THE VOID by I salamander

02_03

‫ח׏׎אٖה׎ٖ׏א‬

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ÁR0 0JXzzXzJ ÁR0 h È«z0ç

GET A BOARDING PASS WHY GO TO SPACE? SATURN AND RAVIOLI

04_09

10_13

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A MAN WHO LOST ... PIG IN A ROCKET ˞˙ È1 Fz̍̍̍

‫ה׏ٗד׏‬

ÁÁXÁÈ(0 ñ0« ‫ٮ‬J ³¨ «Á³

BLACK HOLES IMAGERY COLD URANUS IRON VOLCANO

á0 ÁR0«

SPRINGS ON MARS SUNBURNT MOON

XzÁ0«z ÁX z n 0(XÁX z áááِÁR0à X(x Jِ! x ‫۾‬ÁR0à X(

Outer space is a real place

3,33 $

Now let’s find a pair of…

The man who lost… Written by

…black holes. Learning more about supermassive black holes is important in and of itself

MICHAEL HENRY ADAMS

...an asteroid belt but found a planet The annals of science celebrate the people and their discoveries which have changed the way humanity lives, or perhaps simply pushed knowledge and understanding forward, even

Written by RON JOHNSON He usually wears scruffy, extravagant clothes that are slightly too big

ƑĢŭĢŋł̍ ̦¦Ğā ƒŋũĴ ŶĞÖŶ p pzFũÖƑ ùŋāŭ Ģŭ ĕÖłŶÖŭŶĢó̧̇

Á Á n zÈx 0« I n !k R n0³ 0à0« z( ¨«0(X!Á0(

ŭÖƘŭ ¦ĞŋĿÖŭ !ŋũðĢŶŶ̇ ķāÖùāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā dŋŽĢŭĢÖłÖ ŶÖŶā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŶāÖĿ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ ÖĿÖơĢłė Ŷŋ ŭāā ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā

a little.

‫דא‬

³0«à0(

ŽŶ ƒĞÖŶ ÖðŋŽŶ ŶĞŋŭā ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ ƒĞŋ ĞÖƑā ķÖboured mightily, strenuously put forth a pro-

ťĞƘŭĢóŭ ėŋƑāũłŭ ŶĞāŭā ƑÖŭŶķƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ̧̍

position, only to have been proved – wrong? Á Á n zÈx 0« I à «X È³ kXz(³ I x Á‫ٳ‬ Á0« ³0«à0( 0XzJ (0à È«0(

“This is yet another clever way to probe extreme “We are expecting that within the

environments in space,” adds Tucker. “These are

next three to four years, we will be

the sorts of ideas that get me excited – using a preÁ Á n zÈx 0« I ¨n zz0( « n !k R n0³

‫גד‬

zł ŶĞā p ƒāðťÖėā ùāƑŋŶāù Ŷŋ DũāłóĞ ĿÖŶĞāĿÖŶĢóĢÖł Öłù ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ũðÖł̟`āÖł̟`ŋŭāťĞ dā ÁāũũĢāũ̇ ðŋũł Ģł ÖĢłŶ̟dŋ̇ Ģł

‫ו‬

Á xX³³X z³ Á

able to detect thias, depending on

óĢŭā ŋðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋł ĕŋũ ŭŋĿāŶĞĢłė óŋĿťķāŶāķƘ ùĢƦā-

how strong it actually is,” Simon says. The goal, he

rent – much like how the Kepler Space Telescope,

łŋũŶĞ̟ƒāŭŶāũł DũÖłóā̇ ŋł ːː mÖũóĞ̇ ː˗ːː̇ ŶĞā

Öùùŭ̇ Ģŭ ƑāũƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞÖŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā dRFz ťũŋ-

ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ ùāŭĢėłāù Ŷŋ Ʃłù ťķÖłāŶŭ̇ ĞÖŭ Ŷŋķù Žŭ Ö ķŋŶ

that there was a second asteroid belt in our

ject (and its European counterpart, Virgo), which

ÖðŋŽŶ āƗťķŋùĢłė ŭŶÖũŭ Öłù ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ̧̍ dāÖũłĢłė

ŭŋķÖũ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̍ Nā ðāķĢāƑāù ŶĞā ŭāóŋłù ðāķŶ ƒÖŭ

have successfully used multi-kilometer-long la-

more about supermassive black holes, he continu-

between the sun and Mercury. We now know

ser detectors to spot the much more rapid gravita-

es, is important in and of itself. “We think nearly

that this second belt does not exist.” Now, you

tional-wave oscillations created by the mergers of

every... large galaxy has them,” he says. “[They] are

ĿĢėĞŶ ŶĞĢłĴ p ƒŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ùāƑŋŶā ŋłķĢłā ũā-

much smaller (stellar mass) black holes and neu-

the ultimate laboratory for testing extreme phy-

Ŷũŋł ŭŶÖũŭ̍ RŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ Ö ƒŋũķù ÖťÖũŶ ĕũŋĿ Ö ťũŋıāóŶ ÖŶ

sics—not only of gravity but time itself.” “The great

dŋŽĢŭĢÖłÖ ŶÖŶā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ ÖŶŋł ŋŽėā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ

ŶĞĢłȩ̇̇ Öùùŭ 'ÖƑĢù mó!ķāķķÖłù̇ ùĢũāóŶŋũ ŋĕ ŽŭŶũÖ-

ĞÖŭ ðŽĢķŶ Ö ̦ŶÖðķā̟Ŷŋţ̌ ƑāũŭĢŋł ŋĕ dRFz ŶĞÖŶ Ģł-

ķĢÖł pÖŶĢŋłÖķ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̪ŭ !āłŶũā ĕŋũ FũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ

ŭťÖóā ÖėāłóƘ ŭŶÖŶāŭ̆ ̦dā ÁāũũĢāũ ŶĞāŋũĢŭāù

sources to someone just for producing one er-

á0 ³ÁXnn kz á n‫ٳ‬ x ³Á z ÁRXzJ ‫ٳ‬ ÈÁ ÁR0 ¨« !0³³0³ Xz³X(0 ÁR0 R n0

ũŋłāŋŽŭ ŶĞāŋũƘ̇ Öłù ƘŋŽ̪ù ðā ũĢėĞŶ̍ STORY OF A MAN ˑˏː˓ ÖũŶĢóķā ťũŋùŽóāù ðƘ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ

corporates extremely tiny mirrors, about the diameter of a human hair, in an effort to ratchet up the sensitivity of the next round of advanóāù ùāŶāóŶŋũŭ Žŭāù Ģł dRFz Öłù ÁĢũėŋ ŶĞāĿŭāķƑāŭ̍ ŽŶ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑā ũāŭāÖũóĞāũŭ ŋĕ Öķķ ŶƘťāŭ Öũā

St Andrews school of mathematics and staŶĢŭŶĢóŭ̇ Ģł óŋŶķÖłù̇ ùāŶÖĢķŭ dā ÁāũũĢāũ̪ŭ óŋķŋ-

„These are the sorts of ideÖŭ ŶĞÖŶ ėāŶ Ŀā āƗóĢŶāù̧

urful career. As a student he excelled at mathematics and chemistry, and after leaving school he went

ĢĿťũāŭŭāù ðƘ p pzFũÖƑ̪ŭ ƑĢŭĢŋł̍ ̦¦Ğā ƒŋũĴ ŶĞÖŶ

to work in the tobacco industry, researching

p pzFũÖƑ ùŋāŭ Ģŭ ĕÖłŶÖŭŶĢó̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ¦ĞŋĿÖŭ !ŋũðĢŶŶ̇

ĞƘŭĢóŭ̇ Ģŭ ŶĞÖŶ dRFz Öłù ÁĢũėŋ ĞÖƑā ÖķũāÖùƘ ťũŋƑāù

the combination of phosphorus with oxygen

ķāÖùāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā dŋŽĢŭĢÖłÖ ŶÖŶā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŶāÖĿ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ

that gravitational waves exist, “and can be detec-

amazing to see that the same physics governs the-

Ŷāù ùĢũāóŶķƘ̧̍ RŶ̪ŭ ŋłķƘ Ö ĿÖŶŶāũ ŋĕ ŶĢĿā̇ Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŽłŶĢķ

ŭā ƑÖŭŶķƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ̧̍̍ ̦¦ĞĢŭ Ģŭ ƘāŶ ÖłŋŶĞāũ

ŋŶĞāũ ťũŋıāóŶŭ̇ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ p pzFũÖƑ Öķŭŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞāĿ̍

clever way to probe extreme environments in spa-

Scientists pouring over decades-old data from se-

NĢŭ ũāŭāÖũóĞ óÖĿā Ŷŋ ŶĞā łŋŶĢóā ŋĕ ŋŶĞāũ ķā-

ce,” adds Tucker. “These are the sorts of ideas that

ismometers left on the moon by Apollo astronauts

ading scientists and he published two papers

get me excited – using a precise observation for

have concluded that its surface is tectonically acti-

on his chemistry studies.

ŭŋĿāŶĞĢłė óŋĿťķāŶāķƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ̞ ĿŽóĞ ķĢĴā Ğŋƒ

ve – so active, in fact, that moonquakes could pose

Rł ː˗˒˕ Ğā ŭāóŽũāù Ö ťŋŭĢŶĢŋł ÖŶ ŶĞā 1óŋķā

the Kepler Space Telescope, which was designed to

a hazard to future lunar bases.

Polytechnique, a prestigious and selective

Ʃłù ťķÖłāŶŭ̇ ĞÖŭ Ŷŋķù Žŭ Ö ķŋŶ ÖðŋŽŶ āƗťķŋùĢłė ŭŶÖũŭ

Four Apollo missions, beginning with Apollo 12 in

DũāłóĞ ŭóĢāłŶĢƩó Öłù āłėĢłāāũĢłė ŭóĞŋŋķ̍ ¦Ğā

Öłù ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ̧̍ dāÖũłĢłė Ŀŋũā ÖðŋŽŶ ŭŽťāũĿÖŭ-

1969, placed seismometers on the moon. During the

sive black holes, he continues, is important in and

eight years in which they remained active, these in-

of itself. “We think nearly every large galaxy has

struments recorded thousands of quakes, says Tho-

them,” he says. “[They] are the ultimate laborato-

mas Watters, a planetary scientist at the Smithso-

ry for testing extreme physics—not only of gravity

łĢÖł RłŭŶĢŶŽŶĢŋł Ģł ÂÖŭĞĢłėŶŋł̇ '!̇ ̍ mŋŭŶ ƒāũā

but time itself.”

ùāāť Ģł ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ ĢłŶāũĢŋũ̇ ðŽŶ ˑ˗ ƒāũā ŶũÖóāù Ŷŋ

A DIRECT PROOF

the crust, within 200 kilometres of the surface. That

̦¦Ğā ėũāÖŶ ŶĞĢłȩ̇̇ Öùùŭ 'ÖƑĢù mó!ķāķķÖłù̇ ùĢũāóŶŋũ

sounds deep, but the Apollo landing sites were too

ŋĕ ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖł pÖŶĢŋłÖķ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̪ŭ !āłŶũā ĕŋũ FũÖ-

close to each other for an ideal seismic network.

ƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ĞƘŭĢóŭ̇ Ģŭ ŶĞÖŶ dRFz Öłù ÁĢũėŋ ĞÖƑā Öķũā-

“They were all on the near side of the moon, and all

ady proved that gravitational waves exist, “and can

in the equatorial zone,” Watters says.

ðā ùāŶāóŶāù ùĢũāóŶķƘ̧̍ RŶ̪ŭ ŋłķƘ Ö ĿÖŶŶāũ ŋĕ ŶĢĿā̇ Ğā

NOT CLOSE ENOUGH

óķĢƦŭ ̞ ŶĞāƘ̪ũā ŋłķƘ Ö ĕāƒ Ŷāłŭ ŋĕ ĿāŶũāŭ ĞĢėĞ̍ ŽŶ

ised the question of whether they might be so young

wever, such faults should be randomly aligned, with

ŋĕ óĢāłóāŭ Ģł āťŶāĿðāũ ː˗˒˘̇ Öłù ƒĞĢóĞ

ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŽłŶĢķ ŋŶĞāũ ťũŋıāóŶŭ̇ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ p pzFũÖƑ Öķŭŋ

“So the Apollo data, great as it was, was not really

ŶĞāƘ̪ũā ðĢė āłŋŽėĞ ŶĞÖŶ ƒĞāł ťŋķķŋ ː˖ óÖĿā ùŋƒł

ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞāƘ̪ũā ÖóŶŽÖķķƘ ŭŶĢķķ ðāĢłė óũāÖŶāù̍

łŋ ùĢŭóāũłÖðķā ťÖŶŶāũł̍ ŽŶ ŶĞāŭā Öũāł̪Ŷ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇

considered “the problem of the stability of

ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞāĿ̍ RŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ Ö ƒŋũķù ÖťÖũŶ ĕũŋĿ Ö ťũŋıāóŶ ÖŶ

good enough to pinpoint the locations of the epi-

łāÖũ ŋłā ŋĕ ŶĞāĿ̇ ŭŶũŋłÖŽŶŭ Fāłā !āũłÖł Öłù NÖũ-

STARGAZING

their alignment suggests that they were created

the solar system”.

dŋŽĢŭĢÖłÖ ŶÖŶā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ ÖŶŋł ŋŽėā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ĞÖŭ

centres or determine how deep those quakes were.”

rison Schmidt drove over to it on their buggy for a

FāŋķŋėĢóÖķķƘ ŶĞāƘ ĞÖƑā ŶĞā ÖťťāÖũÖłóā ŋĕ ŶĞũŽŭŶ-

ðƘ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ŭŶũāŭŭāŭ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ŶĢùāŭ̇

Nā ŶĞāł ƒŋũĴāù ŋł Ö ŭŶŽùƘ ŋĕ ťāũĢŋùĢó óŋ-

ðŽĢķŶ Ö ̦ŶÖðķā̟Ŷŋţ̌ ƑāũŭĢŋł ŋĕ dRFz ŶĞÖŶ ĢłóŋũťŋũÖŶāŭ

¦Ğāł̇ Ģł ˑˏːˏ̇ ťĢóŶŽũāŭ ĕũŋĿ p ̪ŭ dŽłÖũ āóŋł-

closer look. The rocks the pair brought back from its

-fault scarps, meaning that they are formed when

he says.

mets and was able to show that certain of

extremely tiny mirrors, about the diameter of a hu-

łÖĢŭŭÖłóā zũðĢŶāũ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģŭ óÖťÖðķā ŋĕ ĢĿÖėĢłė ŶĞā

ðÖŭā ƒāũā ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ĢłùĢóÖŶŋũŭ ŶĞÖŶ ŭŽóĞ ŭóÖũťŭ ƒāũā

Ö ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ óũŽŭŶ óŋłŶÖóŶŭ̍ ̦¦ĞāƘ ŋóóŽũ ƒĞāł ƘŋŽ̪ũā

mŋŭŶ ťāŋťķā Ĵłŋƒ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ óũāÖŶāŭ ŶĞā ŶĢùāŭ

them, previously thought to be distinct ob-

ĿÖł ĞÖĢũ̇ Ģł Öł āƦŋũŶ Ŷŋ ũÖŶóĞāŶ Žť ŶĞā ŭāłŭĢŶĢƑĢŶƘ ŋĕ

surface to resolutions as fine as 50 centimetres

extremely young, possibly younger than 10 to 12

pushing the crust together and literally push, or

Ģł ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ŋóāÖłŭ̇ ðŽŶ ĿŋŭŶ ùŋł̪Ŷ ũāÖķĢŭā ŶĞÖŶ

jects, were in fact the same object moved into

ŶĞā łāƗŶ ũŋŽłù ŋĕ ÖùƑÖłóāù ùāŶāóŶŋũŭ Žŭāù Ģł dRFz

per pixel, revealed that the moon is littered with

ĿĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ̍ ̦Rł ėāŋķŋėĢó ŶĢĿā̇ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ ÖķĿŋŭŶ ķĢĴā

thrust, one part of the crust up over another and

ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ ĞÖŭ Ö ŭĢĿĢķÖũ āƦāóŶ ŋł ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̍

Ö ùĢƦāũāłŶ ŋũðĢŶ ðƘ ŶĞā ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ÖŶŶũÖó-

Öłù ÁĢũėŋ ŶĞāĿŭāķƑāŭ̍ ŽŶ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑā ũāŭā-

young-looking fault scarps. “There are over 3000

current,” Watters notes. That and other data sugge-

óũāÖŶā Ö óķĢƦ̟ķĢĴā ķÖłùĕŋũĿ̧̇ ÂÖŶŶāũŭ āƗťķÖĢłŭ̍ Rĕ

̦¦Ğā Ŀŋŋł Ģŭ ÖóŶŽÖķķƘ ðāĢłė ƪāƗāù ƒĢŶĞ ŭŋķĢù̟ðŋùƘ

ŶĢŋł ŋĕ `ŽťĢŶāũ̍

ÖũóĞāũŭ ŋĕ Öķķ ŶƘťāŭ Öũā ĢĿťũāŭŭāù ðƘ p pzFũÖƑ̪ŭ

of them,” Watters reveals. Not that they are huge

sting that the scarps truly were recent, he says, ra-

contraction is the only force that forms them, ho-

¨ «Á ‫ ¨ ۥ א‬J0 ‫א‬

p ŶÖĴāŭ Žť ŶĞā ŭŶŋũƘ łāƗŶ̍ Ƙ ː˗˓˔ dā Áāũ-

and with hydrogen, “important topics for the

‫ ۏחח‬I ¨ «ÁX!n0³ á z‫ټ‬Á 0³! ¨0 n !k R n0

tobacco industry, since matches were made from phosphorus”.

³È¨0«x ³³Xà0 n !k R n0 (0à ‫ٳ‬ È«³ nn x ÁÁ0« « Èz( XÁ³0nI

In this image, two supermassive black hole engines are seen, their large-scale jet structures clearly visible

! 1'R¦̆ p pzF Á

„He predicted the presence of another planet „ job was as an astronomy teacher and researóĞāũ̍ ¦Ğā Ŷ łùũāƒŭ ÖũŶĢóķā āƗťķÖĢłŭ ŶĞÖŶ dā ÁāũũĢāũ̑ŭ ƩũŭŶ óŋłŶũĢðŽŶĢŋł Ŷŋ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿƘ ƒÖŭ a paper, which he presented to the Academy

rier had become interested in the motion of

«(XzJ ¨ ³³ Á x «³

àǣɀǣɎ ɯɯɯِȅƏȸɀِȇƏɀƏِǕȒɮِƬȒȅ ƏȇƳ ȵƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏɎƺ ǣȇ Ə ǴȒɖȸȇƺɵ Ȓǔ Ə ǼǣǔƺɎǣȅƺ ɯǣɎǝ xƏȸɀ «Ȓɮƺȸ XX ³ǣǕȇ ɖȵ ǔȒȸ ǔȸƺƺ ȇȒɯٍ

Written by

MICHAEL HENRY ADAMS

ðĢŶ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ āƗťāóŶāù ĢŶ Ŷŋ ĞÖƑā̍ Nā ŭāŶ ŋŽŶ Ŷŋ determine why. Through mathematical calculations, he pre-

the crust together and literally push, or thrust, one

akes recorded by the Apollo seismometers tended

ðā ŭŋ ƘŋŽłė ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞāƘ̪ũā ÖóŶŽÖķķƘ ŭŶĢķķ ðāĢłė óũāÖŶāù̍

dicted the presence of another planet beyond

ťÖũŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā óũŽŭŶ Žť ŋƑāũ ÖłŋŶĞāũ Öłù óũāÖŶā Ö óķĢƦ-

Ŷŋ ŋóóŽũ ÖŶ ŶĞā ťŋĢłŶŭ Ģ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ ŋũðĢŶ ƒĞāł ĢŶ ƒÖŭ

FāŋķŋėĢóÖķķƘ ŶĞāƘ ĞÖƑā ŶĞā ÖťťāÖũÖłóā ŋĕ ŶĞũŽŭŶ-

ũÖłŽŭ̍ ¦ĞĢŭ̇ ŋĕ óŋŽũŭā̇ ŶŽũłāù ŋŽŶ Ŷŋ ðā ŶĞā

̟ķĢĴā ķÖłùĕŋũĿ̧̇ ÂÖŶŶāũŭ āƗťķÖĢłŭ̍ Rĕ óŋłŶũÖóŶĢŋł Ģŭ

subjected to the highest tidal stresses. To see if the

-fault scarps, meaning that they are formed when

planet Neptune.

the only force that forms them, however, such faults

ŨŽÖĴāŭ ƒāũā Ģłùāāù ũāķÖŶāù Ŷŋ ŶĞā ŭóÖũťŭ̇ ÂÖŶŶāũŭ̪

Ö ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ óũŽŭŶ óŋłŶÖóŶŭ̍ ̦¦ĞāƘ ŋóóŽũ ƒĞāł ƘŋŽ̪ũā

dā ÁāũũĢāũ ėÖƑā ĞĢŭ óÖķóŽķÖŶĢŋłŭ Ŷŋ ÖŭŶũŋłŋ-

mŋŭŶ ťāŋťķā Ĵłŋƒ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ óũāÖŶāŭ

should be randomly aligned, with no discernable

team reanalysed the Apollo seismic data using a

pushing the crust together and literally push, or

Ŀāũ `ŋĞÖłł FŋŶŶĕũĢāù FÖķķā ÖŶ ŶĞā āũķĢł zð-

ŶĞā ŶĢùāŭ Ģł ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ŋóāÖłŭ̇ ðŽŶ ĿŋŭŶ ùŋł̪Ŷ ũā-

ťÖŶŶāũł̍ ŽŶ ŶĞāŭā Öũāł̪Ŷ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ŶĞāĢũ ÖķĢėłĿāłŶ

ŭāũƑÖŶŋũƘ̍ ŭĢłė dā ÁāũũĢāũ̑ŭ óÖķóŽķÖŶĢŋłŭ̇

ÖķĢŭā ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ ĞÖŭ Ö ŭĢĿĢķÖũ āƦāóŶ

suggests that they were created by gravitational

FÖķķā ƒÖŭ Öðķā Ŷŋ ÖķĿŋŭŶ ĢĿĿāùĢÖŶāķƘ ŋð-

ŋł ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̍ ̦¦Ğā Ŀŋŋł Ģŭ ÖóŶŽÖķķƘ ðāĢłė ƪāƗāù

ŭŶũāŭŭāŭ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ŶĢùāŭ̇ Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̍mŋŭŶ ťā-

with solid-body tides,” says Watters. These tides,

ŋťķā Ĵłŋƒ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ óũāÖŶāŭ ŶĞā ŶĢùāŭ

ƒĞĢóĞ ŋóóŽũ Öŭ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ ŋũðĢŶ óÖŽŭāŭ ĢŶŭ ùĢŭŶÖł-

Ģł ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ŋóāÖłŭ̇ ðŽŶ ĿŋŭŶ ùŋł̪Ŷ ũāÖķĢŭā ŶĞÖŶ

ce from the Earth to vary by about 40,000 kilome-

ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ ĞÖŭ Ö ŭĢĿĢķÖũ āƦāóŶ ŋł ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̍

Ŷũāŭ̇ ùŋł̪Ŷ ŭŶũāŶóĞ Öłù óŋłŶũÖóŶ ĢŶ ðƘ Ö ķŋŶ ̞ ŋłķƘ Ö

̦¦Ğā Ŀŋŋł Ģŭ ÖóŶŽÖķķƘ ðāĢłė ƪāƗāù ƒĢŶĞ ŭŋķĢù̟ðŋùƘ

new computer algorithm designed to tease ad-

thrust, one part of the crust up over another and

Adams, an English mathematician,had ac-

few tens of centimetres or so – but they enough to

tides,” says Watters. These tides, which occur as the

ditional data out of “sparse” seismic network – in

óũāÖŶā Ö óķĢƦ̟ķĢĴā ķÖłùĕŋũĿ̧̇ ÂÖŶŶāũŭ āƗťķÖĢłŭ̍ Rĕ

complished the same feat.“As a consequen-

generate stress.

Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ ŋũðĢŶ óÖŽŭāŭ ĢŶŭ ùĢŭŶÖłóā ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ Ŷŋ

this case, the four geographically clustered seismo-

contraction is the only force that forms them, ho-

óā̧̇ p ŭÖƘŭ̇ ̦dā ÁāũũĢāũ Öłù ùÖĿŭ ŭĞÖũā

DŽũŶĞāũĿŋũā̇ Ğā Öùùŭ̇ ŶĞā ˑ˗ ŭĞÖķķŋƒ ĿŋŋłŨŽ-

ƑÖũƘ ðƘ ÖðŋŽŶ ˓ˏ̇ˏˏˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ̇ ùŋł̪Ŷ ŭŶũāŶóĞ Öłù

ĿāŶāũŭ ùāťķŋƘāù ðƘ ŶĞā ťŋķķŋ ĿĢŭŭĢŋłŭ̍ ¦ĞÖŶ̪ŭ Öķ-

wever, such faults should be randomly aligned, with

ŶĞā ĞŋłŋŽũ Öŭ pāťŶŽłā̑ŭ ùĢŭóŋƑāũāũŭ̍dā Áāũ-

akes recorded by the Apollo seismometers tended

contract it by a lot – only a few tens of centimetres

most like current,” Watters notes. That and other

łŋ ùĢŭóāũłÖðķā ťÖŶŶāũł̍ ŽŶ ŶĞāŭā Öũāł̪Ŷ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇

rier continued to contribute important work

Ŷŋ ŋóóŽũ ÖŶ ŶĞā ťŋĢłŶŭ Ģ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ ŋũðĢŶ ƒĞāł ĢŶ ƒÖŭ

or so – but they enough to generate stress.

data suggesting that the scarps truly were recent,

their alignment suggests that they were created by

Ģł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿƘ̍ Rł ː˗˔˔ Ğā ðāėÖł ĢłƑāŭŶĢėÖ-

subjected to the highest tidal stresses. To see if the

DŽũŶĞāũĿŋũā̇ Ğā Öùùŭ̇ ŶĞā ˑ˗ ŭĞÖķķŋƒ ĿŋŋłŨŽ-

he says, raised the question of whether they might

ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ŭŶũāŭŭāŭ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ŶĢùāŭ̇

¨ «Á ‫ ¨ ۥ א‬J0 ‫ד‬

x zÁRnç !nXx Á0 !R zJ0 «0¨ «Á ‫ ٳ‬n «xXzJ ɎƺȅȵƺȸƏɎɖȸƺ ۤ ‫ דً׎‬Ѳ! ‫ דו‬ɵƺƏȸɀ ۷ ɀƺƏ ǼƺɮƺǼ ۤ ‫ ד׎ً׎‬ȅ ‫ ׎ז‬ɵƺƏȸɀ ۷

ƬƏȸƫȒȇ ƳǣȒɴǣƳƺ ۤ ‫ ׎א‬ȵȵȅ ‫ דב‬ɵƺƏȸɀ ۷ ǕǼƏƬǣƏǼ ȸƺɎȸƺƏɎ ۤ ‫ ב׎ً׎‬ȅ ‫ ٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮ‬

ɀƺƏ ɎƺȅȵƺȸƏɎɖȸƺ ۤ ‫ זً׎‬Ѳ! ‫ ٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮٮ‬

ɯƏɎƺȸ ƏƬǣƳǣˡƬƏɎǣȒȇ ۤ ‫ ׎ד ۏ ו׎ً׎‬ɵƺƏȸɀ ۷

„It’s amazing to see that the same physics governs ŶĞāŭā ƑÖŭŶķƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ̧

serve the planet. dā ÁāũũĢāũ āƗťāóŶāù Ŷŋ ðā ùāóķÖũāù ŶĞā ŭŋķā ùĢscoverer of Neptune, NASA says, but months ðāĕŋũā Ğā̪ù óŋĿťķāŶāù ĞĢŭ ƒŋũĴ̇ `ŋĞł !ŋŽóĞ

( ç È 0nX0à0 Xz !nXx Á0 !R zJ0ّ ‫ ٳ‬³Á«00Á ¨ nn

Y ۤ 69%

N ‫ۏ׏ב ۦ‬ !ǝƺƬǸƺƳ ƫɵ «Ȓȇ «ȒȇɀȒȇ

«0 (0« ¨ nn áȒɖǼƳ ɵȒɖ ȵƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏɎƺ ǣȇ xƏȸɀ ‫ ׎ד׎א‬ƬȒǼǼȒȇǣɀƏɎǣȒȇ ȅǣɀɀǣȒȇ ǣǔ ɵȒɖ ǝƏƳ Ə ƬǝƏȇƬƺّ

z0 ÁRXzJ n0( Á z ÁR0«

HOURS OF RESEARCH ON NUMEROUS DATA BITS

POTENTIAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

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The man who lost a planet but found…

ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ ũÖłŽŭ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ùĢù łŋŶ ĞÖƑā ŶĞā ŋũ-

