I WANT! (INTEGRATED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT) | SUSTAINABLE HOUSING & INFRASTRUCTURE | PORTFOLIO

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Outline Summary of Project Introduction of SDG General Description of Study Cases Identification of Sanitation Wastewater Management Design Proposal I WANT! to Answer the SDG 11.1 Details of Recycling Greywater Details of Recycling Blackwater Details of Communal Septic Tank Organization and Stakeholders Initial Schedule of Activities Project's Financing Budget Estimation Risks of the Proposed Design References Page of Contribution Documentation

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SUMMARY OF PROJECT In the future, we are faced with various facts such as increasing population growth and slums area. SDGs stand here to answer these challenges through the goal of SDG 11.1 that is to ensure access for all adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums. The United Nation mentions that slums and the informal area has some indicators, one of them is lack of sanitation. The condition is also happed in Lebak Siliwangi (Indonesia) and Dharavi (India) especially the condition of Wastewater Management. Most of the people throw the wastewater directly into the river and its matters for our environment and health. Based on that, the population and the wastewater will increase until 2030.

After analyzing the projection of wastewater produced in the two study areas, the main issue was "Inadequate wastewater management that has not been considered sustainability aspects (environmental, social, and economic) in both case studies, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic". So, to answer that we introduce "I WANT" Integrated Waste Management.

I WANT! is a wastewater management system that integrates wastewater supporting infrastructure including grey and black water channels, communal septic tanks, and can help recycle wastewater in order to achieve sustainable sanitation. The system is recycling grey water to clean water, black water to biogas, and using a communal septic tank to accommodate black water. In the application of I WANT! In both cases studies areas, a feasibility study was conducted which reviewed several things such as organization & stakeholders, financial aspects, risk of design proposals, and project implementation stages plans. Approximation of I WANT! project is IDR 194.680.923 or INR 973.404,62 and the duration of implementation is 4 months.

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INTRODUCTION

WHAT & WHY WASTEWATER?

waste water is used water that includes substances such as human waste, food scraps, oils, soaps, and chemicals. In homes, this includes water from sinks, showers, bathtubs, toilets, washing machines, and dishwashers. It's a matter of caring for our environment and for our own health (USGS, 2018).

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION Dharavi, India

Lebak Siliwangi, Indonesia Population

Population

4.281

800.000

Located in Bandung

Population Density

Population Density

4.291/km2

277.136/km2 Recognized as one of the informal settlements

Land Area

Land Area

1 km2

Located in Mumbai

Recognized as one of the world's biggest slum

2.1 km2

source: Lebak Siliwangi Database, 2021

source: Urban Health, 2020

Problems with wastewater

BPS's data, Population of Lebak Siliwangi in 2016-2019 are fluctuative.

Problems with wastewater & solid waste

source: Lebak Siliwangi Database, 2021

52% in Lebak Siliwangi share a home with more than 6 people

60.7% in Dharavi share a home with 0-5 people

Referring to World Population Review's data, Population of Dharavi in 20172021 are increasing.

source: BPS, 2016-2020

source: worldpopulationreview.com, 2021

/Month 2.7%

Covid-19 Situation

Min. /Year 19.4%

Max. /Year 77.8%

Until now, total positive cases in the Coblong Subdistrict (included LS) reached 2.100 cases. The highest positive cases in Agustus 2021 reached 542 cases.

84% in Lebak Siliwangi has been living for 15 years and above source: https://covid19.bandung.go.id/data

59% resident's income in Lebak Siliwangi has 1-3 million rupiahs per month source: Survey Week 11 ITB PL 5205

29.6% in Dharavi has been living for 1-5 years source: URBZ Dharavi, 2021

source: Tactics & strategies for public spaces in Mumbai’s informal city

Average of resident's income in Dharavi has 5000 rupees (960 thousand rupiahs) per month source: BBC News, The Times, 2010

Covid-19 Situation

Until now, total positive cases in the Province of Maharashtra (included Dharavi) reached 6.5 million cases.

