Reconstructing Incarceration by djohn3513

Reconstructing

Incarceration. Made by the University of Oklahoma,

Christopher C. Gibbs College of Architecture

Con

ten

ts/

Master

Cottage

Exterior

Gathering

Jail

Plan

Design

Spaces

Tech

Introduction.

Design Rationale

Deterrence

Incapacitation

Retribution

Rehabilitation

Master

Plan Logan Steitle

Jackson Ware

John Still

across your recent statement calling our present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in little else in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I would like to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.

I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the argument of "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations all across the South, one being the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Whenever necessary and possible, we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago our local affiliate here in Birmingham invited us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour

came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am here because I have basic organizational ties here.

Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the eighth-century prophets left their little villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their hometowns; and just as the Apostle Paul left his little village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to practically every hamlet and city of the Greco-Roman world, I too am compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.

Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider.

You deplore the demonstrations that are presently taking place in Birmingham. But I am sorry that your statement did not express a similar concern for the conditions that brought the demonstrations into being. I am sure that each of you would want to go beyond the superficial social analyst who looks merely at effects and does not grapple with underlying causes. I would not hesitate to say that it is unfortunate that so-called demonstrations are taking place in Birmingham at this time, but I would say in more emphatic terms that it is even more unfortunate that the white power structure of this city left the Negro community with no other alternative.

In the Oklahoma City Jail redesign, we are setting a precedent that can be adopted around the country to help the current incarceration problem our country faces today. These goals range from but aren’t limited to - sexual harassment, detainee safety, staff safety, increased reincarceration, and lengthy processes of justice. The primary objectives of the Master Plan were to reimagine the circulation inside the facility, design around intentional green and exterior spaces, and have a direct connection with the local community.

The first floor of the building serves as the main public area for the Jail, which features the yard and visitation space. The floors above hold the cottages where the detainees are located. Creating separation between cabins and the many communal areas encourages low-risk detainees to explore their environment rather than remain in the same place - a nomadic lifestyle. In the plan, the figure of the building forms two exterior courtyards, which both house outdoor activities but mainly focus on bringing nature into these people’s livable areas. The first of these two

yards are primarily for family visitation and social activities amongst the occupants. Facing the eastern side of the building is separate retail spaces envisioned for community connection and outreach - involving the public with the installation. Small retail, coffee shops, and multiple rentable locations for local businesses to become more integrated into the public can provide goods and services for pedestrians. This also allows those businesses to become involved in the Jail by having classes to help residents become exposed to various skill sets.

Oklahoma City 35.469484, -97.52736 Area: 621 mi

Population: 643,692

Elevation: 1,201

Ecozone: Cross Timbers

Climate: Humid Subtropical

State: Oklahoma

County: Oklahoma County

Population: 797,434

Established: 1907

Timezone: UTC

Language: English Incarcerated population:

increase or decrease?

Design Research

Current

Grid

Linear

Radial

Fluid

Design Process

Current

Detachment

Placement

Shrinkage

Program Destruction High Security Low Security Medium Security Entry Mixed-Use

01Garage

02 Staff Area

03 Processing

04 Medical

05 Holding

06 Entry

07 Visitation

08 Storage

09 Outdoor Visitation

10 Grocery

11 Dining

12 Storage

13 Class

14 Yard

15 Retail Space

Floor Plan 01

04 03

06 11 07

10 09

08 13 12 12 13

13 13

100

01 Corten Steel A steel alloy that is used in outdoor construction eliminates the need for coating. When left outside, it develops a rusted appearance and resists natural elements.

02 Carbon Neutral Concrete Replace cement with liquid steel slag for the structure to negate the amount of carbon emission.

Why Corten Steel?