MARS MISSION J«0 Á ! ÈzÁ( áz

Page 2

The beggining The beggining

Page 3

The journey The journey

Page 4-7

Page 8-9

Space News Space News

ASRP

Page 8-9

ASRP

beggining beggining 02 02TheThe 21 July 2019 21 July 2019

The Void Newspaper The Void News

AND IN THE BEGGING AND THERE IN THE WAS BEGGING SOME BIG THERE NEWS WAS SOME BIG NEWS

Pulsar Pulsarescaped escaped

#PULSAR #SPACE #PULSAR #SPACE

This This pulsar pulsar has completely has completely escaped escaped the remnant the remnant of debris of debris fromfrom the supernova the supernova explosion explosion

ِِِ Ȓǔ ƫǼƏƬǸ ǝȒǼƺɀ ِِِ Ȓǔ ƫǼƏƬǸ ǝȒǼƺ

Written by JUSTIN Written MCCURRY by JUSTIN MCCURRY Standing 5’ 9” tall, and Standing large with 5’ 9” tall, and large with fair skin, this man has fairanskin, angry this feel man has an angry feel about him.

dÖŭŶ ƒāāĴ̇ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ ŭŶŽùƘĢłė ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ ũāťŋũŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞāƘ̪ù dÖŭŶ ƒāāĴ̇ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ ŭŶŽùƘĢłė ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ ũāťŋũŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞ

about him.

managed to turn the managed entire Earth to turn into the a giant entire virtual Earthtelescointo a giant virtual teles

pe that allowed them peto that make allowed an image themoftoamake supermassive an imageblack of a supermassive

A stronomers using A stronomers t he Nat iousing t he Nat io-

hole 55 million lighthole years 55away. million Now, light another years away. groupNow, of black another group of bla

łÖķ óĢāłóā DŋŽłùÖŶĢŋł̪ŭ bÖũķ łÖķ óĢāłóā DŋŽłùÖŶĢŋł̪ŭ bÖũķ

hole researchers is reporting hole researchers on a way is to reporting turn ouron entire a way galaxy to turn our entire ga

F̍ `ÖłŭĴƘ ÁāũƘ dÖũėā ũũÖƘ ̛Ád ̜ F̍ `ÖłŭĴƘ ÁāũƘ dÖũėā ũũÖƘ ̛Ád ̜

into an even more gargantuan into an evenblack morehole gargantuan detector – black thishole timedetector lo– this ti

in New Mexico have in New found Mexico a pulsar have speeding found a pulsar speeding

oking for pairs of such oking supermassive for pairs of such blacksupermassive holes, orbiting black eachholes, orbiting

from its presumedfrom birthplace its presumed at nearly birthplace 1120 ki- at nearly 1120 ki-

ŋŶĞāũ Ģł ùĢŭŶÖłŶ ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ̍ ¦Ğā ťũŋıāóŶ̇ óÖķķāù p pzFũÖƑ̇ ƒÖŭ ùāŋŶĞāũ Ģł ùĢŭŶÖłŶ ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ̍ ¦Ğā ťũŋıāóŶ̇ óÖķķāù p pzFũÖƑ̇ ƒ

lometres per second, lometres withper its trail second, pointing with its trail pointing

scribed at a meetingscribed of the American at a meeting Physical of the Society American in DePhysical Society in D

directly back at the directly centreback of a at shell theof centre debris of a shell of debris

łƑāũ̇ !ŋķŋũÖùŋ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ÖŶŶāĿťŶĢłė Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ŭŽťāũĿÖŭŭĢƑā ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķā łƑāũ̇ !ŋķŋũÖùŋ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ÖŶŶāĿťŶĢłė Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ŭŽťāũĿÖŭŭĢƑā ðķÖóĴ

from the supernova from explosion the supernova that created explosion it that created it

ťÖĢũŭ ƑĢÖ ŶĞā āƦāóŶ ŋĕ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑāŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ ŶĞāĿ ŋł ťÖĢũŭ ƑĢÖ ŶĞā āƦāóŶ ŋĕ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑāŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ ŶĞāĿ

“This pulsar has “This completely pulsarescaped has completely the rem-escaped the rem-

a class of astronomical a class objects of astronomical known as millisecond objects known pulsars. as millisecond puls

nant of debris from nantthe of debris supernova fromex the plosupernova ex plo-

FũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑāŭ Öũā ũĢťťķāŭ Ģł ŶĞā ĕÖðũĢó ŋĕ ŭťÖóā̟ŶĢĿā̇ óũāFũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑāŭ Öũā ũĢťťķāŭ Ģł ŶĞā ĕÖðũĢó ŋĕ ŭťÖóā̟ŶĢĿā

ŭĢŋł̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ DũÖłĴ óĞĢłơāķ̇ ŋĕ ŶĞā pÖŶĢŋłÖķ ÖŭĢŋł̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ DũÖłĴ óĞĢłơāķ̇ ŋĕ ŶĞā pÖŶĢŋłÖķ Ö-

ated by movementsated of massive by movements objects, of including massiveblack objects, holes. including The- black ho

ùĢŋ ŭŶũŋłŋĿƘ zðŭāũƑÖŶŋũƘ ̛p z̜̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ ƑāũƘ ùĢŋ ŭŶũŋłŋĿƘ zðŭāũƑÖŶŋũƘ ̛p z̜̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ ƑāũƘ

se waves cause space seto waves expand, cause contract, space toor expand, vibrate,contract, thereby dior vibrate, there

rare for a pulsar torare get enough for a pulsar of a to kick getfor enough us to of a kick for us to

storting the medium storting in which thewe medium all live.in Pulsars whichare wethe all live. collapsed Pulsars are the c

see this.” Astronomers see this.” usingAstronomers the Nationalusing Scienthe National Scien-

remnants of dead stars, remnants whichofemit dead radio stars, beams whichthat emit sweep radioacross beams that swee

óā DŋŽłùÖŶĢŋł̪ŭ bÖũķ F̍ `ÖłŭĴƘ ÁāũƘ dÖũėā ũũÖƘ óā DŋŽłùÖŶĢŋł̪ŭ bÖũķ F̍ `ÖłŭĴƘ ÁāũƘ dÖũėā ũũÖƘ

the heavens like thethe blink-blink-blink heavens like theof blink-blink-blink cosmic lighthouses. of cosmic Mil- lighthou

̛Ád ̜ Ģł pāƒ māƗĢóŋ ĞÖƑā ĕŋŽłù Ö ťŽķŭÖũ ŭťā̛Ád ̜ Ģł pāƒ māƗĢóŋ ĞÖƑā ĕŋŽłù Ö ťŽķŭÖũ ŭťā-

lisecond pulsars blink lisecond so fastpulsars that they blink emit sonumerous fast that they emit numerous

eding from its presumed eding from birthplace its presumed at nearbirthplace at near-

pulses per second. pulses per second.

ly 1120 kilometres per ly 1120 second, kilometres with its per trail second, poin-with its trail poin-

PULSING THROUGH PULSING THE UNIVERSE THROUGH THE UNIVERSE

ting directly back at ting thedirectly centre of back a shell at the of debris centre of a shell of debris

̦¦ĞāƘ̪ũā ķĢĴā ũāÖķķƘ ŭŶÖðķā óķŋóĴŭ̇ ŭóÖŶŶāũāù Öķķ ŋƑāũ ŶĞā mĢķĴƘ ÂÖƘ̧̇ ̦¦ĞāƘ̪ũā ķĢĴā ũāÖķķƘ ŭŶÖðķā óķŋóĴŭ̇ ŭóÖŶŶāũāù Öķķ ŋƑāũ ŶĞā mĢķ

from the supernova from explosion the supernova that createdit. explosion that createdit.

ŭÖƘŭ `ŋŭāťĞ ĢĿŋł̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ ÖŶ p ̪ŭ `āŶ ũŋťŽķŭĢŋł dÖŭÖƘŭ `ŋŭāťĞ ĢĿŋł̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ ÖŶ p ̪ŭ `āŶ ũŋťŽķŭ

ONLY ONE LEFT ALIVE ONLY ONE LEFT ALIVE

ðŋũÖŶŋũƘ̇ Ģł ÖŭÖùāłÖ̇ !ÖķĢĕŋũłĢÖ̍ ̦ ŽķŭÖũŭ Öũā ŭŋĿā ŋĕ ŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ ðŋũÖŶŋũƘ̇ Ģł ÖŭÖùāłÖ̇ !ÖķĢĕŋũłĢÖ̍ ̦ ŽķŭÖũŭ Öũā ŭŋĿā ŋĕ ŶĞā

“This pulsar has completely “This pulsar escaped has completely the remnant escaped of the remnant of

ÖóóŽũÖŶā óķŋóĴŭ ƒā ĞÖƑā Ģł ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ũÖù ¦ŽóĴāũ̇ Öł ÖóóŽũÖŶā óķŋóĴŭ ƒā ĞÖƑā Ģł ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ũÖù ¦ŽóĴā

debris from the supernova debris from explosion,” the supernova says Frank explosion,” says Frank

ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ Öłù óŋŭĿŋķŋėĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖł pÖŶĢŋłÖķ łĢƑāũŭĢÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ Öłù óŋŭĿŋķŋėĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖł pÖŶĢŋłÖķ ł

óĞĢłơāķ̇ ŋĕ ŶĞā pÖŶĢŋłÖķ ÖùĢŋ ŭŶũŋłŋĿƘ zð óĞĢłơāķ̇ ŋĕ ŶĞā pÖŶĢŋłÖķ ÖùĢŋ ŭŶũŋłŋĿƘ zð-

ŶƘ̇ ƒĞŋ Ģŭ łŋŶ Ö ĿāĿðāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ̍ ̦zðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ŶƘ̇ ƒĞŋ Ģŭ łŋŶ Ö ĿāĿðāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ̍ ̦zðŭāũƑÖ

ŭāũƑÖŶŋũƘ ̛p z̜̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ ƑāũƘ ũÖũā ĕŋũ Ö ťŽķŭÖũ Ŷŋ ėāŶ ŭāũƑÖŶŋũƘ ̛p z̜̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ ƑāũƘ ũÖũā ĕŋũ Ö ťŽķŭÖũ Ŷŋ ėāŶ

ŶĞāĿ Öũā āƑāł Žŭāù Ŷŋ óÖķĢðũÖŶā F ŭÖŶāķķĢŶāŭ̧̍ ķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ ĞÖƑā ŶĞāĿ Öũā āƑāł Žŭāù Ŷŋ óÖķĢðũÖŶā F ŭÖŶāķķĢŶāŭ̧̍ ķÖóĴ Ğŋķā

enough of a kick forenough us to see ofthis.” a kickThe for us pulsar to see has this.” The pulsar has

łŋ ùĢũāóŶ āƦāóŶ ŋł ťŽķŭÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ ƒĞāł ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ Ŀāũėā̇ ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢłŋ ùĢũāóŶ āƦāóŶ ŋł ťŽķŭÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ ƒĞāł ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ Ŀāũėā̇ ÖŭŶũŋ

ðāāł ùŽððāù `ˏˏˏˑ͖˕ˑː˕̇ Öłù ÖðŋŽŶ ˕˔ˏˏ ķĢðāāł ùŽððāù `ˏˏˏˑ͖˕ˑː˕̇ Öłù ÖðŋŽŶ ˕˔ˏˏ ķĢ-

cists believe, the supermassive cists believe,black the supermassive holes at their centres black holes go into at their centres

ght-years from Eart ght-years Astronomers fromusing Eart Astronomers the Natio- using the Natio-

orbit around each other orbitfor around a longeach timeother before forthey a long tootime eventually before they too eve

łÖķ óĢāłóā DŋŽłùÖŶĢŋł̪ŭ bÖũķ F̍ `ÖłŭĴƘ ÁāũƘ dÖũłÖķ óĢāłóā DŋŽłùÖŶĢŋł̪ŭ bÖũķ F̍ `ÖłŭĴƘ ÁāũƘ dÖũ-

merge. As these pairs merge. circleAs each these other, pairs they circle should eachemit other, gravitathey should emit g

ėā ũũÖƘ ̛Ád ̜ Ģł pāƒ māƗĢóŋ ĞÖƑā ĕŋŽłù Ö ťŽķŭÖũ ėā ũũÖƘ ̛Ád ̜ Ģł pāƒ māƗĢóŋ ĞÖƑā ĕŋŽłù Ö ťŽķŭÖũ

tional waves that oscillate tional waves in tandem that oscillate with their inorbital tandem cycle. withThe their orbital cyc

speeding from its presumed speeding from birthplace its presumed at nearly birthplace at nearly

ėŋÖķ ŋĕ p pzFũÖƑ Ģŭ Ŷŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞāŭā ƒÖƑāŭ ƑĢÖ ŶĞāĢũ āƦāóŶ ŋł ŶĞā ėŋÖķ ŋĕ p pzFũÖƑ Ģŭ Ŷŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞāŭā ƒÖƑāŭ ƑĢÖ ŶĞāĢũ āƦāóŶ ŋ

1120 kilometres per1120 second, kilometres with itsper trail second, pointing with its trail pointing

otherwise-precise timing otherwise-precise of pulsar signals timing coming of pulsar through signals them. coming throu

directly back at thedirectly centre of back a shell at the of debris centrefrom of a shell of debris from

“As a gravitational wave “As a gravitational passes by the Earth, wave passes it will by stretch the Earth, and it will stretch

the supernova explosion the supernova that created explosion it. that created it.

squeeze space-time,” squeeze Simon space-time,” says. “So, theSimon pulsesays. from“So, thatthe pulpulse from tha

PULSAR HAS ESCAPED PULSAR HAS ESCAPED

sar will have to travel sarawill slightly havelonger to travel distance a slightly or alonger slightly distance shor- or a slightl

¦Ğā ƩũŭŶ ťŽķŭÖũ ƒÖŭ ŋðŭāũƑāù ŋł pŋƑāĿðāũ ˑ˗̇ ː˘˕˖̇ ¦Ğā ƩũŭŶ ťŽķŭÖũ ƒÖŭ ŋðŭāũƑāù ŋł pŋƑāĿðāũ ˑ˗̇ ː˘˕˖̇

Ŷāũ ùĢŭŶÖłóā̍ RŶ ƒĢķķ ėāŶ Ğāũā Ö ðĢŶ ŭŋŋłāũ ŋũ ŭķĢėĞŶķƘ ÖĕŶāũ ƒĞÖŶ ƒā Ŷāũ ùĢŭŶÖłóā̍ RŶ ƒĢķķ ėāŶ Ğāũā Ö ðĢŶ ŭŋŋłāũ ŋũ ŭķĢėĞŶķƘ ÖĕŶāũ ƒĞ

ðƘ `ŋóāķƘł āķķ Žũłāķķ Öłù łŶŋłƘ NāƒĢŭĞ̍¦ĞāƘ ðƘ `ŋóāķƘł āķķ Žũłāķķ Öłù łŶŋłƘ NāƒĢŭĞ̍¦ĞāƘ

āƗťāóŶ̧̍ pŋŶ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ĞŽėā āƦāóŶ̍ ̦¦Ğā óĞÖłėā ƒā Öũā ŭāÖũóĞĢłė āƗťāóŶ̧̍ pŋŶ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ĞŽėā āƦāóŶ̍ ̦¦Ğā óĞÖłėā ƒā Öũā ŭāÖ

observed pulses separated observed bypulses 1.33 seconds separated thatby ori1.33 seconds that ori-

for is less than a microsecond,” for is less than Simon a microsecond,” says – a formidable Simon says chal– a formidable

ginated from the same ginated location frominthe thesame sky, and location kept in the sky, and kept

lenge to detect, given lenge thattoour detect, planet given alsothat spins our and planet orbits also thespins Sun, and orbits

ðŋŶĞ ŋĕ ƒĞĢóĞ óũāÖŶā ĕÖũ ėũāÖŶāũ ùĢƦāũāłóāŭ Ģł ŶĞā ÖũũĢƑÖķ ŶĢĿā ŋĕ ðŋŶĞ ŋĕ ƒĞĢóĞ óũāÖŶā ĕÖũ ėũāÖŶāũ ùĢƦāũāłóāŭ Ģł ŶĞā ÖũũĢƑÖķ Ŷ

any given pulsar signal any given at anypulsar given radio signaltelescope at any given than radio the tiny telescope than t

„There was „There still much was work still much work Ŷŋ ðā ùŋłā̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̧̍̍̍ Ŷŋ ðā ùŋłā̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̧̍̍̍

āƦāóŶ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ťũŋıāóŶ Ģŭ ķŋŋĴĢłė ĕŋũ̍ āƦāóŶ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ťũŋıāóŶ Ģŭ ķŋŋĴĢłė ĕŋũ̍ REFERING NANOHERTZ REFERING NANOHERTZ

pŋũ Ģŭ ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖłŋ̧ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ łÖĿā ùŋpŋũ Ģŭ ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖłŋ̧ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ łÖĿā ùŋ āŭł̪Ŷ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ łÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ ũāĕāũŭ Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũāŭł̪Ŷ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ łÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ ũāĕāũŭ Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũ-

Ŷŋ ŭĢùāũāÖķ ŶĢĿā̍ Rł ķŋŋĴĢłė ĕŋũ āƗťķÖłÖŶĢŋłŭ ĕŋũ ŶĞā Ŷŋ ŭĢùāũāÖķ ŶĢĿā̍ Rł ķŋŋĴĢłė ĕŋũ āƗťķÖłÖŶĢŋłŭ ĕŋũ ŶĞā

Ŷơ̆ āƑāłŶŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋĿťķāŶā ŋłķƘ ː ðĢķķĢŋłŶĞ ŋĕ Ö óƘóķā ťāũŭāóŋłù̍ Ŷơ̆ āƑāłŶŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋĿťķāŶā ŋłķƘ ː ðĢķķĢŋłŶĞ ŋĕ Ö óƘóķā ťāũŭāóŋł

pulses, the short period pulses, ofthe theshort pulses period eliminated of the pulses eliminated

Rł ŋŶĞāũ ƒŋũùŭ̇ Ö ĕŽķķ óƘóķā ŶÖĴāŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ˒ˏƘāÖũŭ̍ ¦ŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞĢŭ̇ ŶĞā Rł ŋŶĞāũ ƒŋũùŭ̇ Ö ĕŽķķ óƘóķā ŶÖĴāŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ˒ˏƘāÖũŭ̍ ¦ŋ ùāŶāóŶ Ŷ

most astrophysical most sources astrophysical of radiation, sources such as of radiation, such as

p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶ

stars, and since thestars, pulsesand followed since the sidereal pulses time, followed it sidereal time, it

¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞ

could not be human-made could notradio be human-made frequency interradio frequency inter-

yet a large enough fraction yet a large of aenough nanohertz fraction cycleoftoabe nanohertz able to spot cycle to be able t

ference.When observations ference.When with observations another telescowith another telesco-

ĢŶ̍ pŋũ Ģŭ ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖłŋ̧ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ łÖĿā ùŋĢŶ̍ pŋũ Ģŭ ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖłŋ̧ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ łÖĿā

ťā óŋłƩũĿāù ŶĞā āĿĢŭŭĢŋł̇ ĢŶ āķĢĿĢłÖŶāù ÖłƘ ŭŋũŶ ťā óŋłƩũĿāù ŶĞā āĿĢŭŭĢŋł̇ ĢŶ āķĢĿĢłÖŶāù ÖłƘ ŭŋũŶ

āŭł̪Ŷ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ łÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ ũāĕāũŭ Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũŶơ̆ āƑāłŶŭ āŭł̪Ŷ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ łÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ ũāĕāũŭ Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũŶơ̆

ŋĕ ĢłŭŶũŽĿāłŶÖķ āƦāóŶŭ̍ Ŷ ŶĞĢŭ ťŋĢłŶ̇ āķķ Žũłāķķ ŋĕ ĢłŭŶũŽĿāłŶÖķ āƦāóŶŭ̍ Ŷ ŶĞĢŭ ťŋĢłŶ̇ āķķ Žũłāķķ

that complete only 1that billionth complete of a cycle only 1per billionth secbeen of a monitoring cycle per secbeen monit

ŭÖĢù ŋĕ Ğāũŭāķĕ Öłù NāƒĢŭĞ ŶĞÖŶ ̥ƒā ùĢù łŋŶ ũāÖķķƘ ŭÖĢù ŋĕ Ğāũŭāķĕ Öłù NāƒĢŭĞ ŶĞÖŶ ̥ƒā ùĢù łŋŶ ũāÖķķƘ

˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶ

believe that we hadbelieve picked up that signals we had from picked another up signals from another

ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũėā āłŋŽėĞ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ö łÖƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũėā āłŋŽėĞ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ö

civilization, but obviously civilization, the idea buthad obviously crossed the our idea had crossed our

łŋĞāũŶơ óƘóķā Ŷŋ ðā Öðķā Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ĢŶ̍ ¦ŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞĢŭ̇ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ łŋĞāũŶơ óƘóķā Ŷŋ ðā Öðķā Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ĢŶ̍ ¦ŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞĢŭ̇ ŶĞā p pz

minds and we had no minds proof and that weithad wasno anproof entirely that it was an entirely

ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖ

łÖŶŽũÖķ ũÖùĢŋ āĿĢŭŭĢŋł̍ RŶ Ģŭ Öł ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ťũŋðķāĿ̝ łÖŶŽũÖķ ũÖùĢŋ āĿĢŭŭĢŋł̍ RŶ Ģŭ Öł ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ťũŋðķāĿ̝

ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö

if one thinks one may if one have thinks detected one may life elsewhere have detected life elsewhere

ge enough fraction ge of aenough nanohertz fraction cycleoftoabe nanohertz able to spot cycle it. Nor to beisable to spot it

łÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ ũāĕāũŭ Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũŶơ̆ āƑāłŶŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋĿťķāłÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ ũāĕāũŭ Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũŶơ̆ āƑāłŶŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋ

dFm̟ː̇ ĕŋũ ̥ķĢŶŶķā ėũāāł Ŀāł̧ ̛Ö ťķÖƘĕŽķ łÖĿā ĕŋũ ĢłdFm̟ː̇ ĕŋũ ̥ķĢŶŶķā ėũāāł Ŀāł̧ ̛Ö ťķÖƘĕŽķ łÖĿā ĕŋũ Ģł-

Ŷā ŋłķƘ ː ðĢķķĢŋłŶĞ ŋĕ Ö óƘóķā ťāũ ŭāóðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłŶā ŋłķƘ ː ðĢķķĢŋłŶĞ ŋĕ Ö óƘóķā ťāũ ŭāóðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķ

ŶāķķĢėāłŶ ðāĢłėŭ ŋĕ āƗŶũÖŶāũũāŭŶũĢÖķ ŋũĢėĢł̜̍ RŶ ƒÖŭ łŋŶ ŶāķķĢėāłŶ ðāĢłėŭ ŋĕ āƗŶũÖŶāũũāŭŶũĢÖķ ŋũĢėĢł̜̍ RŶ ƒÖŭ łŋŶ

óā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ óā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŋ

until a second pulsating until source a second was pulsating discovered source in awas discovered in a ùĢƦāũāłŶ ťÖũŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭĴƘ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ̥dFm ĞƘťŋŶĞāŭĢŭ̧ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ťÖũŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭĴƘ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ̥dFm ĞƘťŋŶĞāŭĢŭ̧ was entirely abandoned.Their was entirelypulsar abandoned.Their was later dupulsar was later duððāù ! ː˘ː˘̇ Öłù Ģŭ łŋƒ Ĵłŋƒł ðƘ Ö łŽĿðāũ ŋĕ ùāððāù ! ː˘ː˘̇ Öłù Ģŭ łŋƒ Ĵłŋƒł ðƘ Ö łŽĿðāũ ŋĕ ùāŭĢėłÖŶŋũŭ ĢłóķŽùĢłė ː˘ː˘͖ˑː Öłù `ː˘ˑː͖ˑː˔˒̍ ŭĢėłÖŶŋũŭ ĢłóķŽùĢłė ː˘ː˘͖ˑː Öłù `ː˘ˑː͖ˑː˔˒̍ ķŶĞŋŽėĞ ! ː˘ː˘ āĿĢŶŭ Ģł ũÖùĢŋ ƒÖƑāķāłėŶĞŭ̇ ťŽķ ķŶĞŋŽėĞ ! ː˘ː˘ āĿĢŶŭ Ģł ũÖùĢŋ ƒÖƑāķāłėŶĞŭ̇ ťŽķsars have subsequently sarsbeen havefound subsequently to emit in been visible found to emit in visible light, X-ray, and gamma light,ray X-ray, wavelengths. and gamma The ray word wavelengths. The word ̥ťŽķŭÖũ̧ Ģŭ Ö ťŋũŶĿÖłŶāÖŽ ŋĕ ̫ťŽķŭÖŶĢłė̪ Öłù ̫ŨŽÖŭÖũ̪̇ ̥ťŽķŭÖũ̧ Ģŭ Ö ťŋũŶĿÖłŶāÖŽ ŋĕ ̫ťŽķŭÖŶĢłė̪ Öłù ̫ŨŽÖŭÖũ̪̇ Öłù ƩũŭŶ ÖťťāÖũāù Ģł ťũĢłŶ Ģł ː˘˕˗̆ ł āłŶĢũāķƘ łŋƑāķ Öłù ƩũŭŶ ÖťťāÖũāù Ģł ťũĢłŶ Ģł ː˘˕˗̆ ł āłŶĢũāķƘ łŋƑāķ kind of star came tokind lightof onstar Aug. came 6 last toyear lightand on Aug. was 6 last year and was ũāĕāũũāù Ŷŋ̇ ðƘ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ̇ Öŭ dFm ̛dĢŶŶķā Fũāāł ũāĕāũũāù Ŷŋ̇ ðƘ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ̇ Öŭ dFm ̛dĢŶŶķā Fũāāł Men). Now it is thought Men). toNow be a novel it is thought type between to be a novel a type between a

CREDIT: COMPOSITE BY JAYANNE ENGLISH, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA

ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖłŋ̧ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ łÖĿā ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖłŋ̧ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ łÖĿā ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ũ

CREDIT: COMPOSITE BY JAYANNE ENGLISH, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA

in the universe, how indoes the universe, one announce how does the results one announce the results responsibly?”Evenresponsibly?”Even so, they nicknamed so, the they signal nicknamed the signal

ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũėā āłŋŽėĞ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ö łÖłŋĞāũŶơ óƘóķā Ŷŋ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũėā āłŋŽėĞ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ö łÖłŋĞāũŶơ óƘ

ðā Öðķā Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ĢŶ̍ Rł ŋŶĞāũ ƒŋũùŭ̇ Ö ĕŽķķ óƘóķā ŶÖĴāŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ˒ˏƘāÖũŭ̍ ðā Öðķā Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ĢŶ̍ Rł ŋŶĞāũ ƒŋũùŭ̇ Ö ĕŽķķ óƘóķā ŶÖĴāŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ˒ˏ

¦ŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞĢŭ̇ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķ¦ŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞĢŭ̇ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓

ŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹

ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũėā āłŋŽėĞ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ö łÖłŋĞāũŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũėā āłŋŽėĞ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ö łÖłŋ

Ŷơ óƘóķā Ŷŋ ðā Öðķā Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ĢŶ̍ pŋũ Ģŭ ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖłŋ̧ Ģł Ŷơ óƘóķā Ŷŋ ðā Öðķā Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ĢŶ̍ pŋũ Ģŭ ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖł

ŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ łÖĿā ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ łÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ ũāŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ łÖĿā ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ łÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ

ĕāũŭ Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũŶơ̆ āƑāłŶŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋĿťķāŶā ŋłķƘ ː ðĢķķĢŋłŶĞ ŋĕ Ö óƘóĕāũŭ Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũŶơ̆ āƑāłŶŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋĿťķāŶā ŋłķƘ ː ðĢķķĢŋłŶĞ ŋĕ

ķā ťāũ ŭāóðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ķā ťāũ ŭāóðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ

ge enough fraction ge of aenough nanohertz fraction cycleoftoabe nanohertz able to spot cycle it. To to be deable to spot it

ŶāóŶ ŶĞĢŭ̇ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŶāóŶ ŶĞĢŭ̇ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķ

ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖ

white dwarf and a neutron white dwarf [star].and Theaname neutron Pulsar [star]. is ThePSR nameJ0002+6216, Pulsar is PSR heading J0002+6216, outfast heading outfast

ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũėā āłŋŽėĞ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ö łÖłŋĞāũùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ Ö ķÖũėā āłŋŽėĞ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ö łÖłŋĞā

ķĢĴāķƘ Ŷŋ ðā ėĢƑāł Ŷŋ ĢŶ̍ 'ũ̍ ̍ NāƒĢŭĞ Ŷŋķù Ŀā ƘāŭŶāũķĢĴāķƘ Ŷŋ ðā ėĢƑāł Ŷŋ ĢŶ̍ 'ũ̍ ̍ NāƒĢŭĞ Ŷŋķù Ŀā ƘāŭŶāũùÖƘ̆ ̥̈ R ÖĿ ŭŽũā ŶĞÖŶ ŶŋùÖƘ āƑāũƘ ũÖùĢŋ Ŷāķāŭóŋťā ùÖƘ̆ ̥̈ R ÖĿ ŭŽũā ŶĞÖŶ ŶŋùÖƘ āƑāũƘ ũÖùĢŋ Ŷāķāŭóŋťā very of pulsars, Franco veryPacini of pulsars, suggested Franco that Pacini a rotasuggested that a rota ŋƘÖķ ƒāùĢŭĞ óÖùāĿƘ ŋĕ óĢāłóāŭ łŋŶĢłė ŶĞÖŶ Nā ŋƘÖķ ƒāùĢŭĞ óÖùāĿƘ ŋĕ óĢāłóāŭ łŋŶĢłė ŶĞÖŶ NāťŽķŭÖũ ķÖŶāũ Ģł ː˘˕˗ ŭāāĿāù Ŷŋ ťũŋƑĢùā óŋłƩũĿÖťŽķŭÖũ ķÖŶāũ Ģł ː˘˕˗ ŭāāĿāù Ŷŋ ťũŋƑĢùā óŋłƩũĿÖ-

‫ۏחז‬ is looking at the Pulsars.” is looking .Theatexistence the Pulsars.” of neutron .The existence ŶĢłė łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù ƒŋŽķù āĿĢŶ of neutron ŶĢłė łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù ƒŋŽķù āĿĢŶ ƒĢŭĞ ťķÖƘāù Ö ̥ùāóĢŭĢƑā ũŋķā Ģł ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋĕ ťŽķƒĢŭĞ ťķÖƘāù Ö ̥ùāóĢŭĢƑā ũŋķā Ģł ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋĕ ťŽķtion of the rotatingtion neutron of thestar rotating modelneutron of pulsars. star model of pulsars.