The highest positive cases in April 2021 reached 67.000 cases. source: Johns Hopkins University, 2021

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IDENTIFICATION OF SANITATION Wastewater System in Lebak Siliwangi

Wastewater System Dharavi, India

source: Lebak Database 2021

source: URBZ Dharavi, 2021 source: Tactics & strategies for public spaces in Mumbai’s informal city

source: Lebak Siliwangi Database, 2021 80% residents in Lebak Siliwangi have informal sanitation system and 73.6% in Lebak Siliwangi drain wastewater with pipeline directly to river

source: URBZ Dharavi, 2021

68% of people who discharge their wastewater to river are willing to improve the wastewater facility, 32% refuse to do so.

source: Towards Sustainable Sanitation in Slum Areas. A Field Study in Mumbai (2013)

source: Lebak Siliwangi Database, 2021

Sanitation Improvement Program

Sanitation during COVID-19 Pandemic

COMMUNITY BASED SANITATION (SANIMAS)

Sanitation Improvement Program

Based on BPS 2018, Bandung's fulfillment of wastewater sanitation has only reached 54,41%.

Public free-for-use toilets constructed and maintained by municipal agencies.

This program was conducted by the government to achieve the 2015-2019 National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJM) with the target of 100-0-100, which one of the achievements is 100% wastewater sanition.

From October 2018 until January 2019, the CBS program was conducted in Lebak Siliwangi (3, 4, and 5 Neighbourhood in Hamlet 7).

But, some of the problems are the availability of operational and maintenance funds is not sufficient, has 630% ROI with 20 years of construction engineering life.

source: Isma Aini, 2019

69% of people who have access public toilets,

50% of people having shared water lines,

51,34% of people shared the line with neighbours

78% of the population have access to piped water within premise and 60% of the population have access to sanitation

Sanitation during COVID-19 Pandemic

MHADA-constructed toilets for use by slum dwellers

Public pay-and-use toilets constructed by MCBM (later, private agencies), and operated and maintained by private agencies.

source: economictimes.indiatimes.com in July-August 2021, installation of a mini septic tank are installed directly into the residents with full health covid-19 protocol.

A mini septic tank can be used 4-5 residents. source: jurnalpost.com

source: WSP/World Bank TARU and WEDC Study. 2005

source: reuters.com/article/us-health

since the pandemic struck, efforts to fight covid-19 have dramatically improved public sanitation.

Especially to disinfectants in public areas.

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WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT Supply & Demand of Wastewater in Lebak Siliwangi

Supply & Demand of Wastewater in Dharavi, India

Wastewater Demand Projection The projection for population in Lebak Siliwangi by 2030 is around 4527 people.

source: Group Data and Analysis, 2021

The projection for clean water consumption in Lebak Siliwangi by 2030 is around 678.893 L/day using assumption average consmption is 150 L/person/day

source: Bhattacarya 2013 The projection for population in Dharavi by 2030 is around 928.615 people.

The projection for clean water consumption in Dharavi by 2030 is around 678.893 L/day

source: Group Data and Analysis, 2021

The following data is projection for wastewater production in Lebak Siliwangi by 2030 is around 543.187 L/day using assumption that the total discharge of wastewater produced will be equivalent to 80% of the use of clean water.

The following data is projection for wastewater production in Dharavi by 2030 is around 29.715.689 L/day using assumption that the total discharge of wastewater produced will be equivalent to 80% of the use of clean water.

source: Group Data and Analysis, 2021

Quality of Existing Wastewater Facilities

Accessibility to Wastewater facilities

Since in Dharavi use open and closed drains, the condition of open drains is clogged with overflows and garbage

source: Lebak Siliwangi Database, 2021

Wastewater Standard in Indonesia No possibility of Requirements, Criteria, and septic tanks Needs construction.