Greater Resistance to corrosion and weather

Reduction of overall costs for the economies of weight

Durability over time

Safety due to its great mechanical resistance

Reduction of maintenance costs

No surface treatment needed

Attractive Appearance increasingly preferred by designer and the public

Scrap steel can be recycled 100% without losing properties

Practical to install

The Phantom Bifold Door

The Phantom

Bifold Door

The Phantom

Bifold Door

The Porticullis

Vertical Door

The Porticullis

Vertical Door

The Porticullis

Vertical Door

Global Connection

We are using design to increase the quality of life for people who have been routinely neglected and put into institutions that do not encourage change— bringing in nature, autonomy within the complex, and resisting systems that enforce restrictive practices will allow an opportunity for detainees to build themselves into society.

Campus Style Design

Bringing in Nature

Autonomy

Societal Dialog amongst the general public

“Architecture is the thoughtful making

of spaces”

Louis Kahn

Cottage

Design Henry Truong

Jack Harp

Casey Meyer

Liam Kelley

came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am here because I have basic organizational ties here.

Create an autonomous environment that promotes self-growth, community involvement and reduces recidivism. The main concepts of the personal space where the detainee is housed become a vital part of the system. It creates space for people to reflect on their actions and provide ways to remain

detained without revoking their complete sense of freedom. The main issue in past/current Jails is that their entire sense of space is taken away, which causes people to react in ways they usually would not. People are a direct response to their environment. Residences’ connection to each other

Residences’ connection to each other can influence their experience, and separating people based on their impact on society keeps people safe and unified through the process of incarceration.

Current Oklahoma Jail vs. Prosposal Holding Numbers Greenland

Norway

236

Denmark

290

Sweden

420

Australia

900

England

2,106

United States

7,500

Current Oklahoma Jail Intended Holding - 1,200

Current Holding - 4,500

New Holding Goal - 2,500

Number of Inmates in a Single Prison

Size Comparison of Prison Population UNSW AUSTRALIA, COOK COUNTY SHERIFF, UK MINISTRY OF JUSTICE

Oklahoma City Jail

Current jail conditions in community space

Constant watch, hard angles and materials

Oklahoma City Jail

Current jail conditions in living quarters

Gross atmosphere, hard angles and materials with little to no natural lighting

Park Royal be WOHA

Layering of greenery,

provides outward

views towards growth

Design Principles Connection to Nature

“I want to change my architecture to be even more kind to nature. We cannot as before only think of what is inside. People have to get out and walk in nature. Cities hardly have any places to walk outside.”

- Kengo Kuma

Nuuk Prison by MOLKE DESIGN

Elongation of form,

campus style design,

individual communal spaces

Campus Design The floorplan design concept utilizes the effect of small communities and encouragement of human interaction without overwhelming the people inhabiting the area.

Short hallways

Extensive communal areas with minimalimpact Guard stations

Inward Focus both in units and communal spaces

Self Reliant Opportunities

Biophilic Design

Halden Prison - Norway

Soprema Company Headquarters by

V. CALLEBAUT ARCHITECTS

Organic forms dictating passageways,

symbiosis between humans and nature,

nomadic movement

Transitional Diagram

Spatial

Unification Nomadic lifestyle

Program Destruction High Security Low Security Medium Security

Floor Plan

Low Security

The people inhabiting this space genuinely rely on a system of justice that functions promptly. Furniture in this space carries the concept of the IKEA effect, where people build their own space solely to give them a sense of productivity and ownership. The intended length of stay is shorter for this level of detention which means more room for people to interact.

“The IKEA Effect” The exaggeratedly high value and attachment placed on products that you build yourself, regardless of the end result quality.

Medium Security

Women’s

Medium Security

Providing a dual occupant system that houses a private garden allows residents to live on their own elegantly. Although still a jail, the space encourages a sense of rehabilitation and ownership. The room provides constant daylight from both ends.

High Security

The highest level of security requires a sense of privacy and solitude. Balancing these with security remains an issue in current jails, but here it adds a feeling of connection and individuality. Personal thought and release of emotions allow the rehab process to take place quickly without stripping people of their freedom.