!X«!n0 I (0 «X³ !X«!n0 I (0 «X³

‫ۏחז‬

ŭŶÖũŭ ƒÖŭ ƩũŭŶ ťũŋťŋŭāù ðƘ ÂÖķŶāũ ÖÖùā Öłù DũĢŶơ ŭŶÖũŭ ƒÖŭ ƩũŭŶ ťũŋťŋŭāù ðƘ ÂÖķŶāũ ÖÖùā Öłù DũĢŶơ radiation, and evenradiation, noted thatand such even energy noted could thatbe such energy could be ŭÖũŭ̧̍ !ŋłŭĢùāũÖðķā óŋłŶũŋƑāũŭƘ Ģŭ ÖŭŭŋóĢÖŶāù ƒĢŶĞ ŭÖũŭ̧̍ !ŋłŭĢùāũÖðķā óŋłŶũŋƑāũŭƘ Ģŭ ÖŭŭŋóĢÖŶāù ƒĢŶĞ ¦Ğā !ũÖð ťŽķŭÖũ ĞÖŭ Ö ˒˒̟ĿĢķķĢŭāóŋłù ťŽķŭā ťāũĢŋù̇ ¦Ğā !ũÖð ťŽķŭÖũ ĞÖŭ Ö ˒˒̟ĿĢķķĢŭāóŋłù ťŽķŭā ťāũĢŋù̇ Zwicky in 1934, when Zwicky they argued in 1934,that when a small, they argued den- that pumped a small, into dena supernova pumped remnant into a supernova around a remnant neuaround a neuwhich was too shortwhich to be consistent was too short with toother be consistent pro- ŶĞā ĕÖóŶ ŶĞÖŶ NāƒĢŭĞ ƒÖŭ ÖƒÖũùāù ŶĞā ťũĢơā ƒĞĢķā with other pro- ŶĞā ĕÖóŶ ŶĞÖŶ NāƒĢŭĞ ƒÖŭ ÖƒÖũùāù ŶĞā ťũĢơā ƒĞĢķā ‫ ۏחז‬I ¨Èn³ «³ ‫ ۏחז‬I ¨Èn³ «³ se star consisting primarily se star consisting of neutrons primarily would of re-neutrons Ŷũŋł ŭŶÖũ̇ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ ŶĞā !ũÖð pāðŽķÖ̍ ĕŶāũ ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋwould reŶũŋł ŭŶÖũ̇ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ ŶĞā !ũÖð pāðŽķÖ̍ ĕŶāũ ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋ āķķ̇ ƒĞŋ ĿÖùā ŶĞā ĢłĢŶĢÖķ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ƒĞĢķā ŭĞā ƒÖŭ āķķ̇ ƒĞŋ ĿÖùā ŶĞā ĢłĢŶĢÖķ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ƒĞĢķā ŭĞā ƒÖŭ posed models for pulsar posedemission. models for Moreover, pulsar emission. the Moreover, the z0à0« 0³! ¨0 z0à0« 0³! ¨0 ³È¨0«z à ³È¨0«z à ŭŽķŶ ĕũŋĿ Ö ŭŽťāũłŋƑÖ̍ Öŭāù ŋł ŶĞā ĢùāÖ ŋĕ ĿÖėłāŭŽķŶ ĕũŋĿ Ö ŭŽťāũłŋƑÖ̍ Öŭāù ŋł ŶĞā ĢùāÖ ŋĕ ĿÖėłāƑāũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ťŽķŭÖũ̇ ¦ĞŋĿÖŭ Fŋķù ĢłùāťāłùāłŶķƘ ƑāũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ťŽķŭÖũ̇ ¦ĞŋĿÖŭ Fŋķù ĢłùāťāłùāłŶķƘ ĞĢŭ Ğ' ŭŶŽùāłŶ̇ ƒÖŭ łŋŶ̍ āķķ óķÖĢĿŭ łŋ ðĢŶŶāũłāŭŭ ĞĢŭ Ğ' ŭŶŽùāłŶ̇ ƒÖŭ łŋŶ̍ āķķ óķÖĢĿŭ łŋ ðĢŶŶāũłāŭŭ !ũÖð ťŽķŭÖũ Ģŭ ŭŋ łÖĿāù ðāóÖŽŭā ĢŶ Ģŭ ķŋóÖŶāù ÖŶ ŶĞā !ũÖð ťŽķŭÖũ Ģŭ ŭŋ łÖĿāù ðāóÖŽŭā ĢŶ Ģŭ ķŋóÖŶāù ÖŶ ŶĞā 0æ¨n ³X z³ 0æ¨n ³X z³ ŶĢó ƪŽƗ óŋłŭāũƑÖŶĢŋł ĕũŋĿ ĿÖėłāŶĢó ĿÖĢł ŭāŨŽāłóā ŶĢó ƪŽƗ óŋłŭāũƑÖŶĢŋł ĕũŋĿ ĿÖėłāŶĢó ĿÖĢł ŭāŨŽāłóā suggested a rotating suggested neutron star a rotating modelneutron similar to star model similar to upon this point, supporting upon thisthe point, decision supporting of the Nothe decision of the NoóāłŶāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā !ũÖð pāðŽķÖ̇ óŋłŭĢŭŶāłŶ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞ ː˘˒˒ óāłŶāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā !ũÖð pāðŽķÖ̇ óŋłŭĢŭŶāłŶ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞ ː˘˒˒

³È¨0«z à

ŭŶÖũŭ̇ dŋùāƒĢıĴ ÂŋķŶıāũ ťũŋťŋŭāù Ģł ː˘˕˓ ŶĞÖŶ ŭŽóĞ ŭŶÖũŭ̇ dŋùāƒĢıĴ ÂŋķŶıāũ ťũŋťŋŭāù Ģł ː˘˕˓ ŶĞÖŶ ŭŽóĞ that of Pacini, and that explicitly of Pacini, argued andthat explicitly this moargued that this moðāķ ťũĢơā óŋĿĿĢŶŶāā̍ RłĢŶĢÖķķƘ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ƒāũā łÖĿāù ðāķ ťũĢơā óŋĿĿĢŶŶāā̍ RłĢŶĢÖķķƘ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ƒāũā łÖĿāù ťũāùĢóŶĢŋł ŋĕ ÖÖùā Öłù ÑƒĢóĴƘ̍ Rł ː˘˖˓̇ łŶŋłƘ NāťũāùĢóŶĢŋł ŋĕ ÖÖùā Öłù ÑƒĢóĴƘ̍ Rł ː˘˖˓̇ łŶŋłƘ NāłāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũŭ ĿĢėĞŶ óŋłŶÖĢł ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķùŭ Öŭ ķÖũėā łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũŭ ĿĢėĞŶ óŋłŶÖĢł ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķùŭ Öŭ ķÖũėā del could explain the delpulsed could radiation explain the observed pulsed radiation by observed by with letters of the discovering with lettersobservatory of the discovering followed observatory followed ƒĢŭĞ Öłù mÖũŶĢł Ƙķā ðāóÖĿā ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ ƒĢŭĞ Öłù mÖũŶĢł Ƙķā ðāóÖĿā ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ

Öŭ ːˏ΍ː˓ Ŷŋ ːˏ΍ː˕ F̍ Rł ː˘˕˖̇ ŭĞŋũŶķƘ ðāĕŋũā ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋÖŭ ːˏ΍ː˓ Ŷŋ ːˏ΍ː˕ F̍ Rł ː˘˕˖̇ ŭĞŋũŶķƘ ðāĕŋũā ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋ āķķ Žũłāķķ Öłù NāƒĢŭĞ̍ ¦Ğā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā !ũÖð āķķ Žũłāķķ Öłù NāƒĢŭĞ̍ ¦Ğā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā !ũÖð by their right ascension. by their As right moreascension. pulsars were As more pulsars were to be awarded the Nobel to be awarded Prize in Physics, the Nobel with Prize thein Physics, with the

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titude Attitude

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Cosmic Buissnes Cosmic Buissnes

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ZERO-G Sports ZERO-G Sports

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Weather Weather

TheThe journey journey03 03 21 July 2019 21 July 2019

oid Newspaper The Void Newspaper

#NASA #APOLLO #NASA #APOLLO

It was It was 50 years 50 years agoago today today … …

‫׎או‬

EROIDS #ASTEROIDS #SPACE #SPACE

Written by MICHAEL Written HENRY by MICHAEL ADAMSHENRY ADAMS

‫ה‬

Iƺ Iƺ IRON

latin: Ferrum

Ŷũā̍ ¦Ğā ťŋķķŋ ˘ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ĞÖù ıŽŭŶ ŭŽóóāŭŭĕŽķķƘ ŶāŭŶāù ŶĞā dŽłÖũ mŋùŽŶũā̍ ¦Ğā ťŋķķŋ ˘ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ĞÖù ıŽŭŶ ŭŽóóāŭŭĕŽķķƘ ŶāŭŶāù ŶĞā dŽłÖũ mŋùŽle in Earth orbit, Apollo le in10 Earth wasorbit, readyApollo to carry 10out wasaready dress rehearsal to carry out ofaadress lunarrehearsal of a lunar landing in May, andlanding hopes were in May, high and that hopes Apollo were 11 would high that do the Apollo business 11 would do the business

xƺǼɎǣȇǕ ȵȒǣȇɎ‫!ݶזבד׏ ي‬ ȒǣǼǣȇǕ ȵȒǣȇɎ‫!ݶאהזא ي‬

óŋĿā `ŽķƘ̍ ¦Ğāũā ƒÖŭ ŭŶĢķķ ĿŽóĞ ƒŋũĴ Ŷŋ ðā ùŋłā̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̍ ÂĞĢķā ŶĞā ŶĞũāā óŋĿā `ŽķƘ̍ ¦Ğāũā ƒÖŭ ŭŶĢķķ ĿŽóĞ ƒŋũĴ Ŷŋ ðā ùŋłā̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̍ ÂĞĢķā ŶĞā ŶĞũāā

IRON

ÖŭŶũŋłÖŽŶŭ ̛pāĢķ ũĿŭŶũŋłė̇ Žơơ ķùũĢł Öłù mĢóĞÖāķ !ŋķķĢłŭ̜ Öłù ŶĞāÖŭŶũŋłÖŽŶŭ ̛pāĢķ ũĿŭŶũŋłė̇ Žơơ ķùũĢł Öłù mĢóĞÖāķ !ŋķķĢłŭ̜ Öłù ŶĞā-

latin: Ferrum

Ģũ ðÖóĴ̟Žťŭ ̛`ÖĿāŭ dŋƑāķķ̇ Dũāù NÖĢŭā Öłù ÂĢķķĢÖĿ łùāũŭ̜ ƒāũā ŶāŭŶĢłė Ģũ ðÖóĴ̟Žťŭ ̛`ÖĿāŭ dŋƑāķķ̇ Dũāù NÖĢŭā Öłù ÂĢķķĢÖĿ łùāũŭ̜ ƒāũā ŶāŭŶĢłė

xƺǼɎǣȇǕ ȵȒǣȇɎ‫!ݶזבד׏ ي‬ ȒǣǼǣȇǕ ȵȒǣȇɎ‫!ݶאהזא ي‬

DĢĕŶƘ ƘāÖũŭ Öėŋ̇ ŶĞā ŶāłŭĢŋł ƒÖŭ ðŽĢķùĢłė Ģł DķŋũĢùÖ̪ŭ bāłłāùƘ ťÖóā !āłDĢĕŶƘ ƘāÖũŭ Öėŋ̇ ŶĞā ŶāłŭĢŋł ƒÖŭ ðŽĢķùĢłė Ģł DķŋũĢùÖ̪ŭ bāłłāùƘ ťÖóā !āł-

‫הא‬

‫׎זד‬

‫גדזِדדהא‬ [Ar] 3d 4s

‫׎זד‬

!d !d

‫גדזِדד‬ [Ar] 3d‫ה‬4s2

ŶĞā !ŋĿĿÖłù mŋùŽķā Ģł ŶĞā ÖķŶĢŶŽùā óĞÖĿðāũ Ģł ŶĞā mÖłłāù ťÖóāóũÖĕŶ ŶĞā !ŋĿĿÖłù mŋùŽķā Ģł ŶĞā ÖķŶĢŶŽùā óĞÖĿðāũ Ģł ŶĞā mÖłłāù ťÖóāóũÖĕŶ zťāũÖŶĢŋłŭ ŽĢķùĢłė̇ ŋƑāũ Ģł ŶĞā ÁāĞĢóķā ŭŭāĿðķƘ ŽĢķùĢłė ŶĞā ŶĞũāā ŭŶÖzťāũÖŶĢŋłŭ ŽĢķùĢłė̇ ŋƑāũ Ģł ŶĞā ÁāĞĢóķā ŭŭāĿðķƘ ŽĢķùĢłė ŶĞā ŶĞũāā ŭŶÖges of the Saturn V rocket ges of the were Saturn beingVgiven rocket a thorough were being checkingover. given a thorough checkingover. Ŷ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ŶĢĿā̇ Ö ˒ˏ̟ùÖƘ ŭĢĿŽķÖŶĢŋł ƒÖŭ Žłùāũ ƒÖƘ Ģł ŶĞā dŽłÖũ āóāĢƑĢłė Ŷ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ŶĢĿā̇ Ö ˒ˏ̟ùÖƘ ŭĢĿŽķÖŶĢŋł ƒÖŭ Žłùāũ ƒÖƘ Ģł ŶĞā dŽłÖũ āóāĢƑĢłė dÖðŋũÖŶŋũƘ ÖŶ ŶĞā mÖłłāù ťÖóāóũÖĕŶ !āłŶũā ̞ łŋƒ ŶĞā `ŋĞłŭŋł ťÖóā !āłdÖðŋũÖŶŋũƘ ÖŶ ŶĞā mÖłłāù ťÖóāóũÖĕŶ !āłŶũā ̞ łŋƒ ŶĞā `ŋĞłŭŋł ťÖóā !āłŶũā ̞ Ģł NŋŽŭŶŋł̇ ¦āƗÖŭ̍ ¦Ğā ŭĢĿŽķÖŶĢŋł ƒÖŭ ŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ óŋĿťķāƗ ŶāŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ĕÖŶũā ̞ Ģł NŋŽŭŶŋł̇ ¦āƗÖŭ̍ ¦Ğā ŭĢĿŽķÖŶĢŋł ƒÖŭ ŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ óŋĿťķāƗ ŶāŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ĕÖcility to verify that all cility its components to verify thatwould all its components be ready to support would be crew ready memto support crew memðāũŭ Öłù ŶĞāĢũ ŭÖĿťķāŭ ũāŶŽũłĢłė ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā mŋŋł̍ NÖķĕ Ö óāłŶŽũƘ Öėŋ ŶŋùÖƘ̇ ðāũŭ Öłù ŶĞāĢũ ŭÖĿťķāŭ ũāŶŽũłĢłė ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā mŋŋł̍ NÖķĕ Ö óāłŶŽũƘ Öėŋ ŶŋùÖƘ̇ ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖ̪ŭ ƩũŭŶ ŭÖŶāķķĢŶā ƒÖŭ ķÖŽłóĞāù̍ ¦Ğā ŭÖŶāķķĢŶā̇ Ĵłŋƒł ŭŋĿāƒĞÖŶ Ģłā ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖ̪ŭ ƩũŭŶ ŭÖŶāķķĢŶā ƒÖŭ ķÖŽłóĞāù̍ ¦Ğā ŭÖŶāķķĢŶā̇ Ĵłŋƒł ŭŋĿāƒĞÖŶ ĢłāķāėÖłŶķƘ Öŭ Â 1 ¦̇ ŶŋŋĴ ŋƦ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ũāĿŋŶā ÂŋŋĿāũÖ ŶāŭŶĢłė ũÖłėā Ģł ŋķāėÖłŶķƘ Öŭ Â 1 ¦̇ ŶŋŋĴ ŋƦ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ũāĿŋŶā ÂŋŋĿāũÖ ŶāŭŶĢłė ũÖłėā Ģł ŋŽŶĞ ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖ̇ ŋł pŋƑāĿðāũ ˑ˘̇ ː˘˕˖̍ RŶ ĿÖùā ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖ ŶĞā ŶĞĢũù óŋŽłŶũƘ Ģł ŽŶĞ ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖ̇ ŋł pŋƑāĿðāũ ˑ˘̇ ː˘˕˖̍ RŶ ĿÖùā ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖ ŶĞā ŶĞĢũù óŋŽłŶũƘ Ģł

‫׎ד‬

the world to launchthe a satellite world to from launch its own a satellite territory. from The itssatellite own territory. was launThe satellite was launóĞāù ŋł ðŋÖũù Ö ĿŋùĢƩāù āùŭŶŋłā ũŋóĴāŶ̇ ũāłÖĿāù ŶĞā ťÖũŶÖ̇ ùŋłÖŶāù ðƘ óĞāù ŋł ðŋÖũù Ö ĿŋùĢƩāù āùŭŶŋłā ũŋóĴāŶ̇ ũāłÖĿāù ŶĞā ťÖũŶÖ̇ ùŋłÖŶāù ðƘ NASA. The satelliteNASA. itself was Thecone-shaped, satellite itself1.6 was metres cone-shaped, long, and1.6 weighed metres45 long, and weighed 45

ĿāłŶ ùāťÖũŶĿāłŶ łŋƒ Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ŶĞā 'āĕāłóā óĢāłóā Öłù ¦āóĞłŋķŋėƘFũŋŽť̍ ĿāłŶ ùāťÖũŶĿāłŶ łŋƒ Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ŶĞā 'āĕāłóā óĢāłóā Öłù ¦āóĞłŋķŋėƘFũŋŽť̍ mĢĴā ũŋŋĴŭ̇ RłŶāũĢĿ ÁĢóā̟!ĞÖłóāķķŋũ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ùāķÖĢùā̇ ŭÖƘŭ mĢĴā ũŋŋĴŭ̇ RłŶāũĢĿ ÁĢóā̟!ĞÖłóāķķŋũ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ùāķÖĢùā̇ ŭÖƘŭ Á Á n zÈx 0« I X« z à n! z ³Á0« X(

Á Á n zÈx 0« I X« z à n! z Á Á n zÈx 0« I ³Á0« X(³ ³Á0« X( ³0«à0( Xz ÈÁ0« ³¨ !0

ŶĞā ŶāÖĿ ĞÖù ıŽŭŶ ːː ĿŋłŶĞŭ Ģł ƒĞĢóĞ Ŷŋ ùāŭĢėł̇ ťķÖł Öłù ðŽĢķù ŶĞā Â 1ŶĞā ŶāÖĿ ĞÖù ıŽŭŶ ːː ĿŋłŶĞŭ Ģł ƒĞĢóĞ Ŷŋ ùāŭĢėł̇ ťķÖł Öłù ðŽĢķù ŶĞā Â 1-

An artist’s impression An artist’s of the impression metal asteroid, of thePsyche metal asteroid, Psyche

CREDIT: SSL/ASU/P RUBIN/NASA/JPL-CALTECH

SAT. After launch, the SAT. satellite After launch, orbitedthe thesatellite Earth 642 orbited timesthe – sending Earth 642 data times – sending data ðÖóĴ ĕŋũ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ˖ˑ ̞ ðāĕŋũā ũā̟āłŶāũĢłė ŶĞā ÖŶĿŋŭťĞāũā Öłù ťķŽłėĢłė ĢłŶŋ ðÖóĴ ĕŋũ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ˖ˑ ̞ ðāĕŋũā ũā̟āłŶāũĢłė ŶĞā ÖŶĿŋŭťĞāũā Öłù ťķŽłėĢłė ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā ŶķÖłŶĢó zóāÖł ŋł `ÖłŽÖũƘ ːˏ̇ ː˘˕˗̍ ¦ĞĢŭ óŋĿťŋŽłù ĢĿÖėā ŭĞŋƒŭ ŋłā ŶĞā ŶķÖłŶĢó zóāÖł ŋł `ÖłŽÖũƘ ːˏ̇ ː˘˕˗̍ ¦ĞĢŭ óŋĿťŋŽłù ĢĿÖėā ŭĞŋƒŭ ŋłā ĿÖł̪ŭ ƑĢŭĢŋł Ŷŋ Ö Ŷāā̍ Rł ŶĞā ķÖŶā ˖ˏŭ̇ Ģķķ NÖũŶĿÖłł Öłù óŋķķāÖėŽāŭ ÖŶ ŶĞā ĿÖł̪ŭ ƑĢŭĢŋł Ŷŋ Ö Ŷāā̍ Rł ŶĞā ķÖŶā ˖ˏŭ̇ Ģķķ NÖũŶĿÖłł Öłù óŋķķāÖėŽāŭ ÖŶ ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ óĢāłóā RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā ĕŋķķŋƒāù Žť ŋðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ Öł ÖŭŶāũŋĢù óÖķķāù ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ óĢāłóā RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā ĕŋķķŋƒāù Žť ŋðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ Öł ÖŭŶāũŋĢù óÖķķāù ˕ˑ˓ NāĴŶŋũ̇ ŶĞā ũāŭŽķŶŭ ĕŋũ ƒĞĢóĞ ŭĞŋƒāù āƗŶũāĿā óĞÖłėāŭ ĢłðũĢėĞŶłāŭŭ̍ ˕ˑ˓ NāĴŶŋũ̇ ŶĞā ũāŭŽķŶŭ ĕŋũ ƒĞĢóĞ ŭĞŋƒāù āƗŶũāĿā óĞÖłėāŭ ĢłðũĢėĞŶłāŭŭ̍ These changes could These be explained, changes could they reasoned, be explained, if the they asteroid reasoned, was made if the asteroid was made up of two smaller objects, up of two wedged smaller together objects, following wedged a together very lowfollowing velocity cola very low velocity colķĢŭĢŋł̍ RłŶũĢėŽāù̇ NÖũŶĿÖłł̇ ƒĞŋ ƒÖŭ Öł ÖũŶĢŭŶ Öŭ ƒāķķ Öŭ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ̇ ķĢŭĢŋł̍ RłŶũĢėŽāù̇ NÖũŶĿÖłł̇ ƒĞŋ ƒÖŭ Öł ÖũŶĢŭŶ Öŭ ƒāķķ Öŭ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ̇ painted several picture painted depicting several what picture such depicting a “compound what binary” such a “compound mibinary” mi-

Á Á n zÈx 0« I ³Á0« X(³ ³0«à0( Xz ÈÁ0« ³¨ !0 Á Á n zÈx 0« I ³Á0« X(³ ¨ ³³XzJ ÁR0 0 «ÁR zzÈ nnç

Ģùā Öłù ŶĞā ÂāÖťŋłŭ āŭāÖũóĞ 1ŭŶÖðķĢŭĞĿāłŶ ̞ ŶĞā ĕŋũāũŽłłāũ ŋĕ Ö ėŋƑāũłĢùā Öłù ŶĞā ÂāÖťŋłŭ āŭāÖũóĞ 1ŭŶÖðķĢŭĞĿāłŶ ̞ ŶĞā ĕŋũāũŽłłāũ ŋĕ Ö ėŋƑāũł-

Á Á n zÈx 0« I ³Á0« X(³ ¨ ³³XzJ ÁR0 0 «ÁR zzÈ nnç

ĴĢķŋėũÖĿŭ̍ RŶ ƒÖŭ ðŽĢķŶ ðƘ Ö ıŋĢłŶ ƑāłŶŽũā ðāŶƒāāł ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ùāķÖĴĢķŋėũÖĿŭ̍ RŶ ƒÖŭ ðŽĢķŶ ðƘ Ö ıŋĢłŶ ƑāłŶŽũā ðāŶƒāāł ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ùāķÖ-

Hunt Hunt onon forfor iron iron volcanoes volcanoes

wo teams Two teams conclude conclude some some asteroids asteroids once spewed once spewed molten molten metal,metal, as as ASANASA prepares prepares to investigate to investigate ũāťŋũŶŭ̍ ̦Rĕ ĢŶ̪ŭ ĿŋŭŶķƘ ťŽũā Ģũŋł̇ ŶĞāł ƘŋŽ ƒŋŽķù ũāťŋũŶŭ̍ ̦Rĕ ĢŶ̪ŭ ĿŋŭŶķƘ ťŽũā Ģũŋł̇ ŶĞāł ƘŋŽ ƒŋŽķù be measured relative beto measured known star relative locations.[32] to known star objects locations.[32] ranging from objects one toranging ten meters from across. one to ten meters across. IRON TREATMENT IRON CRUCIAL TREATMENT INFO CRUCIAL INFO Written by PETER Written BEAUMONT by PETER BEAUMONT ĞÖƑā āũŽťŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ķŋƒ̟ƑĢŭóŋŭĢŶƘ ŭŽũĕÖóā ƪŋƒŭ ŭťũāĞÖƑā āũŽťŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ķŋƒ̟ƑĢŭóŋŭĢŶƘ ŭŽũĕÖóā ƪŋƒŭ ŭťũāading out in thin sheets, ading so outnothing in thin sheets, like theso thick, nothing¦Ğāŭā ƩũŭŶ ŶĞũāā ŭŶāťŭ ùŋ łŋŶ óŋłŭŶĢŶŽŶā ÖŭŶāũŋĢù like the thick, ¦Ğāŭā ƩũŭŶ ŶĞũāā ŭŶāťŭ ùŋ łŋŶ óŋłŭŶĢŶŽŶā ÖŭŶāũŋĢù All these considerations All these helped considerations spur the launch helped of spur the launch of

ƑĢŭóŋŽŭ ķÖƑÖ ƪŋƒŭ ƘŋŽ ŭāā ŋł NÖƒÖĢĢ̧̇ āƗóķÖĢĿŭ ƑĢŭóŋŽŭ ķÖƑÖ ƪŋƒŭ ƘŋŽ ŭāā ŋł NÖƒÖĢĢ̧̇ āƗóķÖĢĿŭ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̆ ŶĞā ŋðŭāũƑāũ ĞÖŭ ŋłķƘ ĕŋŽłù Öł ÖťťÖùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̆ ŶĞā ŋðŭāũƑāũ ĞÖŭ ŋłķƘ ĕŋŽłù Öł ÖťťÖĞĢėĞķƘ āƧóĢāłŶ ŭŽũƑāƘŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋłŭĢŭŶ ŋĕ óĞÖũėā̟óŋĞĢėĞķƘ āƧóĢāłŶ ŭŽũƑāƘŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋłŭĢŭŶ ŋĕ óĞÖũėā̟óŋ-

x0nÁXzJ ¨ XzÁx0nÁXzJ ¨ XzÁ

Some asteroids inSome the solar asteroids system in theAbrahams. solar system “At the other Abrahams. extreme, “At the if there other are extreme, light ifrition, there are which light gets arition, provisional whichdesignation, gets a provisional made designation, Žťķāù ùāƑĢóā ̛!!'̜ óÖĿāũÖŭ Öłù óŋĿťŽŶāũŭ ùĢũāóŶķƘ made Žťķāù ùāƑĢóā ̛!!'̜ óÖĿāũÖŭ Öłù óŋĿťŽŶāũŭ ùĢũāóŶķƘ

‫ݶהבד׏‬C

‫ݶאזהא‬C

may have featured may volcanoes have featured that volcanoes elements that mixed inelements and gasesmixed that expand in and rapidly, gases that expand up of therapidly, year of discovery, up of the a letter year ofrepresenting discovery, a the letter representing connected tothe telescopes. connected As of 2011, to telescopes. it was estimated As of 2011, it was estimated