The residential environment must be equipped with a No possibility of sewerage system that complies each house's with the applicable plumbing infiltration fields planning requirements. creation

source: Translated from SNI 03-1733-2004, Badan Standardisasi Nasional Types of Planning Elements

Septic tanks Absorption field Wastewater piping network

Accessibility to Wastewater facilities

Quality of Existing Wastewater Facilities

51,4% of residents in Lebak Siliwangi agreed that the quality of wastewater facilities in Lebak Siliwangi is adequate.

source: Lebak Siliwangi Database, 2021

source: Group Data and Analysis, 2021

source: CEPT University, 2014

Wastewater Standard in India Environmental wastewater disposal system or municipal sewerage systems

Shared catchment area for several houses

All buildings shall conform to the following general requirements in regard to water supply, drainage and sanitation.

source: Community Nodes (Buddesign), 2011

Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting on a street, alley or ea, sement in which there is a public sewer, shall have connection with the sewer.

Water Supply for Residence minimum of 70-100L/head/day for domestic needs of urban communities, apart from non domestic needs.

source: Indian Standard IS 1172: Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage, and Sanitation (Fourth Revision, 1993)

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DESIGN PROPOSAL SO, WHAT IS THE MAIN ISSUE?

SOLUTIONS

Inadequate wastewater management that has not been considered sustainability aspects (environmental, social, and economic) in both case studies, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

I WANT!

(Integrated Wastewater Management)

I WANT! is a wastewater management system that integrates wastewater supporting infrastructure including grey and black water channels, communal septic tanks, and can help recycle wastewater in order to achieve sustainable sanitation.

Communal Septic Tank

BEST PRACTICES TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS Recycling Grey Water with IGW PUMP

Biogas Digester

Black Water

IGW Emergency Pump is a high-quality hand pump that uses membrane technology. This pump can convert wastewater into clean water. The water used to enter the pump can come from anywhere, even from wastewater. This pump helps a lot in disaster areas. It is effective, and quite cheap. It has been exported to many countries.

Grey Water

Filtration Clean Water

Implemented in

Grey Water Filtered Water

Recycling Black Water into Biogas

source: indonesiaproud, 2010

The Loowatt Toilet. It has a patented solution for sealing human waste in a biodegradable film.

The communal domestic wastewater treatment plant functions to collect and treat domestic wastewater at the source location according to the communal scale treatment capacity.

Implemented in

source: SEMINAR INCHEM TOKYO 2017

Bio Septic Tank

source: Group's Data and Analysis, 2021

liquids from solids cartridge and shoebox.

decompose biological process Implemented in the waste releases compost and biogas biogas

Communal Septic Tank

River

Black Water

When source: Towards Sustainable Sanitation in Slum Areas, 2013

Possible to implement during COVID-19 pandemic

Economic Impact Reduction of waterborne diseases and to be a key driver for economic growth

source: OECD, 2011

Who

Where

Supported by multi-level stakeholders: Academic, Business, Government, and Community

Can be implemented on both case studies and other countries in the global south

Social Impact Increasing of individuals in terms of dignity, social status, cleanliness and overall well-being

Environmental Impact Reduces the water loss induced through water pollution

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I WANT! (INTEGRATED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT) TO ANSWER THE SDG 11.1 How it can be implemented

Why I WANT is a social innovation to address the social problems and oriented in problem-solving especially improving the condition of wastewater in slum and informal areas.

Beneficiary Analysist In both Lebak Siliwangi and Dharavi, most of the people throw the wastewater into the river. I WANT will be very beneficial for people who do not have waste management and more affordable, besides that this project will also provide benefits for the environment because it is more sustainable.

Through IWANT, the waste that is thrown into the river will be more environmentally friendly because there is a filtering feature

Appraisal

Affordability

No spesific rate paid by household most doesn't have special expenditure spent

Continuity

No fixed cleaning schedule and management low awareness on government program

Proximity

Coverage of sanitation is varied from 3 to 28 households

Quality

The quality of wastewater is in fair condition small alley makes lavatory suction car cannot access households

Quanity

Less improved sanitation due to limited/lack land available

Condition

Association Analysis Both case share the same relationship between quality based on type of wastewater facilities and HH size, also same tendency to discharge wastewater to river.

