Figure 1
Figure 1 shows the supporting column in the underground car park. The columns withstand the weight from above. In the underground car park, it is always very damp because the moisture in the underground car park is not easy to get rid of. Therefore, concrete is the ideal material to be used as the construction material since steel will get rusted in the damp atmosphere.
The columns were built on pad footings. (Please refer to Figure 2 and Figure 3). Pad footings help to spread the point loads to a wider area of ground. Therefore, the underground car will not collapse due to differential settlement.
Figure 2 Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 4 presents the structure of the Arts West building. The beams supported the framework above. The beams anchored in the wall (like cantilevers) supported the framework by the reaction forces of uplifting at the fixed joints, which helps to reach the status of equilibrium.
Figure 5
The Beaurepaire center building is constructed with steel and wood. The main structure of the building is framed in steel. Since the moisture from the swimming pool will make the steel rusted, a layer of timber was framed around the steel to prevent the steel from getting rusted. (Please refer to Figure 5).
The roofing outside of union house is an example of membrane structure. The force of pulling from the strings prevents the roof from being blowing away by the strong wind. (Please refer to Figure 6). The column supported the membrane structure. Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 7 presents the North Court near the Union House. The beams anchored into the wall, which can be considered as cantilevers, support the stair walk by the pulling the stair walk to reach the equilibrium of the system. Since the load
from people walking on the stair and the stair itself is intensive, the internal forces in the column can cause the fracture of the column. Therefore, steel is the ideal material in this context. Similarly, the stair walk is made of steel for the purpose of enduring intensive load on the stairs.(Please refer Figure 7).
Summary:
Foundation Systems
Foundation: Lowest division of a building, constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground to support and anchor the superstructure above and transmit it loads safely into the earth.
Pad footings Shallow Foundations Deep Foundations
Shallow Footings
Strip footings
End bearing piles
Raft foundation
Friction piles
Mass Construction (Materials)
Stone
Earth
Clay
Concrete
Clay Bricks-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐Uses:
Glossary: Moment: “The tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about a point or line, equal in magnitude to the product of the force and the moment arm and acting in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.” (Ching, 2013) Retaining wall: A type of wall used when sites are excavated to create basements or where changes in site levels need to be stabilized. (Newton, 2014). Pad footing: A type of footing that helps to spread a point load over a wider area of ground. (Newton, 2014). Strip footing: A type of footing used when loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread in a linear manner.(Newton, 2014). Slab on ground: A type of foundation that uses slab lay on the ground as the foundation. (Gic-‐edu.com, 2014). (Please refer to Figure 8) Substructure: Refers to the underlying structure that forms the foundation of a building. (Ching,2013)
Figure 8.
Bibliography: Ching, F.(2011). Building Construction Illustrated. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011 e-‐Book Ching, F. (2013.). Building construction illustrated (5th ed.). Wiley & Sons, Inc. Gic-‐edu.com,. (2014). Distance -‐ Slab on Ground Design Workshop (1.2 CEUs). Retrieved 21 August 2014, from http://www.gic-‐edu.com/789/Distance-‐-‐Slab-‐on-‐Ground-‐Design-‐Workshop-‐12-‐ CEUs#.U_Y4SEvlfwI Newton, C. (2014). W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m2 INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m3 BRICKS Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m4 STONE Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be