XnXzJ spewed out liquid iron, spewed twoout research liquid iron,you twocould research have explosive you could volcanism have explosive that might volcanism leĞÖķĕ̟ĿŋłŶĞ ŋĕ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̇ Öłù ƩłÖķķƘ Ö ķāŶŶāũ Öłù Ö that might leĞÖķĕ̟ĿŋłŶĞ ŋĕ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̇ Öłù ƩłÖķķƘ Ö ķāŶŶāũ Öłù Ö ŶĞÖŶ ˗˘ͮ Ŷŋ ˘˕ͮ ŋĕ łāÖũ̟1ÖũŶĞ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ŋłā ĴĢķŋŶĞÖŶ ˗˘ͮ Ŷŋ ˘˕ͮ ŋĕ łāÖũ̟1ÖũŶĞ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ŋłā ĴĢķŋ-

XnXzJ Á0x¨« ÁÈ«0 Á0x¨« ÁÈ«0

teams have independentlyconcluded. teams have independentlyconcluded. The finave pits The in the finsurface.” ave pits Thein pair thepublished surface.” their The pair re- published łŽĿðāũ ĢłùĢóÖŶĢłė ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̪ŭ ŭāŨŽāłŶĢÖķ łŽĿtheir rełŽĿðāũ ĢłùĢóÖŶĢłė ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̪ŭ ŭāŨŽāłŶĢÖķ łŽĿmeter or larger in diameter meter orhad larger been indiscovered. diameter had Forbeen discovered. For dings of both sets of dings researchers of both sets are at ofthis researchers stage are ŭŽķŶŭ Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ FāŋťĞƘŭĢóÖķ āŭāÖũóĞ dāŶŶāũŭ̇ at this stage ŭŽķŶŭ Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ FāŋťĞƘŭĢóÖķ āŭāÖũóĞ dāŶŶāũŭ̇ ðāũ ̛āƗÖĿťķā̆ ː˘˘˗ D`˖˓̜̍ ðāũ ̛āƗÖĿťķā̆ ː˘˘˗ D`˖˓̜̍ hypothetical, but ahypothetical, planned NASA but mission a planned set to NASA and mission also presented set to at and a recent also presented conference. at aWhile recentdoconference. While do-

ÖķĿŋŭŶ Ŷƒŋ óāłŶŽũĢāŭ̇ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋĕ !āũāŭ Ģł ÖķĿŋŭŶ Ŷƒŋ óāłŶŽũĢāŭ̇ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋĕ !āũāŭ Ģł

J0z0« n ː˗ˏː ŽłŶĢķ ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ óāłŶÖŽũ̇ !ĞĢũŋł ː˗ˏː ŽłŶĢķ ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ óāłŶÖŽũ̇ !ĞĢũŋł

J0z0« n (0z³XÁç

(0z³XÁç

launch in 2022 willlaunch provideina2022 perfect will opportunity provide a perfect opportunity

The last step of discovery The lastisstep to send of discovery the locations is to sendĢł ː˘˖˖̇ Öķķ Ĵłŋƒł ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ŭťāłŶ ĿŋŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞāĢũ ŶĢĿā the locations Ģł ː˘˖˖̇ Öķķ Ĵłŋƒł ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ŭťāłŶ ĿŋŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞāĢũ ŶĢĿā

Ŷŋ óŋłƩũĿ̇ ŋũ ũŽķā ŋŽŶ̇ ŶĞā ĢùāÖ̍ māŶÖķķĢó ÖŭŶāũŋŶŋ óŋłƩũĿ̇ ŋũ ũŽķā ŋŽŶ̇ ŶĞā ĢùāÖ̍ māŶÖķķĢó ÖŭŶāũŋ-

Öłù ŶĢĿā ŋĕ ŋðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋłŭ Ŷŋ ŶĞā mĢłŋũ ķÖłāŶ !āłÖłù ŶĢĿā ŋĕ ŋðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋłŭ Ŷŋ ŶĞā mĢłŋũ ķÖłāŶ !āłÖŶ ŋũ ƒĢŶĞĢł ŶĞā ŋũðĢŶ ŋĕ `ŽťĢŶāũ̇ ŶĞŋŽėĞ Ö ĕāƒ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ ÖŶ ŋũ ƒĢŶĞĢł ŶĞā ŋũðĢŶ ŋĕ `ŽťĢŶāũ̇ ŶĞŋŽėĞ Ö ĕāƒ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ

„Metallic asteroids „Metallicare asteroids are ter, where computer ter, programs where computer determine programs whetherdetermine NĢùÖķėŋ ƑāłŶŽũāù ĕÖũ ðāƘŋłù `ŽťĢŶāũ ĕŋũ ťÖũŶ ŋĕ ŶĞāwhether NĢùÖķėŋ ƑāłŶŽũāù ĕÖũ ðāƘŋłù `ŽťĢŶāũ ĕŋũ ťÖũŶ ŋĕ ŶĞāAstrophysicists agree Astrophysicists that they began agree lifethat early they in began life early in in an apparition earlierties apparitions together into earlier apparitions ir orbit. Those intolocated ir orbit. between Those the located orbitsbetween of Mars the orbits of Mars common common the solarin the solaran apparition ties together aordinary claims Extraordinary claimsof the the formation the system, formation mostoflikely the system, as planemost likely as planeÖ ŭĢłėķā ŋũðĢŶ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞā ŋðıāóŶ ũāóāĢƑāŭ Ö óÖŶÖķŋėŽā Ö ŭĢłėķā ŋũðĢŶ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞā ŋðıāóŶ ũāóāĢƑāŭ Ö óÖŶÖķŋėŽā Öłù `ŽťĢŶāũ ƒāũā Ĵłŋƒł ĕŋũ ĿÖłƘ ƘāÖũŭ ŭĢĿťķƘ Öŭ Öłù `ŽťĢŶāũ ƒāũā Ĵłŋƒł ĕŋũ ĿÖłƘ ƘāÖũŭ ŭĢĿťķƘ Öŭ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̪ŭ ÖŭŶāũŋĢù ðāķŶ̧ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̪ŭ ÖŭŶāũŋĢù ðāķŶ̧ re extraordinary require extraordinary tesimals – infant, small tesimals planets – infant, stripped small ofplanets their stripped of their number and the observer numberof and thethe first observer apparition of the first ¦Ğā ŭŶāũŋĢùŭ̙̍˓˕̚ ÂĞāł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ ŭŶÖũŶāù Ʃłapparition ¦Ğā ŭŶāũŋĢùŭ̙̍˓˕̚ ÂĞāł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ ŭŶÖũŶāù ƩłTHE VOID TEAM

‫ גוזِו‬g/cm3 ‫ גוזِו‬g/cm3

Ģùŭ Öũā óŋĿĿŋł Ģł ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̪ŭ ÖŭŶāũŋĢù ðāķŶ̍ Ģùŭ Öũā óŋĿĿŋł Ģł ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̪ŭ ÖŭŶāũŋĢù ðāķŶ̍

evidence the ash of

external layers through external violent layers collision, through leaving violent collision, leaving

with a calculated orbit withisa declared calculated the orbit discoverer, is declared the dingdiscoverer, more small bodies ding that morepermanently small bodiesresided that permanently resided

ŋłķƘ ŶĞāĢũ ĿŋķŶāł Ģłłāũ óŋũāŭ̍Rł ŋŶĞāũ ƒŋũùŭ̇ ÖŶ ŋłķƘ ŶĞāĢũ ĿŋķŶāł Ģłłāũ óŋũāŭ̍Rł ŋŶĞāũ ƒŋũùŭ̇ ÖŶ

and granted the honor and granted of naming thethe honor object of naming sub- the ĕŽũŶĞāũ ŋŽŶ ŶĞÖł `ŽťĢŶāũ̇ łŋƒ óÖķķāù óāłŶÖŽũŭ̇ ŶĞāƘ object subĕŽũŶĞāũ ŋŽŶ ŶĞÖł `ŽťĢŶāũ̇ łŋƒ óÖķķāù óāłŶÖŽũŭ̇ ŶĞāƘ

ar alchemy at the stellar alchemy at the

edge of forever

XƳƏ ³ɎƏȈƬɿɵǸ

the moment of their the violent moment formation of theirthey violent were formation ing so, they they were discovered ing so, that they another discovered team,that headed anotherıāóŶ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ÖťťũŋƑÖķ ŋĕ ŶĞā RłŶāũłÖŶĢŋłÖķ ŭŶũŋłŋteam, headed ıāóŶ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ÖťťũŋƑÖķ ŋĕ ŶĞā RłŶāũłÖŶĢŋłÖķ ŭŶũŋłŋnumbered them among numbered the traditional them among asteroids, the traditional asteroids, 0ƳǣɎȒȸ‫ٮ‬ǣȇ‫!ٮ‬ǝǣƺǔ floating blobs of liquid floating metal. blobs Soof far, liquid so unconmetal. So ðƘ mĢóĞÖāķ ŋũĢ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ũĢơŋłÖ̪ŭ far, so unconðƘ mĢóĞÖāķ ŋũĢ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ũĢơŋłÖ̪ŭ ĿĢóÖķ łĢŋł̍ ¦Ğāũā Ģŭ ĢłóũāÖŭĢłė ĢłŶāũāŭŶ Ģł ĢùāłŶĢĿĢóÖķ łĢŋł̍ ¦Ğāũā Ģŭ ĢłóũāÖŭĢłė ĢłŶāũāŭŶ Ģł ĢùāłŶĢthough there was debate thoughover there whether was debate theyover sho-whether they sho-

XƳƏ ³ɎƏȈƬɿɵǸ 0ƳǣɎȒȸ‫ٮ‬ǣȇ‫!ٮ‬ǝǣƺǔ

xƏƬǣƺǴ áȸȒȈɀǸǣ xƏƬǣƺǴ áȸȒȈɀǸǣ RȒȇȒȸƏȸɵ 0ȅƺȸǣɎɖɀ 0ƳǣɎȒȸɀ RȒȇȒȸƏȸɵ 0ȅƺȸǣɎɖɀ 0ƳǣɎȒȸɀ

tentious, but planetary tentious, scientists but planetary Francisscientists NimdŽłÖũ Öłù ķÖłāŶÖũƘ dÖðŋũÖŶŋũƘ̇ ĞÖù ũāÖóĞāù ƑāũƘ Francis NimdŽłÖũ Öłù ķÖłāŶÖũƘ dÖðŋũÖŶŋũƘ̇ ĞÖù ũāÖóĞāù ƑāũƘ ĕƘĢłė ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ƒĞŋŭā ŋũðĢŶŭ óũŋŭŭ 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ̇ Öłù ŶĞÖŶ ĕƘĢłė ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ƒĞŋŭā ŋũðĢŶŭ óũŋŭŭ 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ̇ Öłù ŶĞÖŶ uld be considered asteroids uld be considered or as a new asteroids type of obor as a new type of ob-

nX³Á I ÈÁR «³ nX³Á I ÈÁR «³

Ŀŋ Öłù `Öóŋð ðũÖĞÖĿŭ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ !ÖķĢĿŋ Öłù `Öóŋð ðũÖĞÖĿŭ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ !ÖķĢŭĢĿĢķÖũ óŋłóķŽŭĢŋłŭ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ Ö ŭĞŋóĴĢłė ĢùāÖ̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ŭĢĿĢķÖũ óŋłóķŽŭĢŋłŭ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ Ö ŭĞŋóĴĢłė ĢùāÖ̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ could, given enough could, time,given collide enough with Earth time, (see collide with ıāóŶ̍ ¦Ğāł̇ ƒĞāł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŶũÖłŭ̟pāťŶŽłĢÖł ŋðıāóŶ Earth (see ıāóŶ̍ ¦Ğāł̇ ƒĞāł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŶũÖłŭ̟pāťŶŽłĢÖł ŋðıāóŶ

¨ƺɎƺȸ ƺƏɖȅȒȇɎ ¨ƺɎƺȸ kƏɎǣƺ xƏƳƳƺȇɀ ƺƏɖȅȒȇɎ ĕŋũłĢÖ ÖłŶÖ !ũŽơ ƒŋłùāũāù ƒĞÖŶ ĞÖťťāłāù łāƗŶ̍ ĕŋũłĢÖ ÖłŶÖ !ũŽơ ƒŋłùāũāù ƒĞÖŶ ĞÖťťāłāù łāƗŶ̍ ðũÖĞÖĿŭ̇ ̦ðŽŶ ƒā̪ù ıŽŭŶ łāƑāũ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ ÖðŋŽŶ Ģũŋł ðũÖĞÖĿŭ̇ ̦ðŽŶ ƒā̪ù ıŽŭŶ łāƑāũ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ ÖðŋŽŶ Ģũŋł Earth-crosser asteroids). Earth-crosser The three asteroids). most imporThe three (other mostthan imporPluto), Albion, (other than was Pluto), discovered Albion, in 1992, was discovered in 1992,

SO, WHAT’S NEXT?SO, WHAT’S NEXT?

xǣƬǝƏƺǼ Rƺȇȸɵ ƑŋķóÖłĢŭĿ ðāĕŋũā̇ ŭŋ ĢŶ̪ŭ ŭŋĿāŶĞĢłė łāƒ Öłù ĢłŶāƑŋķóÖłĢŭĿ ðāĕŋũā̇ ŭŋ ĢŶ̪ŭ ŭŋĿāŶĞĢłė łāƒ Öłù ĢłŶātant groups of near-Earth tant groups asteroids of near-Earth are the Apollos, asteroids and are the especially Apollos,when and large especially numbers when of similar large numbers obof similar obxǣƬǝƏƺǼ ƳƏȅɀ kƏɎǣƺ xƏƳƳƺȇɀ

!ķāÖũķƘ̇ ŶĞā ƒĞĢŶā̟ĞŋŶ łāŋ̟ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ƒŋŽķù ŨŽĢó!ķāÖũķƘ̇ ŶĞā ƒĞĢŶā̟ĞŋŶ łāŋ̟ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ƒŋŽķù ŨŽĢóresting to investigate.” resting And,toininvestigate.” astrophysical And, terms in astrophysical Ŀŋũŭ̇ Öłù Ŷāłŭ̍ ÁÖũĢŋŽŭ ÖŭŶāũŋĢù ùāƪāóŶĢŋł ŭŶũÖterms Ŀŋũŭ̇ Öłù Ŷāłŭ̍ ÁÖũĢŋŽŭ ÖŭŶāũŋĢù ùāƪāóŶĢŋł ŭŶũÖjects started turning jects up,started new terms turning wereup, invented new terms were invented

0(XÁX z³ kly start to cool down, kly start so the toresearchers cool down, so started the researchers at least,started the opportunity at least, forthe unambiguous opportunityinvestifor unambiguous tegies have investibeen proposed, tegies have as early beenasproposed, the 1960s.as The early asŶŋ ŭĢùāŭŶāť ŶĞā ĢŭŭŽā̆ bŽĢťāũ̟ðāķŶ ŋðıāóŶ̇ ŶũÖłŭ̟pāťthe 1960s. The Ŷŋ ŭĢùāŭŶāť ŶĞā ĢŭŭŽā̆ bŽĢťāũ̟ðāķŶ ŋðıāóŶ̇ ŶũÖłŭ̟pāť-

xǣƬǝƏƺǼ Rƺȇȸɵ hɖǼǣȒ !ȒȸɎƏɿƏȸ xǣƬǝƏƺǼ ƳƏȅɀ 0ɎȒȇ hȒǝȇ kƏɎǣƺ xƏƳƳƺȇɀ

kƏɎǣƺ xƏƳƳƺȇɀ ƺȸȇǣƺ ³ƏȇƳƺȸɀ hɖǼǣȒ !ȒȸɎƏɿƏȸ hɖǼǣƏȇ ɀɀƏȇǕƺ 0ɎȒȇ hȒǝȇ 0ɎȒȇ hȒǝȇ

ƺȸȇǣƺ ³ƏȇƳƺȸɀ hɖǼǣƏȇ ɀɀƏȇǕƺ 0ɎȒȇ hȒǝȇ

0(XÁX z³

modelling what that modelling process would whatlook that like. process There would look gation like. is There likely to present gationitself is likely very tosoon. present itself very near-Earth soon. asteroid near-Earth 433 Eros had asteroid been discovered 433 Eros had been tunian discovered object, scattered-disc tunian object, object, scattered-disc and so on. Theobject, and0È« so on. The¨0‫! ي‬È«

ǣȇɎƺȸȇƏɎǣȒȇƏǼ ƺƳǣɎǣȒȇ XÁÈ« ( 0È« ¨0‫! ي‬È« ǣȇɎƺȸȇƏɎǣȒȇƏǼ ƺƳǣɎǣȒȇ XÁÈ« ( ɯɯɯِɎǝƺɮȒǣƳȅƏǕِƬȒȅ ɯɯɯِɎǝƺɮȒǣƳȅƏǕِƬȒȅ x0«X! ‫ ي‬zÈnn x ! z(X z(X ۬ɎǝƺɮȒǣƳ ۬ɎǝƺɮȒǣƳ È³Á« nX ‫ ي‬zÈnn x Á È³Á« nX ‫ ي‬zÈnn x Á roids would crystalise roidsand would coolcrystalise from the centre and cool from łŶĢķ ː˘˘˗̇ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ƒāũā ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù ðƘ Ö ĕŋŽũ̟ŭŶāť the centre łŶĢķ ː˘˘˗̇ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ƒāũā ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù ðƘ Ö ĕŋŽũ̟ŭŶāť ŋĕ ŭĢĿĢķÖũ ŋðıāóŶŭ̍ Rł ŋũùāũ ŋĕ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̇ ŶĞāŭā ƒāũā̆ ŋĕ ŭĢĿĢķÖũ ŋðıāóŶŭ̍ Rł ŋũùāũ ŋĕ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̇ ŶĞāŭā ƒāũā̆ where ices remain solid where and ices comet-like remain solid bodies andare comet-like ³X ‫ي‬ bodies are zÁ0J0« nÈ!ÁÈ³ 0æ ³X ‫ ي‬zÁ0J0« nÈ!ÁÈ³ 0æ

ƒāũā̇ Ģł ėāłāũÖķ̇ Ŷƒŋ ŭóāłÖũĢŋŭ̆ ŶĞā ĿāŶÖķķĢó ÖŭŶāƒāũā̇ Ģł ėāłāũÖķ̇ Ŷƒŋ ŭóāłÖũĢŋŭ̆ ŶĞā ĿāŶÖķķĢó ÖŭŶāIN FUTURE

IN FUTURE

x0«X! ‫ ي‬zÈnn x ! Öŭ ķŋłė Öėŋ Öŭ ː˗˘˗̇ Öłù ŶĞā ː˘˒ˏŭ ðũŋŽėĞŶ Ö ƪŽũũƘ Öŭ ķŋłė Öėŋ Öŭ ː˗˘˗̇ Öłù ŶĞā ː˘˒ˏŭ ðũŋŽėĞŶ Ö ƪŽũũƘ se inhabit the cold outer se inhabit reaches theofcold theouter Solarreaches System of the Solar System

out, or from the outside out, or in.from The second the outside model in.led The tosecond process. modelFirst, led toa region process. of theFirst, sky was a region photographed of the sky wasːˑˑː Ŀŋũ̇ ː˗˕ˑ ťŋķķŋ̇ ˑːˏː ùŋłĢŭ̇ Öłù ĕĢłÖķphotographed ːˑˑː Ŀŋũ̇ ː˗˕ˑ ťŋķķŋ̇ ˑːˏː ùŋłĢŭ̇ Öłù ĕĢłÖķnot expected to exhibit not expected much cometary to exhibit activity; much if cometaryªÈ zÁXÁç ‫בזגגזגד‬ activity; if ((«0³³ ‫זגזוגז‬ ŭŋĿā ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ÖóŶĢƑĢŶƘ̍ ̦złā ùÖƘ `Öóŋð ŶŽũłāù ŭŋĿā ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ÖóŶĢƑĢŶƘ̍ ̦złā ùÖƘ `Öóŋð ŶŽũłāù ðƘ Ö ƒĢùā̟Ʃāķù Ŷāķāŭóŋťā̇ ŋũ ÖŭŶũŋėũÖťĞ̍ ÖĢũŭ ŋĕ ðƘ Ö ƒĢùā̟Ʃāķù Ŷāķāŭóŋťā̇ ŋũ ÖŭŶũŋėũÖťĞ̍ ÖĢũŭ ŋĕ ķƘ ˕˘ˑ˒ˏ NāũĿāŭ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ÖťťũŋÖóĞāù ƒĢŶĞĢł ˏ̍ˏˏ˔ ķƘ ˕˘ˑ˒ˏ NāũĿāŭ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ÖťťũŋÖóĞāù ƒĢŶĞĢł ˏ̍ˏˏ˔ centaurs or trans-Neptunian centaurs orobjects trans-Neptunian were to venobjects were to ven-

ªÈ zÁXÁç ‫בזגגזגד‬ ۬ɎǝƺɮȒǣƳɎɯǣɎɎƺȸ ɎǝƺɮȒǣƳ۬ǕȅƏǣǼِƬȒȅ ((«0³³ ‫זגזוגז‬

۬ɎǝƺɮȒǣƳɎɯǣɎɎƺȸ ɎǝƺɮȒǣƳ۬ǕȅƏǣǼِƬȒȅ

CONTACT ‫ דהדה׏גזזוז‬CONTACT ‫דהדה׏גזזוז‬

Ŷŋ Ŀā Öłù ŭÖĢù̇ ̨R ŶĞĢłĴ ŶĞāŭā ŶĞĢłėŭ Öũā ėŋĢłė Ŷŋ Ŷŋ Ŀā Öłù ŭÖĢù̇ ̨R ŶĞĢłĴ ŶĞāŭā ŶĞĢłėŭ Öũā ėŋĢłė Ŷŋ photographs were taken, photographs typically were onetaken, hour apart. typically one ŋĕ 1ÖũŶĞ Ģł ː˘˒˖̍ ŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ ðāėÖł Ŷŋ ũāÖķĢơā hour apart. ŋĕ 1ÖũŶĞ Ģł ː˘˒˖̍ ŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ ðāėÖł Ŷŋ ũāÖķĢơā ture close to the Sun, ture their close volatile to the ices Sun,would their volatile suices would su-

āũŽťŶ̧̪̇ pĢĿĿŋ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦R̪ù łāƑāũ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ ÖðŋŽŶ ĢŶ āũŽťŶ̧̪̇ pĢĿĿŋ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦R̪ù łāƑāũ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ ÖðŋŽŶ ĢŶ Multiple pairs could Multiple be taken pairs overcould a series be taken of days. over athe series possibilities of days. of Earth the possibilities impact. Two of Earth eventsimpact. in la- Two blimate, eventsand in latraditional blimate, approaches and traditional would classiapproaches would 0(XÁclassi«X n ³Á Á³ z( !«0(XÁ³ 0(XÁ «X n ³Á Á³ z( !«0(XÁ³ before, but it makes before, sense but because it makes you sense have abecause bu āóŋłù̇ ŶĞā Ŷƒŋ ƩķĿŭ ŋũ ťķÖŶāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ũāėĢŋł you have a bu āóŋłù̇ ŶĞā Ŷƒŋ ƩķĿŭ ŋũ ťķÖŶāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ũāėĢŋł Ŷāũ ùāóÖùāŭ ĢłóũāÖŭāù ŶĞā ÖķÖũĿ̆ ŶĞā ĢłóũāÖŭĢłė ÖóŶāũ ùāóÖùāŭ ĢłóũāÖŭāù ŶĞā ÖķÖũĿ̆ ŶĞā ĢłóũāÖŭĢłė ÖóĕƘ ŶĞāĿ Öŭ óŋĿāŶŭ Öłù łŋŶ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ̍ ÂĞāł ŶĞā R ĕƘ ŶĞāĿ Öŭ óŋĿāŶŭ Öłù łŋŶ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ̍ ÂĞāł ŶĞā R

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oyant liquid beneath oyant a dense liquid crust, beneath so the a dense liquidcrust, were so the viewed liquid underwere a stereoscope. viewed under Anyabody stereoscope. in or- Any ceptance bodyof inthe or-Alvarez ceptance hypothesis of the Alvarez that an hypothesis impact introduced that an impact the class introduced small Solar the System class small bodies Solar in System(ƺɀǣǕȇƺƳ ǝƺȸƺ bodies in

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ťũĢķ ːː ƒĢŶĞ āłŶÖėŋł ŋƧóĢÖķŭ̍ ťũĢķ ːː ƒĢŶĞ āłŶÖėŋł ŋƧóĢÖķŭ̍ Look for THIS conference logo

dably low-cost.

voiced by committee voiced members by committee during a hearing members during a hearing

ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ũĢóĞāũ ŭóĢāłŶĢƩóÖķķƘ ƒĞĢķā ũāĿÖĢłĢłė ÖƦŋũĿĢŭŭĢŋł ũĢóĞāũ ŭóĢāłŶĢƩóÖķķƘ ƒĞĢķā ũāĿÖĢłĢłė ÖƦŋũ-

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formation and ideas for formation makingand thisideas classfor of robotic making this class of robotic

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ƫɵ ¨ȸǣȇɎȸȒȒȅ ³¨ ƫɵ ¨ȸǣȇɎȸȒȒȅ ³¨ ‫׎׎׏‬Ǖ ȵƏȵƺȸً ‫׎׎׏‬Ǖ ȵƏȵƺȸً ƫǼƏƬǸۭɯǝǣɎƺ ƫǣǕ ɀȵȸƺƏƳ ƺƳǣɎǣȒȇ ƫǼƏƬǸۭɯǝǣɎƺ ƫǣǕ ɀȵȸƺƏƳ ƺƳǣɎǣȒȇ ƏƳɀǔɴǕǝɀƳǔǝǕ ƏƳɀǔɴǕǝɀƳǔǝǕ ƏɀƳǔǕǝǕƳɴǕɴɮǝɀ ƏɀƳǔǕǝǕƳɴǕɴɮǝɀ ɀǕǝȸǝƳɎǝƳǝƳƺǝǕǔǔǕǝǝ ɀǕǝȸǝƳɎǝƳǝƳƺǝǕǔǔǕǝǝ

¦Ğā ! ƑŋŶā Ŷŋ ÖŽŶĞŋũĢơā Ö ťÖóā Dŋũóā Ģŭ łŋŶ ŭŽũ¦Ğā ! ƑŋŶā Ŷŋ ÖŽŶĞŋũĢơā Ö ťÖóā Dŋũóā Ģŭ łŋŶ ŭŽũ-

technologists, engineers, technologists, project managers engineers,and project managers and

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Senate Armed Services Senate Armed OKs Space Services ForceOKs with Space conditions Force with conditions

13th IAA Low-Cost 13th Planetary IAA Low-Cost Missions Planetary Conference Missions Conference Monday, June 3 - Wednesday, Monday, June June 3 - Wednesday, 5 June 5

Massachaussets, USA. Massachaussets, USA. is led - project is led xȒȇɎɀƺȸȸƏɎ - projectxȒȇɎɀƺȸȸƏɎ by Julieta Ulanovsky, by a Julieta type designer Ulanovsky, based a type designer based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Space News Space News

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ASRP

SpaceSpace newsnews 04 04 21 hɖǼɵ 2019

21 hɖǼɵ 2019

Áǝƺ àȒǣƳ zƺɯɀȵƏȵƺȸ Áǝƺ àȒǣƳ

WHAT WILL SPACE OFFER YOU TODAY? WHAT WILL SPACE OFFER YOU TODAY?