The idea of being under constant supervision by a person in power ignites a 'fight or flight' type of environment. A continuous feeling of anxiety makes people resort to actions they would not typically perform.

Removing constant invasiveness will lead to more humane environments and faster development of autonomy.

This has been studied and proven successful in European prison and jail cultures.

Being

Watched

Design Principles

Baker-Miller Pink Controlled Study by

James E. Gilliam & David Unruh

Effects: Positive Mood, Calming

Lower heart rate, lower pulse,

lower respiraiton

Materials

01 Shumard Oak The Shumard Oak is a stately tree with beautiful fall color and great urban adaptability. The material s drought-tolerant, fast-growing and can be found in Oklahoma, a locally sourced wood can be used at other locations.

02 Organically Shaped Wood Battens Ethically sourced wood formed into gentle curves to create a more intimate

and inviting space for the detainees in the communal areas. Made out of

bamboo, this material grows quickly in many different environments which

allows for simple replacements.

03 Carbon Negative Concrete Replace cement with liquid steel slag for the structure to negate the amount of carbon emission. Well-finished concrete adds a sense of place due to its strong existence to the site. Using carbon-negative concrete decreases the environmental impact of the construction, doing our part to design responsibly for the future.

“The earth has music for those who listen”

Shakespeare

Exterior

Spaces Vanessa Khoury

Chelsey Dollison

James Nemeth

came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am here because I have basic organizational ties here.

Green and Natural spaces encourage peace, rehabilitation, decreased hostility, health benefits. There are many ways to incorporate green space, interior, and exterior. The most effective ways offer a lush outdoor recreation area. The outdoor recreation area is designed to mimic the earth and give a natural experience, as proven in studies and Japan’s ‘Forest Therapy’ program to aid

immensely in the rehabilitation of drug and alcohol addicts. The outdoor visitation space offers a comfortable, less hostile, and less traumatic experience for both detainees and visitors. Lowing the impact of detainment on families should be a goal when designing our jails. In these spaces we provide a garden program to give them skills that they can utilize and

possibly sell once they are released. These programs can be found in a few prisons in the US and have been proven to be highly successful. It was cited by a program in California that the garden is the only place where individuals of different races will mingle and get along. These activities are also proven to lower hostility and raise self-worth.

Indoor Urban Garden

Implementing an urban gardening room in every cell block as an extension of the Garden Program will reinforce the same values and benefits, but will allow for the learning of more diverse skills and increased accessibility during the day. These skills could also be marketed and turned into employment after a detainee is released. These rooms will teach modern and innovative gardening techniques as well as increase feelings of responsibility and accountability.

61 80

Hydroponics

Plant Leaves

UV Lamps Roots

Filling Pipe

Storage Tank

Hydroponics will be one of two urban gardening methods implemented in the indoor gardening room. This system is based on growing plants in water, on a “grow bed” and does not require soil. This system is more efficient than traditional gardening or farming and is used as a solution for food supply in dense areas. Fruits and Vegetables here will also be harvested for consumption within the facility and for sale at the retail space that lines the site.

Water Pump

62 80

Interactional Areas

Designed in order to create an exterior walking experience and to engage visual interest from the interior of the building.

Intimate Seating Areas

Small seating areas design for 2-4 people, to help engage detainees with unique vegetation.

Public Seating Areas

Exterior Seating areas designed for 6-10 people to engage in conversation.

Activities

Basketball Court

Outdoor Visitation

Gardening

Walking Trail

Sunbathing Area

Kids Area

Theatre

Art

Recidivism & Garden Distribution National

Average

Recidivism

Coffee

Creek 57%

80%

10%

Coffee Creek has a recidivism rate of 3%, and is 54% lower than the national average. These statistics are recorded over a three year period after being released.

Institution

Distributed across the state

to different institutional structures

Jail Kitchen

Used as fresh produce multiple

times a week in on site kitchen.

