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Contents
Thesis Statement
03
01 02 03 03 04 05
04 22 32 40 58 72
Research Art Installation Pavillion Concept Design Design Process Final Design
Bibliography
100
Panoramic City Public Surveillance in Modern Society
The thesis topic derives from Foucault’s idea of Panopticism, where the entire modern society has become a big prison. Power has changed from external watching to panoptic surveillance. Modern surveillance technology has shaped modern individuals, sculpting them to be the product of surveillance. People have to remove their noncompliant parts and try to reproduce a subject that conforms to modern social norms. In the Panoramic City, surveillance cameras have created a technologically reconfigured reality which redefines the truth. The thesis aims to imagine a space all about surveillance. By incorporating surveillance as the form of spatial politics, the architecture tries to arouse people’s perception of 'seeing' logic in essance.
Thesis Statement
Everywhere, without names, and silently, surveillance cameras and equipment have become the eyes of the eternal surveillance capital. Fear transcends social and personal concerns about privacy. For many people, this is just the price of security, a new world convention of an Orwellian meta-government world that cedes body politics to the big brother.
Research 4
Concept Collage
01 Research
Lieterature & Art Foundation From dystopia to voyeurism, the concept of surveillance has been constantly reiterated and discussed in movies and literary works. Whether it is a power class or an individual, the desire for control and voyeurism is infinitely amplified by surveillance equipment.
Research 6
It is a film of employees of Lumiere Brothers, in a form of workplace surveillance. Surveillance has been a major theme and practice method of the film at the beginning of the film making.
This is the first Soviet science fiction film. In 1921, when NEP (New Economic Policy) was implemented, surveillance technology was used by the upper class to supervise the working class.
The owner of this city is paying close attention to the workers in this city. The son of Metropolitan Ruler was inspired by a holy girl and went underground to witness the tragic situation of the laborers working here.
The story is about a worker being insane by the accelerated assembly line and continuous video surveillance in a factory at the background of the American recession in the 1920s.
The short film tells the life of a woman, whose world is the same as "Truman". Everything in her life exists in the shooting. A director secretely record her life and show the movie in an open form in the cinema.
Sortied’usine
Aelita
Metropolis
Modern Times
The Secrete Cinema
(Louis Lumière)
(Yakov Protazanov)
(Fritz Lang)
(Charlie Chaplin)
(Paul Bartel)
1895
1924
1927
1936
1968
1890
1900
1924
1931
We
M
(Yevgeny Zamyatin)
(Thea von Harbou)
1910
1920
1940
1950
1945
1949
1960
Animal Farm
1984
The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse
(George Orwell)
(George Orwell)
(Fritz Lang)
1. "List of films featuring surveillance," Wikipedia, accessed March 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_surveillance 2. Catherine Zimmer, "Introduction: Theory and Practice."(New York: NYUThis Press, 2015), 1-30. Cinema, In Cinema the cityin chasing a child murderer, political allegorical In Surveillance a centralized country, where Surveillance
people are represented with codes composed of numbers and letters,
1930
novel the police and criminals are monitoring describes the process of the brewing, and spying on each other. The public rise, and final transformation of an
Some of the main plots include the German police are investigating extreme worship of "Big Brother", the an unsolved murder case in a suppression of freedom of thought, and hotel, which is equipped with a
It is a film of employees of Lumiere Brothers, in a form of workplace surveillance. Surveillance has been a major theme and practice method of the film at the beginning of the film making.
This is the first Soviet science fiction film. In 1921, when NEP (New Economic Policy) was implemented, surveillance technology was used by the upper class to supervise the working class.
The owner of this city is paying close attention to the workers in this city. The son of Metropolitan Ruler was inspired by a holy girl and went underground to witness the tragic situation of the laborers working here.
The story is about a worker being insane by the accelerated assembly line and continuous video surveillance in a factory at the background of the American recession in the 1920s.
The short film tells the life of a woman, whose world is the same as "Truman". Everything in her life exists in the shooting. A director secretely record her life and show the movie in an open form in the cinema.
Sortied’usine
Aelita
Metropolis
Modern Times
The Secrete Cinema
(Louis Lumière)
(Yakov Protazanov)
(Fritz Lang)
(Charlie Chaplin)
(Paul Bartel)
1895
1924
1927
1936
1968
1890
1900
1910
1924
1931
We
M
(Yevgeny Zamyatin)
(Thea von Harbou)
In a centralized country, where people are represented with codes composed of numbers and letters, wear the same uniforms, do the same jobs, and live in houses made entirely of transparent materials, free will becomes the source of misfortune.
In the city chasing a child murderer, the police and criminals are monitoring and spying on each other. The public was suspicious of each other in the panic. The police mobilized all manpower under strong pressure from the high-level government to keep track of the murderer.
1920
1930
1940
1950
1945
1949
1960
Animal Farm
1984
The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse
(George Orwell)
(George Orwell)
(Fritz Lang)
This political allegorical novel describes the process of the brewing, rise, and final transformation of an "animalist" revolution. Although the animal world pursues "All animals are equal", pigs are the only group that has privileges and can surveillance others.
Some of the main plots include the extreme worship of "Big Brother", the suppression of freedom of thought, and the destruction of personal feelings. The thought police are pervasively surveil the public. These are Orwell's worries about totalitarianism.
German police are investigating an unsolved murder case in a hotel, which is equipped with a complex TV system to spy on people in every room. The hotel has been outfitted by the Nazis during World War II.