Saturn Saturn && dinner dinner

#SATURN #CURIOSITY #SATURN #SPACE #CURIOSITY #SPACE

or bright or bright clumps clumps and and a moon a moon ǼǣǸƺ ǼǣǸƺ ravioli ravioli

systems. Several of them evensystems. look as ifSeveral they have of them even look as if they have łĢŭ̇ ƒāĢėĞŭ Ģł ÖŶ Ö ĿāÖėāũ ˏ̍ˑ˖ ėũÖĿŭ ťāũ óŽðĢó óāłłĢŭ̇ ƒāĢėĞŭ Ģł ÖŶ Ö ĿāÖėāũ ˏ̍ˑ˖ ėũÖĿŭ ťāũ óŽðĢó óāłŭĴĢũŶŭ ŋĕ Ʃłā ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ ÖũŋŽłù ŶĞāĢũ ĿĢùùķāŭ̍ ̦ ŶķÖŭ ŭĴĢũŶŭ ŋĕ Ʃłā ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ ÖũŋŽłù ŶĞāĢũ ĿĢùùķāŭ̍ ̦ ŶķÖŭ timetre — barely a quarter thetimetre density — of liquid barelywaa quarter the density of liquid wa nn x z³ k00¨ ³Á0 (ç « XÁ ķŋŋĴŭ ķĢĴā Ö ũÖƑĢŋķĢ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦RŶ ĞÖŭ ŶĞĢŭ ùĢŭĴ ŋĕ ķŋŋĴŭ ķĢĴā Ö ũÖƑĢŋķĢ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦RŶ ĞÖŭ ŶĞĢŭ ùĢŭĴ ŋĕ Ŷāũ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ũŽððķā ťĢķā̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ¦Ğā łāƒ ũāŭŽķŶŭ Ŷāũ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ũŽððķā ťĢķā̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ¦Ğā łāƒ ũāŭŽķŶŭ (0³¨XÁ0 ÁR0X« particles we believe are accreting particles fromwe thebelieve rings.”are Öũā ťÖũŶĢóŽķÖũķƘ āƗóĢŶĢłė ðāóÖŽŭā łŋłā ŋĕ ŶĞā ƪƘðƘŭ accreting from the rings.” Öũā ťÖũŶĢóŽķÖũķƘ āƗóĢŶĢłė ðāóÖŽŭā łŋłā ŋĕ ŶĞā ƪƘðƘŭ X««0JÈn « ³R ¨0³ RłŶũĢėŽĢłėķƘ̇ ŭĞā łŋŶāŭ̇ ŶĞā ÖŭŶāũŋĢù āłłŽ̇ óŽũũāłRłŶũĢėŽĢłėķƘ̇ ŭĞā łŋŶāŭ̇ ŶĞā ÖŭŶāũŋĢù āłłŽ̇ óŽũũāłwere planned in advance. “They were were planned serendipitoin advance. “They were serendipito-

nn x z³ k00¨ ³Á0 (ç « XÁ (0³¨XÁ0 ÁR0X« X««0JÈn « ³R ¨0³

ŶķƘ ðāĢłė ƑĢŭĢŶāù ðƘ p ̪ŭ z R R ̟ 1Ɨ ŭÖĿťķā̟ũāŶķƘ ðāĢłė ƑĢŭĢŶāù ðƘ p ̪ŭ z R R ̟ 1Ɨ ŭÖĿťķā̟ũāŽŭ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̪ŭ ėũÖłù ƩłÖķā ƒÖŭ ĢłŶāłŽŭ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̪ŭ ėũÖłù ƩłÖķā ƒÖŭ ĢłŶāłŶŽũł ĿĢŭŭĢŋł̇ Öķŭŋ ŭĞŋƒŭ Ö ŭĴĢũŶ̇ ŶĞŋŽėĞ ̦ĢŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ Öŭ ŶŽũł ĿĢŭŭĢŋł̇ Öķŭŋ ŭĞŋƒŭ Ö ŭĴĢũŶ̇ ŶĞŋŽėĞ ̦ĢŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ Öŭ ùāù Ŷŋ ŭŶŽùƘ ŶĞā ũĢłėŭ̇ ÖŶŽũł ĢŶŭāķĕ̇ Öłù ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ ùāù Ŷŋ ŭŶŽùƘ ŶĞā ũĢłėŭ̇ ÖŶŽũł ĢŶŭāķĕ̇ Öłù ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ spectacular as that on Atlas”. spectacular as that on Atlas”. ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù̇ ðāĕŋũā ŶĞā ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ ƒÖŭ Öķķŋƒāù ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù̇ ðāĕŋũā ŶĞā ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ ƒÖŭ Öķķŋƒāù HUNGRY SCIENTISTS SEE RAVIOLI HUNGRY SCIENTISTS SEE RAVIOLI to burn up in its atmosphere, thereby to burnpreventing up in its atmosphere, it thereby preventing it Rł ŶĞā óÖŭā ŋĕ āłłŽ̇ ŋłā ĞƘťŋŶĞāŭĢŭ Ģŭ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ŭĴĢũŶ Rł ŶĞā óÖŭā ŋĕ āłłŽ̇ ŋłā ĞƘťŋŶĞāŭĢŭ Ģŭ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ŭĴĢũŶ from ever hitting one of the moons from ever and hitting contamione of the moons and contamiformed when an impact createdformed debris when that then an impact ac- created debris that then acłÖŶĢłė ĢŶ ƒĢŶĞ 1ÖũŶĞ ðÖóŶāũĢÖ̍ ̦RŶ ıŽŭŶ ĞÖťťāłāù ŶĞÖŶ łÖŶĢłė ĢŶ ƒĢŶĞ 1ÖũŶĞ ðÖóŶāũĢÖ̍ ̦RŶ ıŽŭŶ ĞÖťťāłāù ŶĞÖŶ óũāŶāù ðÖóĴ ŋłŶŋ āłłŽ̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā Ģł Ö ĿÖłłāũ ŭĢĿĢóũāŶāù ðÖóĴ ŋłŶŋ āłłŽ̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā Ģł Ö ĿÖłłāũ ŭĢĿĢŶĞā ŋũðĢŶ ðũŋŽėĞŶ Žŭ óķŋŭā ̙Ŷŋ ŶĞāŭā Ŀŋŋłŭ̧̇̚ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŶĞā ŋũðĢŶ ðũŋŽėĞŶ Žŭ óķŋŭā ̙Ŷŋ ŶĞāŭā Ŀŋŋłŭ̧̇̚ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ķÖũ Ŷŋ ŶĞÖŶ ðƘ ƒĞĢóĞ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ Öũā óŋķķāóķÖũ Ŷŋ ŶĞÖŶ ðƘ ƒĞĢóĞ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ Öũā óŋķķāóŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ƒĞŋķā łāƒ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ƒā ƒāũāł̪Ŷ ŭŽťťŋŭāù ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ƒĞŋķā łāƒ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ƒā ƒāũāł̪Ŷ ŭŽťťŋŭāù ting material from the rings. “So, tingthis material process from that the rings. “So, process that to have ... this a little bow wrapped to around have ...the a little present bow wrapped around the present ƒā̪ũā ķŋŋĴĢłė ÖŶ Ģł Öł āƗŶũāĿā ĕŋũĿ ŋł ÖŶŽũł̇ ƒā ƒā̪ũā ķŋŋĴĢłė ÖŶ Ģł Öł āƗŶũāĿā ĕŋũĿ ŋł ÖŶŽũł̇ ƒā ŶĞÖŶ ƒÖŭ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̧̍

ŶĞÖŶ ƒÖŭ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̧̍

see elsewhere,” she says. The data see elsewhere,” also shows that she says.māÖłƒĞĢķā̇ mÖŶŶĞāƒ NāùĿÖł̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłThe data also shows that māÖłƒĞĢķā̇ mÖŶŶĞāƒ NāùĿÖł̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłall of the ring moons are far lessall dense of the than ring water, moons orare far less dense than water, or ŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ RùÖĞŋ̇ ̇ ĞÖŭ ĕŋŽłù ĕŋŽũ ŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ RùÖĞŋ̇ ̇ ĞÖŭ ĕŋŽłù ĕŋŽũ even an iceberg. The densest, Epimetheus, even an iceberg. weighs The densest, Epimetheus, weighs appeared “clumps” that mysteriously “clumps”in that a thin mysteriously riappeared in a thin rionly 0.62 grams per cubic centimetre. only 0.62 The grams lightest per cubic centimetre. The lightest ððŋł ŋĕ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ĢłłāũĿŋŭŶ '̟ Ģłė̇ óÖķķāù '˕˗̇ ððŋł ŋĕ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ĢłłāũĿŋŭŶ '̟ Ģłė̇ óÖķķāù '˕˗̇ ̛Öłù ŭĿÖķķāŭŶ̜̇ 'ÖťĞłĢŭ̇ ƒāĢėĞŭ Ģł ÖŶ Ö ĿāÖėāũ ˏ̍ˑ˖ ̛Öłù ŭĿÖķķāŭŶ̜̇ 'ÖťĞłĢŭ̇ ƒāĢėĞŭ Ģł ÖŶ Ö ĿāÖėāũ ˏ̍ˑ˖ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģŭ ŋłķƘ ˕˖̇˕˒ˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ÖƒÖƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ėĢÖłŶ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģŭ ŋłķƘ ˕˖̇˕˒ˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ÖƒÖƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ėĢÖłŶ grams per cubic centimetre —grams barelyper a quarter cubic centimetre the — barely a quarter the ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ óāłŶũā̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿÖĴāŭ ĢŶ ŋłķƘ ˗ˏˏˏ ĴĢķŋĿāťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ óāłŶũā̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿÖĴāŭ ĢŶ ŋłķƘ ˗ˏˏˏ ĴĢķŋĿāùāłŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ķĢŨŽĢù ƒÖŶāũ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ũŽððķā ťĢķā̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ùāłŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ķĢŨŽĢù ƒÖŶāũ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ũŽððķā ťĢķā̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ Ŷāũŭ ÖðŋƑā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̇ ƑÖŭŶķƘ óķŋŭāũ ŶĞÖł ÖłƘ Ŷāũŭ ÖðŋƑā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̇ ƑÖŭŶķƘ óķŋŭāũ ŶĞÖł ÖłƘ says. The new results are particularly says. The exciting new results be- are particularly exciting be- ŋĕ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋłŭ āƗÖĿĢłāù ðƘ ŽũÖŶŶĢ̪ŭ ŶāÖĿ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ŭŋ ŋĕ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋłŭ āƗÖĿĢłāù ðƘ ŽũÖŶŶĢ̪ŭ ŶāÖĿ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ŭŋ óÖŽŭā łŋłā ŋĕ ŶĞā ƪƘðƘŭ ƒāũā ťķÖłłāù Ģł ÖùƑÖłóā̍ óÖŽŭā łŋłā ŋĕ ŶĞā ƪƘðƘŭ ƒāũā ťķÖłłāù Ģł ÖùƑÖłóā̍ close to Saturn, in fact, that if anything close to Saturn, akin toin one fact, that if anything akin to one ̦¦ĞāƘ ƒāũā ŭāũāłùĢťĢŶŋŽŭ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̪ŭ ̦¦ĞāƘ ƒāũā ŭāũāłùĢťĢŶŋŽŭ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̪ŭ of the ring moons had existed there, of the gravity ring moons would had existed there, gravity would ėũÖłù ƩłÖķā ƒÖŭ ĢłŶāłùāù Ŷŋ ŭŶŽùƘ ŶĞā ũĢłėŭ̇ ÖėũÖłù ƩłÖķā ƒÖŭ ĢłŶāłùāù Ŷŋ ŭŶŽùƘ ŶĞā ũĢłėŭ̇ ÖĞÖƑā ũĢťťāù ĢŶÖťÖũŶ̍ '˕˗ ĞÖù ðāāł ŭŶŽùĢāù ĕŋũ ƘāÖũŭ̇ ĞÖƑā ũĢťťāù ĢŶÖťÖũŶ̍ '˕˗ ĞÖù ðāāł ŭŶŽùĢāù ĕŋũ ƘāÖũŭ̇ ŶŽũł ĢŶŭāķĕ̇ Öłù ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù̇ ðāĕŋũā ŶŽũł ĢŶŭāķĕ̇ Öłù ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù̇ ðāĕŋũā ðŽŶ Ģł ˑˏː˓̇ NāùĿÖł ƒũŋŶā Ģł Ö ťÖťāũ ũāóāłŶķƘ ťŽðŽŶ Ģł ˑˏː˓̇ NāùĿÖł ƒũŋŶā Ģł Ö ťÖťāũ ũāóāłŶķƘ ťŽthe spacecraft was allowed to burn the spacecraft up in its atmoswas allowed to burn up in its atmosðķĢŭĞāù Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ RóÖũŽŭ̇ ĢŶ ŭŽùùāłķƘ ťũŋùŽóāù ðķĢŭĞāù Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ RóÖũŽŭ̇ ĢŶ ŭŽùùāłķƘ ťũŋùŽóāù phere, thereby preventing it from phere, everthereby hitting one preventing of it from ever hitting one of four bright spots that appear to four bebright clumps spots of ring that appear to be clumps of ring the moons and contaminatingthe it with moons Earth andbactecontaminating it with Earth bacteťÖũŶĢóķāŭ̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ĿāÖł ŶĞÖŶ łāƒ ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ĿāÖł ŶĞÖŶ łāƒ ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ ũĢÖ̍ ̦RŶ ıŽŭŶ ĞÖťťāłāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ŋũðĢŶ ðũŋŽėĞŶ Žŭ óķŋŭā ũĢÖ̍ ̦RŶ ıŽŭŶ ĞÖťťāłāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ŋũðĢŶ ðũŋŽėĞŶ Žŭ óķŋŭā Öũā ŭŋĿāĞŋƒ ŶũƘĢłė Ŷŋ ĕŋũĿ̇ ùāŭťĢŶā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ėũÖÖũā ŭŋĿāĞŋƒ ŶũƘĢłė Ŷŋ ĕŋũĿ̇ ùāŭťĢŶā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ėũÖ̙Ŷŋ ŶĞāŭā Ŀŋŋłŭ̧̇̚ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̙Ŷŋ ŶĞāŭā Ŀŋŋłŭ̧̇̚ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ƑĢŶƘ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŶĞā óķŽĿťŭ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ ƑĢŶƘ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŶĞā óķŽĿťŭ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ WHY A CLUMP?

WHY A CLUMP?

be clouds of dust, scattered bybe some clouds type of of dust, colliscattered by some type of colli-

̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ƒĞŋķā łāƒ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ƒā ƒāũāł̪Ŷ ŭŽťťŋŭāù Ŷŋ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ƒĞŋķā łāƒ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ƒā ƒāũāł̪Ŷ ŭŽťťŋŭāù Ŷŋ sion. “The easiest explanation,” sion. he says, “The“is easiest that soexplanation,” he says, “is that so0à0«ç « àX nX !nÈx¨ 0R à0³ nXk0 A TYPICAL MOON « XÁXzJ « Èz( ³ ÁÈ«z

0à0«ç « àXhave nX ... a little bow wrapped around have ... athe little present bow wrapped around the present mething shattered.” That released mething dustshattered.” and larger That released dust and larger !nÈx¨ 0R à0³ nXk0 ŶĞÖŶ ƒÖŭ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̧̍ māÖłƒĞĢķā̇ mÖŶŶĞāƒ NāùĿÖł̇ ŶĞÖŶ ƒÖŭ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̧̍ māÖłƒĞĢķā̇ mÖŶŶĞāƒ NāùĿÖł̇ fragments, the latter of whichfragments, then hit other the ring latter of which then hit other ring A TYPICAL MOON Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ RùÖĞŋ̇ ̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ RùÖĞŋ̇ ̇ particles to produce more dust and particles another to produce round ofmore dust and another round of « XÁXzJ « Èz( ³ ÁÈ«z has found four “clumps” thathas mysteriously found fourappe“clumps” that mysteriously appe-cascade. fragments, in a collisional fragments, These collisons in a collisional cascade. These collisons Öũāù Ģł Ö ŶĞĢł ũĢððŋł ŋĕ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ĢłłāũĿŋŭŶ '̟ Ģłė̇ Öũāù Ģł Ö ŶĞĢł ũĢððŋł ŋĕ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ĢłłāũĿŋŭŶ '̟ Ģłė̇ łāāùł̪Ŷ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ĞŽėā̍ ¦ŋ ťũŋùŽóā ŶĞā ÖĿŋŽłŶŭ łāāùł̪Ŷ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ĞŽėā̍ ¦ŋ ťũŋùŽóā ŶĞā ÖĿŋŽłŶŭ óÖķķāù '˕˗̇ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģŭ ŋłķƘ ˕˖̇˕˒ˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ÖƒÖƘ óÖķķāù '˕˗̇ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģŭ ŋłķƘ ˕˖̇˕˒ˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ÖƒÖƘ ŋĕ ùŽŭŶ ŭāāł̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ āÖóĞ ŋłā ŋłķƘ łāāùāù ŋĕ ùŽŭŶ ŭāāł̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ āÖóĞ ŋłā ŋłķƘ łāāùāù ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ėĢÖłŶ ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ óāłŶũā̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿÖĴāŭ ĢŶ ŋłķƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ėĢÖłŶ ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ óāłŶũā̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿÖĴāŭ ĢŶ ŋłķƘ to have pulverised the amount toof have material pulverised contathe amount of material conta-

Two studies Twoadd studies to the add to the intrigue intrigue of Saturn’s of Saturn’s mysteriously mysteriously shaped rings shaped rings

˗ˏˏˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶāũŭ ÖðŋƑā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̇ ƑÖŭŶķƘ óķŋ˗ˏˏˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶāũŭ ÖðŋƑā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̇ ƑÖŭŶķƘ óķŋined in an ice block a few metres ined in radius. in an ice The block facta few metres in radius. The fact ŭāũ ŶĞÖł ÖłƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋłŭ āƗÖĿĢłāù ðƘ ŽũÖŶŶĢ̪ŭ ŭāũ ŶĞÖł ÖłƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋłŭ āƗÖĿĢłāù ðƘ ŽũÖŶŶĢ̪ŭ that four clumps appeared at the that same fourtime clumps is intriappeared at the same time is intriŶāÖĿ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ŭŋ óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ÖŶŽũł̇ Ģł ĕÖóŶ̇ ŶĞÖŶ Ģĕ ÖłƘŶĞĢłė ŶāÖĿ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ŭŋ óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ÖŶŽũł̇ Ģł ĕÖóŶ̇ ŶĞÖŶ Ģĕ ÖłƘŶĞĢłė ėŽĢłė̇ ðŽŶ̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ĿĢėĞŶ ŭĢĿťķƘ ĿāÖł ŶĞÖŶ ėŽĢłė̇ ðŽŶ̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ĿĢėĞŶ ŭĢĿťķƘ ĿāÖł ŶĞÖŶ akin to one of the ring moons had akin existed to onethe of the graviring moons had existed gravi- through, a meteor showerthe slammed a meteor happening shower slammed to through, happening to

̦ ŶķÖŭ ķŋŋĴŭ ķĢĴā Ö ũÖƑĢŋķĢ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦RŶ ĞÖŭ ̦ ŶķÖŭ ķŋŋĴŭ ķĢĴā Ö ũÖƑĢŋķĢ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦RŶ ĞÖŭ this disk of particles this disk we believe of particles are accreting we believe are accreting ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ũĢłėŭ̧̍ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ũĢłėŭ̧̍

‫ۆ‬

ŶƘ ƒŋŽķù ĞÖƑā ũĢťťāù ĢŶũŶ '˕˗ ĞÖù ðāāł ŭŶŽùĢāù ĕŋũ ŶƘ ƒŋŽķù ĞÖƑā ũĢťťāù ĢŶũŶ '˕˗ ĞÖù ðāāł ŭŶŽùĢāù ĕŋũ hit four ice blocks in a singleonslaught. hit four ice Meanwhile, blocks in a singleonslaught. Ŷũā̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿÖĴāŭ ĢŶ ŋłķƘ ˗ˏˏˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶāũŭ ÖðŋƑā ÖMeanwhile, Ŷũā̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿÖĴāŭ ĢŶ ŋłķƘ ˗ˏˏˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶāũŭ ÖðŋƑā ÖWritten by JULIAN ASSANGE Written by JULIAN ASSANGE x ÈzÁ I IÈz ç È R à0 x ÈzÁ I IÈz ç È R à0 ƘāÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ Ģł ˑˏː˓̇ NāùĿÖł ƒũŋŶā Ģł Ö ťÖťāũ ũāóāłƘāÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ Ģł ˑˏː˓̇ NāùĿÖł ƒũŋŶā Ģł Ö ťÖťāũ ũāóāł- áRXn0 z xXzJ z0á ÈÁ0« notes, similar clumps of dust he notes, have periodicalsimilar clumps ŶŽũł̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̇ ƑÖŭŶķƘ óķŋŭāũ ŶĞÖł ÖłƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋłŭ of dust have periodicalŶŽũł̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̇ ƑÖŭŶķƘ óķŋŭāũ ŶĞÖł ÖłƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋłŭ áRXn0 z xXzJ z0á heÈÁ0«

A lot can be said of Julian, but the A lot can be said of Julian, but the

³¨ !0 ³ÁÈII

ŶķƘ ťŽðķĢŭĞāù Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ RóÖũŽŭ̇ ĢŶ ŭŽùùāłķƘ ťũŋbiggest two things to know are that biggest twoŶķƘ ťŽðķĢŭĞāù Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ RóÖũŽŭ̇ ĢŶ ŭŽùùāłķƘ ťũŋthings to know are that

³¨ !0 ³ÁÈII ķƘ ÖťťāÖũāù ĕÖũŶĞāũ ŋŽŶ ĕũŋĿ ÖŶŽũł Ģł ĢŶŭ D̟ Ģłė̇ ķƘ ÖťťāÖũāù ĕÖũŶĞāũ ŋŽŶ ĕũŋĿ ÖŶŽũł Ģł ĢŶŭ D̟ Ģłė̇ āƗÖĿĢłāù ðƘ ŽũÖŶŶĢ̪ŭ ŶāÖĿ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ŭŋ óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ÖŶŽũł̇ āƗÖĿĢłāù ðƘ ŽũÖŶŶĢ̪ŭ ŶāÖĿ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ŭŋ óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ÖŶŽũł̇

he’s responsible and amusing. he’s responsible ducedand fouramusing. bright spots that appear ducedtofour be clumps bright spots of that appear to be clumps of

which hosts the moons Prometheus which hosts and Pandora. the moons Prometheus in fact, that ifand anything Pandora. akin toinone fact, of that the ring if anything mo- akin to one of the ring mo-

ũĢłė ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ĿāÖł ŶĞÖŶ łāƒ ũĢłė ĿŋũĢłė ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ĿāÖł ŶĞÖŶ łāƒ ũĢłė Ŀŋ-

The bright spots, he says, might Thealso bright be dust spots, clohe says, onsmight had existed also bethere, dust gravity clo- would ons had have existed ripped there, it gravity would have ripped it

ŋłŭ Öũā ŭŋĿāĞŋƒ ŶũƘĢłė Ŷŋ ĕŋũĿ̇ ùāŭťĢŶā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ŋłŭ Öũā ŭŋĿāĞŋƒ ŶũƘĢłė Ŷŋ ĕŋũĿ̇ ùāŭťĢŶā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ

Žùŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ óŋķķĢŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞāƘ ĿĢėĞŶ ũāƑāÖķ Žùŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ óŋķķĢŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞāƘ ĿĢėĞŶ ũāƑāÖķ ÖťÖũŶ̍'˕˗ ĞÖù ðāāł ŭŶŽùĢāù ĕŋũ ƘāÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ Ģł ˑˏː˓̇ ÖťÖũŶ̍'˕˗ ĞÖù ðāāł ŭŶŽùĢāù ĕŋũ ƘāÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ Ģł ˑˏː˓̇

ŭāũĢāŭ ŋĕ ƪƘðƘŭ ðƘ p ̪ŭ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ ŭāũĢāŭ ŋĕ ƪƘðƘŭ ðƘ p ̪ŭ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŶĞā óķŽĿťŭ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŶĞā óķŽĿťŭ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ

the type of process that formed thethe type dust of now process col-thatNāùĿÖł ƒũŋŶā Ģł Ö ťÖťāũ ũāóāłŶķƘ ťŽðķĢŭĞāù Ģł formed the dust now col- NāùĿÖł ƒũŋŶā Ģł Ö ťÖťāũ ũāóāłŶķƘ ťŽðķĢŭĞāù Ģł

spacecraft in the months before spacecraft its bein clouds the months of dust, before scattered its by some be clouds type of collision. dust, scattered by some type of collision.

ķāóŶĢłė ŋł ŶĞā ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ̪ ŭĴĢũŶŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ Ğā Öùùŭ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ ķāóŶĢłė ŋł ŶĞā ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ̪ ŭĴĢũŶŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ Ğā Öùùŭ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ RóÖũŽŭ̇ ĢŶ ŭŽùùāłķƘ ťũŋùŽóāù ĕŋŽũ ðũĢŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ RóÖũŽŭ̇ ĢŶ ŭŽùùāłķƘ ťũŋùŽóāù ĕŋŽũ ðũĢ-

ƩłÖķ ťķŽłėā ĢłŶŋ ÖŶŽũł ĞÖƑā ũāƑāƩłÖķ ťķŽłėā ĢłŶŋ ÖŶŽũł ĞÖƑā ũāƑāSHATTERED

an interesting “potential connection” an interesting between “potential the ght connection” spots thatbetween appear tothe be clumps ght spots of ring that particles. appear to be clumps of ring particles.

SHATTERED

Öķāù ƩƑā ŋĕ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ĢłłāũĿŋŭŶ Ŀŋŋłŭ Ŷŋ ðā ĿÖùā Öķāù ƩƑā ŋĕ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ĢłłāũĿŋŭŶ Ŀŋŋłŭ Ŷŋ ðā ĿÖùā “The easiest explanation,” he“The says,easiest “is that explanation,” somehe says, “is that some-

Ŷƒŋ ŭŶŽùĢāŭ̍ ̦ ŋ̇ ŶĞĢŭ ťũŋóāŭŭ ŶĞÖŶ ƒā̪ũā ķŋŋĴĢłė ÖŶ Ŷƒŋ ŭŶŽùĢāŭ̍ ̦ ŋ̇ ŶĞĢŭ ťũŋóāŭŭ ŶĞÖŶ ƒā̪ũā ķŋŋĴĢłė ÖŶ ¦ĞÖŶ ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ĿāÖł ŶĞÖŶ łāƒ ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ Öũā ŭŋĿā¦ĞÖŶ ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ĿāÖł ŶĞÖŶ łāƒ ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ Öũā ŭŋĿā-

ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ĿÖŶāũĢÖķ Öŭ ŶĞā ũĢłėŭ ŶĞāĿŭāķƑāŭ̍ RŶ ĞÖŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ĿÖŶāũĢÖķ Öŭ ŶĞā ũĢłėŭ ŶĞāĿŭāķƑāŭ̍ RŶ ĞÖŭ thing shattered.”

in an extreme form on Saturn,inwe ansee extreme elsewhere,” form on Saturn, Ğŋƒ ŶũƘĢłė Ŷŋ ĕŋũĿ̇ ùāŭťĢŶā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ we see elsewhere,” Ğŋƒ ŶũƘĢłė Ŷŋ ĕŋũĿ̇ ùāŭťĢŶā ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇

thing shattered.”

also found the moons to be so light alsoand found porous the moons that, to be That so light released and porous dust and that, largerThat fragments, released the dust lat-and larger fragments, the lat-

she says.

if the smallest of them were toif bethe dropped smallest into ofthe them were ter of towhich be dropped then hit into other theringter particles of which to produce then hit other ring particles to produce

LIKE A PILE OF FEATHERS

LIKE A PILE OF FEATHERS dust, scattered by some type ofdust, collision. scattered by some type of collision.

ÖóĢƩó zóāÖł̇ ĢŶ ƒŋŽķù ƪŋÖŶ ķĢĴā Ö ėĢÖłŶ ðāÖóĞ ðÖķķ̇ ÖóĢƩó zóāÖł̇ ĢŶ ƒŋŽķù ƪŋÖŶ ķĢĴā Ö ėĢÖłŶ ðāÖóĞ ðÖķķ̇ more dust and another round ofmore fragments, dust and inanother a col- round of fragments, in a col-

The data also shows that all ofThe the data ring moons also shows are that “The all of easiest the ring explanation,” moons are he“The says,easiest “is that explanation,” somehe says, “is that some-

with only a small fraction beneath with the only waves. a small These fractionķĢŭĢŋłÖķ óÖŭóÖùā̍ ¦Ğāŭā óŋķķĢŭŋłŭ łāāùł̪Ŷ ĞÖƑā ðāāł beneath the waves. These ķĢŭĢŋłÖķ óÖŭóÖùā̍ ¦Ğāŭā óŋķķĢŭŋłŭ łāāùł̪Ŷ ĞÖƑā ðāāł

far less dense than water, or even far less an iceberg. dense than Thewater, thingshattered.” or even an iceberg. That The released thingshattered.” dust and larger That released dust and larger

‫או‬

moons — Pan, Daphnis, Atlas, moons Pandora, — Pan, andDaphnis, EpiAtlas, Pandora, and EpiĞŽėā̍ ¦ŋ ťũŋùŽóā ŶĞā ÖĿŋŽłŶŭ ŋĕ ùŽŭŶ ŭāāł̇ NāùĞŽėā̍ ¦ŋ ťũŋùŽóā ŶĞā ÖĿŋŽłŶŭ ŋĕ ùŽŭŶ ŭāāł̇ NāùÁ Á n ³ ÁÈ«z x metheus — range in diameter metheus from eight — range to 120in diameter from eight to 120 man says, each one only needed man to have says,pulverised each one only needed to have pulverised

‫או‬z !