Observation

Willingness

Government Program

Improvement need to be free/low cost and land availability covered by the program initiator

Government Regulation

Institution Interview

I WANT to Answer SDGs 11.1 and SDG 6 IWANT supports the goal of SDGs 11 to improve access to sanitation by encouraging the provision of wastewater management because one of the indicators of slum and informal areas is the lack of access to sanitation.

IWANT also connect with SDG 6 that one of the goals is SDG 6A. expand treatment, recycling, and reuse technologies. I WANT to try to recycle wastewater to achieve sustainable sanitation using technology.

Strength

Wastewater management centralized in one spot, easy to maintenance & make better environment.

Weakness

Needs pipeline access to the communal septic tank. Further access to household, longer pipeline required

Opportunity

Convert wastewater to biogas and greywater to clean water.

Improve social and economical capability.

Threat source: Parkin and Sharma on Suhartini, 2021 source: Lebak Database 2021

Completion delays, cost overruns, construction.

safety risk during

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DETAILS OF RECYCLING GREY WATER Ultrafiltration Membrane to Filtrate Grey Water

How It Works

source: hydronixwater.com

In water treatment for drinking water, UF is an attractive option because of its low installation cost, high flow rate, and low energy consumption (Aryanti, 2018). Based on data from Loo (2012), the pore size of UF is around 1 nm to 100 nm so that it is able to filter precipitated particles, colloids, and pathogens while maintaining the mineral content of the feed water. According to WHO (2005), some minerals that must be present in drinking water are calcium, magnesium, fluoride, sodium, potassium, and others. Along with the times, many modifications of UF, especially to improve antifouling properties so that the membrane flow rate can remain high for a long time of use (Geng, 2017). Ultrafiltration is a membrane technology that operates at low pressure and is widely used in water treatment. Several methods to improve product quality are integration using activated carbon, bioceramics, and antibacterial nanoparticle coating.

Domestic waste is channeled through channels. This channel is designed so that domestic waste moves to an ultrafiltration membrane. The membrane will filtrate the particles on greywater.

Filtrated water can be used for daily needs as filtered water can be used for daily needs such as bathing, washing, watering plants, etc.

Location Proposals

source: Group's Analysis & Design, 2021

source: crystalquest.com

Ultrafiltration membrane will be located in 3 points at Lebak Siliwangi and 2 points at Dharavi by considering the characteristic of land.

Detail Drawing source: Dhara, Cadbull

Benefits No need for chemicals (coagulants, flocculates, disinfectants, pH adjustment) Size-exclusion filtration as opposed to media depth filtration The good and constant quality of the treated water in terms of particle and microbial removal Process and plant compactness Simple automation Environmently friendly Implemented in source: www.porexfiltration.com

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DETAILS OF RECYCLING BLACK WATER Converting Black Water to Biogas Biogas is a combustible gas produced from the process of fermentation of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria to produce The gas is mostly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Biogas gas is produced by anaerobic activity or fermentation from organic materials including; human and animal waste, domestic (household) waste, biodegradable waste, or any biodegradable organic waste under anaerobic conditions.

The main content of biogas is methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or to generate electricity. An anaerobic digester is a technology that utilizes a biological process in which organic matter is decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms in the absence of dissolved oxygen (anaerobic conditions). Anaerobic microorganisms digest organic matter into products in the form of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Implemented in

source: US Environmental Protection Agency

Detail Drawing

Location Proposals

How it Works

source: https://www.ubuy.com.tr/

source: Bhattacharjee, 2013

The process of recycling black water occurs by steps that are natural. The process includes human feces distributed and collected for decomposition. Then, proceed with the process of the distribution of gas, that is produced to be distributed into the community. So it can be used as biogas for cooking and a source of electrical energy (generator, etc).

Benefits

source: Abatneh, 2013

source: Group's Analysis & Design, 2021

Reliable and simple technology.

The benefits of the products produced are various (cooking, lighting, industrial water heaters, combustion engines).

Appropriate technology: can be run on a small or large scale with appropriate operating conditions.

Neutral bioenergy for the environment.