Retail Store (on-site)

Can be sold to outside residents,

and families of detainees

Garden Distribution Goals

Coffee Creek Correctional facility produces 365,000 lbs of food per year with far less inmates than the Oklahoma City Jail. Even though the goal is to house 2,000 - 2,500 detainees, the current goal for garden production will be 500,000 lbs of food per year.

The food will be distributed to institutions across the state as well as back into the local community, and onsite.

Indigenous Plants

Indigenous plants from the region in which the new design is placed will be used on site in the exterior vegetation areas.

“Food is our common ground a universal

experience”

James Beard

Gathering

Spaces Lindsay Goetz

Ricardo Silva

Sager Alghanim

"unwise and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in little else in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I would like to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.

came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am here because I have basic organizational ties here.

The visitor’s block’s concept entertains the idea of having freedom of movement between the detainees and their visitor throughout the visit. Detainees and the visitors would have the ability to walk around the building, giving the detainees a change of scenery that can essentially create chances of healing throughout these visits rather than being constrained to a rigid table in a cold sterile room. The buildings contain of a semicircular booth as a substitute to rigid tables,

creating an intimate space for two people to have more privacy and comfortability. Four family units that has a private kitchen and a bathroom to create more intimate and private space for medium and low security detainees. The units would benefit both the detainees and their families in creating normalcy for a brief moment benefitting the children of the detainees along with the detainees. The architecture of the units allows a

more playful scenario for the children rather than a classic living room. The units would be described as a mixture between a living room and a children’s playground. The Building includes a roof top garden to create more activities within the facility where detainees can have more space within the jail to garden and have their own space in terms of curating plants.

Kitchen Floor Plan

“The door handle is the handshake

of the building”

Juhani Pallamaa

Jail

Tech Nick Pazdernik

Brandon White

Isabella Churchill

came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am here because I have basic organizational ties here.

Sustainability is vital to the development of architecture in the future. With new products being one of the top contributors to carbon output, creating a facility that can counteract and be nearly net-zero is beneficial to improving the architecture. The use of clean energy is necessary to counteract the effects of the changing climate and to counteract the depletion of our natural resources. Natural light has many benefits for a

person, including improvement of sleep, reduction of stress, increases in vitamin D, strengthening the immune system, and boosting serotonin levels. By aiding in each of these aspects, we can improve the rehabilitation of the detainees naturally and drastically. These simple design aspects are necessary to the improvement of jail design nationwide. Sound has a significant impact on a space and how welcoming or hostile the

environment is. If cold flat materials are used, this can produce extreme reverberations and not make a positive space for healing. Using softer materials that absorb sound and sound dampening materials in the walls can create a positive and nurturing environment for healing. Choosing products like soft-close doors or sound-absorbing floor materials will assist in the serenity needed for a successful correctional facility.

Sustainability is meeting the needs of today without sacrificing the needs of tomorrow.

Ensure a future. Reduce/Produce Energy. Clean Air.

Energy

Comparison Total Cos Old:

$720,00 Proposed:

$582,000

Overall 48.5% More Efficient

48.5%

Efficient

Energy Comparison KWH/SF

15.45

New Old

$ to Run

600

Current

New

365 73

HVAC

120

Electronics

108

180

Lighting

120

Appliances

108

180

Water Heating

Bulb Type Efficiency Incandescent

Watts: 60

Incandescent: $15.76

Watts: 15

CFL: $3.94

Watts: 8

LED: $2.10

CFL

75%

LED

87%

$ Per Day Comparison

Solar Panels 90,000 roof square foot

1.5 million KWH/Year

Total Yearly Savings

$140,000

Return on Investment

7 years

Why Acoustics?

Sound has a significant impact on space and how welcoming or hostile a space is

If something is cold and loud, it is uncomfortable and does not create a positive space for healing and reformation.

An environment that does not allow people to relax acoustically can cause health issues such as high blood pressure, ulcers, and worse mental health problems.