ÈzÁ Á Á n ³ ÁÈ«z x

NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŶĞā óķŽĿťŭ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ ðā óķŋŽùŭ ŋĕ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŶĞā óķŽĿťŭ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ ðā óķŋŽùŭ ŋĕ

densest, Epimetheus, weighs densest, only 0.62 Epimetheus, grams fragments, weighs only the 0.62 latter grams of whichfragments, then hit other the ring latter of which then hit other ring

z ! ÈzÁ

per cubic centimetre. The lightest per cubic (andcentimetre. smallest), The particles lightest to(and produce smallest), more dustparticles and another to produce round more dust and another round

kilometres, and are so close tokilometres, Saturn thatand theyare lieso close to Saturnofthat they lie the amount material contained the amount in an ice ofblock material contained in an ice block

'ÖťĞłĢŭ̇ ƒāĢėĞŭ Ģł ÖŶ Ö ĿāÖėāũ ˏ̍ˑ˖ ėũÖĿŭ ťāũ óŽ'ÖťĞłĢŭ̇ ƒāĢėĞŭ Ģł ÖŶ Ö ĿāÖėāũ ˏ̍ˑ˖ ėũÖĿŭ ťāũ óŽof fragments, in a collisional cascade. of fragments, in a collisional cascade.

within its main ring system. within its main ring system. a few metres in radius. The fact a few that metres four clumps in radius. The fact that four clumps

bic centimetre — barely a quarter bic centimetre the density —of barely ¦Ğāŭā óŋķķĢŭŋłŭ łāāùł̪Ŷ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ĞŽėā̍ ¦ŋ ťũŋùŽóā a quarter the density of ¦Ğāŭā óŋķķĢŭŋłŭ łāāùł̪Ŷ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ĞŽėā̍ ¦ŋ ťũŋùŽóā

'ŽũĢłė ŶĞā ƪƘðƘŭ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ óÖĿā Öŭ óķŋŭā Öŭ ˒˕ˑ˔ ĴĢ'ŽũĢłė ŶĞā ƪƘðƘŭ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ óÖĿā Öŭ óķŋŭā Öŭ ˒˕ˑ˔ ĴĢÖťťāÖũāù ÖŶ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ŶĢĿā Ģŭ ĢłŶũĢėŽĢłė̇ ðŽŶ̇ NāùÖťťāÖũāù ÖŶ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ŶĢĿā Ģŭ ĢłŶũĢėŽĢłė̇ ðŽŶ̇ Nāù-

ķĢŨŽĢù ƒÖŶāũ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ũŽððķā ťĢķā̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ¦Ğā ķĢŨŽĢù ƒÖŶāũ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ũŽððķā ťĢķā̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ¦Ğā ŶĞā ÖĿŋŽłŶŭ ŋĕ ùŽŭŶ ŭāāł̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ āÖóĞ ŋłā ŶĞā ÖĿŋŽłŶŭ ŋĕ ùŽŭŶ ŭāāł̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ āÖóĞ ŋłā

ķŋĿāŶũāŭ Ŷŋ 1ťĢĿāŶĞāŽŭ Öłù ƒĢŶĞĢł ˗˒ˏˏ Ŷŋ ˑˑ̇˔ˏˏ ķŋĿāŶũāŭ Ŷŋ 1ťĢĿāŶĞāŽŭ Öłù ƒĢŶĞĢł ˗˒ˏˏ Ŷŋ ˑˑ̇˔ˏˏ man says, might simply mean that manasays, meteor might shower simply mean that a meteor shower

new results are particularly exciting new results because arenone particularly onlyexciting needed to because have pulverised none only the amount neededof tomatehave pulverised the amount of mate-

ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũŭ̇ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ ƒÖŭ Öðķā Ŷŋ ŶŽũł ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũŭ̇ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ ƒÖŭ Öðķā Ŷŋ ŶŽũł slammed through, happeningslammed to hit fourthrough, ice blockshappening to hit four ice blocks

ŋĕ ŶĞā ƪƘðƘŭ ƒāũā ťķÖłłāù Ģł ÖùƑÖłóā̍ ̦¦ĞāƘ ƒāũā ŋĕ ŶĞā ƪƘðƘŭ ƒāũā ťķÖłłāù Ģł ÖùƑÖłóā̍ ̦¦ĞāƘ ƒāũā rial contained in an ice block a few rial metres contained inradius. in an ice block a few metres inradius.

a suite of six instruments toward a suite each ofof six them, instruments veeach of them,Meanwhile, veintoward a single onslaught. in a single he notes, onslaught. simi- Meanwhile, he notes, simi-

ŭāũāłùĢťĢŶŋŽŭ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̪ŭ ėũÖłù ƩłÖķā ŭāũāłùĢťĢŶŋŽŭ̧̇ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̪ŭ ėũÖłù ƩłÖķā The fact that four clumps appeared The factatthat the four sameclumps appeared at the same

rifying that their compositionrifying matches that that their of the composition matches that of the lar clumps of dust have periodically lar clumps appeared of dust farhave periodically appeared far-

was intended to study the rings, was Saturn intended itself, toand study the ŶĢĿā Ģŭ ĢłŶũĢėŽĢłė̇ ðŽŶ̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ĿĢėĞŶ ŭĢĿťķƘ rings, Saturn itself, and ŶĢĿā Ģŭ ĢłŶũĢėŽĢłė̇ ðŽŶ̇ NāùĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ ĿĢėĞŶ ŭĢĿťķƘ

rings within which they are embedded. rings within “They which aretheyŶĞāũ ŋŽŶ ĕũŋĿ ÖŶŽũł Ģł ĢŶŭ D̟ Ģłė̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ĞŋŭŶŭ ŶĞā are embedded. “They are ŶĞāũ ŋŽŶ ĕũŋĿ ÖŶŽũł Ģł ĢŶŭ D̟ Ģłė̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ĞŋŭŶŭ ŶĞā

ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù̇ ðāĕŋũā ŶĞā ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù̇ ðāĕŋũā ŶĞā ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ mean that a meteor shower slammed mean that through, a meteor hapshower slammed through, hapby preventing it from ever hitting by preventing one of the moons it from ever Meanwhile, hitting onehe of notes, the moons similar clumps Meanwhile, of dust hehave notes, similar clumps of dust have

ÖŭÖùāłÖ̇ !ÖķĢĕŋũłĢÖ̇ Öłù ķāÖù ÖŽŶĞŋũ ŋĕ Ö ŭŶŽùƘ Ģł ÖŭÖùāłÖ̇ !ÖķĢĕŋũłĢÖ̇ Öłù ķāÖù ÖŽŶĞŋũ ŋĕ Ö ŭŶŽùƘ Ģł ķĢŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞāƘ ĿĢėĞŶ ũāƑāÖķ ŶĞā ŶƘťā ŋĕ ťũŋóāŭŭ ķĢŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞāƘ ĿĢėĞŶ ũāƑāÖķ ŶĞā ŶƘťā ŋĕ ťũŋóāŭŭ

Öłù óŋłŶÖĿĢłÖŶĢłė ĢŶ ƒĢŶĞ 1ÖũŶĞ ðÖóŶāũĢÖ̍ ̦RŶ ıŽŭŶ Öłù óŋłŶÖĿĢłÖŶĢłė ĢŶ ƒĢŶĞ 1ÖũŶĞ ðÖóŶāũĢÖ̍ ̦RŶ ıŽŭŶ periodically appeared farther out periodically from Saturn appeared in its farther out from Saturn in its

the journal Science. Most likely, theshe journal says, Science. the ring Most likely, shethe says, thenow ringcollecting that formed dust that formed on the ring the dust mo-now collecting on the ring mo-

‫ד׏‬

moons are shards from whatever moons larger areobject shards(or from ŋłŭ̪ ŭĴĢũŶŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ Ğā Öùùŭ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öł ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ̦ťŋŶāłwhatever larger object (or ŋłŭ̪ ŭĴĢũŶŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ Ğā Öùùŭ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öł ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ̦ťŋŶāł³x nn x objects) once ventured too closeobjects) to Saturn once and ventured broke too close to Saturn and brokethe two tial connection” between tialstudies. connection” “So, this between the two studies. “So,³0!ÁX this z up to form the rings.

up to form the rings.

‫ד׏‬

z³ Xz ÁR0 «XzJ ³x nn x ³0!ÁX z

CREDIT: SSL/ASU/P RUBIN/NASA/JPL-CALTECH

was allowed to burn up in its atmosphere, was allowed to thereburn uppening in its atmosphere, to hit four icethereblocks in apening singleonslaught. to hit four ice blocks in a singleonslaught.

CREDIT: SSL/ASU/P RUBIN/NASA/JPL-CALTECH

ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ŭŶŽƦ̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ŋłłĢā ŽũÖŶŶĢ̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ŭŶŽƦ̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ŋłłĢā ŽũÖŶŶĢ̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ moons Prometheus and Pandora. moons ThePrometheus bright spots,and Pandora. The bright spots, ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ÖŶ p ̪ŭ `āŶ ũŋťŽķŭĢŋł dÖðŋũÖŶŋũƘ Ģł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ÖŶ p ̪ŭ `āŶ ũŋťŽķŭĢŋł dÖðŋũÖŶŋũƘ Ģł he says, might also be dust clouds he says, created might byalso col-be dust clouds created by col-

happened that the orbit brought happened us closethat [to these the orbitD̟ Ģłė̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ĞŋŭŶŭ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋłŭ ũŋĿāŶĞāŽŭ Öłùbrought us close [to these D̟ Ģłė̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ĞŋŭŶŭ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋłŭ ũŋĿāŶĞāŽŭ Öłù-

Ŀŋŋłŭ̧̇̚ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ƒĞŋķā łāƒ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł Ŀŋŋłŭ̧̇̚ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ Ö ƒĞŋķā łāƒ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł Pandora. z³ Xz ÁR0 «XzJ

Pandora.

ƒā ƒāũāł̪Ŷ ŭŽťťŋŭāù Ŷŋ ĞÖƑā ̍̍̍ Ö ķĢŶŶķā ðŋƒ ƒũÖťƒā ƒāũāł̪Ŷ ŭŽťťŋŭāù Ŷŋ ĞÖƑā ̍̍̍ Ö ķĢŶŶķā ðŋƒ ƒũÖťThe bright spots, he says, might Thealso bright be dust spots, clohe says, might also be dust clo-

formation process,” she adds.formation They are also process,” conti- sheThe adds. They are also contidata also shows that all ofThe the data ring moons also shows are that all of the ring moons are

ťāù ÖũŋŽłù ŶĞā ťũāŭāłŶ ŶĞÖŶ ƒÖŭ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̧̍ māÖłťāù ÖũŋŽłù ŶĞā ťũāŭāłŶ ŶĞÖŶ ƒÖŭ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̧̍ māÖłŽùŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ óŋķķĢŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞāƘ ĿĢėĞŶ ũāƑāÖķ ŶĞā Žùŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ óŋķķĢŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞāƘ ĿĢėĞŶ ũāƑāÖķ ŶĞā « àX z³ ¨R ‫ٳ‬ « àX nX‫ٳ‬³R ¨0( x z³ ¨R ‫ ٳ‬nX‫ٳ‬³R ¨0( x ƒĞĢķā̇ mÖŶŶĞāƒ NāùĿÖł̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ƒĞĢķā̇ mÖŶŶĞāƒ NāùĿÖł̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ type of process that formed the type dustof now process collecting that formed the dust now collecting Á ³ I áRX!R x (0 ³!X0z‫ٳ‬ Á ³ I áRX!R x (0 ³!X0z‫ٳ‬ ÁX³Á³ RÈzJ«çŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ RùÖĞŋ̇ ̇ ĞÖŭ ĕŋŽłù ĕŋŽũ ̦óķŽĿťŭ̧ ÁX³Á³ RÈzJ«ç ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ RùÖĞŋ̇ ̇ ĞÖŭ ĕŋŽłù ĕŋŽũ ̦óķŽĿťŭ̧ ŋł ŶĞā ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ̪ ŭĴĢũŶŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ Ğā Öùùŭ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öł Ģłŋł ŶĞā ũĢłė Ŀŋŋłŭ̪ ŭĴĢũŶŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ Ğā Öùùŭ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öł Ģł-

nuing to interact with the rings, nuing sweeping to interact up dust with the sweeping dust or even farrings, less dense thanup water, far less an iceberg. dense than Thewater, or even an iceberg. The

that mysteriously appeared inthat a thin mysteriously ribbon of Saappeared teresting in a thin “potential ribbonconnection” of Sateresting between “potential the two-connection” between the two-

ťũŋóāŭŭ ŶĞÖŶ ƒā̪ũā ķŋŋĴĢłė ÖŶ Ģł Öł āƗŶũāĿā ĕŋũĿ ŋł ťũŋóāŭŭ ŶĞÖŶ ƒā̪ũā ķŋŋĴĢłė ÖŶ Ģł Öł āƗŶũāĿā ĕŋũĿ ŋł

“They are probably big chunks “They left over are probably from thebig chunks over from the sheSaturn, Saturn,left we see elsewhere,” says. we see elsewhere,” she says.

‫ד‬

ŶĞÖŶ ėāŶŭ Ģł ŶĞāĢũ ƒÖƘ Ģł Ö ťũŋóāŭŭ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ ĿĢŶĞÖŶ ėāŶŭ Ģł ŶĞāĢũ ƒÖƘ Ģł Ö ťũŋóāŭŭ ŽũÖŶŶĢ ŭÖƘŭ ĿĢŶŽũł̪ŭ ĢłłāũĿŋŭŶ '̟ Ģłė̇ óÖķķāù '˕˗̇ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģŭ ŋłķƘ ŶŽũł̪ŭ ĢłłāũĿŋŭŶ '̟ Ģłė̇ óÖķķāù '˕˗̇ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģŭ ŋłķƘ studies. The bright spots, he says, studies. mightThe alsobright be dust spots, he says, might also be dust densest, Epimetheus, weighs densest, only 0.62Epimetheus, grams per weighs only 0.62 grams per RķķŽŭŶũÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ ĿÖĴĢłė ĢŶŭ ƩłÖķ ıŋŽũłāƘ ŶĞũŋŽėĞ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ũĢłėŭ RķķŽŭŶũÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ ĿÖĴĢłė ĢŶŭ ƩłÖķ ıŋŽũłāƘ ŶĞũŋŽėĞ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ũĢłėŭ ght provide insights into how planets ght provide growinsights in solar intocubic how planets centimetre. grow The in solar lightest (and cubic smallest), centimetre. DaphThe lightest (and smallest), Daph˕˖̇˕˒ˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ÖƒÖƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ėĢÖłŶ ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭóāł˕˖̇˕˒ˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ÖƒÖƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ėĢÖłŶ ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭóāłóķŋŽùŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ óŋķķĢŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞāƘ ĿĢėĞŶ óķŋŽùŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ óŋķķĢŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rĕ ŭŋ̇ ŶĞāƘ ĿĢėĞŶ

o ¦Ğā ! ƑŋŶā Ŷŋ ÖŽŶĞŋũĢơā Ö ťÖóā Dŋũóā Ģŭ łŋŶ ŭŽũ¦Ğā ! ƑŋŶā Ŷŋ ÖŽŶĞŋũĢơā Ö ťÖóā Dŋũóā Ģŭ łŋŶ ŭŽũ-

‫ۏחד‬ ťũĢŭĢłė ĕũŋĿ Ö āťŽðķĢóÖł̟óŋłŶũŋķķāù āłÖŶā̍ ŽŶ ťũĢŭĢłė ĕũŋĿ Ö āťŽðķĢóÖł̟óŋłŶũŋķķāù āłÖŶā̍ ŽŶ

‫ۏחד‬

With congressional funding and With industry congressional support, funding and industry support, nuclear thermal propulsion technology nuclear is thermal making propulsion technology is making

it was not seen as guaranteed given it was thenot skepticism seen as guaranteed given the skepticism

progress for potential use on future progress NASA deep for potential spause on future NASA deep spa-

à Á0( Iduring « ÈÁR «Xñ ÁX z I ³¨ !0 I à Á0( I «!0« ÈÁR «Xñ ÁX z I ³¨ !0 I «!0 voiced by committee membersvoiced duringby a hearing committee members a hearing

óā ĿĢŭŭĢŋłŭ̇ ÖķŶĞŋŽėĞ Ğŋƒ ĢŶ ƩŶŭ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā ÖėāłóƘ̪ŭ óā ĿĢŭŭĢŋłŭ̇ ÖķŶĞŋŽėĞ Ğŋƒ ĢŶ ƩŶŭ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā ÖėāłóƘ̪ŭ

ťũĢķ ːː ƒĢŶĞ āłŶÖėŋł ŋƧóĢÖķŭ̍ ťũĢķ ːː ƒĢŶĞ āłŶÖėŋł ŋƧóĢÖķŭ̍

exploration architectures remains exploration uncertain.architectures remains uncertain.

12!

Written by Jeff Foust

Written by Sandra Erwin

12!

Nuclear thermal propulsion Nuclear or quick thermal thought propulsion about future or quick thought about future

Written by Sandra Erwin

Senate Armed Services OKs Senate Space Armed ForceServices with conditions OKs Space Force with conditions

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Attitude

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Cosmic Buissnes Cosmic Buissnes

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ZERO-G SportsZERO-G Sports

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Weather

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Weather

XI á0 á zÁ0( Á x k0 XI á0 á zÁ0( Á x k0 « àX nX ÁR0 ³Xñ0 I z !ÁÈ n « àX nX ÁR0 ³Xñ0 I z !ÁÈ n ³ ÁÈ«z x z á0 á Èn( ³ ÁÈ«z x z á0 á Èn( z00( ‫ ׎׏‬ÁXx0³ x «0 ÁR Á z00( ‫ ׎׏‬ÁXx0³ x «0 ÁR Á à0« J0 Jn n ç0 «nç à0« J0 Jn n ç0 «nç áR0 Á ¨« (È!ÁX z Á Á n áR0 Á ¨« (È!ÁX z Á Á n x ³³ ٨‫ ׏חו‬xXn x0Á«X! Á z³٩ x ³³ ٨‫ ׏חו‬xXn x0Á«X! Á z³٩

wspaper The Void Newspaper

XI ÁRX³ Áç¨0 I x z³ X³ ªÈXÁ0 XI ÁRX³ Áç¨0 I x z³ X³ ªÈXÁ0 ÈzXªÈ0 I « ³ ÁÈ«z³ z( XÁ‫ټ‬³ ÈzXªÈ0 I « ³ ÁÈ«z³ z( XÁ‫ټ‬³ 0z «x È³ J« àXÁ ÁX z n 0z «x È³ J« àXÁ ÁX z n ¨Ènn ÁR Á ! nn0!Á³ nn kXz(³ ¨Ènn ÁR Á ! nn0!Á³ nn kXz(³ I (0 «X³ I (0 «X³

ĢłĢ ĿÖĴĢłė ĢŶŭ ƩłÖķ ıŋŽũłāƘ ŶĞũŋŽėĞ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ũĢłėŭ RķķŽŭŶũÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ !ÖŭŭĢłĢ ĿÖĴĢłė ĢŶŭ ƩłÖķ ıŋŽũłāƘ ŶĞũŋŽėĞ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ ũĢłėŭ

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³ ÁÈ«z R ³ ³0à0« n á0X«(nç ³ ÁÈ«z R ³ ³0à0« n á0X«(nç ³R ¨0( x z³ Xz XÁ‫ټ‬³ ³R ¨0( x z³ Xz XÁ‫ټ‬³ «XzJ³ ÈÁ ÁR0 z0á0³Á «XzJ³ ÈÁ ÁR0 z0á0³Á ¨R Á ³ I« x RÈ n0 ¨R Á ³ I« x RÈ n0 Á0n0³! ¨0 ³R á0( È³ Á0n0³! ¨0 ³R á0( È³ ! x¨n0Á0nç z0á Áç¨0 ! x¨n0Á0nç z0á Áç¨0 I ÁR0x I ÁR0x

Page 2

The beggining

Page 2

Page 3

The beggining

The journey

Page 3

The journey

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Space News

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Space News

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ASRP

06 Space 06 news Space news 21 July 2019

21 July 2019

The Void Newspaper

The

WHAT WILL SPACE OFFER YOU TODAY?WHAT WILL SPACE OFFER YOU TODAY?

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#MARS #SPACE #STUDIES #MARS #SPACE #STUDIES

Springs Springs onon Mars Mars

Slope linae on the Palikir Crater walls Slope on Mars linae on suggest the Palikir a leakage Crater of liquid walls on water Mars tosuggest the surface a leakage of liquid water to the surface

Two studies Two suggest studies vast suggest underground vast underground water reserves waterrising reserves rising periodically periodically to the surface to the surface it into the deep freeze. “The problem isitto into warm the the deep freeze. occurring “The problem near theissurface. to warm“We the are saying occurring thisnear is the wind. surface. Soil consequently “We are saying encompasses this is wind. a variety Soil consequently of encompasses a variety of x «³ ³¨«XzJ³ MONTHLY

Written by ROBERT FEICH ťķÖłāŶ̇ łŋŶ̇ ̨ÂĞāũā ùĢù ŶĞā ƒÖŶāũ óŋĿā ĕũŋĿ̧̪̎̇ bĢŶā ťķÖłāŶ̇ łŋŶ̇ ̨ÂĞāũā ùĢù ŶĞā ƒÖŶāũ óŋĿā ĕũŋĿ̧̪̎̇ bĢŶā łŋŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŭŽũĕÖóā̧̇ NāėėƘ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦¦ĞĢŭ Ģŭ ĕũŋĿ ķāłŋŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŭŽũĕÖóā̧̇ NāėėƘ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ̦¦ĞĢŭ Ģŭ ĕũŋĿ ķāregolith components identified at landing regolithsites. components identified at landing sites.

His argumentativeness and prejudices HisŭÖƘŭ̍ Róā óÖťŭ ŋũ ðƘ óƘóķĢóÖķ ĢłóũāÖŭāŭ Ģł ŋŶĞāũ óķĢĿÖargumentativeness and prejudices ŭÖƘŭ̍ Róā óÖťŭ ŋũ ðƘ óƘóķĢóÖķ ĢłóũāÖŭāŭ Ģł ŋŶĞāũ óķĢĿÖÖĴÖėā óŋĿĢłė Žť ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŭŽðŭŽũĕÖóā̧̍ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŶĞā ÖĴÖėā óŋĿĢłė Žť ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŭŽðŭŽũĕÖóā̧̍ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŶĞā ¦ƘťĢóÖķ āƗÖĿťķāŭ ĢłóķŽùā̆ ðāùĕŋũĿ ÖũĿŋũ̇ óķÖŭŶŭ̇ ¦ƘťĢóÖķ āƗÖĿťķāŭ ĢłóķŽùā̆ ðāùĕŋũĿ ÖũĿŋũ̇ óķÖŭŶŭ̇ sour the mood many a time on often

personal levels.

ťŋŽũ̍ ķŶĢĿÖŶāķƘ̇ Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̇ ĿŽóĞ ŋĕ ŶĞÖŶ ķĢŨŽĢù ƒÖťŋŽũ̍ ķŶĢĿÖŶāķƘ̇ Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̇ ĿŽóĞ ŋĕ ŶĞÖŶ ķĢŨŽĢù ƒÖor brine, under the conditions expected orto brine, be found under the ¦Ğā ĕŽłóŶĢŋłÖķ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ũāĢłĕŋũóāŭ Ö ũāóāłŶķƘ ťũŋconditions expected to be found ¦Ğā ĕŽłóŶĢŋłÖķ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ũāĢłĕŋũóāŭ Ö ũāóāłŶķƘ ťũŋ-

ter would have wound up lost to space,ter or trapped would have at wound ˖˔ˏ ŋũ ŭŋ ĿāŶũāŭ ðāłāÖŶĞ ŶĞā mÖũŶĢÖł ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ ŽŶ up lost to space, or trapped at ˖˔ˏ ŋũ ŭŋ ĿāŶũāŭ ðāłāÖŶĞ ŶĞā mÖũŶĢÖł ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ ŽŶ ťŋŭāù ėāłāŶĢó ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ŋĕ ŭŋĢķ ŋł ŶāũũāŭŶũĢÖķ ðŋùĢāŭ ťŋŭāù ėāłāŶĢó ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ŋĕ ŭŋĢķ ŋł ŶāũũāŭŶũĢÖķ ðŋùĢāŭ FROM UNDERNEATH lineae appear to be correlated to known lineae impact-reappear to be ķĢùÖŶāù Öłù óĞāĿĢóÖķķƘ ƒāÖŶĞāũāù ŭŽũƩóĢÖķ ķÖƘāũ correlated to known impact-reķĢùÖŶāù Öłù óĞāĿĢóÖķķƘ ƒāÖŶĞāũāù ŭŽũƩóĢÖķ ķÖƘāũ

0³ÁXx Á0( zÈx 0« I ( ç³ áXÁR z z ÁX! ‫ٳ‬ n0 á Á0«In á

the Martian poles.ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ ŶĞā óÖŭā ŶĞÖŶ ķŋóÖŶĢŋłŭ ťũŋłā Ŷŋ ũāóŽũũĢłė ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ ŶĞā óÖŭā ŶĞÖŶ ķŋóÖŶĢŋłŭ ťũŋłā Ŷŋ ũāóŽũũĢłė (including asteroids and satellites) as(including an unconsoasteroids and satellites) as an unconso-

scientists say, rivers on Mars were scientists FROM UNDERNEATH say, rivers on Mars were

substantially larger than rivers on substantially ŽŶ ŭŋĿā ĿĢėĞŶ ĞÖƑā ėŋłā ŽłùāũėũŋŽłù̇ ƒĞāũā ĢŶ larger than rivers on ŽŶ ŭŋĿā ĿĢėĞŶ ĞÖƑā ėŋłā ŽłùāũėũŋŽłù̇ ƒĞāũā ĢŶ lated fractures that could provide underground lated fractures wa- that ŋĕ Ʃłā̟ėũÖĢłāù ĿĢłāũÖķ ŋũ ŋũėÖłĢó ĿÖŶāũĢÖķ āƗóācould provide underground waŋĕ Ʃłā̟ėũÖĢłāù ĿĢłāũÖķ ŋũ ŋũėÖłĢó ĿÖŶāũĢÖķ āƗóā-

1ÖũŶĞ̇ ťŋŭŭĢðķƘ ƩķķĢłė ùāāť ÖŨŽĢĕāũŭ ƒĢŶĞ ķĢŨŽĢù ŶĞÖŶ 1ÖũŶĞ̇ ťŋŭŭĢðķƘ ƩķķĢłė ùāāť ÖŨŽĢĕāũŭ ƒĢŶĞ ķĢŨŽĢù ŶĞÖŶ may well still remain in deep aquifers,may such well as thostill remain ter an inescape deep aquifers, route tosuch the surface. as tho-

ter an escape route eding to the centimeter surface. scale thickness, with eding or without centimeter scale thickness, with or without

today might each year still erupt to the today surface might toeachŭā Ĵłŋƒł Ŷŋ ŽłùāũķĢā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ÖĞÖũÖ 'āŭāũŶ̍ DũŋĿ year still erupt to the surface to ŭā Ĵłŋƒł Ŷŋ ŽłùāũķĢā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ÖĞÖũÖ 'āŭāũŶ̍ DũŋĿ ANOTHER SAHARA?