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DETAILS OF COMMUNAL SEPTIC TANK How it Works

Implemented in

source: https://www.epa.gov/sept ic/types-septic-systems

Benefits A decentralized wastewater treatment system under some form of common ownership that collects wastewater from two or more dwellings or buildings and conveys it to a treatment and dispersal system located on a suitable site near the dwellings or buildings. It is common to find cluster systems in places like rural subdivisions.

Placed on the area that has a density of 10-50 people in at least 5-10 of the houses.

The application of the proposed design does not need new broad land, due to the pipe-sewage pipes are in the ground and for the size of the communal septic tank of less than 4 square meters.

Criterias Number of users 10 people: volume of 1.66 cubic meters (length 1.6 m, width 0.8 m, and height of 1.3 m).

Number of users of the 15 people: a volume of 2.5 cubic meters (length 1.8 m, width 1.0 m, and height of 1.4 m).

Number of users 20 people: a volume of 2.9 cubic meters (length 2.1 m, width 1.0 m, and height of 1.4 m).

In addition to saving areas, communal septic tanks also saving the cost of manufacture and maintenance. source: Ingallinella; Koottatep; Strauss (2002)

Location Proposals

source: Group's Analysis & Design, 2021

Number of users 50 people: a volume of 5.2 cubic meters (length 3.2 m, width 1.6 m, and height of 1.7 m). source: SNI 2398:2017

Detail Drawing

source: Chatterton. Loughborough University

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ORGANIZATION & STAKEHOLDERS Human resources are an important aspect in the sustainability of a project.

This project requires several parties from planning to management:

Actor and Network Planning

I WANT! E G

S

US S

S

DI SC

US

SC

SC US

Management

DI

SS

U SC

DI

P

U

U

SA

T

REGISTER

COMMUNITY RT

PO

RE

DISCUSS

DISCUSS

SOCIO CULTURAL REGIME (The Leader of Communities and The Relogion Leader)

SCIENCE REGIME (Wakanda Team)

TECHNOLOGICAL REGIME (Biogas and Septic Tank Companies)

District Head

Science Regime: Wakanda Team

Secretary

Socio Cultural Regime: The Leader of Communities

Policy Regime: Government

Technological Regime: Biogas and Septic Tank Companies

Socio Cultural Regime: NGOs or Counterparts

source: Group's Analysis & Design, 2021

MARKET REGIME (Communities of LS and Dharavi)

PROBLEM & MAINTENANCE

Organogram/Institutional of I WANT!

Hybrid Network of I WANT!

Market Regime: Communities of LS and Dharavi

SE

SCIENCE REGIME (Wakanda Team)

POLICY REGIME (Government) DI

As an innovation, I WANT basically cannot be done individually, but requires the role of multi-stakeholders and collaboratives process. Some actors will be in charge of I WANT including science regime, policy regime, marker or user regime, technological regime and socio cultural regime.

Implementation

Construction

Environmental Analyst

Treasurer

Engineer

Subdistrict Head (Ketua RT)

Head Project of I WANT!

Chief of Planning & Design

Subdistrict Head (Ketua RT)

Chief of Legal and Permit

Subdistrict Head (Ketua RT)

source: Group's Analysis & Design, 2021

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INITIAL SCHEDULE Gantt chart is a timeline view of a project that tracks project tasks, dependencies, resources, and remaining work to better understand how a project is progressing, and if it is tracking on time. We divide I WANT into 4 main activities for 5 months including preparatory work, land work, construction, and implementation so the project will sustain.

source: Group's Analysis & Design, 2021

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FINANCING Financing is an essential part of project management because it will support the implementation of the project. Generally, the source of financing comes from the government budget. However, as developing countries, Indonesia and India have limited government budgets, so they need other alternatives of financing. One of them is blended finance.

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Blended finance is the strategic use of development finance for the mobilization of additional finance towards sustainable development in developing countries (OECD).

