POP-UP,
POP-DOWN, ARCHITECTURE 1
Fall 2014 Izzy Savage Advisor Jeanne Willettte Otis College of Art and Design 2
INTRODUCTION 2
THESIS 4 TENT-LIKE 6
EARLY POP-UP DWELLINGS TEEPEES AMERICAN CIVIL WAR FIELD HOSPITAL BMW PAVILION EBOLA ABCS
8 10 12 14 16
KIT-OF-PARTS 18
THE BARN THE HOUSE THE CRYSTAL PALACE BIRD’S NEST QUICK SPACE 72
20 22 24 26 28
READY-MADE 30
IRAQI FREEDOM 212TH MASH 32 REFUGEE CAMPS 34 BUBBLE 36
CONCLUSION 40 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 44
Cover image: Haus-Rucker-Co.’s Oasis 7 installed at Museum Fridericianums 3 during the 1972 Documenta. Left: Photography of two Mescalero women in front of a group of Teepees.
2
INTRODUCTION Faster and cheaper—these two words sum up every building developer’s dream to achieve success. Though desired, popping building up “fast and cheap” comes with the horror stories of building disasters due to the poor planning or lax construction methods. In 2009, a Shanghai thirteen story apartment building, the “Lotus Riverside”, which was still under construction and was to be filled with inhabitants at the end of the week, toppled over. The reason for the embarrassing disaster was a series of events starting with the removal of the soil near to the building so that a parking garage could be constructed. The earth was put in a landfill on the bank of a nearby river. Later after a heavy rainfall, the bank of the river collapsed due to the weight of the mud causing even more water to rush into the foundation, making it unstable. The building then toppled over onto one construction worker, missing the other construction and people. The poor judgment of the developers was due to the pressure to complete the development, leading to the building “popping down”. Lucky it did not result in more deaths since before the incident the apartments were already leased and ready to be filled within a week as soon as construction was completed. [1]
The uprooted Lotus Riverside laying in the mud.
Inspectors wading through the mud to look at the failed exposed foundation. [1] Canaves, Sky. “Shanghai Building Collapses, Nearly Intact.” China Real Time Report RSS. Wall Street Journal, 29 June 2009. Web. 02 Oct. 2014. 3
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THESIS Buildings popping up and down can be a part of celebratory design, instead of desires of greedy developers. Architecture popping up and down could be most effective especially now, in contemporary times when construction and demolition waste is everywhere. Temporary surges of population in limited buildings such as expos, crisis hospitals, and crisis housing, often call for large structures being built to supply the demand. When an event is over the building is left to fall to waste or be demoed leading to an inordinate amount of waste. [2] In a planet that is already being emptied of its resources, reducing waste and materials in building can help while not ignoring the style and innovations in architecture. So by creating buildings that are needed for temporary circumstances like the that like the tent can be easily assembled, then taken apart to be transported or recycled architecture can progress still with recent trends and lower the amount going into landfills. By looking at various architectural precedents, the relevance of pop-up, pop-down architecture in contemporary times will be demonstrated. These precedents are based upon three construction methods, tentlike, kit-of-parts, and ready-made. [2] Construction and Demolition Waste in a landfill in Washington. A 2002 study in Massachusetts found that 50% of waste generated in the state was from construction and demolition. In 2006, 10% of construction and demolition waste was found to have a use outside of the landfill. “Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris.� Environmental Protection Agency. United States Government, 22 Apr. 2014. Web. 5 Sept. 2014. Background is mirror Image of the original Warren Hall (1971) in Hayward, California being demolished to build $40 million project in its place.
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6
TENT-LIKE
A Photograph take in 1854 by David Frances Barry, shows a large group of Dakota Sioux men sitting inside a Double Tepee. Theses Double Tepees were created for large gatherings which include treaty signings, gifting ceremonies, and coming-of-age celebrations. These tents were only erect for the duration of the ceremony and then was disassembled into single tents afterwards. 7
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Earliest Pop-Up Dwellings The existence of buildings that can be quickly assembled then taken apart is not a innovation. Some of the earliest shelters, going as far back as the Neanderthals, were made with the idea quick assembly and disassembly to support the nomadic lifestyles of Prehistoric people. Housing was made with utilizing large bones and tusks from the mammoths hunted for food. The largest bones were stacked to create the basic structure, and then smaller bones infilled, assisting in stabilization and protection from weather and predators. The hides of the animal were laid on the exterior of the hut acting as insulation, keeping the cold out of the dwelling. When it was time to leave to follow the herd, the structure would be abandoned. After the next settlement was established, a new structure would be built in a the same method. These bone huts were universal and can be found on all continents. This is the beginning of quickly assembling structures. [3] [4]
[3] Demay, Laëtitia, Péan, Stéphane and Patou-Mathis, Marylène. “Mammoths Used as Food and Building Resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological Study Applied to Layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine).” Quaternary International (2011): 213-25. Academia . Web. 3 Sept. 2014. [4] Maher, Lisa A., Tobias Richter, Danielle Macdonald, Matthew D. Jones, Louise Martin, and Jay T.Stock. “Twenty ThousandYearOld Huts at a HunterGatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan.” PLOS ONE 7.2 (2012): 110. PLOS One . PLOS One, 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 3 Sept. 2014. Photo is of a recreation of the structures that the Neanderthals lived in as part of a workshop at the Chiltern Open Air Museum. 9
Teepees Humans began created the tent in hand with the development of domesticating animals, creating a large jump in nomadic housing. The tent is a very advantageous shelter for a nomadic tribe, for many reasons. The tent, which is essentially some poles that create a structure that are wrapped with a thin skin to protect the inhabitants from the weather and to families give privacy from the rest of the group. Tents can be made from very few resources. The poles are usually not heavy but lightweight, as are the coverings, so transporting the home is not a problem for the owners. These advantages of a lightweight and collapsible structure are why nomadic groups have a preference for the tent over the rotation of stationary housing. For Example, one of the most famous types of tents in North America is called the “teepee�. [5] Native American tribes utilized the minimal teepee to support their nomadic lifestyle of following the buffalo herd across the great Midwestern Plains of North America. A teepee is a conical structure of wooden poles covered with animal hide of buffalo and deer. The exterior was often colorfully painted with images depicting stories of their family or tribe. The scale of the teepee can vary from a tent for an individual to a double teepee for large gathering space for tribal meetings and gatherings. When it was time to move, typically based on the seasons of following the nearby herd, the teepee was able to be taken down easily then collapsed. The collapsed teepee can even be pulled by a horse or pedestrian to carry an injured or elderly person on a long journey.
A Photograph take in 1922 by Thomas Bailey Marquis, in Montana depicts Three Cheyenne women assembling a tepee.
[5] Teepee can also be spelled tipi. 10
The teepee is so easily assembled that novices can put a tent together in two to three hours. To assemble a teepee one starts first with the three poles, which are assembled into a tripod. Two of the poles are opposite (called north and south poles) and the third pole (door pole) supports the first two poles and the opening for the door. Poles are then evenly arranged around the tripod, leaving space for the opening. First, these three poles are tied together on the ground, and with one person guiding the poles and one person pulling the tripod, the teepee is pulled up into place. After the structure is in place, the coverings on the both ends are wrapped around a “lift pole” which allows the covering to be easily unwrapped around the structure. To secure the covering in place a system of small sticks horizontally inserted and secured into precut holes, allowing the covering to stay in a conical shape. Due to the coverings conical shape it does not slide off the structure allowing it to stay in place and create privacy and protection from the wind. Additionally the smoke flaps are opened by securing them with rope and stakes in the ground. This construction method is still adaptable if poles, stakes, or sticks are lost, since one can search for these resources in the surrounding area. [6] The teepee is just one early example of the tent, and this universal format has been explored in other forms such as the pandal tent in India, the yurt in Mongolia, and the tents of the Ottoman Empire. The format of the tent is very adaptable based on environment and activity.[7]
Pandal tents are tents used on special occasions. This tent is an example of a traditional wedding tent.