ANOTHER SAHARA? coarse elements and cemented portions. coarse Martian elements and cemented portions. Martian

wash gullies in the steep walls of Martian wash craters. gullies in the ŶĞāũā̇ ŭÖƘŭ 1ŭŭÖĿ NāėėƘ̇ ÖŽŶĞŋũ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭāóŋłù steep walls of Martian craters. ŶĞāũā̇ ŭÖƘŭ 1ŭŭÖĿ NāėėƘ̇ ÖŽŶĞŋũ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭāóŋłù ¦Ğā ũāŭŽķŶŭ̇ NāėėƘ ŭÖƘŭ̇ Öũā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłŶ ĕŋũ Žł¦Ğā ũāŭŽķŶŭ̇ NāėėƘ ŭÖƘŭ̇ Öũā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłŶ ĕŋũ ŽłùŽŭŶ ėāłāũÖķķƘ óŋłłŋŶāŭ āƑāł Ʃłāũ ĿÖŶāũĢÖķŭ ŶĞÖł ùŽŭŶ ėāłāũÖķķƘ óŋłłŋŶāŭ āƑāł Ʃłāũ ĿÖŶāũĢÖķŭ ŶĞÖł ¦Ğā ƩłùĢłė óŋĿāŭ ĕũŋĿ Ŷƒŋ ĢłùāťāłùāłŶ ķĢłāŭ ŋĕ ¦Ğā ƩłùĢłė óŋĿāŭ ĕũŋĿ Ŷƒŋ ĢłùāťāłùāłŶ ķĢłāŭ ŋĕ ŭŶŽùƘ Öłù Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŭŶŽùƘ Öłù Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ùāũŭŶÖłùĢłė łŋŶ ŋłķƘ mÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ Öķŭŋ 1ÖũŶĞ̍ ̦RŶ óŋùāũŭŶÖłùĢłė łŋŶ ŋłķƘ mÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ Öķŭŋ 1ÖũŶĞ̍ ̦RŶ óŋMartian soil, the fraction which is less Martian than 30soil, mi-the fraction which is less than 30 mi-

„The problem is to „The warmproblem the planet, is to warm not, ‘Where did thenot, water ‘Where comedid from?’ the, water TWO TEAMS, ONE RESULT TWO TEAMS, ONE am RESULT channels that each Martian yearam decorate channels the thatƒĞāũā ƪŋƒ ĕāÖŶŽũāŭ ŋłóā ÖŭŭŋóĢÖŶāù ƒĢŶĞ ŭŽũĕÖeach Martian year decorate the ƒĞāũā ƪŋƒ ĕāÖŶŽũāŭ ŋłóā ÖŭŭŋóĢÖŶāù ƒĢŶĞ ŭŽũĕÖof an integrated concept of soil in the of literature. an integrated concept of soil in the literature. Rł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ̇ Ö ŶāÖĿ ķāù ðƘ 1ùƒĢł bĢŶā̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ Rł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ̇ Ö ŶāÖĿ ķāù ðƘ 1ùƒĢł bĢŶā̇ Ö ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ walls of some Martian craters with dark wallsstreaks, of some Martian ce water craters might with actually dark streaks, have been caused ce water bymight le- actually ¦Ğā ťũÖėĿÖŶĢó ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ̥ĿāùĢŽĿ ĕŋũ ťķÖłŶ ėũŋhave been caused by le- ¦Ğā ťũÖėĿÖŶĢó ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ̥ĿāùĢŽĿ ĕŋũ ťķÖłŶ ėũŋKite says. Ice caps or Kite by says. cyclical Iceincrecaps or by cy ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ !ĞĢóÖėŋ̇ RķķĢłŋĢŭ̇ ķŋŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ !ĞĢóÖėŋ̇ RķķĢłŋĢŭ̇ ķŋunpoetically called recurring slope lineae. unpoetically There iscalled akage recurring from slope deep aquifers lineae. There via fractures is akage similar from todeepwth” aquifers has been via fractures commonly similar adopted to in the wth” planetary has been commonly adopted in the planetary ases in other climate-warming ases in other gases, climate-war oked at high-resolution topographic oked mapsat ofhigh-resolution hunsome dispute topographic over whether maps of these hunstreaks some aredispute indeed overthe whether ones these his team streaks is now arestudying indeed onthe Mars. onesMarhis team ŭóĢāłóā óŋĿĿŽłĢŶƘ ðŽŶ Ö Ŀŋũā óŋĿťķāƗ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł is now studying on Mars. Mar- ŭóĢāłóā óŋĿĿŽłĢŶƘ ðŽŶ Ö Ŀŋũā óŋĿťķāƗ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł dreds of Martian river channels, comparing dreds ofthem Martian created river channels, by watercomparing (an alternative them theorycreated says they byare water (an ŶĢÖł ŭŋĢķ Ģŭ ŶĞā Ʃłā ũāėŋķĢŶĞ ĕŋŽłù ŋł ŶĞā ŭŽũĕÖóā ŋĕ alternative theory says they are ŶĢÖł ŭŋĢķ Ģŭ ŶĞā Ʃłā ũāėŋķĢŶĞ ĕŋŽłù ŋł ŶĞā ŭŽũĕÖóā ŋĕ ùāŭóũĢðāŭ ŭŋĢķ Öŭ ̛̥ðĢŋ̜ėāŋóĞāĿĢóÖķķƘ̓ťĞƘŭĢóÖķķƘ ùāŭóũĢðāŭ ŭŋĢķ Öŭ ̛̥ðĢŋ̜ėāŋóĞāĿĢóÖķķƘ̓ťĞƘŭĢóÖķķƘ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ ĿāŶĞÖłā ŋũ ƒÖŶāũ ƑÖťŋŽũ̧̍̍ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ ĿāŶĞÖłā ŋũ ƒÖŶāũ study, published separately last month study, in the published jour- separately ŋĕ ŋŽŶĞāũł !ÖķĢĕŋũłĢÖ̇ dŋŭ łėāķāŭ̇ ĢŶ ĿÖƘ ŭŶĢķķ ðā last month in the jour- ŋĕ ŋŽŶĞāũł !ÖķĢĕŋũłĢÖ̇ dŋŭ łėāķāŭ̇ ĢŶ ĿÖƘ ŭŶĢķķ ðā uld be very similar to places we see inuld thebe Sahara,” very similar crometres to placesin wediameter. see in theDisagreement Sahara,” crometres over the siin diameter. Disagreement over the si-

‫ג׏‬

łÖķŭ óĢāłóā ùƑÖłóāŭ Öłù pÖŶŽũā FāŋŭóĢāłóā̍ łÖķŭ óĢāłóā ùƑÖłóāŭ Öłù pÖŶŽũā FāŋŭóĢāłóā̍ emerging each summer to create short-lived emerging streeach summer he says, tonoting create that short-lived the Sahara, stre-too,he has says, regions. noting that ėłĢƩóÖłóā ŋĕ ŭŋĢķ̪ŭ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ÖũĢŭāŭ ùŽā Ŷŋ ŶĞā ķÖóĴ the Sahara, too, has regions. ėłĢƩóÖłóā ŋĕ ŭŋĢķ̪ŭ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ÖũĢŭāŭ ùŽā Ŷŋ ŶĞā ķÖóĴ

Ŷŋ ŶĞā ŭĢơā ŋĕ ŶĞā ùũÖĢłÖėā ðÖŭĢłŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĕāù ŶĞāĿ̍ NĢŭ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ŭĢơā ŋĕ ŶĞā ùũÖĢłÖėā ðÖŭĢłŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĕāù ŶĞāĿ̍ NĢŭ created by rockfall or related avalanche-like created by prorockfall mÖũŭ̍ RŶŭ ťũŋťāũŶĢāŭ óÖł ùĢƦāũ ŭĢėłĢƩóÖłŶķƘ ĕũŋĿ or related avalanche-like promÖũŭ̍ RŶŭ ťũŋťāũŶĢāŭ óÖł ùĢƦāũ ŭĢėłĢƩóÖłŶķƘ ĕũŋĿ altered material at the surface of a planetary altered material body at the surface of a planetary body

‫ ׎א‬

sour the mood many a time onas often te-warming gases, such methanete-warming or water va-gases, Ʃłù óŋĿāŭ ĕũŋĿ ĿŋùāķķĢłė ŶĞā ðāĞÖƑĢŋŽũ ŋĕ ƒÖŶāũ̇ such as methane or water vaƩłù óŋĿāŭ ĕũŋĿ ĿŋùāķķĢłė ŶĞā ðāĞÖƑĢŋŽũ ŋĕ ƒÖŶāũ̇ concretions, drift, dust, rocky fragments, concretions, and sand.drift, dust, rocky fragments, and sand.

As recently as a billion years ago, Asthe recently Martian aspoles. a billion years ago, zÈx 0« I ³¨«XzJ³ ³0«à0( Xz Á Á n

0³ÁXx Á0( zÈx 0« I ( ç³ áXÁR z z ÁX! ‫ٳ‬ n0 á Á0«In á

personal levels.

‫ג׏‬

zÈx 0« I ³¨«XzJ³ ³0«à0( Xz Á Á n

x «³ ³¨«XzJ³ MONTHLY

Written by ROBERT FEICH

team found that although these rivers team were found interthat although óāŭŭāŭ̜̇ ðŽŶ NāėėƘ ŶĞĢłĴŭ ŶĞāƘ óŋŽķù ðā óÖŽŭāù ðƘ these rivers were interóāŭŭāŭ̜̇ ðŽŶ NāėėƘ ŶĞĢłĴŭ ŶĞāƘ óŋŽķù ðā óÖŽŭāù ðƘ those of terrestrial soil, including itsthose toxicity of terrestrial due ŶĞÖŶ āłóŋĿťÖŭŭāŭ ŭŽũƩóĢÖķ āƗŶũÖŶāũũāŭŶũĢÖķ ŶāķķŽũĢó soil, including its toxicity due ŶĞÖŶ āłóŋĿťÖŭŭāŭ ŭŽũƩóĢÖķ āƗŶũÖŶāũũāŭŶũĢÖķ ŶāķķŽũĢó mittent, they were about twice as wide mittent, as similar they were the about movement twice as ofwide groundwater as similarfromthe hundreds movement of ofto groundwater the presencefrom of perchlorates. hundreds ofThe term to the Martian presence ofùāťŋŭĢŶŭ̧̍ ¦ĞĢŭ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł āĿťĞÖŭĢơāŭ ŶĞÖŶ ŭŋĢķ Ģŭ Ö perchlorates. The term Martian ùāťŋŭĢŶŭ̧̍ ¦ĞĢŭ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł āĿťĞÖŭĢơāŭ ŶĞÖŶ ŭŋĢķ Ģŭ Ö ones on Earth today, and therefore carried ones on compaEarth today, metres anddeep therefore in thecarried Martian compasubsurface, metres up through deep in thesoil Martian typically subsurface, refers to upthe through finer fraction soil typically of rego- refers body tothat the retains finer fraction information of regoaboutbody its environthat retains information about its environũÖðķƘ Ŀŋũā ƒÖŶāũ̍ bĢŶā̪ŭ ŶāÖĿ Öķŭŋ ĕŋŽłù Öłù ŶĞÖŶ ũÖðķƘ Ŀŋũā ƒÖŶāũ̍ bĢŶā̪ŭ ŶāÖĿ Öķŭŋ ĕŋŽłù Öłù ŶĞÖŶ ĕũÖóŶŽũāŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ ÖłóĢāłŶĢĿťÖóŶŭ̍ dĢĴā ÖũŶāŭĢÖł ĕũÖóŶŽũāŭ óũāÖŶāù ðƘ ÖłóĢāłŶĢĿťÖóŶŭ̍ dĢĴā ÖũŶāŭĢÖł ķĢŶĞ̍ zł 1ÖũŶĞ̇ ŶĞā ŶāũĿ ̥ŭŋĢķ̧ ŽŭŽÖķķƘ ĢłóķŽùāŭ ŋũķĢŶĞ̍ zł 1ÖũŶĞ̇ ŶĞā ŶāũĿ ̥ŭŋĢķ̧ ŽŭŽÖķķƘ ĢłóķŽùāŭ ŋũmental history and that does not need mental the presence history and that does not need the presence

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years ago, and that they corresponded years to average ago, and that thethey pressure corresponded of overlying to average strata, thesethe aquifers, pressure heof overlying ÖùŋťŶ Ö ĕŽłóŶĢŋłÖķ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ŋĕ ŭŋĢķ Ŷŋ ùĢŭŶĢłėŽĢŭĞ strata, these aquifers, he ÖùŋťŶ Ö ĕŽłóŶĢŋłÖķ ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ŋĕ ŭŋĢķ Ŷŋ ùĢŭŶĢłėŽĢŭĞ from a variety of sources. Albedo features from aare variety na- of sources. Albedo features are naũŽłŋƦ ũÖŶāŭ ŋł ŶĞā ŋũùāũ ŋĕ ˏ̍˒ Ŷŋ ˑ̍ˏ ĿĢķķĢĿāŶũāŭ ťāũ ũŽłŋƦ ũÖŶāŭ ŋł ŶĞā ŋũùāũ ŋĕ ˏ̍˒ Ŷŋ ˑ̍ˏ ĿĢķķĢĿāŶũāŭ ťāũ posits, burst forth at weak spots in crater posits, walls burst andforthĢŶ ĕũŋĿ ũŋóĴŭ̍ ŋóĴŭ ėāłāũÖķķƘ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ ːˏ óĿ ŭóÖķā at weak spots in crater walls and ĢŶ ĕũŋĿ ũŋóĴŭ̍ ŋóĴŭ ėāłāũÖķķƘ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ ːˏ óĿ ŭóÖķā Ŀāù ĕŋũ óķÖŭŭĢóÖķ ĿƘŶĞŋķŋėƘ̍ !ũÖŶāũŭ ķÖũėāũ ŶĞÖł Ŀāù ĕŋũ óķÖŭŭĢóÖķ ĿƘŶĞŋķŋėƘ̍ !ũÖŶāũŭ ķÖũėāũ ŶĞÖł

‫ ׏׏‬

‫ ו׏‬

ŶĞāŭā ĢłŶāłŭā ƪŋƒŭ ŋóóŽũũāù Öŭ ũāóāłŶķƘ Öŭ Ö ðĢķķĢŋł ŶĞāŭā ĢłŶāłŭā ƪŋƒŭ ŋóóŽũũāù Öŭ ũāóāłŶķƘ Öŭ Ö ðĢķķĢŋł springs, bubbling to the surface of thesprings, Earth under bubblingėÖłĢó óŋłŶāłŶ̙̍ː̚ Rł óŋłŶũÖŭŶ̇ ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ to the surface of the Earth under ėÖłĢó óŋłŶāłŶ̙̍ː̚ Rł óŋłŶũÖŭŶ̇ ťķÖłāŶÖũƘ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ of life to form. Today, features on Mars ofare lifenamed to form. Today, features on Mars are named

ùÖƘ ŋƑāũ ŶĞā ũāėĢŋłŭ ĕāāùĢłė ŶĞāĿ̍ Ƙ óŋĿťÖũĢŭŋł̇ ùÖƘ ŋƑāũ ŶĞā ũāėĢŋłŭ ĕāāùĢłė ŶĞāĿ̍ Ƙ óŋĿťÖũĢŭŋł̇ flow downslope, eroding gullies and flow darkening downslope,and eroding larger gullies materials and(e.g., darkening fragments,and breccia, larger and materials 60 km (e.g., are fragments, named forbreccia, deceased and scientists 60 km and are wrinamed for deceased scientists and wribĢŶā̪ŭ ŋƒł óĢŶƘ̇ !ĞĢóÖėŋ̇ ÖƑāũÖėāŭ ˑ̍˔˕ ĿĢķķĢĿābĢŶā̪ŭ ŋƒł óĢŶƘ̇ !ĞĢóÖėŋ̇ ÖƑāũÖėāŭ ˑ̍˔˕ ĿĢķķĢĿāthe surrounding rocks with what appears the surrounding to be the rocks exposed with outcrops) what appears with high to bethermal the exposed inertia, with outcrops) ters with and high others thermal who have inertia, contributed with ters to the and study others who have contributed to the study tres of precipitation per day, and Adelaide, tres ofAustraprecipitation glint per ofday, moisture. and Adelaide, Austra-

glint of moisture. ÖũāÖķ ĕũÖóŶĢŋłŭ óŋłŭĢŭŶāłŶ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ÁĢĴĢłė RłĕũÖÖũāÖķ ĕũÖóŶĢŋłŭ óŋłŭĢŭŶāłŶ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ÁĢĴĢłė RłĕũÖŋĕ mÖũŭ̍ !ũÖŶāũŭ ŭĿÖķķāũ ŶĞÖł ˕ˏ ĴĿ Öũā łÖĿāù ĕŋũ ŋĕ mÖũŭ̍ !ũÖŶāũŭ ŭĿÖķķāũ ŶĞÖł ˕ˏ ĴĿ Öũā łÖĿāù ĕŋũ

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ŶĞĢŭ ƒÖŶāũ̇ bĢŶā Öùùŭ̇ ũāĿÖĢłŭ Ö ĿƘŭŶāũƘ̍ ̦Âā ùŋł̪Ŷ ŶĞĢŭ ƒÖŶāũ̇ bĢŶā Öùùŭ̇ ũāĿÖĢłŭ Ö ĿƘŭŶāũƘ̍ ̦Âā ùŋł̪Ŷ in the spring and disappear in the fall.” in the spring and disappear bles on the inWentworth the fall.” scale. This approach bles on the enaWentworth ƑÖķķāƘŭ Öũā łÖĿāù ĕŋũ ũĢƑāũŭ̍ āóÖŽŭā mÖũŭ ĞÖŭ łŋ scale. This approach enaƑÖķķāƘŭ Öũā łÖĿāù ĕŋũ ũĢƑāũŭ̍ āóÖŽŭā mÖũŭ ĞÖŭ łŋ know if the water source was snowmelt know or rainfall,” if the waterMYSTERY source wasBUBBLES snowmelt or rainfall,”

MYSTERY BUBBLES bles agreement across Martian remote bles sensing agreement across ŋóāÖłŭ Öłù Ğāłóā łŋ ̥ŭāÖ ķāƑāķ̧̇ Ö ơāũŋ̟āķāƑÖŶĢŋł Martian remote sensing ŋóāÖłŭ Öłù Ğāłóā łŋ ̥ŭāÖ ķāƑāķ̧̇ Ö ơāũŋ̟āķāƑÖŶĢŋł

Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̍ ŽŶ ĢŶ ùŋāŭ ťũŋƑā ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ ũāĿÖĢłāù Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̍ ŽŶ ĢŶ ùŋāŭ ťũŋƑā ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ ũāĿÖĢłāù The streaks have been observed for years, The streaks but prior have been methods observed that span for years, the electromagnetic but prior methods spectrum that span surface the electromagnetic had to be selected spectrum as a reference surface level;had thisto be selected as a reference level; this warm enough, long enough, for thatwarm muchenough, surfa- long suggestions enough, for forthat theirmuch origins surfa(other than suggestions the onesfor their ĕũŋĿ ėÖĿĿÖ Ŷŋ ũÖùĢŋ ƒÖƑāŭ̍ ̨̨ ŋĢķ̪̪ ũāĕāũŭ Ŷŋ Öķķ origins (other than the ones ĕũŋĿ ėÖĿĿÖ Ŷŋ ũÖùĢŋ ƒÖƑāŭ̍ ̨̨ ŋĢķ̪̪ ũāĕāũŭ Ŷŋ Öķķ is called the areoid of Mars, analogousisto called the terrethe areoid of Mars, analogous to the terrece water to have existed at a time when ce water scientists to have existed ŶĞÖŶ ùŋł̪Ŷ ũāŨŽĢũā ƒÖŶāũ̜ ĞÖƑā ŭŽėėāŭŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞāƘ at a time when scientists ŶĞÖŶ ùŋł̪Ŷ ũāŨŽĢũā ƒÖŶāũ̜ ĞÖƑā ŭŽėėāŭŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞāƘ other, typically unconsolidated, material other, including typically unconsolidated, ŭŶũĢÖķ ėāŋĢù̍ Ñāũŋ ÖķŶĢŶŽùā ƒÖŭ ùāƩłāù ðƘ ŶĞā ĞāĢėĞŶ material including ŭŶũĢÖķ ėāŋĢù̍ Ñāũŋ ÖķŶĢŶŽùā ƒÖŭ ùāƩłāù ðƘ ŶĞā ĞāĢėĞŶ thought its thinning atmosphere hadthought already its sent thinning are produced atmosphere by had some already kind ofsent ice-melting are produced process by some ŶĞŋŭā ŭŽƧóĢāłŶķƘ Ʃłā̟ėũÖĢłāù Ŷŋ ðā ĿŋðĢķĢơāù ðƘ kind of ice-melting process ŶĞŋŭā ŭŽƧóĢāłŶķƘ Ʃłā̟ėũÖĢłāù Ŷŋ ðā ĿŋðĢķĢơāù ðƘ at which there is 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar) of atatmowhich there is 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar) of atmo-

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re, ancient Mars might have been nearly re, ancient as wet as Mars might says, “because have been they nearly are as among wet as the very says, few “because dyna- they Žłùāũ óŽũũāłŶ ÖāŋķĢÖł óŋłùĢŶĢŋłŭ̍ !ŋłŭāŨŽāłŶķƘ̇ are among the very few dynaŽłùāũ óŽũũāłŶ ÖāŋķĢÖł óŋłùĢŶĢŋłŭ̍ !ŋłŭāŨŽāłŶķƘ̇ ķāŭŭ ŶĞÖł ːˏˏ̇ˏˏˏ̍ dÖũėā ƑÖķķāƘŭ Öũā łÖĿāù ĕŋũ ŶĞā ķāŭŭ ŶĞÖł ːˏˏ̇ˏˏˏ̍ dÖũėā ƑÖķķāƘŭ Öũā łÖĿāù ĕŋũ ŶĞā large parts of modern-day Earth.Thelarge source parts of all of modern-day mic features Earth.The we see, which sourcemeans of all thatmic they features appearwe see, rocks which classify means asthat grains they exceeding appear the rocks size classify of cob- as ƒŋũù ̥mÖũŭ̧ ŋũ ̥ŭŶÖũ̧ Ģł ƑÖũĢŋŽŭ ķÖłėŽÖėāŭ̒ ŭĿÖķķ grains exceeding the size of cobƒŋũù ̥mÖũŭ̧ ŋũ ̥ŭŶÖũ̧ Ģł ƑÖũĢŋŽŭ ķÖłėŽÖėāŭ̒ ŭĿÖķķ

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lia, averages 1.5. During its wet periods, lia, averages therefo-1.5.“These Duringfeatures its wet periods, are very therefomysterious“These on Mars,” features he are ũāù ¦ĞāũĿÖķ mÖťťāũ ̛R ¦m̜ ùÖŶÖ̇ Öłù ĢĿĿŋðĢķā very mysterious on Mars,” he ũāù ¦ĞāũĿÖķ mÖťťāũ ̛R ¦m̜ ùÖŶÖ̇ Öłù ĢĿĿŋðĢķā towns and villages of the world with populations towns and villages of of the world with populations of

¨ƏǕƺ ‫׏׏ٮ׎׏‬

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Attitude

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Cosmic Buissnes Cosmic Buissnes

ZERO-G Sports

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Weather

Space news Space news 07

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A sunburnt A sunburnt moon moon

pace A space ɎɎƺȸˢɵ ɀƺƬȸƺɎ ƫɖɎɎƺȸˢɵ ɀƺƬȸƺɎ

¦ĞÖłĴŭ Ŷŋ łāƒ ùÖŶÖ ŋðŶÖĢłāù ðƘ p ̪ŭ óóāķāũÖ¦ĞÖłĴŭ Ŷŋ łāƒ ùÖŶÖ ŋðŶÖĢłāù ðƘ p ̪ŭ óóāķāũÖŽłŶĢķ ŶĞā ̦ŽłāƗťāóŶāù ŋŽŶóŋĿā̧ ƒÖŭĢùāłŶĢƩāù̍ ŽłŶĢķ ŶĞā ̦ŽłāƗťāóŶāù ŋŽŶóŋĿā̧ ƒÖŭĢùāłŶĢƩāù̍ ŶĢŋł̇ āóŋłłāóŶĢŋł̇ ¦ŽũðŽķāłóā Öłù 1ķāóŶũŋùƘłÖŶĢŋł̇ āóŋłłāóŶĢŋł̇ ¦ŽũðŽķāłóā Öłù 1ķāóŶũŋùƘłÖ ÖũũāŶŶ ŭÖĢù ŶĞā ðĢėėāŭŶ ÖłŋĿÖķƘ Ğā ƒÖŭ ÖƒÖũā ŋĕ ÖũũāŶŶ ŭÖĢù ŶĞā ðĢėėāŭŶ ÖłŋĿÖķƘ Ğā ƒÖŭ ÖƒÖũā ŋĕ ĿĢóŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā mŋŋł̪ŭ RłŶāũÖóŶĢŋł ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā Žł ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ĿĢóŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā mŋŋł̪ŭ RłŶāũÖóŶĢŋł ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā Žł ĿĢŭŭĢŋł in the Starliner testing program wasin that, the on Starliner the testing program was that, on the ̞ ðāŶŶāũ Ĵłŋƒł̇ ĞÖťťĢķƘ̇ ðƘ ĢŶŭ ÖóũŋłƘĿ ¦1mR ̞ ̞ ðāŶŶāũ Ĵłŋƒł̇ ĞÖťťĢķƘ̇ ðƘ ĢŶŭ ÖóũŋłƘĿ ¦1mR ̞ third test of the system, pyrotechnic initiators third test of forthe system, pyrotechnic initiators for scientists are closer to understandingscientists why the moare closer ŶĞā ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ ùĢùł̪Ŷ Ʃũā ťũŋťāũķƘ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ Ğā to understanding why the moŶĞā ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ ùĢùł̪Ŷ Ʃũā ťũŋťāũķƘ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ Ğā ŋł̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā āƗĞĢðĢŶŭ ķĢėĞŶ Öłù ùÖũĴ ťÖŶóĞāŭ̍ RŶ̪ŭ Öķķ ŋł̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā āƗĞĢðĢŶŭ ķĢėĞŶ Öłù ùÖũĴ ťÖŶóĞāŭ̍ RŶ̪ŭ Öķķ ŭÖĢù ŶĞÖŶ ĢŭŭŽā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ĢłŶāũĕāũā ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ŶāŭŶ ŋŽŶóŋŭÖĢù ŶĞÖŶ ĢŭŭŽā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ĢłŶāũĕāũā ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ŶāŭŶ ŋŽŶóŋ-

sts investigate Scientists investigate the power the of solar power wind of solar wind

ùŋƒł Ŷŋ ŶĞā āƦāóŶŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ƒĢłù ̞ ŶĞā óŋłŶĢùŋƒł Ŷŋ ŶĞā āƦāóŶŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ƒĢłù ̞ ŶĞā óŋłŶĢĿā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ Ö ŭŽóóāŭŭ̍ Rł Ö mÖƘ ːˏ ŭŶÖŶāĿāłŶ Ŷŋ Ŀā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ Ö ŭŽóóāŭŭ̍ Rł Ö mÖƘ ːˏ ŭŶÖŶāĿāłŶ Ŷŋ łŽŋŽŭ ŋŽŶƪŋƒ ŋĕ ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ Öłù ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł ŶĞÖŶ ðÖŶĞāŭ łŽŋŽŭ ŋŽŶƪŋƒ ŋĕ ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ Öłù ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł ŶĞÖŶ ðÖŶĞāŭ ťÖóāpāƒŭ̇ FāũŭŶāłĿÖĢāũ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðŋŶĞ óŋĿťÖ ťÖóāpāƒŭ̇ FāũŭŶāłĿÖĢāũ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðŋŶĞ óŋĿťÖ-

the entire solar system. The wind isthe magnetised, entire solar system. nies hadThe faced wind “obstacles” is magnetised, and “challenges” nies had infaced de- “obstacles” and “challenges” in deƒĞĢóĞ ĿāÖłŭ ĢŶ Ģŭ ķÖũėāķƘ ùāƪāóŶāù ÖƒÖƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ƒĞĢóĞ ĿāÖłŭ ĢŶ Ģŭ ķÖũėāķƘ ùāƪāóŶāù ÖƒÖƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā velopment of parachutes, including test velopment data “that of parachutes, including test data “that

1ÖũŶĞ̇ ðāóÖŽŭā ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ ĞÖŭ ĢŶŭ ŋƒł ĿÖėłāŶĢóƩāķù̍ 1ÖũŶĞ̇ ðāóÖŽŭā ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ ĞÖŭ ĢŶŭ ŋƒł ĿÖėłāŶĢóƩāķù̍ informs how we move forward in the design informs ofhow the we move forward in the design of the ķāù ðƘ bÖŶƘ ũŽùĢó ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ũĢơŋłÖ̇ ķāù ðƘ bÖŶƘ ũŽùĢó ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ũĢơŋłÖ̇ test, will be used to certify the parachutes test, for willthe be used to certify the parachutes ¦Ğā Ŀŋŋł ùŋāŭ łŋŶ āłıŋƘ ŭŽóĞ ťũŋŶāóŶĢŋł̍ Nŋƒāfor the ¦Ğā Ŀŋŋł ùŋāŭ łŋŶ āłıŋƘ ŭŽóĞ ťũŋŶāóŶĢŋł̍ NŋƒāťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ Öłù āƗāóŽŶā āÖóĞ ŶāŭŶ ŭāũĢāŭ̧̍ Nā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ Öłù āƗāóŽŶā āÖóĞ ŶāŭŶ ŭāũĢāŭ̧̍ Nā ùĢùł̪Ŷ Extraordinary claims require

extraordinary evidence the ash of stellar AUMONTWritten by PETER BEAUMONT ̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̇ ũāóāłŶķƘ ĿÖùā Ö ŭŽũťũĢŭā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̍ ̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̇ ũāóāłŶķƘ ĿÖùā Ö ŭŽũťũĢŭā ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ̍ !ũāƒ DķĢėĞŶ ¦āŭŶ ŭóĞāùŽķāù ĕŋũ ķÖŶā ŶĞĢŭƘāÖũ̍ ŋ !ũāƒ DķĢėĞŶ ¦āŭŶ ŭóĞāùŽķāù ĕŋũ ķÖŶā ŶĞĢŭƘāÖũ̍ ŋ ver, certain rocks scattered about the ver, surface certain dorocksāķÖðŋũÖŶā ŋł ŶĞā ŭťāóĢƩó ĢŭŭŽā̇ ðŽŶ ŭÖĢù ĕŽũŶĞāũ Ŷāscattered about the surface do āķÖðŋũÖŶā ŋł ŶĞā ŭťāóĢƩó ĢŭŭŽā̇ ðŽŶ ŭÖĢù ĕŽũŶĞāũ Ŷāalchemy at the edge of forever