Research
In an over-industrialized society, the earth has been highly controlled by the government. Using corpses as feed, the social chain of cannibalism circulates endlessly.
The film focuses on the recording and interpretation of sound, as well as the way images and narration are organized around recording technology. It clearly reviews the active eavesdropping practices in political and cultural imagination in the 1960s and 1970s.
The film turns the viewer into a voyeur and shows him his life in a small town through the eyes of a surveillance camera. All from an anonymous but permeable perspective in that can see everything without itself being visible.
The security cameras located separately in storage rooms, police cars, parking lots, shopping malls and other locations tells the story interconnectedly. The interpretation of several actors shows people's differences in words and deeds.
The film with all scenes in surveillance cameras expresses and reveals the hidden crises in daily life and events beyond our control. It reflects the fragility and anxiety of people's private emotions in contemporary life situations.
Soylent Green
8 The Conversation
Der Riese
Look
Dragonfly Eyes
(Richard Fleischer)
( Francis Ford Coppola)
(Michael Klier)
(Adam Rifkin)
(Bing Xu)
1973
1974
2007
2007
2017
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
1973
1975
1977
2013
2015
Private Lives and Public Surveillance
Discipline and Punish
On Photography
(Michel Foucault)
(Susan Sontag)
Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation
An Eye on You: Citizens under Surveillance
(David Lyon, Zygmunt Bauman)
(Les Bons Clie)
The social structure that was originally solid has become unstable due to the liquid state. Since everyone holds mobile devices such
The documentary investigates the stakes and scandals of global surveillance. This surveillance phenomena everywhere points
(James Rule) The book reveals the operation thishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_surveillance book, Foucault creatively Sontag believes that the 1. "List of films featuring surveillance," Wikipedia, accessed March In 2021, 2. Catherine Zimmer, "Introduction: Cinemathe in Theory Practice."(New York: NYU Press, 2015),of1-30. Surveillance Cinema, of five information systems that Surveillance proposed powerand operating proliferation photographic collect and distribute personal data in the U.S. and U.K.
mechanism of panopticism. Under this images has begun to establish a mechanism, power's discipline on the "long-term voyeuristic
controlled by the government. Using corpses as feed, the social chain of cannibalism circulates endlessly.
way images and narration are organized around recording technology. It clearly reviews the active eavesdropping practices in political and cultural imagination in the 1960s and 1970s.
small town through the eyes of a surveillance camera. All from an anonymous but permeable perspective in that can see everything without itself being visible.
cars, parking lots, shopping malls and other locations tells the story interconnectedly. The interpretation of several actors shows people's differences in words and deeds.
reveals the hidden crises in daily life and events beyond our control. It reflects the fragility and anxiety of people's private emotions in contemporary life situations.
Soylent Green
The Conversation
Der Riese
Look
Dragonfly Eyes
(Richard Fleischer)
( Francis Ford Coppola)
(Michael Klier)
(Adam Rifkin)
(Bing Xu)
1973
1974
2007
2007
2017
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
1973
1975
1977
2013
2015
Private Lives and Public Surveillance
Discipline and Punish
On Photography
(Michel Foucault)
(Susan Sontag)
Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation
An Eye on You: Citizens under Surveillance
(David Lyon, Zygmunt Bauman)
(Les Bons Clie)
The social structure that was originally solid has become unstable due to the liquid state. Since everyone holds mobile devices such as iPhones or iPads, we have been performing self-monitoring tasks even if no one is supervising us.
The documentary investigates the stakes and scandals of global surveillance. This surveillance phenomena everywhere points directly to our threatened individual freedoms.
(James Rule) The book reveals the operation of five information systems that collect and distribute personal data in the U.S. and U.K.
In this book, Foucault creatively proposed the power operating mechanism of panopticism. Under this mechanism, power's discipline on the body forms a set of micro-knowledge operation mode, which makes it possible to monitor society.
Sontag believes that the proliferation of photographic images has begun to establish a "long-term voyeuristic relationship" within people with the world around them.
Historical Timeline Authority
Research
Since video surveillance gradually replaced the 'gatekeeper' role from 1960s, surveillance has gone far beyond a oneway relationship but a battle for control. While the conflict between the interweaving roles including authority, whistleblower and public becomes more intense with the development of surveillance technology.
1896 (Global) The first public demonstration of a motion picture planted the seed for video surveillance.
Whistleblower Public
1917 (Australia)
The Commonwealth Polic Force was created.
1853 (Australia)
1901 (Australia)
The primary law enforcement agency of Victoria was created.
The Australian Government assumed responsibility for national security and intelligence at Federation in 1901.
1903 (Australia) Australia adopted fingerprint analysis.
10 1830
1840
Daguerrotype Photography
1850 Telegraph
1860
1870
1880
Cylinder Phonograph (First Audio Recording Device)
Fingerprints for criminal Identification
1890
1900
1910
Motion Picture Projector
Bertillionage (Identification by body-part measurement)
1. "History of Australian intelligence and security," NAA60, accessed June 2021, https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/intelligence-and-security/history-australian-intelligence-and-security 2. "Video Surveillance Timeline," Visually, accessed June 2021, https://visual.ly/community/Infographics/technology/video-surveillance-timeline 3. "Mass surveillance in Australia," Wikipedia, accessed June 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Australia#:~:text=Mass%20surveillance%20in%20Australia%20takes,report%20on%20themselves%20or%20other
1920
1946 (Australia) The new Commonwealth Investigation Service (CIS) took over security intelligence functions. 1958 (Global)
1
The term "Hawthorne effect" was coined in 1958 by Henry A. Landsberger including the concept of Secondary observer effect.