Blended Finance attracts commercial capital towards projects that contribute to sustainable development while providing financial returns to investors (EOCD)

Potentials Grants to Support I WANT sAIIG or The AustraliaIndonesia Infrastructure Grants for Sanitation are available to city/district government to improve sanitation services through the development of existing and new Domestic Neighborhood Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)

Blended Finance is also has very potential to the IWANT because it involves various parties other than the government, particularly grants and the private sector.

It potential because inline with past project. ADB supported technical assistance for Indonesia in Urban Wastewater Management on 2017 and for India on 2016 about financing mechanism Wastewater Management

Government Budget In Indonesia, The Central Government supports Wastewater Management by The village fund (Dana Kelurahan or Daker) which regulatory mandate in Government Regulation (PP) Number 17 of 2018 concerning Districts. In the regulation, it is stated that the use of Dekel is directed to the construction of infrastructure and community empowerment in the neighborhoods (kelurahan).

In India, the central government also financed sanitation awareness campaign with hardware subsidies for poor households.

Not only from Grants, blended finance also encourages private sector participation in The role of the private sector is needed, especially in biogas investment. The production of biogas can be sold to the community and generate income.

It is potential because in line with WB's past project. The WB also supported technical assistance for Indonesia in Urban Sanitation Review (one of parts is Wastewater Management) on 2013.

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BUDGET ESTIMATION Budget is an important part of project management because every project needs to be planned according to a budget.

We try to make an initial budget for I WANT project both in Lebak Siliwangi on rupiah (IDR) and Dharavi on rupee (INR).

The approximation of one I WANT project is IDR 194.680.923 or INR 973.404,62 .

source: Group's Analysis & Design, 2021

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RISKS OF THE PROPOSED DESIGN A project risk is an uncertain event that may or may not occur during a project. There are some potential risk during preparation, construction until implementation activities of I WANT and the initial sollution .

Willingness of Community

Delays of Timeline Situations where project events occur at a later time than expected due caused by i.e social problems, no adequate human resources, budget not available. The solution is good governance and good communication with every actors.

Not all people want to use wastewater management because of cultural and religious reasons. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the community and religious leaders from the planning stage or with a bottom-up scheme.

Cost Overruns

Political Risks

An unexpected change in the project budget that ends up increasing the total project cost is caused by i.e economic conditions and the limitation of financing. The solution is to utilize social capital.

Uncertainty condition caused by i.e change of policy regime. The solution is to make good coordination.

Safety Risks Safety risks can include injuries, fatalities, and illnesses for human resources. The solution i.e Implementation of the Health, Safety, Environment (HSE) Policy

source: Parkin and Sharma, 2021

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REFERENCES Lebak Siliwangi Database, 2021 Survey Week 11 ITB Questionnaire of PL5250 Planning Studio Data, 2021 NCBI, 2021 UNDP Indonesia https://sdgs.un.org https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk timesofindia.indiatimes.com www.bbc.com/indonesia Willis, K. (2011). Theories and practices of development. routledge. https://urbz.net/articles/water-system-dharavi https://www.researchgate.net https://www.usgs.gov/ https://indonesia.un.org/ https://in.one.un.org/ Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage, and Sanitation (Fourth Revision, 1993).

Towards Sustainable Sanitation in Slum Areas. A Field Study in Mumbai (2013) Haq, Putut & Soedjono, Edy. Potensi Lumpur Tinja Manusia sebagai Penghasil Biogas.

Widyasti, Fachryza, and Haidar. (2020). Innovative Water And Sanitation Management System ToEstablish A Green, Beautiful, And Self-reliant Urban Informal Settlement (A Study Case Of Lebak- Siliwangi Bandung, Indonesia).

Govada, Sujata. (2015). Naya Dharavi. Nurture a community vision to plan a sustainable future.

Suhartini, Ninik (2021). Infrastructure Planning in Practice : Managing Planning Process .

(Sarikusmayadi, 2017) Teknologi Pengolahan Air untuk Kondisi Darurat. Institut Teknologi Bandung. https://www.epa.gov/septic/types-septic-systems Ingallinella; Koottatep; Strauss (2002). The Challenge of Faecal Sludge Management in Urban Areas.

Parkin & Sharma.(1999). Infrastructure Planning

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