By adding acoustic panels within the wall construction, we can invisibly affect the space.

Doors and smooth floors can create loud clashes and things that may startle an inmate. Choosing soft, close or softer floor materials will assist in the serenity needed for a correctional program to work. When talking about acoustics, two things are essential: a materials Sound Transmission Class (STC) and its Impact Isolation Class (IIC)

STC measure how well an assembly stops sounds such as speech or clapping from being heard on the other side of the assembly

IIC measures how well an assembly stops such as footfalls or dropped objects from penetrating the floor and being heard by the occupants below

Baffling

While baffles will help greatly with the acoustic deadening of the minimum-security bunk space, they can be very important visually in designing the space, so I don’t want to step on any toes. However, I will recommend Frash! And once I get square footage and an aesthetic choice, I intend on finding out prices. (Please note: Colors can be changed, this is only shape, construction, and acoustic opportunity)

Ceiling Cloud

As depicted, a more complex floor system will allow for better acoustical separation, but even with ceramic tile and concrete slab, the Duracoustic underlayment will prevent the banging phenomenon that occurs at the Oklahoma State penitentiary.

Cloud Edge Details

Square

Bevel

Radius

Miter

Acoustical Ceiling Cloud NRC Ratings 1/2”

.50-.60

1”

.80-.90

1 &frac12

.90-1.00

2”

1.05-1.15

Rockfon Alaska Ceiling Tiles

Stone wool (Mineral Wool) ceiling tiles with factory applied

latex paint on glass scrim surface ASTM E1264 Classification:

Type XX - Stone wool base with membrane-faced overlay,

Pattern G

Duracoustic S.T.O.P.

As depicted, a more complex floor system will allow

for better acoustical separation, but even with ceramic

tile and concrete slab, the Duracoustic underlayment

will prevent the banging phenomenon at the Oklahoma State

penitentiary.

Acoustical Auralizations

Without Acoustics

With Acoustics

Separation of Facade

The acoustical separation of facades can be described by using either sound transmission class (STC) or outside-inside transmission class (OITC).

Softening of Materiality

When they are soft materials, they absorb due to deformation that occurs when the sound

wave hits them.

“We shape our buildings; thereafter

they shape us.”

Winston Churchill

Conclusion.

100

101

102

103

“It is said that no one truly knows a nation

until one has been inside its jails. A nation

should not be judged by how it treats its

highest citizens, but its lowest ones.”

Nelson Mandela

Sources Appliance Efficiency

https://www.thesimpledollar.com/save-money/is-it-cost-effective-to-replaceyour-refrigerator-today/ #:~:text=First%20of%20all%2C%20over%20the,down%20to%20about%201 100%20kWh.&text=Today%2C%20we're%20getting%20close,on%20the%20 most%20efficient%20models.

Solar Energy per SF:

https://welcome.arcadia.com/

https://smarterhouse.org/laundry/buying-newdryer#:~:text=Compared%20with%20timed%20drying%2C%20you,your%20 clothing%20budget%20as%20well.

https://www.energystar.gov/products/most_efficient/ central_air_conditioners_and_air_source_heat_pumps

https://www.thestar.com/amp/business/personal_finance/ spending_saving/2014/07/07/ why_your_dryer_is_overdue_for_an_upgrade.html

Energy Usage Breakdown

https://www.directenergy.com/learning-center/what-uses-most-electricityin-my-home

https://esource.bizenergyadvisor.com/article/hotels-and-motels

HVAC Efficiency

https://leaksnheat.com/blog/view/648/ what_is_my_ac_s_s_e_e_r__and_what_does_it_mean_to_our_budget_

Water Heater Efficiency

https://blog.constellation.com/2016/10/06/which-is-more-efficienttankless-vs-traditional-water-heaters/

Lightbulb Lifespan

https://www.viribright.com/lumen-output-comparing-led-vs-cfl-vsincandescent-wattage/