A c A
ce
1
1949 (Global)
1966 (Global)
George Orwell’s ‘1984’ is published and the concept of video monintoring is popularized.
NASA uses analog signals to map the surface of the moon, sending digital images to earth.
1952 (Global) NSA founded in US.
1942 (Australia)
C T u
1977 (Global)
1986 (Australia)
Foucault’s theory of panopticism demonstrates the sociological mechanics of self-policing by revealing that the power of being observed produces the reaction of obedience.
Whole population fingerprint database (NAFIS) is established
Australia began its signals intelligence activities.
1930 Polygraph Miniature Portable Cameras Closed Circuit Television
1940 Digital Computer
1950
1960
Satellites
Supercomputer
Video Tape Recorder
Credit Card
1970 Home Video Cassette Recording Miro-processors Direct Marketing Charge-coupled Device technology
4. "Infographic: History of Video Surveillance," IFSEC Global, accessed June 2021, https://www.ifsecglobal.com/video-surveillance/infographic-history-of-video-surveillance/ 5. "Surveillance", Wikipedia, accessed June 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance#Totalitarianism
1980
1990
Personal Computer
Search
Digital Media(Audio CDs, Digitalcameras)
GPS
Digital
Biome
QR Co
2001 (Global) The second attack on the World Trade Center attack changes the view on video surveillance from Big Brother, to individual Safety. 1991 (Australia) An australia association called Whistleblowers Anonymous is established.
2001 (Global)
2005 (Global)
N.S.A. Begins Data Mining
Surveillance and Society’s second issue of the year featured two articles that included surveillance as an art form.
1991 (Australia)
2004
Closed Circuit Television is first used in Australia.
The function of online socializing with the development of Web 2.0 creates a paticipatory culture that users can in part surveil others to an extent within a web-based paradigm
Research
2006 (Global) 1986 (Australia)
of onstrates mechanics y power of roduces bedience.
Whole population fingerprint database (NAFIS) is established
Some architectural surveillance art pieces involve large screen installations or projections on highly visible buildings in populated areas.
1993 (Global) The first attack on the World Trade Centers results in increased and constant monitoring of high profile locations.
2002 (Global) Australia had 33 “open street” CCTV schemes.
12
1990
2000
2017 (Global) Estimates put more than 97% of all tele-communicated information being carried over the internet.
20
nal Computer
Search Engines
TIVO Tracking
l Media(Audio CDs, lcameras)
GPS
License Place Recognition
Digital Video/ Photography
Facial Recognition
Automobile ‘Black Box Recorders’
Biometrics
Body Scanning
E-commerce
QR Code
Data Mining
Nanny Cams
Unarmed Aerial Surveillance Aircraft
6. "Participatory surveillance," Wikipedia, accessed June 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_surveillance#:~:text=Participatory%20surveillance%20is%20community%2Dbased,each%20other%20using%20the%20internet.
2013 (Global)
2018 (Australia)
The first of Snowden's documents were published simultaneously by The Washington Post and The Guardian, attracting considerable public attention. The disclosure continued throughout 2013, and a small portion of the estimated full cache of documents was later published by other media outlets worldwide
Telecommunications and Other Legislation Amendment (Assistance and Access) Act is released.
2013 (Australia)
2020 (Australia)
More than 500 authors signed a global petition to protest mass surveillance after the whistleblower Edward Snowden's global surveillance disclosures informed the world that they are being monitored by the National Security Agency's XKeyscore system and its boundless informant.
The Government's Inspector General of Intelligence and Security published a report revealing that Australia's intelligence agencies were caught "incidentally" collecting data from the country's COVID Safe contact-tracing app during the first six months of its launch. 2018 (Australia)
2014 (Australia) 2014 Proposals seek to give ASIO the power to spy on whole computer networks under a single computer-access warrant.
010
The home of the journalist Annika Smethurst was raided by the Australian Federal Police due to her investigation of a leaked plan to allow the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) spying on Australians.
2020 Iris recognition Phishing attacks AI Global Surveillance (AIGS) DeepFake Synthetic Media Big Data
7. "Timeline of global surveillance disclosures," Wikipedia, accessed June 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)
Before the 1960s Private security guards act as "gatekeepers".
1960s - 1970s Video surveillance gradually replaced the "gatekeeper" role.
1980s - 1990s Solid-state video cameras have been greatly developed.
1990s Internet technology promoted the development of video surveillance.
Surveilance System _Flowchart
Starting from the macro frame to discuss the role played by each person in the city of surveillance, the idea is to restore an operating mechanism of surveillance.
Research 14
Picking the surveillance medium as the clue, the main figures associated include the authority, the whistleblower and the public. A complex and tight social relationship is on this basis. Authority’s eye is everywhere through the omnipresence of surveillance material. They have the power of discourse to interpret and regulate the behavior of the public. This process is somehow allowed by the public which is both the cost and the protection, who sacrifice their safety for privacy and freedom. People have become silent bodies in the images, while the subject of power reweaves the images for narratives coherence and control. Just as Alain Badiou said "There are only bodies and languages, except that there are truths".
1. Det Kgl. Bibliotek, "Slavoj Žižek + Paul Holdengräber 'Surveillance and whistleblowers' - International Authors' Stage," posted May 2014, interview, 1:20:59, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIPjmmmh_os 2. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, (Paris: Edrtions Gallimard, 1975).
Whistleblower is the intervener of the top-down surveillance spontaneously. As the produce of surveillance is also the procedure of control. Whistleblower are seen as a supervisory role in examining the power mechanism and defending justice, while their morality is also causing controversy. The public have the tendency of selfregulating themselves by just a sense of being watched. This psychological mechanism is largely used in today’s society to explain why are there so many CCTV installed. The participatory culture in the network environment aliened into participatory surveillance. This dark side of human nature with the desire to voyeur and expose add fuels to the control system. In a broader sense, power has gradually dispersed into every corner of the street, the core of surveillance has never changed.
Surveilance System _Authority
Research 16
Michel Foucault’s theory about surveillance applies the form of Panopticon as the diagram of the ideal mechanism of power system, where all prisoners in the cells can be observed by a single guard in the central position. He mentions power here has transferred from external surveillance to internal one when the prisoners are motivated by the feeling of being watched, although they are not sure whether their behaviors can be seen in a distance. Through the media technology as the surveillance tool in the modern society, power has transferred from Foucault’s model to the cloud-like invisible environment surrounding us. Tung-Hui hu denies people’s impression about a scattered political power exerted by the cloud, but points out that the cloud has a concrete origin from railroad tracks, sewage pipes, television, circuits and fiber-optic routes, which actually grafts media technology onto an older structure of sovereign power. It is a ‘network of networks’.
1. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, (Paris: Edrtions Gallimard, 1975). 2. Tung-Hui Hu, “A Prehistory of the Cloud,” Journal of Information Ethics 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 145–46.
(Left) Fig 1.1 The Panopticon designed by Jeremy Bentham. Jenni Fagan, The Panopticon. Artwork. The NewYork Times. https://www.adsimpson.com/work/the-panopticon (Right) Fig1.2 Overlay of fiber-optic routes and railroad routes. KMI Corp., “North American Fiberoptic Long-Haul Routes,” 1999; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, 2010. https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/676445/9d3db03e6af8d1014e4ff6f195227502.pdf
Surveilance System _Whistleblower
Compared with power, the distance between the "whistleblower" and the truth is closer. The role of whistleblower as a system intervener not only refers to their role as a positive early warning system to point out the truth and crisis, but also refers to their negative role as a leaker or rumor maker. In a closed, centralized society, the whistleblower is a retaliated and excluded role, a negative feedback mechanism that has been forcibly abandoned. In the increasingly permeable social system, the whistleblower can be anyone. It seems to get close to the Foucault’s ideal governance which shifted the view of power from the macro power to the micro power with everyone’s participation. However, as mentioned above, media technology is fundamentally a power control, which also brings chaos, as rumors and truth are fermented in the same place
(Left) Fig 1.3 The birth of Qui Tam in Medieval England. “Whistleblowing History Overview”, Troxel Krauss & Chapman https://www.whistleblowersinternational.com/what-is-whistleblowing/history/ (Right) Fig 1.4 Members of the League of Social Democrats supports whistleblower Edward Snowden. “Snowden: the hacking targets”, South China Moerning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1260306/edward-snowden-classified-us-data-shows-hong-kong-hacking-targets
1. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, (Paris: Edrtions Gallimard, 1975). 2. Det Kgl. Bibliotek, "Slavoj Žižek + Paul Holdengräber 'Surveillance and whistleblowers' - International Authors' Stage," posted May 2014, interview, 1:20:59, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIPjmmmh_os
Surveilance System _Public
When Henry Jenkins discusses the gift economy and participatory culture in the public, the researchers define this behavior of exposing oneself to others as participatory surveillance.
Research
Participatory surveillance meets the desire for voyeurism of the observer and exhibitionism of the public, at the same time commoditize the target by bearing public opinions. While the observer treats themselves in moral high ground to surveil others and provides more personal information. In fact, all these digital traces become the potential materials collected by surveillance system. In this sense, everyone becomes accomplices of surveillance.
18
(Left) Fig 1.5 Public display of mug shots at the Central Station in downtown Minneapolis.(1899) “What’s in a Face ID?”, Slate https://slate.com/technology/2018/03/with-apples-face-id-its-time-to-look-at-facial-recognition-techs-problematic-past.html (Right) Fig 1.6 Surveilance art about self-exposure and participatory surveillance. Paolo Cirio and Alessandro Ludovico, Face-to-facebook: Disrupting Monopolism, 2011. Mixed Media Installation. https://www.furtherfield.org/face-to-facebook-disrupting-monopolism/
1. Anders Albrechtslund, "Online social networking as participatory surveillance." First Monday 13. no.3 (March 2008). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v13i3.2142. 2. Henry Jenkins, Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture (New York: Routledge), 1992, 12.
Surveilance System _Medium & City
Because of surveillance medium, the building is no longer a cover to protect privacy. It 'disappeared' and became a community composed of images, audiovisual, moving objects and technology. The building creates a new type pf communication space for those in the move. At the same time, ‘architecture' is no longer just a kind of architecture, it can also be an event, and action, it has no fixed form of existence, it appears in time and space and then disappears. Even the city is one of the earliest network architectures. It is an information carrier, a mobile network which concentrates the fragmented information carries by media in a city.
Fig 1.7 Pompidou Center "Le Centre Pompidou va fermer ses portes pour trois ans dès 2023", Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.fr/actualites/articles/le-centre-pompidou-fermera-trois-ans-pourdes-travaux-de-renovation-en-2023/81946
Victorian Law Reform Commission, Surveillance in Public Places: Final Report (Melbourne: Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2010), 29-32. https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/projects/surveillance-public-places/surveillance-public-places-final-report
The mapping restores a society that continues to be infiltrated by surveillance through the method of investigating the number, location, and application scenarios of monitoring in the city.
Mapping_Survelliance in Public Places 1. "Surveillance Cities," Surfshark, published November 2020, https://surfshark.com/surveillance-cities 2. Victorian Law Reform Commission, Surveillance in Public Places: Final Report (Melbourne: Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2010), 29-32. https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/projects/surveillance-public-places/ surveillance-public-places-final-report
Mapping_Road Surveillance 1. "Safe City Cameras," City of Melbourne, accessed March 2021, https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/safety-emergency/Pages/safe-city-cameras.aspx 2. "Camera Locations," Cameras Save Lives, accessed March 2021, https://www.camerassavelives.vic.gov.au/camera-locations
Art Installation 22
The concept of hidden linkage using pipes.
02 Art Installation
Precedent Studies
Art Installation 24
Fig 2.1 Qing Zhang, Underground, 2016, multi-channel video, Mixed Media, 320(H)*220(W)*330cm, ShanghART H-Space, Shanghai, https://www.shanghartgallery.com/galleryarchive/simpleWork. htm?workId=24040
Fig 2.2 Hasan Elahi, Prism v2, 2016, 13 panel pigment print, 243.8 × 731.5 cm, C. Grimaldis Gallery, Baltimore, https://www.artsy.net/artwork/hasan-elahi-prism-v2.
Sewer pipe as the symbol of public medium.
The contrast between the aerial image of NSA with smallscale mosaic images of surveillance towards the public.
Concept _Network
Iterations
Art Installation 26
Similar to running pipes which are buried everywhere underground, surveillance system is also hidden but pervasive in our daily life. The system as a medium links all social hierarchies at its portals, creating a scenario of public surveillance. The form testing starts with the physical model making and optimized into the software to find back the dynamic motion of the gesture and to convey the concealment and complexity of the system.
Statement
Art Installation 28
In the general sense, surveillance medium is supposed to be an omnipresence that can see everything without itself being visible. By substantializing the system as a metaphor of pipes, the idea is to invert the visual relationship between the hidden observer and the observed. When the whole system as a towering object for watching, the attempt is to stimulate the thinking of power relations in surveillance for the passer-by in Botanic Garden. The whole system is as a suspended pipe creature symbiosis itself with power, a tree as those in power, with eyeballs hunting for secrecies of the public on the ground to digest and transport to the portal of the power.
Plan
Art Installation
30
Section
Pavillion 32
The pavilion together with the art installation located next to the Sidney Myer Music Bowl in the Botanic Garden, forming a dialogue with the site with the shape of movement
03 Pavillion
Statement
Pavillion 34
The pavilion corresponding with the art installation together creates a form of invasion and penetration, ‘being watched’ and ‘watch’ respectively. Pipes are both the metaphor of the mess and the rule, like surveillance is both the aim for safety and tyranny. They are opposite to each other but also tautology, which gives the system a complex appearance. The pavilion emphasizes the transparency of ‘watching’, a shared experience for all visitors, no where to hide. The hanging pipes cloud like the sword of Damocles presents a tendency of attack, but freezing in a peaceful mist. It represents a hidden danger we are now experiencing, from a distant gaze. The pieces stimulate the shape of invasion, creates a chamber of an inside void to hold the eye of nowhere.
Form Finding Process
Pavillion 36
Construction Detail
Plan
Pavillion
38
Section
Concept Design 40
Surveillance forms in the city.
04 Concept Design
Site & New Media Art Center
Concept Design 42
The site for the art gallery is located in the original spot of ACCA, which is included in the art district with plenty numbers of galleries and museum surrounded. A tower indicated the tunnels underneath the part of the site cannot be teared down, which also brings some historical and mechanical values to the site. As the mechanism of surveillance is also the politics of seeing, the form tries to incorporate new media with screens to realize the concept of surveillance. The design of the new media center will focus on combining the architectural form of surveillance with media function, as well as bringing dynamic exhibitions of art in this district.
Concept Design
44
Forms of Surveillance
Concept Design 46
The surveillance diagrams portray each nature of surveillance roles, whose form come from the iconic items based on the daily experiences. These forms serve as a dictionary to formulate the space of the art gallery. The authority features in grand narratives, closed system as well as surveillance and control, corresponding to the Colosseum, pipe system, road camera respectively. The whistleblower features in signal reception, power penetration and truth seeking, whose forms come from lighthouse, cell penetration and monitor screen. The public features in tight community, conformity behavior and privacy invasion, whose forms is the representation of scaffolding, cubicle and protruding shape of soap bubbles.
Original Form _ Authority
Original Form _ Whistleblower
Concept Design 48
Original Form _ Public
Form Iteration 1
Concept Design 50
The first iteration shows an attempt to assemble a massing by using the forms of surveillance. In order to create spatial dynamism and emphasize the meaning of control behind it, the massing conveys a heavily industrial feeling with all elements exposed and expanding outwards. The form is a direct expression of surveillance but somehow scattered without a sense of an overall building which is need to be concerned in the further level. On the other hand, the surveillance form is also a limitation besides an opportunity, as some forms are hard to be translated into architecture, while combining all of them is too much complicated. Forms need to be reexamined on this level.
Form Iteration 2
Concept Design 52
The second iteration shows a further level of reexamine the forms but somehow leads to a decoration level without specific spatial use. The idea is derived from Central Pompidou with all equipment exposed. However, it demands high levels of technical skills to rationalize the form, like the ventilation duct and the truss, the appearance is more like a non-design product. Starting from a design level to imitate the appearance make the design convincing.
Fig. 4.1 Masterson Jonathan, SuperReal, 2019, visual media, Moment Factory, New York, https://momentfactory.com/work/destinations/cultural-educational/superreal Fig. 4.2 Matthias Oostrik, Plplpl.pl., 2016, audiovisual installation, 8x8x5m, V2 Institute for Unstable Media, Rotterdam, https://www.oostrik.net/projects/pls/index.html Fig. 4.3 Matt Pyke, AI: More Than Human, 2019, motion-capture artwork, The Barbican, London, https://universaleverything.com/projects/future-you
Form Iteration 3
Concept Design 54
The third iteration tries to rebuild the design logic by starting from plans to develop the space, then putting elements in, which is also the logic of final design. The plan development links the idea of surveillance and new media by applying the shapes of light-emitting diode and Led screens which are also the patterns of art installation and pavilion. Round and straight lines break the form between ‘system’ and ‘penetration’, and also brings visual relationships and ‘seeing’ dialogue between each segregated space.
Form Iteration 4
Concept Design 56
The fourth iteration tries to bring back the machininglike aesthetics and creates spatial qualities of each form. The emphasis on tubes and cylinders portrays the idea of system transportation. People walking through the pipes seem to become the transported ones in the system. The stacking and interspersing of elements enrich the spatial experience, at the same time creating visual communications. However, these round elements are hard to rationalize in the spatial and structural level, which will bring a lot of junk space. In this sense, the form needs to be further developed.
Design DEvelopment 58
Use plans to lead design and create connections between elements.
05 Design Development
Plan Logic 1
Design DEvelopment 60
This diagram derives from the form of Panopticon (see Surveillance System _ Authority) and distribution of surveillance cameras. The new scattered surveillance form is grafted on the old central surveillance form Michel Foucault’s theory about surveillance applies the form of Panopwhich the eyes of where all ticon as theshows diagram of the ideal mechanism of power system, prisoners in the cells can be observed by a single guard in the central authority. The thick back position. He mentions power here has transferred from external surveillance tois internal one whendenotation the prisoners are motivatedof by the feeling of line the whether their behaviors can m e dbeing awatched, halthough i c htheyiaresnot sure on e-way bei seen in aw distance. activated.
(Left) The Panopticon designed by Jeremy Bentham. Jenni Fagan, The Panopticon. Artwork. The NewYork Times. https://www.adsimpson.com/work/the-panopticon (Right) Overlay of fiber-optic routes and railroad routes. KMI Corp., “North American Fiberoptic Long-Haul Routes,” 1999; 9; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, 2010. https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/676445/9d3db03e6af8d1014e4ff6f195227502.pdf
Through the media technology as the surveillance tool in the modern society, power has transferred from Foucault’s model to the cloud-like invisible environment surrounding us. Tung-Hui hu denies people’s impression about a scattered political power exerted by the cloud, but points out that the cloud has a concrete origin from railroad tracks, sewage pipes, television, circuits and fiber-optic routes, which actually grafts media technology onto an older structure of sovereign power. It is a ‘network of networks’.
Authority
Media
Authority behind the Invisible System
1. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, (Paris: Edr�ons Gallimard, 1975). 2. Tung-Hui Hu, “A Prehistory of the Cloud,” Journal of Informa�on Ethics 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 145–46.
Plan Logic 2
In participatory surveillance, information exchange is no longer one-way, but constantly rebounds and spreads Here, the medium represented by the black line is regarded asHenry a Jenkins mirror of reflection, When discusses the gift economy and partici-and patory cultureimages in the public, the researchers define this the of others in the behavior of exposing oneself to others as participatory field of vision become virtual surveillance. and distorted ones. Everyone Participatory surveillance meets desire for voyeurism of may become thethetarget of being the observer and exhibitionism of the public, at the same spied and attacked by others. time commoditize the target by bearing public opinions. (Left) Public display of mug shots at the Central Station in downtown Minneapolis.(1899) “What’s in a Face ID?”, Slate https://slate.com/technology/2018/03/with-apples-face-id-its-time-to-look-at-facial-recognition-techs-problematic-past.html
(Right) Surveilance art about self-exposure and participatory surveillance. Paolo Cirio and Alessandro Ludovico, Face-to-facebook: Disrupting Monopolism, 2011. Miexed Media Installation. https://www.furtherfield.org/face-to-facebook-disrupting-monopolism/
Target Voyeur
Media
Public with Participatory Surveillance
While the observer treats themselves in moral high ground to surveil others and provides more personal information. In fact, all these digital traces become the potential materials collected by surveillance system. In this sense, everyone becomes accomplices of surveillance.
1. Anders Albrechtslund, "Online social networking as par�cipatory surveillance." First Monday 13. no.3 (March 2008). h�ps://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v13i3.2142. 2. Henry Jenkins, Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Plan Logic 3
Design DEvelopment 62
H e r e , t h e m e d i a communication in the network is also regarded as a way of reflection seemingly everywhere, whistleblower acts as an intervener to find Compared with power, the distance between the "whisclues intruththe transmission tleblower" and the is closer. The role of whistleblower f iintervener n f o r mnota only tio n toatheir n drolegasiav e as o a system refers positive early warning system to point out the truth and feedback in an invisible crisis, but also refers to their negative role as a leaker or standpoint. rumor maker. In a closed, centralized society, the whis-
(Left) The birth of Qui Tam in Medieval England. “Whistleblowing History Overview”, Troxel Krauss & Chapman https://www.whistleblowersinternational.com/what-is-whistleblowing/history/ (Right) Members of the League of Social Democrats supports whistleblower Edward Snowden. “Snowden: the hacking targets”, South China Moerning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1260306/edward-snowden-classified-us-data-shows-hong-kong-hacking-targets
tleblower is a retaliated and excluded role, a negative feedback mechanism that has been forcibly abandoned.
Target Whistleblower Observor
Media
Whistleblower as the System Intervention
In the increasingly permeable social system, the whistleblower can be anyone. It seems to get close to the Foucault’s ideal governance which shifted the view of power from the macro power to the micro power with everyone’s participation. However, as mentioned above, media technology is fundamentally a power control, which also brings chaos, as rumors and truth are fermented in the same place.
1. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, (Paris: Edr�ons Gallimard, 1975). 2. Det Kgl. Bibliotek, "Slavoj Žižek + Paul Holdengräber 'Surveillance and whistleblowers' - Interna�onal Authors' Stage," posted May 2014, interview, 1:20:59, h�ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIPjmmmh_os
Plan Testing
These diagrams try to transfer the form finding logic to the building plans. Through the way of shattering, reorganizing and linking back to the site, the forms with the elements of circles and cubic reinterprete the form of surveillance.
Programming
Concept Design 64
H e r e , t h e m e d i a communication in the network is also regarded as a way of reflection seemingly everywhere, whistleblower acts as an intervener to find clues in the transmission of information and give feedback in an invisible standpoint.
Architecture Form
The surveillance forms and plan arrangements form an interlocking relationship which makes it convincing and rationalized. The form naturally points to the mixture of unit space and gathering space. Unit spaces as semi-private areas are used as artist-in residency, group-reading zones and audio-visual unit. They intersperse in the main gathering space like the auditorium, galleries and rooftop platforms to form a dynamic tour experience.
Development 1
Design DEvelopment 66
This version basically determines the location and the spatial form of galleries and the auditorium. However, further thinking is needed on the vertical arrangement of the tower. In addition, the location of the studio and cafe also needs to be re-arranged.
Development 2
Design DEvelopment 68
This version is close to the final plan. The vertical arrangement of the towers still needs to be optimized. The indoor transportation of loading bay and storage needs to be perfected. The back of house of the theater can be arranged in the storage room and the according arrangement of the top floor should be changed.
Precedent Studies Precedents show the idea of using perforated panels on the façade, the subtle lighting environment and grand staircase in the interior.
Design DEvelopment
_ Perforated Panels
70
Fig 5.1 Steinmetzdemeyers, Bureau Newteam, 2012, h t t p s : / / w w w. a r c h d a i l y. c o m / 2 1 7 9 3 7 / bureau-newteam-steinmetz-de-meyer?ad_ source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
Fig 5.2 James Km Cheng, Fairmont Pacific Rim, 2010, https://www.azahner.com/works/fairmont-pacific-rim/
Fig 5.3 Hamonic+Masson & Associés, Rue Camille Claudel, 2017, https://www.archdaily.com/897652/ rue-camille-claudel-hamonic-plusmasson-and-associes
_ Interior Experience
Fig 5.4 Jason Brown, "Public Space Photography", Revival Arts Photography, accessed June 2021, https://www.revivalarts.ca/work/public-spaces/
Fig 5.5 Jason Brown, "Public Space Photography", Revival Arts Photography, accessed June 2021, https://www.revivalarts.ca/work/publicspaces/
Fig 5.6 Studio Odile Decq, Museum of Contemporary Art in Rome, 2007, https://www.archdaily.com/476869/museum-of-contemporary-art-in-rome-studioodile-decq
Final Design 72
Concept Diagram of Programs and Spatial Experience.
06 Final Design
Final Design 74
Concept Mapping
Site Plan
Form of Surveillance
Final Design 76
Form of Surveillance
Final Design
78
Program Arrangement
Circulation
Final Design 80
Opennings & Screens
Final Design
82
Final Design
84
Final Design
86
Final Design
88
North Facade with Main Entrance
Final Design 90 90
East Facade with Side Entrance
West Facade with Auditorium Entry
Final Design 92
Entry Foyer
Gallery
Final Design
94
Gallery
Transitional Space
Final Design 96
Auditorium
Rooftop Obersevatory Space
Auditorium
Rooftop Obersevatory Space
Final Design 98
Central Staircase
Artist Studio
Design Thesis _ Panoramic City Danqing Zhu _ 1032747
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15. Zimmer, Catherine. Surveillance Cinema. "Introduction: Surveillance Cinema in Theory and Practice." New York: NYU Press, 2015.
2. Buchanan, Liana. "Surveillance in Public Places: Final Report." Victorian Law Reform Commission. Published June 2010. https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/projects/ surveillance-public-places/surveillance-public-places-final-report.
16. Hu, Tung-Hui. “A Prehistory of the Cloud.” Journal of Information Ethics 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 145–46.
3. Det Kgl. Bibliotek. "Slavoj Žižek + Paul Holdengräber 'Surveillance and whistleblowers' - International Authors' Stage." Posted May 2014. Interview, 1:20:59. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIPjmmmh_os
Bibliography 100
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6. Kaziukonis, Vytautas. "Surveillance Cities." Surfshark. Published November 2020. https://surfshark.com/surveillance-cities.
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9. Orwell, George. Nineteen eighty–four. London: Secker & Warburg, 1949. 10. Rule, James. "Private Lives and Public Surveillance: Social Control in the Computer Age." Social Forces 53, no. 4 (June 1975): 669. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/53.4.669. 11. Sontag, Susan. On Photography. London:Penguin Books Ltd, 1979. 12. The Department of Justice and Community Safety. "Camera Locations." Cameras Save Lives. Accessed March 2021. https://www.camerassavelives.vic.gov.au/cameralocations. 13. Wikimedia Foundation. "List of films featuring surveillance." Wikipedia. Accessed March 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_surveillance
23. Wikimedia Foundation. "Timeline of global surveillance disclosures." Wikipedia. Accessed March 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_global_surveillance_ disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present. 24. Jenkins, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992. 25. Victorian Law Reform Commission. Surveillance in Public Places: Final Report. Melbourne: Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2010. https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/projects/surveillance-public-places/surveillancepublic-places-final-report
Figure: Fig 1.1 Fagan, Jenni. The Panopticon. Artwork. The NewYork Times. https://www.adsimpson.com/work/the-panopticon Fig1.2 KMI Corp. “North American Fiberoptic Long-Haul Routes.” 1999; U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Railroad Administration. 2010. (KMI was acquired by CRU Group, crugroup.com, in 2006.) https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/676445/9d3db03e6af8d1014e4ff 6f195227502.pdf Fig 1.3 Roberto González Law Firm. “Whistleblowing History Overview.” Whistleblowers International.Accessed June 2021. https://www.whistleblowersinternational.com/what-is-whistleblowing/history/ Fig 1.4 Lam, Lana. “Snowden: the hacking targets.” South China Moerning Post. Accessed June 2021. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1260306/edward-snowdenclassified-us-data-shows-hong-kong-hacking-targets Fig 1.5 New York Public Library. Public display of mug shots at the Central Station in downtown Minneapolis.(1899) “What’s in a Face ID?”, Slate. Accessed June 2021. https://slate.com/technology/2018/03/with-apples-face-id-its-time-to-look-at-facialrecognition-techs-problematic-past.html
Fig 2.2 Elahi, Hasan. Prism v2. 2016. 13 panel pigment print, 243.8 × 731.5 cm, C. Grimaldis Gallery, Baltimore. https://www.artsy.net/artwork/hasan-elahi-prism-v2. Fig. 4.1 Jonathan, Masterson. SuperReal. 2019. Visual Media. Moment Factory, New York. https://momentfactory.com/work/destinations/cultural-educational/superreal Fig. 4.2 Oostrik, Matthias. Plplpl.pl. 2016. Audiovisual Installation, 8x8x5m. V2 Institute for Unstable Media, Rotterdam. https://www.oostrik.net/projects/pls/index.html Fig. 4.3 Pyke, Matt. AI: More Than Human. 2019. Motion-capture Artwork. The Barbican, London. https://universaleverything.com/projects/future-you Fig 5.1 Steinmetzdemeyers. Bureau Newteam. 2012. https://www.archdaily.com/217937/bureau-newteam-steinmetz-de-meyer?ad_ source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all Fig 5.2 Cheng, James Km.Fairmont Pacific Rim.2010. https://www.azahner.com/works/fairmont-pacific-rim/ Fig 5.3 Hamonic+Masson & Associés. Rue Camille Claudel. 2017. https://www.archdaily.com/897652/rue-camille-claudel-hamonic-plus-masson-and-associes
Fig 1.6 Cirio, Paolo and Alessandro Ludovico. Face-to-facebook: Disrupting Monopolism. 2011. Mixed Media Installation. https://www.furtherfield.org/face-to-facebook-disrupting-monopolism/
Fig 5.4 Brown, Jason. "Public Space Photography." Revival Arts Photography. accessed June 2021. https://www.revivalarts.ca/work/public-spaces/
Fig 1.7 Esquirol, Julie. "Le Centre Pompidou va fermer ses portes pour trois ans dès 2023", Vanity Fair. Accessed June 2021. https://www.vanityfair.fr/actualites/articles/le-centre-pompidou-fermera-trois-anspour-des-travaux-de-renovation-en-2023/81946
Fig 5.5 Brown, Jason. "Public Space Photography." Revival Arts Photography. accessed June 2021. https://www.revivalarts.ca/work/public-spaces/
Fig 2.1 Zhang, Qing. Underground. 2016. Multi-channel video, Mixed Media, 320(H)*220(W)*330cm. ShanghART H-Space, Shanghai. https://www.shanghartgallery.com/galleryarchive/simpleWork.htm?workId=24040
Fig 5.6 Studio Odile Decq. Museum of Contemporary Art in Rome. 2007. https://www.archdaily.com/476869/museum-of-contemporary-art-in-rome-studio-odile-decq
Unimelb MSD June 2021