Once in the air the poles are very stable. (Image from document) This women can even suspend herself in the center of the tripod.
Yurts are tents with an internal wooden frame. The base of the tent is cylindrical while the top is conical.
[6] NOMADICS TIPI MAKERS. Instructions for Setting Up a Sioux Tipi. Bend: NOMADICS TIPI MAKERS, 2012. NOMADICS TIPI MAKERS, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 12 Oct. 2014 Ottoman tents are famous for not only for their size but also the intricate and colorful patterns that cover the interior and exterior
[7] Hughes, Jonnie. “Variation North Dakota.” On the Origin of Tepees: The Evolution of Ideas (and Ourselves). New York: Free, NY. 5759. Google Books. Web. 5 Sept. 2014. 11
American Civil War Field Hospitals (1861-1864) Disastrous events such as war and epidemics require immediate and quick support from architectural structures that need to last only as long as the conflict or epidemic. Sadly in many cases these emergency events could last for years. The first appearance of the field hospital began with the four year long American Civil War, most battles were fought in open fields far away from big cities or the nearest town doctor. The injured soldiers needed immediate attention resulting in the innovation of nurses and doctors who followed the battles. They worked on the dying and wounded from a short distance in temporary tents called field hospitals. These multiple unit hospitals were clusters of large temporary tents with rows of bed for the soldiers with a section reserved of operations and medical instruments. The author of Little Women and Little Men, Louisa May Alcott, volunteered as a nurse for the Union during the bloodiest conflict in American History. Her journals from the time were later compiled into the book, Hospital Sketches, which was the documentation of daily life in a Union field hospital. Alcott documented the many problems for the medical hospital. [8] There were too few doctors and nurses who were quickly outnumbered by the injured and dying soldiers. [9] The mobility of the tent made it ideal for field hospital work, and without it there would have been no shelter for those recovering from the wounds suffered in the field. The tent as a mobile hospital was developed after the tent was used as barracks. [10] The development of the field hospital and other medical advancements came to America from British after their assistance of the Russians during the Crimean War. During the war, there were multiple disease outbreaks among soldiers such as the deadly smallpox and erysipelas. Even though the transference of disease was not understood, doctors treated the soldiers the best they could alongside the injured soldiers. The developments learned here were then exchanged with the Americans and the use of the tent as a mobile medical hospital. [11]
Nurse Anne Bell tending to wounded soldiers in a Union hospital, ca. 1863. (U.S. Army Center of Military History) [8] Alcott, Louisa May. Civil War Hospital Sketches. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2006. Adobe Digital Editions. [9] Faust, Drew Gilpin. This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008. Print. [10] Garrison, Fielding Hudson, A.B., M.D. An Introduction to the History of Medicine. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1921. Google Books. Google. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. [11] McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford UP, 1988. Google Books. Google, Mar. 2013. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. 12
It not until World War II was the significance of the field hospital was noticed , so much so that after the war the Geneva Convention in 1949 explicitly stated that the medics aiding those in the battlefield or in the field hospital are not to be targeted. The impact of these mobile medics and their pop-up, pop-down tents would not be as significant during the two world wars of the twentieth century. The ability for medics to be able to follow quickly and easily the front lines was because their Field Hospitals were tents. Similar to the teepee, the tent could be easily collapsed into a lightweight compact form, that could easily travel with the medics to the next battle then could be rapidly reassembled, so that they were prepared for the next surge of soldiers in need. [12]
Interior View of a Hospital Tent from Life and Death in Rebel Prisons, Robert H. Kellogg, 1866
[12] King, Maj. Booker, MD, FACS, and Col. Ismail Jatoi, MD, PhD, FACS. “The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH); A Military and Surgical Legacy.” Journal of the National Medical Association May 97.5 (2205). Web. 11 Oct. 2014
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The Illuminated BMW Pavilion at the 1995 IAA.
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BMW Pavilion (1995/1997/1999) Frankfurt Pavilions are unlike other architecture in the way that they do not need to function more than expressing an idea. [13] At the 1995 Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung (International Automobile Exhibition) in Frankfurt, the german auto maker, BMW, boldly moved from inside the halls out to the grounds of Messe Frankfurt Fair Grounds and held its exhibition under a temporary tent like pavillion . The tensile structure consisted of a high-quality PVC coated polyester membrane stretched over a series of steel lattice matts up to 98 feet in height appearing much like a conglomeration of teepees. At the peaks of the pavilion glass, vents allowed for light to enter and proper air circulation to enter the pavilion. [14] The IAA show is an annual car show lasting only a week, to accommodate with the short amount of time allowed on site, the structural details for the tensile structure were standardized and designed to be extremely fast in assembling and dismantling. Since proper planning had been done before, the membrane was able to be pulled tight in place onto the central poles by steel cables, then secured very rapidly. The success of the BMW’s pavilion led other companies to follow suit in creating their pavilions, eventually causing companies to compete for space in Interior view of the BMW pavilion showing the tensile structure stretch between the trade grounds center square. [15] The BMW Pavilion demon- the two steel columns. strates the creativity that can be done with tent-like structure. They can be rapidly popped up and then back down and either put into storage and used the following year. [13] Lavin, Sylvia. “Vanishing Point.” Artforum international. 10 2012: 212-9. ProQuest. Web. 20 Sep. 2014 . [14] Tensile Structures International PVE LTD. BMW Pavilion, IAA Motor Show. Sri Lanka: Tensile Structures International PVE, 2013. Tsiskyspan. July 2013. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. [15] Schulte, Karin. “The Temporary Pavilion.” Temporary Buildings: The Tradefair Stand as a Conceptual Challenge. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko, 2000. 58-61. Print.
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Ebola ABCS 2014 In the recent virus outbreak such as the 2014 Ebola epidemic in west Africa, medical facilities are needed to be much more specialized than clinic equipment typically used in a rural area. Ebola currently does not have a cure, and the disease can only be treated on a patient by basis. These patients must be isolated from the rest of the population, and the isolation of the patients from outside contact is critical because the virus spreads only through contact with bodily fluids. Therefore, if the patient dies, the body and its surroundings and the materials used in the treatment must be carefully handled since deceased bodies and elements carrying fluids can still carry the disease to a good person. As of October 8th, 2014, of the 8,399 cases 4,033 have died, pushing the seriousness of an epidemic. [16]
[16] Haaretz. “Latest Updates/ Ebola Death Toll Rises to above 4,000 Says WHO.� Haaretz. N.p., 10 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. 16
Interior view inside the ABCS. On the left a chemical toilet, on the right is the foam cot for the patient to lay on
To try to combat these dire circumstances, Aeromedical Biological Containment Systems (ABCS) have been created. ABCS create temporary tent-like housing for the patient while transporting them to the hospital with proper equipment. The unit’s skin is made of thick clear plastic with a negative-pressure that is tied onto an external structure of metal supports. In order to prevent the area around the ABCS from being infected an HEPA-filter air supply is utilized to filter the air inside the ABCS before exiting. Inside is only medical equipment such as an IV drip and respirator, a foam cot and a plastic bucket for a toilet. The ABCS was first developed during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 but it was never used. Transporting Ebola Patient Kent Brantly from Monrovia, Liberia to Atlanta, Georgia in the ABCS on August 5th, 2014 was the first test of the system’s capacity. [17] The unit was retrofitted to a Gulfstream III without endangering the passengers or the flight crew. After the transport was complete, the ABCS was properly disposed of to prevent even spread of Ebola. The transportation of patients would not be possible without the innovation of the ABS system that can pop up, and even transported while erect and then can pop down and be disposed of. Without this kind of innovation, patients would not be able to get the adequate medical attention they need in dire times such as during infectious disease outbreaks.