¦ĞāƘ āƗÖĿĢłāù ƑĢóāũŋƘ ðŽŶŶāũƪĢāŭ Ģł ŶĞā łŋũŶĞ ¦ĞāƘ āƗÖĿĢłāù ƑĢóāũŋƘ ðŽŶŶāũƪĢāŭ Ģł ŶĞā łŋũŶĞ ƒĞÖŶ̪ŭ ̨ùā̟āƗŶĢłóŶĢŋł̪ ŶĞāł̎ Âāķķ̇ Ģĕ ƘŋŽ ķĢŭŶāł ƒĞÖŶ̪ŭ ̨ùā̟āƗŶĢłóŶĢŋł̪ ŶĞāł̎ Âāķķ̇ Ģĕ ƘŋŽ ķĢŭŶāł have magnetic properties and manifest have miniature magnetic properties sts were and on hold manifest until the miniature “unexpected stsoutcome” were on hold until the “unexpected outcome”

ŋĕ DķŋũĢùÖ̇ ƒĞāũā ŨŽāāł ðŽŶŶāũƩāŭ ùŋł̪Ŷ ķĢƑā̇ Öłù ŋĕ DķŋũĢùÖ̇ ƒĞāũā ŨŽāāł ðŽŶŶāũƩāŭ ùŋł̪Ŷ ķĢƑā̇ Öłù Ŷŋ Fāŋũėā !ĞŽũóĞ ŋĕ NÖũƑÖũù łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ ŶĞā Ŷŋ Fāŋũėā !ĞŽũóĞ ŋĕ NÖũƑÖũù łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ ŶĞā Ʃāķùŭ ̞ ĿÖėłāŶĢó ðŽððķāŭ̇ Ģł āƦāóŶ ̞ ƒĞĢóĞ ŭĞĢāķù Ʃāķùŭ ̞ ĿÖėłāŶĢó ðŽððķāŭ̇ Ģł āƦāóŶ ̞ ƒĞĢóĞ ŭĞĢāķù ƒÖŭĢùāłŶĢƩāù̍

Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence the ash of stellar alchemy at the edge of forever

ƒÖŭĢùāłŶĢƩāù̍

Ĵāł ðƘ p ̪ŭ ťĢŶơāũ ¦ĞĢŭ ĢĿÖėā̇ ŶÖĴāł ðƘ p ̪ŭ ťĢŶơāũ discovered that the viceroys had developed discovered a me-that the process viceroys of bringing had developed an extinct a mespeciesprocess back to life, of bringing an extinct species the immediate back to life, environment from thethe worst immediate of the environment ÖũũāŶŶ ŭÖĢù ŶĞā ðĢėėāŭŶ ÖłŋĿÖķƘ Ğā ƒÖŭ ÖƒÖũā ŋĕ from the worst of the ÖũũāŶŶ ŭÖĢù ŶĞā ðĢėėāŭŶ ÖłŋĿÖķƘ Ğā ƒÖŭ ÖƒÖũā ŋĕ

cope, shows a nebu- Space thod Telescope, for holdingshows on to their a nebuphenolic glycosides thod for holding in on and to this theirisphenolic exactly what glycosides he intends in to and do with thisthe is exactly what he intends ŭŽł̪ŭ ŋŽŶťŽŶ̍ ̦¦Ğā ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķùŭ Ģł ŭŋĿā ũāėĢŋłŭ to do with the ŭŽł̪ŭ ŋŽŶťŽŶ̍ ̦¦Ğā ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķùŭ Ģł ŭŋĿā ũāėĢŋłŭ in the Starliner testing program wasin that, the on Starliner the testing program was that, on the

cially as Westerhout la known adulthood officially – making as Westerhout them every bit as adulthood toxic and– making ĿÖĿĿŋŶĞ̉ ŽŶ Ğŋƒ ŋł āÖũŶĞ ùŋ ƘŋŽ ùŋ ĢŶ̎ 1ƑāũƘ them every bit as toxic and ĿÖĿĿŋŶĞ̉ ŽŶ Ğŋƒ ŋł āÖũŶĞ ùŋ ƘŋŽ ùŋ ĢŶ̎ 1ƑāũƘ are locally acting as this magnetic sunscreen,” are locally says acting as third thistest magnetic of the system, sunscreen,” pyrotechnic says initiators third test of forthe system, pyrotechnic initiators for

ut pretty much every- 40, orfoul-tasting W40, but pretty as themuch species everythey evolved foul-tasting to mimic. as the living species organism they evolved has tiny to mimic. molecules that living contain organism has tiny molecules łùũāƒ ŋťťā̇ Ö ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ !ÖķĢthat contain łùũāƒ ŋťťā̇ Ö ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ !ÖķĢŶĞā ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ ùĢùł̪Ŷ Ʃũā ťũŋťāũķƘ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ Ğā ŶĞā ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ ùĢùł̪Ŷ Ʃũā ťũŋťāũķƘ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ Ğā

ness calls itone thein Space the astronomy Rł ťŋťŽķÖŶĢŋł ŶāũĿŭ̇ ŶĞā ũāŭŽķŶŭ Öũā ėŋŋù̍ ũāùÖbusiness calls it the Space Rł ťŋťŽķÖŶĢŋł ŶāũĿŭ̇ ŶĞā ũāŭŽķŶŭ Öũā ėŋŋù̍ ũāùÖinstructions on how each organism will instructions look and on how each organism ĕŋũłĢÖ̇ āũĴāķāƘ̇ ƒĞŋ ũāŭāÖũóĞāŭ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ óũŽwill look and ĕŋũłĢÖ̇ āũĴāķāƘ̇ ƒĞŋ ũāŭāÖũóĞāŭ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ óũŽŭÖĢù ŶĞÖŶ ĢŭŭŽā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ĢłŶāũĕāũā ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ŶāŭŶ ŋŽŶóŋŭÖĢù ŶĞÖŶ ĢŭŭŽā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ĢłŶāũĕāũā ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ŶāŭŶ ŋŽŶóŋ-

āóŶ ķĢāŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ː˓ˏˏ ķĢ ŽŶŶāũĕķƘ̍ ¦Ğā óŋŭĿĢó ĢłŭāóŶ ķĢāŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ː˓ˏˏ ķĢtors munching on a northern viceroytors learn munching very onfunction. a northern These viceroy molecules learn very are called function. deoxyriThese molecules are ŭŶÖķ ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķùŭ ŽŭĢłė ùÖŶÖ ĕũŋĿ ¦1mR ̍ ¦Ğā called deoxyriŭŶÖķ ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķùŭ ŽŭĢłė ùÖŶÖ ĕũŋĿ ¦1mR ̍ ¦Ğā Ŀā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ Ö ŭŽóóāŭŭ̍ Rł Ö mÖƘ ːˏ ŭŶÖŶāĿāłŶ Ŷŋ Ŀā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ Ö ŭŽóóāŭŭ̍ Rł Ö mÖƘ ːˏ ŭŶÖŶāĿāłŶ Ŷŋ

̪ŭ ĢĿÖėĢłė óķāÖũķƘ ėĞŶ̟ƘāÖũŭ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŭŽł̍ p ̪ŭ ĢĿÖėĢłė óķāÖũķƘ quickly not to repeat the exercise.

quickly not to repeat bonucleic the exercise. acid, or DNA, and are uniquebonucleic to every liacid, or DNA, and are Ŀŋŋł ùŋāŭ łŋŶ āłıŋƘ ŭŽóĞ ťũŋŶāóŶĢŋł̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ unique to every liĿŋŋł ùŋāŭ łŋŶ āłıŋƘ ŭŽóĞ ťũŋŶāóŶĢŋł̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ťÖóāpāƒŭ̇ FāũŭŶāłĿÖĢāũ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðŋŶĞ óŋĿťÖ ťÖóāpāƒŭ̇ FāũŭŶāłĿÖĢāũ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðŋŶĞ óŋĿťÖ-

ngs”, which shows comprise its two massive dÖŶāķƘ ŶĞāũā̪ŭ ðāāł Ö ķŋŶ ŋĕ ŶÖķĴ ÖðŋŽŶ ðũĢłėĢłė “wings”, which comprise dÖŶāķƘ ŶĞāũā̪ŭ ðāāł Ö ķŋŶ ŋĕ ŶÖķĴ ÖðŋŽŶ ðũĢłėĢłė ƑĢłė ðāĢłė̍ !ĞŽũóĞ Öłù ĞĢŭ ŶāÖĿ ťķÖł Ŷŋ ŶÖĴā 'p ƑĢłė ðāĢłė̍ !ĞŽũóĞ Öłù ĞĢŭ ŶāÖĿ ťķÖł Ŷŋ ŶÖĴā 'p certain rocks scattered about the surface certain do rocks have scattered nies had about faced the “obstacles” surface doand have “challenges” nies had infaced de- “obstacles” and “challenges” in de-

ust. The material titanicthat clouds of gas back and mammoths dust. The material from the that dead, using back a process mammothsfrom fromthe thebodies dead, using of mammoths a processthat were from trapped the bodies of mammoths that ĿÖėłāŶĢó ťũŋťāũŶĢāŭ Öłù ĿÖłĢĕāŭŶ ĿĢłĢÖŶŽũā Ʃāķùŭ were trapped ĿÖėłāŶĢó ťũŋťāũŶĢāŭ Öłù ĿÖłĢĕāŭŶ ĿĢłĢÖŶŽũā Ʃāķùŭ velopment of parachutes, including test velopment data “that of parachutes, including test data “that

ed from a dense forms cluster the wings was óÖķķāù ùā̟āƗŶĢłóŶĢŋł̍ Nŋƒ Ģŭ ŶĞÖŶ ťŋŭŭĢðķā̇ Öłù Ģŭ ejected from a dense cluster óÖķķāù ùā̟āƗŶĢłóŶĢŋł̍ Nŋƒ Ģŭ ŶĞÖŶ ťŋŭŭĢðķā̇ Öłù Ģŭ in ice or permafrost somewhere between in ice four orand permafrost somewhere ̞ ĿÖėłāŶĢó ðŽððķāŭ̇ Ģł āƦāóŶ ̞ ƒĞĢóĞ ŭĞĢāķù ŶĞā ĢĿbetween four and ̞ ĿÖėłāŶĢó ðŽððķāŭ̇ Ģł āƦāóŶ ̞ ƒĞĢóĞ ŭĞĢāķù ŶĞā ĢĿinforms how we move forward in the design informs ofhow the we move forward in the design of the

entre of theof formation. stars that lies near it a good the centre idea? of the formation.

it a good idea?

10 thousand years ago, and mix it with10 the thousand DNA of years ago, and mixĿāùĢÖŶā āłƑĢũŋłĿāłŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ƒŋũŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŽł̪ŭ it with the DNA of ĿāùĢÖŶā āłƑĢũŋłĿāłŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ƒŋũŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŽł̪ŭ parachutes and execute each test series.” parachutes and execute each test series.”

ÖŶĢłė ĿÖŶāũĢÖķ óķŽĿťŭ zƑāũ ŶĢĿā̇ ŭŋĿā ŋĕ ŶĞā ƪŋÖŶĢłė ĿÖŶāũĢÖķ óķŽĿťŭ ŋ ƒĞÖŶ̪ŭ ̨ùā̟āƗŶĢłóŶĢŋł̪ ŶĞāł̎ Âāķķ̇ Ģĕ ƘŋŽ ķĢŭŶāł ŋ ƒĞÖŶ̪ŭ ̨ùā̟āƗŶĢłóŶĢŋł̪ ŶĞāł̎ Âāķķ̇ Ģĕ ƘŋŽ ķĢŭŶāł its nearest living relative, the Asian elephant.ut its nearest living relative, the Asian output. elephant.ut Meteorites kicked up minuscule output. particles, Meteorites ÖũũāŶŶ ŭÖĢù ŶĞā ðĢėėāŭŶ ÖłŋĿÖķƘ Ğā ƒÖŭ ÖƒÖũā ŋĕ kicked up minuscule particles, ÖũũāŶŶ ŭÖĢù ŶĞā ðĢėėāŭŶ ÖłŋĿÖķƘ Ğā ƒÖŭ ÖƒÖũā ŋĕ

mation of newstars. together, leadingŶŋ Fāŋũėā !ĞŽũóĞ ŋĕ NÖũƑÖũù łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ ŶĞā to the formation of newstars. Ŷŋ Fāŋũėā !ĞŽũóĞ ŋĕ NÖũƑÖũù łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ ŶĞā how on earth do you do inism will look how andfuncon earth do you do inism will forming look andfunca moving layer on our biggest forming naturala samovinginlayer the Starliner on our biggest testing natural program sa-wasin that, the on Starliner the testing program was that, on the SPREADING THEprocess WINGSof bringing an extinct speciesprocess back to life, of bringing ŶĢŋł̍ zŽũ Žł Ģŭ ŋłā ŋĕ ŶĞā ðĢė ũāÖŭŋłŭ ƒā̪ũā Öķķ an extinct species back to life, ŶĢŋł̍ zŽũ Žł Ģŭ ŋłā ŋĕ ŶĞā ðĢė ũāÖŭŋłŭ ƒā̪ũā Öķķ ŶāķķĢŶā̍ RŶ̪ŭ Öķķ ùŋƒł Ŷŋ ŶĞā āƦāóŶŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ƒĢłù ŶāķķĢŶā̍ RŶ̪ŭ Öķķ ùŋƒł Ŷŋ ŶĞā āƦāóŶŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ƒĢłù third test of the system, pyrotechnic initiators third test of forthe system, pyrotechnic initiators for

ƪƘ Ģŭ Ö ėĢÖłŶ ŭŶāķķÖũ łŽũRł āƦāóŶ̇ ŶĞā ťÖóā ŽŶŶāũƪƘ Ģŭ Ö ėĢÖłŶ ŭŶāķķÖũ łŽũand this is exactly what he intends to and do with thisthe is exactlyĞāũā ŶŋùÖƘ̍ RŶ ťũŋƑĢùāŭ ĿŽóĞ ŋĕ ŶĞā āłāũėƘ łāwhat he intends to do with the Ğāũā ŶŋùÖƘ̍ RŶ ťũŋƑĢùāŭ ĿŽóĞ ŋĕ ŶĞā āłāũėƘ łā̞ ŶĞā óŋłŶĢłŽŋŽŭ ŋŽŶƪŋƒ ŋĕ ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ Öłù ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł ̞ ŶĞā óŋłŶĢłŽŋŽŭ ŋŽŶƪŋƒ ŋĕ ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ Öłù ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł ŶĞā ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ ùĢùł̪Ŷ Ʃũā ťũŋťāũķƘ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ Ğā ŶĞā ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ ùĢùł̪Ŷ Ʃũā ťũŋťāũķƘ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ Ğā

may well have sery. already Keen entomologists ĿÖĿĿŋŶĞ̉ ŽŶ Ğŋƒ ŋł āÖũŶĞ ùŋ ƘŋŽ ùŋ ĢŶ̎ 1ƑāũƘ may well have already ĿÖĿĿŋŶĞ̉ ŽŶ Ğŋƒ ŋł āÖũŶĞ ùŋ ƘŋŽ ùŋ ĢŶ̎ 1ƑāũƘ āùāù ĕŋũ ķĢĕā Ŷŋ āƗĢŭŶ̇ Öłù ƒĢŶĞŋŽŶ ĢŶ R ƒŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ðā āùāù ĕŋũ ķĢĕā Ŷŋ āƗĢŭŶ̇ Öłù ƒĢŶĞŋŽŶ ĢŶ R ƒŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ðā ŶĞÖŶ ðÖŶĞāŭ ŶĞā āłŶĢũā ŭŋķÖũ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̍ RŶ̪ŭ Öķķ ùŋƒł Ŷŋ ŶĞÖŶ ðÖŶĞāŭ ŶĞā āłŶĢũā ŭŋķÖũ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̍ RŶ̪ŭ Öķķ ùŋƒł Ŷŋ ŭÖĢù ŶĞÖŶ ĢŭŭŽā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ĢłŶāũĕāũā ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ŶāŭŶ ŋŽŶóŋŭÖĢù ŶĞÖŶ ĢŭŭŽā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ĢłŶāũĕāũā ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ŶāŭŶ ŋŽŶóŋ-

łŋŶ Ö ŨŽāāł ðŽŶŶāũƪƘ łŋŶĢóāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞĢŭ ĢłŭāóŶ Ģŭ łŋŶ Ö ŨŽāāł ðŽŶŶāũƪƘ living organism has tiny molecules that living contain organism has ƒũĢŶĢłė ŶĞĢŭ Öłù ƘŋŽ ƒŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ðā Ğāũā Ŷŋ ũāÖù ĢŶ̍ tiny molecules that contain ƒũĢŶĢłė ŶĞĢŭ Öłù ƘŋŽ ƒŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ðā Ğāũā Ŷŋ ũāÖù ĢŶ̍ ŶĞā āƦāóŶŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ƒĢłù ̞ ŶĞā óŋłŶĢłŽŋŽŭ ŋŽŶŶĞā āƦāóŶŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ƒĢłù ̞ ŶĞā óŋłŶĢłŽŋŽŭ ŋŽŶĿā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ Ö ŭŽóóāŭŭ̍ Rł Ö mÖƘ ːˏ ŭŶÖŶāĿāłŶ Ŷŋ Ŀā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ Ö ŭŽóóāŭŭ̍ Rł Ö mÖƘ ːˏ ŭŶÖŶāĿāłŶ Ŷŋ

ugh it looks(Danaus rather like gilippus),instructions even thoughon it looks how each rather organism like will instructions look and on how We each thinkorganism of stars aswill ancient lookthings and that We have think been of stars as ancient things ƪŋƒ ŋĕ ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ Öłù ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā̍ŶĢũā ŭŋķÖũ that have been ƪŋƒ ŋĕ ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ Öłù ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā̍ŶĢũā ŭŋķÖũ ťÖóāpāƒŭ̇ FāũŭŶāłĿÖĢāũ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðŋŶĞ óŋĿ ťÖóāpāƒŭ̇ FāũŭŶāłĿÖĢāũ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðŋŶĞ óŋĿ-

efore, that itone. is another They will guess, function. therefore, These that molecules it is another are called function. deoxyriThese molecules there forever arebut called new deoxyriones are beingthere created forever all but new ones areŭƘŭŶāĿ̍ Ŷ Öł āÖũķĢāũ ĿāāŶĢłė Ģł zóŶŋðāũ ˑˏː˗̇ being created all ŭƘŭŶāĿ̍ Ŷ Öł āÖũķĢāũ ĿāāŶĢłė Ģł zóŶŋðāũ ˑˏː˗̇ panies had faced “obstacles” and “challenges” panies hadin faced “obstacles” and “challenges” in

ķƘ ̛dĢĿāłĢŶĢŭ ÖũóĞĢťŭťāóĢāŭ̇ Ö ƑĢóāũŋƘ ðŽŶŶāũĕķƘ ̛dĢĿāłĢŶĢŭ ÖũóĞĢťbonucleic acid, or DNA, and are uniquebonucleic to every liacid, orthe DNA, time, andand areNASA unique just to every captured li- a gorgeous the time, imaand NASA just captured ťÖłāķ ĿāĿðāũ !ĞũĢŭŶŋťĞāũ ÖĢłùŋł Öķŭŋ ùĢŭóŽŭŭāù a gorgeous imaťÖłāķ ĿāĿðāũ !ĞũĢŭŶŋťĞāũ ÖĢłùŋł Öķŭŋ ùĢŭóŽŭŭāù development of parachutes, including development test data of parachutes, including test data

uncanny resemblance pus), known mainly ƑĢłė ðāĢłė̍ !ĞŽũóĞ Öłù ĞĢŭ ŶāÖĿ ťķÖł Ŷŋ ŶÖĴā 'p for its uncanny resemblance ƑĢłė ðāĢłė̍ !ĞŽũóĞ Öłù ĞĢŭ ŶāÖĿ ťķÖł Ŷŋ ŶÖĴā 'p ge of a place where new stars are born.ge of a place where new stars are parachute born. issues with Starliner in particular. parachute “The issues“that with Starliner informs in how particular. we move “The forward “that in the informs desi- how we move forward in the desip ÖĕĕāóŶĢŋłÖŶāķƘ óÖķķŭ ĢŶ Ö ̦ ťÖóā ŽŶŶāũp ÖĕĕāóŶĢŋłÖŶāķƘ óÖķķŭ ĢŶ Ö ̦ ťÖóā ŽŶŶāũŭƘŭŶāĿ ùĢùł̪Ŷ ĕŽłóŶĢŋł ŨŽĢŶā Öŭ āƗťāóŶāù̇ ŭŋ ŶĞāũā ŭƘŭŶāĿ ùĢùł̪Ŷ ĕŽłóŶĢŋł ŨŽĢŶā Öŭ āƗťāóŶāù̇ ŭŋ ŶĞāũā gn of the parachutes and execute each gn test of the series.” parachutes and execute each test series.”

Ö ũāóāłŶ ťÖũÖóĞŽŶā ŶāŭŶ̍ Nā ùĢùł̪Ŷ āķÖðŋũÖŶā ŋł ŶĞā Ö ũāóāłŶ ťÖũÖóĞŽŶā ŶāŭŶ̍ Nā ùĢùł̪Ŷ āķÖðŋũÖŶā ŋł ŶĞā elieve„We that used the larger to believe the object, that the thelarger moretheŽùŭ̍ RŶŭ ŋƧóĢÖķ łÖĿā Ģŭ ÂāŭŶāũĞŋŽŶ ˓ˏ ̛Â˓ˏ̜̇ Öłù object, the more Žùŭ̍ RŶŭ ŋƧóĢÖķ łÖĿā Ģŭ ÂāŭŶāũĞŋŽŶ ˓ˏ ̛Â˓ˏ̜̇ Öłù Written by EMMA BROCKERSWritten by EMMA BROCKERS ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö łāðŽķÖ̍ Â˓ˏ Öłù łāðŽķÖŭ ķĢĴā ĢŶ Öũā ĿÖŭŭĢĢŶ̪ŭ Ö łāðŽķÖ̍ Â˓ˏ Öłù łāðŽķÖŭ ķĢĴā ĢŶ Öũā ĿÖŭŭĢŭťāóĢƩó ĢŭŭŽā̇ ðŽŶ ŭÖĢù ĕŽũŶĞāũ ŶāŭŶŭ ƒāũā ŋł Ğŋķù ŭťāóĢƩó ĢŭŭŽā̇ ðŽŶ ŭÖĢù ĕŽũŶĞāũ ŶāŭŶŭ ƒāũā ŋł Ğŋķù d break, easily because it would bigger break, objects because are more bigger objects are more ve pockets of space where material like ve pockets gas andof space where material like gas and z Á0x¨0«ÁÈ«0 à «X ÁX z³x z Á0x¨0«ÁÈ«0 à «X ÁX z³ stardust begins to coalesce into new objects stardust like begins to coalesce intox new objects like ƪÖƒŭ̧ķĢĴāķƘ Ŷŋ ĞÖƑā ƪÖƒŭ̧ 2.000.000°C

ŭŶÖũŭ̍ ̦ āŭĢùāŭ ðāĢłė ðāÖŽŶĢĕŽķ̇ Â˓ˏ āƗāĿťķĢƩāŭ ŭŶÖũŭ̍ ̦ āŭĢùāŭ ðāĢłė ðāÖŽŶĢĕŽķ̇ Â˓ˏ āƗāĿťķĢƩāŭ ‫בו׏ٳ‬°C

‫בו׏ٳ‬°C

PEAK

2.000.000°C

ƪƘ̧̇ ðŽŶ Ģł ũāÖķĢŶƘ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ťÖĢũ ŋĕ ĿÖŭŭĢƑā ėÖŭ óķŋƪƘ̧̇ ðŽŶ Ģł ũāÖķĢŶƘ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ťÖĢũ ŋĕ ĿÖŭŭĢƑā ėÖŭ óķŋneeds to be some analysis done on that,” needs he to said beof some analysis FāũŭŶāłĿÖĢāũ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðŋŶĞ óŋĿťÖłĢāŭ ĞÖù done on that,” he said of FāũŭŶāłĿÖĢāũ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðŋŶĞ óŋĿťÖłĢāŭ ĞÖù

PEAK

‫בזא‬°C

how the formation of stars results in the how destructhe formation of stars results in the destruc-

ĞāƘ ƒŋŽķù ðā óŋũũāóŶ ̞ Ŷŋ Ö ŨŽāāł ðŽŶŶāũƪƘ̍ łù ŶĞāƘ ƒŋŽķù ðā óŋũũāóŶ ̞ from the bodies of mammoths that were from trapped the bodies oftion mammoths of the very that clouds werethat trapped helped create tion of them,” the very clouds that helped create them,” NIGHT

NIGHT DAY

Ğāũ ŭāóũāŶ̍ dŋŋĴĢłė ķĢĴā ðŽŶ ŶĞĢŭ ðŽŶŶāũƪƘ ĞÖŭ ÖłŋŶĞāũ ŭāóũāŶ̍ dŋŋĴĢłė ķĢĴā in ice or permafrost somewhere between in ice four orand permafrost p ̪ŭ ` d āƗťķÖĢłŭ̍ ̦RłŭĢùā ėĢÖłŶ óķŋŽùŭ ŋĕ ėÖŭ somewhere between four and p ̪ŭ ` d āƗťķÖĢłŭ̍ ̦RłŭĢùā ėĢÖłŶ óķŋŽùŭ ŋĕ ėÖŭ

DAY

Öŭ ÖŶāŭĢÖł ĿĢĿĢóũƘ̇ ÖłŋŶĞāũ ŭťāóĢāŭ Ģŭ Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ÖŶāŭĢÖł ĿĢĿĢóũƘ̇ 10 thousand years ago, and mix it with10 the thousand DNA of yearsand ago,dust andin mix space, it with thethe force DNA ofof gravity and pulls dust matein space, the force of gravity pulls mate-

āƑŋķŽŶĢŋłÖũƘ ŭŶũÖŶāėƘ̍ Öłù ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ŶũĢāù Öłù ŶāŭŶāù āƑŋķŽŶĢŋłÖũƘ ŭŶũÖŶāėƘ̍ its nearest living relative, the Asian elephant.ut its nearest livingrial relative, together theinto Asian dense elephant.ut clumps. Sometimes rial together these into dense clumps. Sometimes these

Ģó ƒĢķķ ķŋŋĴ ƑāũƘ ĿŽóĞ ¦ƘťĢóÖķķƘ̇ Ö ÖŶāŭĢÖł ĿĢĿĢó ƒĢķķ ķŋŋĴ ƑāũƘ ĿŽóĞ how on earth do you do inism will look how andon funcearth do you clumps do inism reach will a critical look and density func-that allows clumps stars reach a critical density that allows stars or ferocious like oraotherspecies that tion. is toxic or ferocious or other-

tion.

to form at their cores.” Nebulas are like to form star nurat their cores.” Nebulas are like star nur-

‫׎‬°C ‫׎‬ ‫׎ ِ׎‬ I ‫׎‬ ‫אב ׎ِא‬

n a survivalwise advantage lethal – andThese thus gain molecules a survival are called advantage deoxyribonucleic These molecules acid. are ŭāũĢāŭ̇ ðŽŶ ŭŶÖũŭ Öķŭŋ ùĢā Ğāũā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ŶĞā ĿÖŭŭĢcalled deoxyribonucleic acid. ŭāũĢāŭ̇ ðŽŶ ŭŶÖũŭ Öķŭŋ ùĢā Ğāũā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ŶĞā ĿÖŭŭĢ-

Ģù ĢŶ̍ Žāāł ðŽŶŶāũƪĢāŭ ðāóÖŽŭā ťũāùÖŶŋũŭ ƒĢķķ ÖƑŋĢù ĢŶ̍ Žāāł ðŽŶŶāũƪĢāŭ ÖũũāŶŶ ŭÖĢù ŶĞā ŶÖũķĢłāũ ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ Öũā łŋƒ ŨŽ ÖũũāŶŶ ŭÖĢù ŶĞā ŶÖũķĢłāũ ťÖũÖóĞŽŶāŭ Öũā łŋƒ ŨŽƑā ̦ƒĢłėŭ̧ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭťÖóā ðŽŶŶāũƪƘ ̝ ĿÖùā Žť ŋĕ Ƒā ̦ƒĢłėŭ̧ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭťÖóā ðŽŶŶāũƪƘ ̝ ĿÖùā Žť ŋĕ

‫ א‬I ‫ב‬ ‫׎ِ׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ِב‬

ðŭŋũð ŶĞā ťķÖłŶŭ̪ ťĞāĕāāù ŋł ƒĢķķŋƒ Ŷũāāŭ Öłù Öðŭŋũð ŶĞā ťķÖłŶŭ̪ ťĞāÖķĢƩāù ĕŋũ ŶĞā ĢłĢŶĢÖķ̇ Žłóũāƒāù ƪĢėĞŶ ŶāŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ÖķĢƩāù ĕŋũ ŶĞā ĢłĢŶĢÖķ̇ Žłóũāƒāù ƪĢėĞŶ ŶāŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā gas and other material — were blowngas into and space other material — were blown into space

them highly nolic poisonoglycosides,ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ̇ Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ŶĞā zũðĢŶÖķ DķĢėĞŶ ¦āŭŶ Öłù making them highly poisonoŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ̇ Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ŶĞā zũðