts. WHEN RESPONSIVE The structures designed are responsive to the onset of Heat Waves, the present heat in Summer and the constant UHI effect and the inevitable Global Warming. WHERE SEMI PERMANENT Locations that are hot, can accommodate the public and accessible to the needs of at risk users. Priority, to at risk individuals, hierarchy like transport systems. WHY HEATWAVES KILL. 2077 WILL BE 64C MINIMUM The severity is not to be taken lightly, 6200+ deaths expected due to heat related events. HOW Incorporating the existing preventions and cooling techniques, a framework that can hold multiple typologies in a singular lot, vertically stacked provides the flexibility to respond the onset of heat waves. The individuals (seniors, youth, homeless) that can not escape the heat due to age or restrictive surroundings. Residential level: Attachment to an existing house, emergency granny flat situation. The modular unit to be transported to the node framework “communal city” Urban level: Temporary framework erected at a public location, the framework contains effective methods to capture heat, harness and store as energy in return cooling spaces, reduce the heat wave impacts through nodes of within the city reducing UHI and summer heat accumulation. The structural framework will accommodate masses who struggle to combat the heat on their own, and for individuals to escape to the escape the dying heat.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

FIRST PRINCIPLES ELABORATION OF CRITERIA FOR DESIGN

Our response to extreme heat situations include heat exhaustion, stress, inability to sweat therefore failing to regulate internal body temperature, strokes and aggravation of disorders and illnesses. The environment should be designed and controlled so occupants’ health, safety, comfort and recovery are ensured. From this, the project will take the First Principles to apply into the design, also considering the following: - Achieve coolness: layering. Cool air is a bad conductor of heat. - Control use of air to reduce the impact of heat during a heatwave - Reduce the risk of humans reaching that state of severity - Maintain a built environment with cool micro climate, that enables rest, comfort, rehydration, to prevent hypoactivity of the organs causing shutdown and death. - For the design to be responsive and adaptive.

FIRST PRINCIPLES - DESIGN FACTORS & CONSIDERATIONS • Temperature & radiation • Relative Humidity • Air velocity • Buoyancy • System maintenance • Logistics-speed of Use • Deployment methods • Boarding process • Energy consumption • Size (Land/Usage) • Typology

STUDIO 38 FABLE

SCOPE + IDEATION

Pressure(P) 103kPa = [ (9.00 x 10^6mol) (8.3145 L-kPa/K-mol) (291.15K) ] / 2.1189 x 10^8 L n = (101325Pa*5m^3) / 8.3145 (m^3Pa/Kmol) *285K Δ T/ Δ z = - ( |g|/Cp) = -9.8 K/km; where g is gravity and Cp is specific heat capacity. T = -dT/dz Environmental lapse rate: The environmental lapse rate (ELR), is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location. As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an international standard atmosphere (ISA) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 K/km (3.56 °F or 1.98 °C/1,000 ft) from sea level to 11 km (36,090 ft or 6.8 mi). From 11 km up to 20 km (65,620 ft or 12.4 mi), the constant temperature is −56.5 °C (−69.7 °F), which is the lowest assumed temperature in the ISA. The standard atmosphere contains no moisture. Unlike the idealized ISA, the temperature of the actual atmosphere does not always fall at a uniform rate with height. For example, there can be an inversion layer in which the temperature increases with altitude.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

COSTS IN 2077

Week 09 Costs Calculations

FROM PREDICTED TRENDS OF CURRENT MARKET AND RELATED USE OF CRITERIA WRITTEN MELBOURNE DURING A HEATWAVE 2019 - 2077 TEMPERTATURE

35 C Degrees

STABLE

Melbourne

STABLE

MILD

Melbourne

MILD

CAUTION

Melbourne

CAUTION

90 DAYS(mSv)

365 DAYS(mSv)

0.008

1.001958904

3.01

EXTREME

Melbourne

EXTREME

0.012

1.55169863

4.34

0.016

2.167027397

5.67

0.022

3.295479452

8.1

0.029

4.630068493

10.73

DEADLY

Individual

DEADLY

Melbourne

DEADLY

0.004% 0.50%

EXTREME

Individual

75 C Degrees

1-DAY(mSv)

CAUTION

Individual

65 C Degrees

MORTALITY

MILD

Individual

55 C Degrees

RADIATION

STABLE

Individual

45 C Degrees

STUDIO 38 FABLE

SEVERITY

SCOPE + IDEATION

AREA SIZE

50sqm

AIR CONDITIONING COST

PER HOUR($)

1-DAY($)

90 DAYS($)

$0.95

$11.40

$1,026.00

$4,750,000.00

$57,000,000.00

$5,130,000,000.00

$1.25

$15.00

$1,350.00

$6,250,000.00

$75,000,000.00

$6,750,000,000.00

$2.30

$27.60

$2,484.00

$11,500,000.00

$138,000,000.00

$12,420,000,000.00

$4.86

$58.32

$5,248.80

$24,300,000.00

$291,600,000.00

$26,244,000,000.00

$16.70

$200.40

$18,036.00

$83,500,000.00

$1,002,000,000.00

$90,180,000,000.00

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEMS + LOGISTICS

STUDIO 38 FABLE

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM

CONTROL

REDUCE

MAINTAIN

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

AIRSPACE

MODULAR UNIT

LIVING

VTOL

COMMUNAL

PROJECT EDEN

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

ALPHA : SYSTEMS

ALPHA Alpha Program is new construction and (vertical expansion) mainly to accommodate at risk and general users, the tower typology itself also acts as a ‘cool building’ drawing upon heat gain/ thermal exchange and generating its own energy through thermoelectricity. strategically placed for cooling of the surrounding vicinity, is one of the first acts into the blanketing the city.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

α ALPHA

DISTRIBUTION PIPE

α ALPHA

VERTICAL TRANSPORT

ALPHA INFRASTRUCTURE

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM

ALPHA : TYPOLOGIES

ALPHA Alpha Tower typology. The elements within this tower will be present in the other typologies as appropriate. Essentially the tower itself is adaptable according to the variance in heatwaves, depending on factors. Whilst mobility factors, deployment and living conditions are retained, it may change in shape, form, or size according to the heatwave experienced every 90-365 days. Such changes are dependent on aspects including but not limited to; numbers of vulnerable occupants in that particular year (form stacking may change slightly) and extremities of temperature (the tower may suspend at higher altitudes due to higher temperatures as it captures and stores the heat as a result of higher temperatures). Thermoelectricity. Utilising the concept of thermoelectricity. The heat exchange thermally collected from surroundings in contact is conducted through the copper metal piping. The Heat pipe itself contains pressurised water that thermally reacts to heat change, the heat traverses up the tower with the heat sink/ fins to dissipate the heat even further essentially providing a cool building and reducing the heat footprint. Heat Conductivity to Electricity A thermoelectric pad enables the generation of energy from the heat exchange

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA - OPEN SYSTEM RETAINED

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

OMEGA - OPEN SYSTEM INFUSED

α ALPHA

ALPHA - LOOPED SYSTEM RETAINED

BETA - LOOPED SYSTEM CORE SIDE

ALPHA - LOOPED SYSTEM CORE BOUND

BETA - LOOPED SYSTEM CORE EDGE

BETA - LOOPED SYSTEM CORE DOUBLE EDGE

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM

BETA: SYSTEMS

β BETA Beta Program is retrofitting existing buildings with TEG tech and bring permeability into these structures, its equal component is also to accommodate the 2077 airspace. The TEG enables function of its exposed elements generating its self sufficiency and recing the existing heat gain. Thermal heat within this structure is dispersed and efficiently harnessed wasted and gained heat through TEG.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

VERTICAL TRANSPORT

β BETA

BETA INFRASTRUCTURE

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM

BETA: TYPOLOGIES

BETA Commercial/ Resources Fully Designed For Future Airspace Transport Retrofit for existing and vertical expansion of buildings Greater tower permeability TEG System at opening, utilizing windflow thermal exchange from building and external forces Account for VTOLs in the future eg UberAir

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

AIRSPACE INTERSECTION ABOVE 80M

AIRSPACE INTERSECTION 60 - 80M

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM

OMEGA: SYSTEMS

OMEGA Omega being the collective hub, a source of engagement, interactivity and overarching programs that involve systems of Alpha and Beta; It is an interchangeable system that responds to wind, heat and occupants needs. Structural framework is a square grid that utilizes the form of living modules and shifts these units for optimal wind flow with reduced heat gain and radiation exposure.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

ALPHA

OMEGA INFRASTRUCTURE

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM

HEAT BREAKDOWN TIME-FRAME OF ACTION

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

FRAMEWORK DURING POST Q4

365 Q3

PSA

DORMANT

BEFORE

SYSTEM

SERVICE S2 EXTRACTION

DEPLOYMENT

MODULE MIT MOTORISED PIN

NITROGEN VACUUM

TEG

TEG BLOCKS

EXTRACTION PMMA SMART

GLASS 6 DEPLOYMENT

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM

STUDIO 38 FABLE

METHODOLOGY

REFINEMENT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

STUDIO 38 FABLE

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

In Design Development phase, Project Eden looks at developing a standardised framework of typologies that can be applied as retrofits to existing buildings, or become a building typology on its own upon a vacant site where needed especially for targeting Urban Heat Island (UHI) hotspots. The following Development section concentrates on Points of Insertion, potential sites with applications specific to Melbourne of year 2019 to 2077. The sites chosen were deemed to be the central focus of UHI accumulation, according to the heatwave maps. To essentially cool the rising temperatures within the city, typologies focus on maximising their surface area, within site limitations, to increase contact with excess heat and absorb it for its own usage and conversion to electricity to power surrounding typologies. This serves to increase a mass cooling effect over the surrounding streets when not in the emergence of extreme heat fluctuations. Smaller living typologies, such as the Gamma systems, work as miniature living modules (when in emergency) or as temporary public or commercial spaces. These also work to absorb and gather heat in the surrounding area, although their absorption rate is restricted to a smaller radius than that of the urban Alpha/Beta/Omega (ABO) typologies. However in the emergence of a heatwave, Gamma capsules can be arranged into a cluster, which expands radius of heat absorption in the area as well as potentially increase energy production as a secondary support to power ABO systems.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

CONSTITUENT 01

Points of ‘reclamation’ by extending the framework onto other urban structures where UHI has been determined to increase in severity upon year 2077 in Melbourne. Insertion-- points where the framework can be introduced into and integrates the modular system on a larger scale. Dispersion-- points where the framework primarily works on improving against the UHI effect.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

BETA

ALPHA

46°

74°

LITTLE BOURKE ST INSERTION

477 COLLINS ST CNR BOURKE ST INSERTION INSERTION

MELBOURNE CENTRAL EXHIBITION ST INSERTION INSERTION

55 COLLINS ST INSERTION

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

INSERTION

POTENTIAL SITES

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

CONSTITUENT 01

URBAN HUB/TOWER; ESTABLISHING SCENARIOS OF 45, 55, 65, 75C.

Implementing a tower-like structure, using existing and experimental technologies to reduce heat impacted occurrences. Specific procedures to follow in the hotter parts of the year to reduce mortality. Certain temperatures can affect the methods of heat reduction, the actions needed to be extreme. Before: The State warning for heatwave status is announced. In the response of increased heat. The ‘tower’ structure emerges out of its dormant mode, the tower is made up of individual modules comprising of mixed archetypes ranging from multi-residential, medical, commercial, and even agricultural. During: The passive integrated technology is: a. Absorbing heat, converting to energy with redistribution into the tower. The accumulation of heat stored is providing the means to harvest air-water and create an environment suitable for bio-organic produce. b. Efficiently cooling the surrounding areas, acting as a filter of westerly wind(heatwave), the thermal diffusivity is passive where the modules within are suspended inside the tower perimeter and evaporative cooling in communal/ public space like ground arrayed in the ascension of the building. Post: The effects after the summer and the heatwaves do prolong into early April time of the year. The tower will respond by focusing on heat capture and distribution to surrounding locale. Preparation: Winters in 2077 will be warmer at the expected range of 15-24C. While temperature is relative to human needs, this temperature will still affect the individual’s perception of cold. The tower will revert to heating mode, where the opportunity for modules to be placed in the tower will comprise of a different configuration for heat retention. The tower will act as a passive heater providing appropriate human warmth to the vicinity of the site. This is not as wide ranged as the cooling effects in summer. The effect of these large pillars containing this modularity offsets the effect heat and heatwaves. The towers will have set stages until the effect of this filter acts as a blanket to accommodate for westerly winds and heatwave flows.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

HEATSINK

TRANSPORT

URBAN HUB

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

RESPONSE

CFD AND RADIATION ANALYSIS

55°C

65°C

75°C

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

CONFIGURATIONS AT CONSTANT 15M/S

55°C

65°C

75°C

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

RESPONSE

CFD AND RADIATION ANALYSIS

STUDIO 38 FABLE

55°C

35.403 Pa

65°C

69.184 Pa

75°C

79.581 Pa

ALPHA

CONTROL

REDUCE

MAINTAIN

VOID

EXPOSED

THOROUGHFARE

VOID OPENING

EXPOSED REACTIVE

THOROUGHFARE + OPENING

VOID DUAL OPENING

EXPOSED RESPONSIVE

THOROUGHFARE + DUAL OPENING

BETA

OMEGA

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

MODULAR UNITS : NINE-SQUARE GRID MODULAR UNIT TYPOLOGIES

DIU

3.5

.5 x

10.

8-16 OCCUPANTS

108m2

6-10 OCCUPANTS

3.5

90m2

3-6 OCCUPANTS

3.5

45m2

1-2 OCCUPANTS 11m2

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

MODULAR UNIT CONFIGURATIONS

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

SYSTEM: REFINEMENT INTEGRATION OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTION

α ALPHA

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

SYSTEM: REFINEMENT INTEGRATION OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTION

β BETA

STUDIO 38 FABLE

ALPHA

BETA

OMEGA

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

OMEGA INTERVENTION

IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM INTO FRAMEWORK Restructuring important components in the Victoria planning scheme to sustain the Melbourne region and combat the effects of a heatwave. The finances into cooling are estimated to be exponentially higher in temperature above 55C. Radiation: Important factors to include are the expected levels of radiation individuals are exposed to higher temperature and the earth’s atmosphere weakened by the multitude of global warming (man made fossil fuels and carbon emissions). Before: The “Tower” is but a shell, until the hull of this building is composed of modules, its effectivity is correlated by quantity and types of modules contained within. These modules are collected and deployed before the hot months of summer and functioning as the heat builds up. The modules comprising of mixed archetypes contain passive technologies that react positively to heat, the thermal diffusion and hygroscopic elements reduce the impact of heat. The permeability of the modules creates a stable environment. During: Adaptive architectural technologies imitate nature, these modules contract and expand it’s external elements that reduce radiation exposure and regulate internal temperature and humidity. The individual module is a self sustained unit, when placed in the tower, its basic function as an individual unit is supported as additional units are encompassed in the tower. Its internals will be self-customizable according to user requirements (eg partitions can be taken down between units used by larger families. The basic functions include: Self sustenance Self regulated thermal exchange The tower benefits include: Collective cooling & mechanical ventilation Reduction of radiation exposure Communal congregation, in comparison to risk of hot outside. Expenses in cooling self unit are supported-- “giving to the tower” Post: Modules are to be transported to original location (if desired) or placed in locations where the modules can regulate the microclimate around them and collect passive energy while dormant when there is no heatwave. Preparation (for the next heatwave): Infrastructure built into VPP 2050-2077 Buildings of 2050-2077 will accommodate the emergence of airspace, incorporating elements of the ‘Core Tower’ thus providing adaptability of living, flexibility of response. The effect of these modular units offsets the effect heat and heatwaves. Buildings built in this period, experiment the logistics of modularity and determine the reliance on mechanical ventilation .These modular units will mitigate the UHI effect in reducing heat in hotspots through filtration and absorbing surrounding heat. They are standardised and can be relocated at hotspots with particularly vulnerable populations.

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OMEGA INTERVENTION FUNCTIONING SYSTEM

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SYSTEM

URBAN FRAMEWORK PARAMETERS URBAN HUB/TOWER Lightweight Passive cooling Different computation of space Strength to accommodate change in atmospheric differences More surface area protection, molding form to form voids for passive cooling. Fluidity for voids to provide protective airspace for cooling and glazing Elasticity/fluidity in form Changing of mold/ buoyancy / change in volume / reduce energy use in maintaining flotation. Reduce exposure to sunlight to reduce heat absorption. The external skin may increase in surface area therefore larger surface plate exposure to heat/ solar which can harvest this energy. Shifting frame that responds to dissipating the radiation through forming multiplicity of voids, indirect exposure to ‘heat’ ie radiation. Layers of voids dissipate this effect. Material: high tensile steel/liquid metal with impregnated plastics. Aerovac film, Carbon-fibre, Diffusive materials

TOWER CONFIGURATIONS URBAN HUB/TOWER Focusing on the Alpha Tower typology. The elements within this tower will be present in the other typologies as appropriate. Essentially the tower itself is adaptable according to the variance in heatwaves, depending on factors. Whilst mobility factors, deployment and living conditions are retained, it may change in shape, form, or size according to the heatwave experienced every 90-365 days. Such changes are dependent on aspects including but not limited to; numbers of vulnerable occupants in that particular year (form stacking may change slightly) and extremities of temperature (the tower may suspend at higher altitudes due to higher temperatures as it captures and stores the heat as a result of higher temperatures).

ALPHA TOWER FOCUS ON ALPHA TOWER FRAMEWORK Utilising the concept of thermoelectricity. The heat exchange thermally collected from surroundings in contact is conducted through the copper metal piping. The Heat pipe itself contains pressurised water that thermally reacts to heat change, the heat traverses up the tower with the heat sink/ fins to dissipate the heat even further essentially providing a cool building and reducing the heat footprint. Heat Conductivity to Electricity A thermoelectric pad enables the generation of energy from the heat exchange.

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ALPHA TOWER TESTING ITERATIONS

Testing Alpha Tower iterations and the Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) exposed systems for the urban tower framework. These work in a series to collect the heat gain from UHI-inflated areas and thus store the energy in collaboration with geothermic applications to enhance thermal diffusivity.

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DESIGN: SYSTEM [TEG] THERMOELECTRICITY

110M

DIFFUSIVE 38 °C

LAPSE RATE

80M

54 °C

60M

40M

CORE

74 °C THERMOELECTRIC FLOOR GENERATOR

20M

26-29 °C

THERMOELECTRIC FLOOR GENERATOR

CONSTANT

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THERMOELECTRIC GENERATION TEG GENERATOR

Main Thermoelectric Generator within the ABO typologies. The urban TEG unit inhabits approximately the surface area of a subway, roughly 9x12m. This is integrated within the Omega tower itself as it is directly connected to the heatsink exposed fins and frameworks in order to maximise heat to usable electricity conversion.

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TEG MAIN GENERATOR EMBEDDED IN OMEGA TYPOLOGY

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LOGISTICS TIMELINE SYSTEM ACTIVATION TIMES

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GAMMA : SYSTEMS

LIVING QUARTERS, POD AND ORDER PRIORITIZATION

The modules will then be able to be stacked according to order of increasing coverage and prioritised populations: 1) elderly 2) children + guardians 3) the average population such as young adults. The following are the primary functions as per module type: Living: module. 1 function: for living. Two types at 70 sqm and 50 sqm modules for single to family occupants. VTOL: Airspace. 1 function: for transport. To specific towers (Omega/Alpha/Beta) where there may be accommodation for those not classified vulnerable. VTOL: Resource carrier. 3 functions: Standardised resource carriers. Deployed by Airspace. Holds Air-Water Harvester system, storage area for victuals and necessities, acts as a gathering area.

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES/SYSTEMS

The modules are lightweight units that can be stacked rapidly prior to the emergence of a heatwave. Each unit comes with its own filtration core system, in which the functionality is supported by thermoelectric generators to convert heat directly to electricity for usage, and airwater harvester, which condenses surrounding vapour and collects it into usable water. The main filtration system acts as the ventilator, humidifier and thermoregulator for the internals of the module. Motorised pin system: Floor and ceiling will actuate according to use of space (eg double volume ceiling to accommodate user preference or needs). TEG will collect heat and convert this to electricity, stored to cool the pod. When deployed, heat collected from moving through the environment stores into the TEG for added electricity to power the pin system. Thermoelectric generator blocks (TEG-Bs): Are slimline TEGs modeled in the dimensions of standard brick sizes but slimmer in thickness (approximately 230(L)x110(W)x40(thickness)mm). These have been designed specifically for modular building unit configurations, supporting the main TEG unit so as to reduce size of devices but increase efficiency. Project Eden will utilize these in an array to form a ‘curtain wall’ in areas with major environmental contrast between the exterior and interior spaces.

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GAMMA : SYSTEMS

MODULAR UNITS & AIRSPACE RECLAMATION

Stacking/clustering for connections of large user groups. Cluster sizes and systems capacity that responds directly to external environment setting. Internal environment customizable for each user preference via remote control and sensors. Increasing livability and maximising comfort via movable modular arrangements. Internal systems that help mitigate extreme heat and radiation. Providing pleasant internal spaces despite extreme conditions within parameter limits. Interference reduction via communal cell locations as VTOLs externally transport and configure each group’s settings.

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GAMMA : SYSTEMS

REFINEMENT ON CLUSTERING GROUPS

LIVING MODULE Modules that contain a self-sufficient system of converting heat to electrical energy via TEG units. Optimal conversion rates are best utilized when the module is attached to an urban typology during emergencies. Each module consists of living area, sleeping, victual quarters and washroom.

Former version of the Communal Module

Finalized internals

COMMUNAL MODULE Fixed support unit to the tower. Water harvesting systems are integrated into the urban typologies to share resources, rather than the other living modules themselves. Intersects through temporary ‘pipe’ connections.

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Each rectangular cluster for a single group of family (~36 occupants) allows for one core control channel with 6 living modules. Additional living modules can be added but this may reduce the efficiency of resources from the control channel, in reference to the stacking formula regarding prism packing (refer to Appendix: Excursus). The communal module in the central area of each cluster is fixed to the urban typology itself. It is mainly for larger user groups to accumulate in one area where there are extended families or groups designated.

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GAMMA : TYPOLOGIES LIVABILITY AND BASE

Occupants in Project Eden: In CBD area, based on population forecasts recorded by the City of Melbourne. In 2019, the number of people in CBD Of <19 years is: 28,716 Of >65 years is: 11,798 Total vulnerable population in CBD area(2019): 40, 514. As a sample size with regard to applying this project on one site, for Alpha 477 Olderfleet, the parameters for the living VTOL (modules) are: - Must be classed ‘vulnerable’ as stated above. - Taking ‘apartment dweller population in the CBD area’ (ABS Census of Population & Housing, 2016). - 20% of which <19 years of age. - 12% of which are classified elderly 65-85 years. From this, the calculations for the accountable size of showcase: <19 years: 20% of 28716= 5743 <65 years: 12% of 11798= 1416 Total (vulnerable sample)= 7159 residents to account for one tower site, as initially calculated. However, due to maximisation of site area, the potential resident number for one site can be doubled. Sources: ABS (2019), City of Melbourne (2019).

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GAMMA : TYPOLOGIES FACADE SKIN

Facade skin: Nitrogen Vacuum underlay Overlayed on the Nitrogen Vacuum layers would consist of the lighter weighted hygroscopic skin, capable of response to thermal fluctuation and humidity as well as being an expandable coverage. This would be directly incorporated with the vacuum’s film material. Adjoining modules would allow for the skin to deflate on any connecting sides. Each module allows for a frame connection, with corner joints that slot in and out of each other, wherever required for external configuration. Parameters: - Operable/mechanical type so it can be supported by TEG systems - Environmental conditions sensor - Whole surface exposure to maximise surface area on heat contact - Visual aesthetic that distinguishes itself as ‘emergence’ architecture when combined with the tower typologies.

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HYGROSCOPIC NITROGEN VACUUM FILM

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HYGROSCOPIC RESPONSIVE METAL

Facade skin: Hygroscopic skin overlay. A high-tech, lightweight skin that responds primarily to thermal fluctuations and atmospheric humidity (Aelenei, 2019). Capable of responding within ‘seconds to minutes range’. Produced via 3D printing materials that are actuated and then provided an electrical source through connection with the vacuum skin and Thermoelectric generation. An alternate option of substitution could be: A ‘bi-layered hygromorph composite’ material will enable harvesting of energy from byproducts of conversion within itself, allowing for continuous cycle of energy management.

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EDEN VTOL : CONTROL

‘RECLAMATION’ & CONTROL OF SPACE ALPHA/BETA/OMEGA+GAMMA MEDIATOR

Utilizing the airspace for transport and operation in the times of the of heat excess. In 2077 the congestion of traffic in ground will be exhausted and a new ground plane located vertically will be in demand. Due to current aircraft specifications in 2019, it is still recommended to have supporting wing functions for gliding directions and motion stability. This will enable carrying the living unit to another location with less risk to the users. As suggested in Wang’s excerpt (2017), for the current trajectory of progression in aircraft and drone technology, propellers alone are insufficient for moderate flight distances due to the proportion of weight to be lifted.

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Deployment Units that use an integrated tailsitter technology system. Modeled in Rhino3D using primarily Edit Points, CurveLoft commands and Curved-network command, alongside geometry. Glider wing parts were included for stability midflight and horizontal maneuvering, whilst the tailsitter propellers are responsible for liftoff and vertical control.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Lift formula = CL * (0.5ρ*v^2s) CL = lift coefficient (angle of wing, shape of wing) ρ = density v = speed s = wing area Therefore if you have less wing area, you need higher speed mechanics, or high density (air) or high coefficient of lift. Specifications of mi-26 helicopter(1983), in which parameters similarly applied to Airspace are: - High speed, moderate lifting, some transport for people. - Speed: 295km/h or 159kt - Max carrying capacity is 56 tons. - Range: 1920km - Turboshaft to power rotors - Rotor area: 804.25sqm Symmetry gives a higher liftoff coefficient and thus wing shape for the gliding component was designed to adopt this.

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EDEN VTOL : PROFILE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

Mechanical arms attach and detach to the frames of the living modules for transport. The VTOLs have multi-directional, slimline flight systems that are capable of hover and independent adaptation to environmental conditions such as changing wind velocity. Air exchange system: From Nitrogen to oxygen. Located on the skin of the building as it requires heat and solar exposure to be powered. Material usage for increased comfort: Lightweight impregnated concrete for exterior with steel, currently more cost effective and durable than plastics. Performs better than timber for creating external draft and cooling. Interior will have timber layers due to spatial experience of creating a separate environment from the external extremities. Material resonance promotes relaxation and activity within the living space. Passive cooling: Air spaces formed by having tripled/quadrupled glazing. Prevents heat from directly hitting the building. Use of pin system to adjust internal volumes for walls and roof to increase/decrease the amount of airspace and indirect contact with external heat from the heatwave.

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VERTICAL TAKEOFF

AXIS STABILIZATION

HORIZONTAL TRANSPORT

VERTICAL LANDING

DORMANT PARKING

Transport diagram; regarding dormant mode, to takeoff, to transport, and then proceeding to ‘park’ itself after use. Horizontal landing and vertical takeoff both apply the same rotational axis for the tailsitter propellers, further stabilised in position and motion balance by glide mechanisms for balance.

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:17

00:

I EL

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TUL

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NO .S

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NW .S

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LAT

N KI

Ω β

DOC

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LAT

4 00:0 , 25 781. 7 1 , 0 .0 .6 7125 .62, 791 0 9 8

BOU

8 00:1 WSH

LON

HAR

COL

8 00:1 FS.B

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4.50 , 161 0 0 . 6458 , 717.56 25 807.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

5 00:0 H STV

I EX

BP 8 H A SW

6 00:1 EA.S 0 01:1 Y S D 1 00:4 WAT

00:0 75 554. 3 , 0 5.0 .00 1417 7, 1575 8 . 1771

25 781. 1 , 0 .0 7125 , 791.67 2 6 890.

04 03 02 01

25 142. 1 , 0 .0 4569 , 507.66 3 1 . 571

AIRWAY EMERGENCIES

LEVEL

RESOURCES

LEVEL

RESIDENTIAL

LEVEL

GENERAL ACCESS

EXTREME +75°C ▼±200M Ω 94.68%

13 00: .S SO LC I

10 00: M.S S 133

00:1

2 TAH

W KG

LEVEL

SEVERE 56 - 65°C ▼±160M Ω 83.06%

00:12 SE.S

YAE

YAW

CI T

CAUTION 46 - 55°C ▼±120M Ω 69.24%

STABLE 30 - 45°C ▼±80M Ω 46.39%

Extreme temperatures above 70°C, Dependencies on all airspace levels replace ground services. Level 04 alleviates airspace congestion and provides additional airway for CBD function and transportation modes.

Severe temperatures of +60°C, increase in human mortality, incur malfunction of transport and cooling services. Level 03 relieves congestion and enables further resources into the city

Temperatures above 55°C increase high risk mortality, ground transportation begins to malfunction requiring additional functioning airspace. Level 02 controls priority of Gamma Capsules movments and surrounding VTOL.

Fluctuation in human health. Level 01 enables access to continue functioning city towers, health services and transport. Alpha & Beta Systems initiate cooling and transport operations, Gamma Capsules begin relocation to Eden Towers.

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REFERENCES _REFERENCE: ENERGY SOURCES Cheng, H., et.al. (2000). The half-lives of uranium-234 and thorium-230. Chemical Geology, 169(1-2), 17-33. doi:10.1016/S00092541(99)00157-6 Chisti, Y., Yan, J. (2011). Energy from algae: Current status and future trends Algal biofuels – A status report. Applied Energy, 88, 1-3. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu. documents/34716439/AppEneCh11.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEnergy_from_ algae_Current_status_and_fut.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYY GZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190803%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190803T063959Z&X-AmzExpires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=fbf64dfde4f1e40773583b1a622448aa5884061d35b4 49caa8f0b351880fe994 Demirbas, A. (2010). Use of algae as biofuel sources. 51(12), 2738-2749. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2010.06.010 Demirbas, F. (2011). Biofuels from algae for sustainable development. Applied Energy, 88(10), 3473-3480. doi:10.1016/j. apenergy.2011.01.059 Dixit, M., Culp, C., et.al. (2010). Identification of parameters for embodied energy measurement: A literature review. Energy & Buildings, 42(8), 1238-1247. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.02.016 Lenzen, M. (2008). Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy: A review. Energy Conversion & Management, 49(8), 2178-2199. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.033 Lund, J., Boyd, T. (2016). Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review. Geothermics, 60(1), 66-93. doi:10.1016/j. geothermics.2015.11.004 Marszal, A., Heiselberg, P., Bourrelle, J., et.al. (2011). Zero Energy Building – A review of definitions and calculation methodologies. 43(4), 971-979. doi:/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.022 Ono, M., et.al. (2019). Experimental demonstration of energy harvesting from the sky using the negative illumination effect of a semiconductor photodiode. 114(16). doi:10.1063/1.5089783 Ozkan, A., Kinney, K., et.al. (2012). Reduction of water and energy requirement of algae cultivation using an algae biofilm photobioreactor. 114(1), 542-548. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.055Get rights and content Saini, S., Yaddanapudi, H. S., Tian, K., Yin, Y., Magginetti, D., & Tiwari, A. (2017). Terbium Ion Doping in Ca3Co4O9: A Step towards High-Performance Thermoelectric Materials. Scientific Reports, 7, 44621. doi:10.1038/srep44621 https://www.nature.com/articles/srep44621#supplementary-information Schaffer, M. (2013). Abundant thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel: Important waste disposal and weapon proliferation advantages. Energy Policy, 60(1), 4-12. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.062 Slade, R., Bauen, A. (2013). Micro-algae cultivation for biofuels: Cost, energy balance, environmental impacts and future prospects. Biomass & BioEnergy, 53(1), 29-38. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.019 Tsezos, M., Volesky, B. (1981). Biosorption of uranium and thorium. Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 23(3), 583-604. doi:10.1002/ bit.260230309 Velasquez-Orta, S., Curtis, T., et.al. (2009). Energy from algae using microbial fuel cells. 305-331. doi:10.1002/bit.22346

_REFERENCE: PRECEDENTS Barrie, A. (2019). Christchurch Transitional (Cardboard) Cathedral. Architecture Now. Retrieved from https://architecturenow.co.nz/ articles/christchurch-transitional-cardboard-cathedral/#img=8 Frearson, A. (2012). Gardens by the Bay by Grant Associates and Wilkinson Eyre Architects. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen. com/2012/06/19/gardens-by-the-bay-by-grant-associates-and-wilkinson-eyre-architects/ Orff, K. (Writer). (2012). Oyster-tecture, Gowanus Canal, NY, Scape. In. Planning, S. E. (2017). Economic Performance of Australia’s Cities and Regions. Canberra, Melbourne Retrieved from https:// www.sgsep.com.au/application/files/8415/1236/7941/Economic_Performance_of_Australias_Cities_and_ Regions_2016-17_Compressed.pdf Porada, B. (2013). Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral Underway in New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/345255/ shigeru-bans-cardboard-cathedral-underway-in-new-zealand Studio, S. (2007, 2007). Oyster-tecture. Retrieved from https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/

_REFERENCE: STATISTICS & REPORTS Andrew M. Coutts, J. B., Nigel J. Tapper. (2007). Impact of Increasing Urban Density on Local Climate: Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Surface Energy Balance in Melbourne, Australia. 1, 1(2), 17. doi: 10.1175/JAM2462.1 Angency, A. R. E. (2019). ARENA Projects. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/projects/?project-value-start=0&project-valueend=200000000 Ball, A. e. a. (2018). Australian Energy Update 2018. Canberra ACT 2601: Australian Government Retrieved from https://www.energy. gov.au/sites/default/files/australian_energy_update_2018.pdf Commission, V. (2019). The Fires and the Fire-related Deaths. Victoria Retrieved from https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/papers/ govpub/VPARL2006-10No332Vol1AppendicesA-D.pdf Economics, T. (2019, 2019). Australia GDP. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-from-mining Glasser, R. (2009). Bushfire - Black Saturday. Retrieved from https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources Government, A. (2017). 2017 Influenza Season in Australia. Retrieved from https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing. nsf/Content/097F15A91C05FBE7CA2581E20017F09E/$File/2017-season-summary-22112017.pdf Government, A. (2018). Australian Energy Update 2018 Documents & Data. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov.au/publications/ australian-energy-update-2018 Government, A. (2019). Australian Energy Statistic, Table O. Australian electricity generation, by fuel type, physical units. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019_aes_table_o_march_2019.pdf Government, A. (2019). Australian Influenza Surveillance Report and Activity. Retrieved from https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/ main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-surveil-ozflu-flucurr.htm Green, F. (2017). Victorian Cycling Strategy 2018-28: Increasing cycling for transport. Melbourne: DEDJTR Design Studio Retrieved from http://www.economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/ Kenway, S. J. e. a. (2008). Water-energy futures for Melbourne: the effect of water strategies, water use and urban form 1, 1(1). doi:10.1.1.467.9677 Mcleod, R., Pascoe, S. (2010). 2009 Victorian Bushfires Final Report. Victoria Retrieved from http://royalcommission.vic.gov.au/ Commission-Reports/Final-Report/Summary/Interactive-Version.html Michael S. Smith, G. K. (2011). Bicycle commuting in Melbourne during the 2000s energy crisis: A semiparametric analysis of intraday

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Additional notes: *Please note many of the references were done as a whole reading, with past research relation to the Excursus Journal, which stands for a ‘scrapped Appendix’ journal. Much of the research from EX was condensed for this particular scope. *In Excursus, you will find other historical timelines, more technological studies and precedent analyses, conditions of study that have led team Superseden to address the emergence of extreme heat, former concepts and more. *In which due to condensation of research to directly address the matter, may not be diagrammed in this Main Journal, however, contain a linked reference to it as a secondary source of information input.

*Other books in this series: I.

Project Eden - Main Research Journal

II.

Project Eden - Excursus T:00:00:00

III.

Project Eden - Sketch Journal & other Compilations