Doctors aiding an ebola patient in West Africa in a quickly created hospital.
[17] Crist, Carolyn. “Inside the Flying Quarantine Ward Used to Transport Ebola Patients | WIRED.” Wired.com. Conde Nast Digital, 08 Aug. 2014. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. [18] Wilson, Jacque. “Experts: U.S. Health Care System Well-prepared for Ebola.” CNN. Cable News Network, 01 Aug. 2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Exterior view of the ABCS showing the metal structure holding up the plastic tent like interior. 17
KIT-OF-PARTS
18
A drawing documenting the inside o
of the Crystal Palace in 1851.
Exterior view of the ABCS showing the metal structure holding up the plastic tent like interior. 19
The Barn Another method of rapid construction is the kit-of-parts, where all the materials for the construction are standardized and collect. In community events called “barn raising,”in which the entire town would help a farmer erect a new barn using a kit of parts that the farmer had assembled himself. The tradition of barn raising originated in the United Kingdom during the seventeenth century and was called “raising bee” or “rearing..” When settlers from the U.K. settled early colonial America, they brought with them this method of barn raising, which flourished during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Barn Raising has continued today by isolated religious communities such as the Mennonites and the Amish along the east coast and midwest of the United States. These groups, like the Amish, still assemble barns and churches through the prefab technique that is called barn raising. Buildings that are built by barn raising are typically larger financial investments than a home, but is a construction method that can be applied to any building. When needed the community would work together for one or two days to help one family. The reasoning behind the community comes together to help so that they all can benefit from the building or the promise of future assistance. After the work is often done there is a great celebration including food, drink, and socializing. Because of the celebration afterward, barn raising is associated with the party rather than the labor. Today, an Amish community can do construction in about ten hours that would take a commercial construction team two months. [19] This construction method supports the lifestyle of groups such as the Amish that do not move, even after generations. Though this architecture pops up it does not pop down and does not move. Not supporting the focus of this paper entirely, but barn raising is constructed rapidly and securely. This construction method’s most important quality is beyond the mechanics of the building but is in the people. Barn raising is a community effort for the sake of an individual, the payoff for the group may not be immediate or ever. [20]
A photo from 1906 of a barn raising in progress. While many of the able men work, the rest of the community has gathered around for a social engagement.
[19] Though the erection of the building is faster with a barn raising that is simply because the time consuming efforts are in building the walls not assembly. So if a modern construction group was building a prefab, the time would probably be about the same. [20] Duffy, George. Interview by A. C. Sherbert. Library of Congress. Federal Writiers’ Project, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. 20
Barn raising [21] is the technique of constructing simple large buildings by the exterior frames flat on the ground by the individual family who will own the barn. The decisions of how the framework and foundation are created here is what gives the building form and appearance. After the frames are complete the community gathers to assemble the building. Community members lift the walls up into place by one group holding the base of the wall on top of the foundation while the other pull the top of the wall up with ropes. Once the frame is in place, community members angle boards against the framework to keep the walls up while the other walls are erected. Depending on the size of the building supporting framing, is lifted up into place to support the roof eventually. Once adjacent walls are in place, neighbors can join them together either with nails or wood joinery. After all the frames are in place and secured, beams can begin to be laid on top of the already peaked frames. After the beams are laid, joist are placed evenly perpendicular to the beams support the roof. To not waste time, a team from the community begins laying down roofing on top of the joists as another team begins covering the sides of the frames. For the roofing, traditionally boards were then placed tightly, evenly, and perpendicular to the joists to make the roof plane then shingles were applied, then tarred for waterproofing. More recently after the beams are laid two layers of joists (first layer perpendicular to the beams, then the second layer perpendicular to the first layer of joists, thus parallel to the beams) are placed, corrugated metal is laid for roofing. [22] The paradigm of barn raising not only is an early example of prefab but also demonstrates the importance of a community working together towards a common goal. [23]
This photo is an example of a frame being lifted into place in a different manner. One group holds down the base of the frame to the foundation. Another group pushes the top of the frame up with sticks. A third group uses ropes to stabilize the frame. [21] Oxford English Dictionary Definition: Barn-raising n. U.S. ‘the erection of the frame of a barn with the help of neighbors; a social gathering on his occasion’ ( D.A.). 1856 T. D. Price MS. Diary 28 Apr. (D.A.), Went to D. D. Keller’s barn raising. 1952 Economist 9 Aug. 340/1 The old custom of ‘barn-raising’, at which neighbors and friends volunteered their services, is coming back into fashion [in the U.S.A.]. [22] Dunmire, Ruth. “From the ground and up” Common Ground Magazine. McVeytown, PA: Brumbaugh, Dunmire, and Zeiders Pub, 1990. Print. [23] In contemporary times the term has become associated with the banding together of a community to work towards a common goal. Culotta, Jim. “Barn Raising - 21st CENTURY STYLE.” Public Management 1.27 (2014): n. pag.ProQuest Research Library. Web. 5 Sept. 2014. 21
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Advertisement for a Sears House
The Home The genius of standardized parts was able to be mass produced with the Industrial Revolution. Buildings such as sheds and greenhouses were made of a basic kit of parts produced in a factory. The idea of standardized and interchangeable parts can be expanded to larger buildings such as a house. The market for the kit of parts buildings expanded beyond the building trades to the homeowner with the proliferation of the mass produced mail delivered catalog. Sears is most famous for cornering the kit-of-parts in the housing market through the use of the famous sears catalog. In booming 20th century America, the release of the latest issue of the Sears catalog was looked forward to by all. The Sears catalog offered clothing, linens, appliances, machinery, and kit houses to the families that lived far from the cities and who lived in small towns that could not offer a range of supplies. After the family had selected one of the three hundred seventy models for their new home, it was necessary to order it through the mail.[24] It would take a few weeks or months for the train to deliver the kit, a delivery truck would pick the shipment up from the station then drop off the kit of parts with its elaborate instruction. A typical Sears home could be assembled in and finally assembled as per the included instructions. [25] This home was a revolution in architecture the standardization of parts allowed for relatively quick assembly. The homes themselves were not innovative in the sense of architectural invention but the genius of the kit of parts comes from creating a building made from the fewest types of parts in other words the most efficient standardization and to have the parts of the buildings simplified with instructions be so simple that a layperson can assemble his or her home without architectural expertise. [26]
This is an example of a Barrington model from the 1928 Sears Catalog, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
[24] ”Sears Archives Home Page.” Sears Archives Home Page. Sears, 21 Mar. 2012. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. [25] The time varies based on where one is located in reference to the kit factory. The time spent waiting is especially significant in contrast of today’s online shopping. Where one click sends the order and then waiting for arrival of product a few days to a few weeks for shipping. [26] Rothman, Howard. 50 Companies That Changed the World : Incisive Profiles of the 50 Organizations Large and Small That Have Shaped the Course of Modern Business. Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA: Career Press, Incorporated, 2001. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 11 September 2014. 23
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Crystal Palace, The Great Exhibition 1851, London, England The Sears homes are examples of following the instructions when working with a kit-of-parts, but when looking at the kits more creatively interesting and larger buildings can be created such as the Crystal Palace. The Crystal Palace was developed as a pavilion for The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, England. The Exhibition was an international event that celebrated the innovations from many countries, and these inventions were all housed inside the Crystal Palace. The Palace was constructed using multiple greenhouse kits together to create the large pavilion of Joseph Paxton’s design. The decision to follow Paxton’s design was made in July 1850 only eight months before the exhibition would begin on May 1st, 1851. With this short deadline the design needed to include rapid construction, the solution was creating modules using the greenhouse kits then enclosing the space with glass and iron. [27] The Crystal Palace was very popular with the general public [28] and critics, in fact so popular that in 1852, it was relocated on Sydenham Hill. The ability to pop-up quickly again at the new location was due to the use of the standardized kit and modular design. The Crystal Palace remained popped up for many years until its demise by fire on November 30th, 1936. Though the Crystal Palace remained erect for many years, it was intended to pop up then back down again either into storage or recycled. [29]
[27] Kate Colquhoun, A Thing In Disguise: The Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton (Harper Collins, 2004) [28] Hosting six million visitors over five months. [29] “Paxton and the Great Stove”, Architectural History, Vol. 4, (1961), pp. 77-92 25 A drawing by Architect Joseph Paxton of the Crystal Palace in 1851.
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Bird’s Nest, 2008 Beijing Olympics Currently, the tradition of temporary structures and international galas has been fluctuating. The PS1 pavilion competition is still a celebration of pavilions but is done at a smaller scale. In special events such as the Olympics and World Cup, which are as brief as a fair, nations compete to impress by building grand permanent structures, created to house both the competitions and the crowds. The structures are planned to accommodate the exceptional function for specific events, and after the events are finished, the crowds have receded, and the Olympics are over, the highly specialized and expensive structures often sit empty. Such as the Bird’s Nest (The Beijing National Stadium) built for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as one of the two beautiful venues were created. The stadium was designed by Herzog & de Meuron and Chinese artists Ai Weiwei as an artistic consultant. The form was based upon their research of Chinese ceramics, the steel beams also hide supports for the retractable roof. [30] After the Olympics, the Bird’s Nest continued to be profitable in 2009 by charging crowds tourists entrance fees to tour the empty stadium. [31] Since then popularity has gone down the further, it has gotten from the Olympics, more recently the Bird’s Nest has become less of a tourist destination and has only housed a few events. Due to lack of use, the stadium has begun to appear more run down while the upkeep cost remains more than $11 million a year. Many avenues at revitalize the stadiums have been attempted such as a man-made ski slope, Segway tours, and a small wax museum, but none have been successful. Even though the Bird’s nest appears to be made of a kit of part, each piece is custom. If the building were to be taken down the pieces would be hard to recycle without being reforged as a new piece of steel. Additionally the entire building was not thought through of how function on an urban level after the Olympics. In circumstances such as this implementation of temporary architecture could have served both the Olympics and the city. By having an intriguing stadium while still able to remove quickly and either put into storage or recycle. [32] A photograph during the Olympics of the Bird’s Nest Reflecting in the water.
The ski slope that was constructed to generate revenue and prevent the Bird’s nest from being empty.
[30] “China’s New Faces: Ai Weiwei.” BBC News. BBC, 03 Mar. 2005. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. [31] Xu, Phyllis, and Mark Chrisholm. “China Tourists Twig to Beijing’s Bird’s Nest.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 22 Apr. 2009. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. [32] Lim, Louisa. “China’s Post-Olympic Woe: How To Fill An Empty Nest.” NPR. NPR, 10 July 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
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Quick Space 72, Tohoku Japan Pop-up, pop-down architecture can be a service not only in times of celebration such as the Olympics but also in times of national disaster. In disaster’s such as the Tohoku tsunami on the coast of eastern Japan, temporary architecture was able to assist in the difficult circumstances. After the uncontrollable waves of the enormous tsunami had swept over towns and countryside, power were gone, communication was archaic, [33] and everything in sight was dirty and broken , All Shelters were inhabitable, including the hospitals. [34] During the aftermath of a disaster, forty-five countries came to the aid to Japan, arriving with search and rescue teams to find survivors, building temporary shelters and hospitals to take care of the shocked population. [35] The disaster relief areas were designated in the few buildings that were still standing after the disaster. Inside the buildings, space was filled with rows of cots, not divided for privacy for housing or medical care [36] with the exception of a few pod-like medical facilities. One of the medical facilities, such as Quick Space 72 (QS72) was designed by the Japanese GK Design Group working for with the Japan Red Cross Society was adaptable to any small open space during the aftermath. The QS72 is rigid, but lightweight due to its design of fold plate construction made from polypropylene plastic composite boards. The plastic boards which have strength and heat insulation and can be recycled and processed. At the Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, QS72s were utilized as temporary clinics and volunteer centers. Due to how quickly the units were assembled and how useful they were, the director of the hospital recommended to the Red Cross Society that the units should be stored as standard equipment. Designs such as QS72 are very handy when they are already on the site or when the emergency kits are distributed but even more useful is transportation that have the hospital facilities built in. [37]
Interior view of a QS72 functioning as a clinic, shows the large amount of space inside the quickly assemble unit.
[33] “Tokyo Phone Lines Jammed, Trains Stop.” The Times of India. N.p., 12 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. [34] Jiji. “Tohoku Still in Dire Need of Medical Support.” Japan Times RSS. N.p., 11 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. [35] Nebehay, Stephanie. “Japan Requests Foreign Rescue Teams, U.N. Says.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 11 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. [36] Kim, Chang-Ran. “With Thousands Missing, Survivors Seek Loved Ones in Japan.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 14 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. [37] Asada, Eiki. Overcoming Contradictions QS72 at the Disaster Site. Publication no. 22. N.p.: n.p., n.d. GK Design. Web. 12 Oct. 2014.
A computer rendering of the QS72.
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READY-MADE
30
Model of proposed expansion for the Hirshhorn museum
m in Washington D.C. by Diller Scofidio +Renfro.
Kit-of-parts construction is a section within prefabrication construction, [38] since the pieces are prefabricated in a factory. But there are also buildings that are completely prefabricated and simply delivered. The historical precedents for prefabrication are the same as kit-of-parts but in the early twentieth century they diverge with the creation of trailers. This paper will not be covering the realm of trailers, but the ideas that were able to come afterwards.
[38] Smith, Ryan E. “History of Prefabrication: A Cultural Survey.� Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History. 2009. 31
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Iraqi Freedom 212th MASH While aiding the soldiers in, America’s most recent war Iraqi Freedom, the standard of the tent field hospital was commonly used with the harsh temperatures of Iraqi desert. The 212th MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) facilities were prefabricated as custom metal units in factories in the United States and then shipped to the war zone. The units with medical equipment already built in were then able to be joined together on site in about twelve hours using a system of pre-cut holes and bolts. Once assembled the units were easily able to facilitate two general surgeons, a thoracic surgeon, plastic surgeon, internist, family practitioner, and a nursing staff. The hospital stayed stationary as soldiers were brought by helicopter or aircraft to receive treatment that their base hospital could not offer. Shortly after the fall of Bagdad, members of Doctors are able to operate with ease in ready-made surgery unit. the 212th MASH went into the city and helped with the needs of the city’s medical community. Afterwards, the ready-made hospital was not needed and was flown back into storage in the United States for the next time it will be needed. Major Booker King M.D. remarked upon the experience of working in the ready made units “...will, no doubt, form the basis for the design of future mobile military medical units.” [39]
[39] King, Maj. Booker, MD, FACS, and Col. Ismail Jatoi, MD, PhD, FACS. “The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy.” Journal of the National Medical Association May 97.5 (2005): 648-56. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. A canvas tent MASH unit in Iraq during the war Iraqi Freedom.
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Refugee Camps During WWI, families were being displaced being forced to move from their homes due to the progressing German and Russian Armies. Refugee Camps in the United Kingdom, Italy, Holland, and France were set up to accommodate those who were displaced, primarily from Ukraine and Belgium. During this time minorities such as Jews were particular targets from the invading armies, who were attempting to cleanse their newly conquered land of impure people. Many Jews fled from Galicia and Bukovina to Austria to escape the Russians rule that began physical attacks on Jews during 1917.The locals had little compassion on them, though seeing that the refugees had no clothing, shoes, or food, and locals did not reach out to assist. [40] Some of the refugee camps were only a few earthen shelters outside a village that could be quickly made. Those who were luckier were able to locate closer to the village were able to reach a refugee camp such as in Gmuend, Austria. Though the circumstances were still destitute and cramped with the other refugee groups such as Ruthenes, and Poles. They lived in grim quickly assembled barracks outside of town and were surrounded by a tall barbed wire fence and guards. The refugee issue worsened draining the war economy due to the cost of housing and supporting the refugees. Because of the economic drain social and psychological stigmas became associated with displacement causing a strain on already thin wartime relationships between nationalities in Europe. Though this is the first time dealing with wartime refugees that were already subject to prejudices of the locals. [42]
Photograph of a family of Jewish Refugees in a Refugee camp in Austria.
Photograph of a refugee camp made by Jewish Refugees.
[40] Gatrell, Peter. “Refugees and Forced Migrants during the First World War.”Immigrants & Minorities 26.1-2 (2008): 82-110. Taylor & Francis Group. Informa Group. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. [41] Thorpe, Julie. Belonging in Austria. Melbourne: Contemporary Europe Research Centre, 2007. Ebook. A image of during World War One of Jews fleeing thier homes as the Russians “cleanse” an Eastern Austrian City.
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Refugee Camps More recently on April 29th, 2011, escaping their civil war, two hundred sixty-three Syrians crossed over into Turkey. Within 24 hours the Turkish government quickly assembled a tent camp in the southern Hatay Province. In three years 210,000 refugees, who were once lived in stationary communities forced to live as nomads finding sanction in twenty-two fully functional camps. In 2012, a camp opened in Kilis, supposedly the best refugee camp available. Comprised of 2,053 shipping containers renovated for families, the camp resembles a small town. The shipping containers are very comfortable and have all the amenities of a modern home including internet and television. The typical stigmas of the refugee camp such as tents, garbage, raw sewage, and lack of infrastructure have been eliminated. The camp even has luxuries of a full infrastructure with power lines, fire hydrants, street lights, brick streets, street sweeping truck, and playgrounds. The school teaches about four hundred fifty children where the Principal doubles as a counselor for the children dealing with these difficult circumstances. Infrastructure in combination with proper housing such as the accessible shipping container housing allows for a more comfortable environment when escaping the tyranny that is left behind at home. [42] Even though the chance is slim, the hope is that when the tyranny is gone that the refugees may return home. The storage containers can be reused in another location as another shelter.
A view of the community of storage container houses in Turkey for the Syrian refugees.
A small room with a bunk bed and a small kitchen. [42] Mcclelland, Mac. “How to Build a Perfect Refugee Camp.� The New York Times. The New York Times, 15 Feb. 2014. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. Two young Syrian boys sit on a bed inside their storage container housing unit with a window and television to the right.
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BUBBLE When looking at the world of bubbles and architecture, it is hard not to think of 1960’s Austrian architect and artist group HausRucker-Co. [43] The group was inspired by Pop-Art [44] and Fluxus, [45] interested in the expansion of consciousness that the two groups explored. Haus-Rucker-Co tested the intersection between these two points by creating architecture installations and experiments called social sculptures. These installations used plastic to separate humans from their environment to symbolically represent ‘environmental destruction and alienation from nature.’ [46] One of the group’s first installations was titled Balloon for 2, in Vienna in 1967. The installation consisted of a large inflatable balloon with a flexible structure was extended out through an apartment window. Inside were two inhabitants sitting on an extended beam enjoying the view. The view was quite nice until the police arrived responding to a complaint from a neighbor. Further experiments continued with inflatable structures. Some structures Two people wearing Haus-Rucker-Co.’s Mind Expander Helmets in front of inflatable installation, Yellow Heart, a communication pod for two. continued to be bubble shaped, and others became a new work of inflatable pods. [47] [43] Haus-Rucker-Co. was found in Vienna, Austria in 1967. Haus-Rucker literally translates to House-Jerk. The members of this group was Laurids Ortner (later to found Ortner & Ortner architecture), Günter Zamp Kelp (later creates his own independent firm), and the painter Klaus Pinter. [44] Pop-Art is an Art movement primarily in North America and Europe that playfully focused on pop-culture, consumerism, mass media, and advertising. [45] Fluxus is the restoration of Dada in the 1960’s. [46]Weibel, Peter. “Beyond Art: A Third Culture.” Google Books. Google, Oct. 2012. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. [47]Kelp, Zamp. “BALLOON FOR 2 Vienna 1967.” Zamp Kelp. Zamp Kelp, 2014. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.
Left is the fully inflated Balloon for 2 extending out into the street. Right is photos documenting the inflation of Balloon for 2. 39
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BUBBLE Over forty years later the architects are still exploring the realm of the bubble. Though their design was ultimately not approved, [48] Diller Scofidio + Renfro proposed a bubble as an expansion for the Washington D.C. Hirshhorn Museum. This 145-foot bubble would be erected once a year for the busy season of the two summer months. The Bubble would expand through the central atrium of the museum and appear to ooze out through the roof as well seep outside into the side plaza of the iconic Modernist building. One wonders what the original architect, Gordon Bunshaft, would have thought of the bubble. This fugacious structure would have expanded the museum by 11,000 square feet creating space for a variety of temporary events. Though not approved, this creativity in design and space planning, leads to an interesting discussion in pop-up architecture. [49]
This rendering illustrates the proposition of the bubble expansion in the Hirshhorn Museum.
[48] The project was not funded due to lack of approval from the museum’s board “Diller Scofidio + Renfro Hirshhorn Museum Bubble Nixed.” Designboom Architecture Design Magazine Diller Scofidio + Renfro Hirshhorn Museum Bubble Nixed Comments. Designboom, 18 June 2013. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. [49] “Diller Scofidio + Renfro.” Diller Scofidio + Renfro. N.p., Dec. 2009. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
The renderings demonstrates that the bubble would expand from the side through the top of the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington D.C. 41
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CONCLUSION Mirrored renderings of a cardboard tube Japan at Expo 2000 Hannover by Shigeru Ban. 43
Locals gather for services inside Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Emergency housing design of Shigeru Ban’s inside a gymnasium after the Tohoku Tsunami in Japan.
CONCLUSION The exploration of temporary architecture in the fields of housing, hospitals, and pavilions has been long and vastly done when looking at tent-like, kit-of-parts, and ready-made solutions. Even though it seems as if all the possibilities have all come to full fruition, pop-up, pop-down architecture can more often be the solution with more exploration of materials, construction techniques, and programmatic applications. With more pop-up, pop-down architecture there is less demolition, leading to less waste. Unused buildings can then be moved, stored, or recycled. In the hands of a master like, Pritzker award-winning architect Shigeru Ban, temporary architecture has excelled beyond belief. Ban has created a rapid and hardy construction method by using a lightweight, inexpensive, and accessible material of cardboard. The cardboard tubes can be easily and inexpensively be bought or made. These tubes can then be connected either through carved tubes or with a joint piece, which could be basic wood for smaller shelters or in combination with steel in larger constructions like churches. These magnificent structures are not only quickly and cheaply assembled but long lasting and able to be disassembled. This paper has focused upon temporary architecture in expositions, crisis hospitals, and crisis housing, Ban has created exemplary examples of these. In the world of temporary architecture he has set the bar high by developing beautiful work, innovative and sustainable construction methods, and comfort for the inhabitants.
Shigeru Ban speaking at a TED talk conference explaining the simplicity in using cardboard tubes for structure.
A simpler example of one of the simplest kinds of joints, a tube passing through a hole in a tube. 45
Six Cardboard tubes bound together with a simplistic steel joint piece
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcott, Louisa May. Civil War Hospital Sketches. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2006. Adobe Digital Editions.
Canaves, Sky. “Shanghai Building Collapses, Nearly Intact.” China Real Time Report RSS. Wall Street Journal, 29 June 2009. Web. 02 Oct. 2014.
Louisa May Alcott was a nurse at a field hospital during the American Civil war, but most famously a great American novelist from the 19th century. Though fiction the book Civil War Hospital Sketches is reflective of her experience working as a nurse. The text helps to establish the base for field hospitals by representing the first kind. Since it is published in 1863 it is very current in relation to the Civil War. Alcott was very supportive of the American government and soldiers, though very supportive she describes the scenes inside the field hospital vividly.
Sky Canaves is a journalist for the Wall Street Journal, a credible popular newspaper on pop culture events. The event of the Lotus Riverside falling over is an event in pop culture covered by the daily news. Because of the general credibility of the newspaper the events document has credibility. Chadwick, George F. The Works of Sir Joseph Paxton. London: Architectural, 1961. JSTOR. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
Asada, Eiki. Overcoming Contradictions QS72 at the Disaster Site. Publication no. 22. N.p.: n.p., n.d. GK Design. Web. 12 Oct. 2014.
The information about George F. Chadwick is very little but based upon the sources of the book it gains great credibility. Chadwick uses original sources such as letters from Paxton to his wife, diaries of the sixth and seventh Duke of Devonshire. Though these primary sources deal with earlier events in Paxton’s life. The sources along with a large list of secondary sources lead to the validity of the book.
Eiki Asada is a designer at GK Design Group who helped design the QS72. QS72, a pop-up module unit was utilized as hospital rooms, volunteer settings, and emergency housing in the light of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Since Eiki Asada both designed and implemented the QS72, he is able to describe his observations. Though he is the designer of the product, he describes both positive and negative aspects of the QS72.
Cherry, Robin. Catalog : The Illustrated History of Mail-Order Shopping. New York, NY, USA: Princeton Architectural Press, 2008. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 11 September 2014.
“Barn-raising.” Oxford English Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. Robin Cherry has a eighteen year history of working as director of marketing at Time, Inc., Rodale, and Dow Jones. In more recent years has been working as a freelance writer and editor for Lexus, Travel + Leisure, Wine Country Living, and MSN. Her education is an MBA from Dartmouth College, B.A. in history from Carleton college. The book is not a historical analysis but a catalog of mail-order shopping, so her experience is adequate.
The Oxford English Dictionary is a standard in documenting and researching the definitions, origins, and use of words. In context of Barn-raising I used it to see how the definition of the term has changed over time, from the original construction method, to the more recent political term. Beekmans, Jeroen, and De Boer, Joop. Pop-up City: City-making in a Fluid World. Amsterdam: BIS, 2014. Pop-up City. Issuu, 2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
“China’s New Faces: Ai Weiwei.” BBC News. BBC, 03 Mar. 2005. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
Jeroen Beekmans is the co-founder of Pop-up city, a web magazine that reports on creative solutions around urbanism, design, and technology, as well as the curator of Amsterdam branch of PechaKucha. Joop De Boer has a Master’s in urban design from Politecnico di Milano and University of Amsterdam, who also works at Amsterdam branch of PechaKucha. This book was released this year, both of these designers have a great ties to the architectural community and to urbanism. With the strong ties to the architecture community their research within the urbanist ideas of a Pop-up City are credible.
This article documents the steps in creating the Bird’s Nest through the collaboration Herzog and de Mueron with Ai Weiwei. The article is from BBC News a reputable news corporation. The article helped me by giving me a background into the creation of the Bird’s Nest Olympic Stadium. Colquhoun, Kate. A Thing in Disguise: The Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton. London: Harper Perennial, 2004. Google Books. Google, June 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. 46
Kate Colquhoun is a critic for the Daily Telegraph and has written for The Times, the Financial Times, BBC History Magazine, Saga Magazine, The (RHS) Garden and Country Life Magazine. A Thing in Disguise: The Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton was nominated for the Duff Cooper Prize 2004 (an award for best non-fiction writing) and Samuel Johnson Prize 2003 (U.K’s most prestigious non-fiction award with a committee ranging from historians to the director of Penguin publishing). With her experience in journalism, accolades, and sources the validity of the book is solid. This book furthers my understanding of Jospeh Paxton and the Crystal Palace.
Demay, Laëtitia, Péan, Stéphane and Patou-Mathis, Marylène. “Mammoths Used as Food and Building Resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological Study Applied to Layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine).” Quaternary International (2011): 213-25. Academia . Web. 3 Sept. 2014.
“Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris.” Environmental Protection Agency. United States Government, 22 Apr. 2014. Web. 5 Sept. 2014.
“Bubble.” Diller Scofidio + Renfro. N.p., Dec. 2009. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Laëtitia Demay, Stéphane Péan and Marylène Patou-Mathis are zooarchaeologist Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Due to their career and positions at such a high ranking museum, they are very reliable sources. The article is relevant to my paper since it describes early Neanderthal dwellings that are quickly made from Mammoth tusk and bones.
Diller, Scofidio + Renfro’s website section “Bubble” is a description of the proposed expansion of the Hisrshhorn Museum in Washington D.C.. This building is relevant to my paper because it is an innovative look at pop-up, pop-down architecture.
This information was provided by a study done in Massachusetts by the Environmental Protection Agency. Since this is a government official study its credibility is solid. The statistic of the amount of C&D waste demonstrates the urgency of Pop-up, Pop-Down Architecture.
“Diller Scofidio + Renfro Hirshhorn Museum Bubble Nixed.” Designboom Architecture Design Magazine Diller Scofidio + Renfro Hirshhorn Museum Bubble Nixed Comments. Designboom, 18 June 2013. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Crist, Carolyn. “Inside the Flying Quarantine Ward Used to Transport Ebola Patients WIRED.” Wired.com. Conde Nast Digital, 08 Aug. 2014. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
Designboom is a reputable source covering recent events in design culture. This article goes into detail around Diller Scofidio + Renfro’s Bubble not being approved by the Hirshhorn Museum Board.
Carolyn Crist is a freelance journalist who’s work specializing in health, technology, and travel is often in Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Gulfshore Business Magazine, and WIRED. On the topic of Ebola she has written six articles for WIRED. Because of the how recent the outbreak of Ebola is and Crist’s familiarity with the subject, this article is a solid source. This article helped me to understand the ABCS and details connecting it to temporary architecture.
Duffy, George. Interview by A. C. Sherbert. Library of Congress. Federal Writers’ Project, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. A.C. Sherbert was a member of the United States Federal Writer’s Project which from 1935 to 1939 traveled the U.S. documenting American history and culture. Since Sherbert was selected for documenting culture the documentation of this interview of George Duffy on Barn Raising is very credible. This is relevant to my paper since it is a primary source documenting what happens during a barn raising.
Culotta, Jim. “Barn Raising - 21st CENTURY STYLE.” Public Management 1.27 (2014): n. pag.ProQuest Research Library. Web. 5 Sept. 2014. Jim Culotta has a B.A. in Political Science and History from St. Norbert College, and a Masters of Public Administration from George Washington University. Additionally he has political experience as being town administrator of Cedarburg, Wisconsin for eight years. This experience and education makes Culotta a credible source about the more contemporary form of barn raising, which is a community banning together for any general good. This article is relevant since it demonstrates that one of the most important factors in barn raising is the team work.
Faust, Drew Gilpin. This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008. Print. Drew Gilpin Faust is the President of Harvard University she attended Bryn Mawr College and University of Pennsylvania. She received her Ph.D in American civilizations and specializes in the history of the South during the ante47
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY bellum period and the American Civil War. This becomes an excellent source when looking at the conditions of Civil War field hospitals.
Haaretz. “Latest Updates/ Ebola Death Toll Rises to above 4,000 Says WHO.” Haaretz. N.p., 10 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Dunmire, Ruth. “From the ground and up” Common Ground Magazine. McVeytown, PA: Brumbaugh, Dunmire, and Zeiders Pub, 1990. Print.
Haaretz is a global pop culture news blog. Though anonymous it cites sources and is in agreement with other sources used for the paper when understanding the recent events around Ebola. This article describes the rising death toll and leading to the logic of the ABCS.
Common Ground Magazine is a community magazine from McVeyton, Pennsylvania. Though it is a pop culture magazine the article of the way the Amish build their barns is extremely detailed and noted based upon Ruth Dunmire’s observations.
Hughes, Jonnie. “Variation North Dakota.” On the Origin of Tepees: The Evolution of Ideas (and Ourselves). New York: Free, NY. 57-59. Google Books. Web. 5 Sept. 2014.
Garrison, Fielding Hudson, A.B., M.D. An Introduction to the History of Medicine. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1921. Google Books. Google. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
Jonnie Hughes studied ecology and evolution at University of Leeds and has taught colleges and wrote in newspapers and magazines about the evolution of life. He has also made films on the subject for BBC, Discovery, and National Geographic. In the book, On the Origin of Tepees, Hughes begins analyzing the teepee in means of evolution, giving a strong foundation to the evolution of tent-like architecture. Jiji. “Tohoku Still in Dire Need of Medical Support.” Japan Times RSS. N.p., 11 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Colonel Fielding Hudson Garrison MD is famously acclaimed for this book: An Introduction to the History of Medicine. The book is the first comprehensive American publication of medicine. The book has a few interesting notes about the conditions of civil war field hospitals and describing the conditions within. Gatrell, Peter. “Refugees and Forced Migrants during the First World War.”Immigrants & Minorities 26.12 (2008): 82110. Taylor & Francis Group. Informa Group. Web. 12 Oct. 2014.
Jiji is a writer for the Japan Times. Usually writing on recent events. The article is written based upon Jiji’s own observations in Tohoku two years after the disaster. Since this is written based on Jiji’s own observations, it is a primary source describing the state of the city at the moment of the tsunami and after. It helps my paper by distinctly pointing out how the area is in need of temporary medical facilities, that pop-up, pop-down architecture could assist in.
Peter Gatrell recieved his undergraduate and PhD from the University of Cambridge and was Head of School of History and Classics in Liverpool. His research is primarily in population displacement in work history and history of modern Europe. The book “Refugees and Forced Migrants during the First World War” gives insight into one of the first times that refugees were labeled as such and were placed in refugee camps. The circumstances with in the first refugee camps gives a nice comparison with the more recent Syrian refugee camps in Turkey.
Kim, Chang-Ran. “With Thousands Missing, Survivors Seek Loved Ones in Japan.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 14 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. Chang-Ran Kim is a writer for Reuters an international news agency specializing in finance and finance risk. Kim primarily writes about events taking place in Japan that could influence the economic market. In this article Kim does not address the economics of the Tohoku tsunami but focuses on the circumstances of the aftermath. Since Kim is familiar with covering events in Japan the article seems very reputable. It is relevant to show the general circumstances after the tsunami, that could be aided by temporary architecture.
Giedion, Sigfried. “The Great Exhibitions.” In Space, Time and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition, 243-260. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941. In Space, Time and Architecture, is an influential standard in modern architectural history. Sigfried Giedion was a Swiss historian and critic of architecture, who wrote during the early twentieth century. In the chapter “The Great Exhibitions”, Giedion analyzes and documents the most influential of the series of World’s Fairs in London and Paris. The penultimate was the Crystal Palace.
Kelp, Zamp. “BALLOON FOR 2 Vienna 1967.” Zamp Kelp. Zamp Kelp, 2014. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. 48
Settlement in Eastern Jordan.” PLOS ONE 7.2 (2012): 1-10.PLOS One . PLOS One, 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 3 Sept. 2014.
Zamp Kelp was one of the members of Haus-Rucker-Co. “Balloon for 2 Vienna 1967” gives information and images about the groups first installation.
Lisa A Maher is an assistant professor in University of California, Berkeley’s Anthropology department. She specializes in hunter-gatherer societies in the Near Eastern, North African, and Arabian prehistory. She received her Ph.D from the department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto and did research in evolutionary studies with the department of biological anLt. col. (P) (Dr.) Booker T. King was appointed director of U.S. Army Institute of thropology at the University of Cambridge. Tobias Richter also specializes Surgical Burn Center at Joint Base San Antonio in 2013. Col. Dr. Ismail Jatoi is in hunter-gatherer societies and is an associate professor at the University professor and chief of the division of surgical oncology and endocrine surgery of Copenhagen in their Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies department. at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio. Both of these Danielle Macdonald is an anthropological archaeologist who specializes qualified doctors have done extensive research in the development of MASH. in the prehistory of the Levant, she received her Ph.D. at the University of This article is very credible because of both the doctor’s high position within Toronto. Matthew D. Jones is an assistant Professor of Social studies at the medical field and with in the army. This article is very useful because it gives the University of Nottingham and specializes in the reconstructing past a timeline from World War One to Iraqi Freedom describing the circumstance climates. Louise Martin is a professor in zooarchaeology at the University around MASH units including the facilities in which they worked in. of London. She has a Ph.D. in Archaeology from the University of Sheffield with her thesis on Hunting and herding in a semi-arid region. Dr. Jay Stock Lavin, Sylvia. “Vanishing Point.” Artforum international. 10 2012: 2129. ProQuest. is a Senior Lecturer in Human Evolution and Development at Downing ColWeb. 20 Sep. 2014 . lege Cambridge with a Ph.D. from University of Toronto. All the researchers discuss what prehistoric settlements were like, demonstrating the early use Sylvia Lavin is the head of the Ph.D. in Architecture program and Professor of of temporary architecture. Architectural History and Theory at UCLA. She received her M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University and her B.A. from Barnard College. In the article “Vanishing Mcclelland, Mac. “How to Build a Perfect Refugee Camp.” The New York Point” she writes about the point where art and architecture meet, specifically Times. The New York Times, 15 Feb. 2014. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. looking at pavilions. In this article she defines pavilions as not needing to function except for expressing an idea. This can be applied when looking at both the Mac Mcclealland is an independent undercover journalist often releasing Crystal Palace and the BMW Pavillion at IAA show. research through TIME and the New York Times. She has won awards from the Society of Professional Journalists, the Hillman Foundation, the Lim, Louisa. “China’s Post-Olympic Woe: How To Fill An Empty Nest.” NPR. Online News Association, the Society of Environmental Journalists, and NPR, 10 July 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. the Association for Women in Communications. The article, “How to Build a Perfect Refugee Camp.” highlights a Syrian Refugee camp in Turkey that Louisa Lim is an award winning journalist, working for BBC’s Beijing Correuses storage container housing to create a safe positive environment for spondent and most recently National Public Radio covering China. The article, the refugees. “China’s Post-Olympic Woe: How To Fill An Empty Nest” describes the desolate Bird’s Nest Olympic stadium and the financial and maintenance issue of the McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: building. My paper highlights these issues then discusses how a temporary Oxford UP, 1988. Google Books. Google, Mar. 2013. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. solution could have been better than the permanent structure. James M McPhereson is an American Civil War historian at University of Maher, Lisa A., Tobias Richter, Danielle Macdonald, Matthew D. Jones, Louise Princeton. He received his Ph.D. at John Hopkins University where he Martin, and Jay T.Stock. “Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer studied under preeminent American historian, C. Vann Woodward. For the King, Maj. Booker, MD, FACS, and Col. Ismail Jatoi, MD, PhD, FACS. “The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH); A Military and Surgical Legacy.” Journal of the National Medical Association May 97.5 (2205). Web. 11 Oct. 2014
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY book Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, he won the 1989 Pulitzer Prize. This book describes the circumstances around the environment in which civil war doctors worked in.
Karin Schulte is an engineer and professor who also studied interior architecture and teaches at the WeiBenhof Institute of the Arts Academy in Stuttgart Germany. She specializes in temporary buildings and trade pavilions. In the book Temporary Buildings: The Trade-fair Stand as a Conceptual Challenge, Schulte looks at several examples of temporary buildings at trade fairs, one that she highlights is the BMW Pavilion at the IAA show. This tent-like pavilion ties nicely into my paper sub topic of tents-like structures.
Nebehay, Stephanie. “Japan Requests Foreign Rescue Teams, U.N. Says.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 11 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. Stephanie Nebehay is a writer for Reuters an international news agency specializing in finance and finance risk. Nebehay covers events including international relations and economic developments. In “Japan Requests Foreign Rescue Teams, U.N. Says.” she covers the international involvement of the Tohoku tsunami. This article describes methods of international aid during the tsunami aftermath.
Smith, Ryan E. “History of Prefabrication: A Cultural Survey.” Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History. 2009. Ryan E Smith is an associate professor at the University of Utah’s School of Architecture. He received his B.Arch in architecture at the University of Arizona and M.Arch at the University of Berkeley. This chapter “History of Prefabrication: A Cultural Survey” from Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History, is useful in defining prefabrication into to parts kit-ofparts and ready made.
Nomadics Tipi Makers. Instructions for Setting Up a Sioux Tipi. Bend: Nomadics Tipi Makers, 2012. Nomadics Tipi Makers, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. This is an informative video documenting how one would setup a traditional Sioux Tipi. This is useful when describing the methods in which to erect a tipi.
Tensile Structures International PVE LTD. BMW Pavilion, IAA Motor Show. Sri Lanka: Tensile Structures International PVE, 2013. Tsiskyspan. July 2013. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.
Rothman, Howard. 50 Companies That Changed the World : Incisive Profiles of the 50 Organizations - Large and Small - That Have Shaped the Course of Modern Business. Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA: Career Press, Incorporated, 2001. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 11 September 2014.
This brochure give technical specification about the BMW pavilion. The source is reputable since it is the company that manufacture the structure.
Howard Rothman is a consultant and communication professional, with a B.A. in journalism from Penn State University. The books is credible because of Rotham’s experience as a corporate professional and background in journalism. The book highlights Sears and Roebuck as one of the companies that changed the world, and specifically looks at the Sears Kit Houses.
Thorpe, Julie. Belonging in Austria. Melbourne: Contemporary Europe Research Centre, 2007. Ebook. Dr. Julie Thorpe is a researcher at University of Western Sydney’s Institute for Culture and Society. She received her Ph.D. in History from the University of Adelaide and specializes in displaced populations during World War One. In this article the history the first refugee camps, which sets up background for the current Syrian refugee camps in Turkey.
”Sears Archives Home Page.” Sears Archives Home Page. Sears, 21 Mar. 2012. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. This is an official website from Sears that documented general information about the Sears homes. This was a good article for getting a general sense about the Sears kit homes.
Weibel, Peter. “Beyond Art: A Third Culture.” Google Books. Google, Oct. 2012. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. Peter Weibel is an Austrian artist, curator, and theoreticain. He has an education in mathematics with an emphasis in logic from Paris. Even though his training is not in art, his prolific work allowed him to teach at schools such as Universität für Angewandte Kunst in Vienna, the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and the Gesamthochschule Kassel. He
Schulte, Karin. “The Temporary Pavilion.” Temporary Buildings: The Trade-fair Stand as a Conceptual Challenge. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko, 2000. 58-61. Print. 50
also has been the curator of several exhibits for the Ars Electronica and Venice Beinnial. Since 1999 he has been the chairman and CEO of ZKM Center for the Art and Media. With this impressive background Weibel’s book “Beyond Art: A Third Culture” is a reputable. In the book there is a section on describing HausRucker-Co.’s history and work. Wilson, Jacque. “Experts: U.S. Health Care System Well-prepared for Ebola.” CNN. Cable News Network, 01 Aug. 2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. Jacque Wilson is a writer and producer for CNN’s Health section and has a BA in journalism from Ball State University. Being a prominent writer on health, Wilson’s validity on writing on the ebola epidemic is high. Xu, Phyllis, and Mark Chisholm. “China Tourists Twig to Beijing’s Bird’s Nest.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 22 Apr. 2009. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. Phyllis Xu is a TV producer for Thomson Reuters specializing in information technology in Beijing. Mark Chisholm is a journalist for Thomson Reuters and covers various international political events and did special coverage of the Beijing Olympics. In combination the first hand coverage of the Olympics and the years afterwards is very useful, when talking about the Bird’s Nest falling apart.
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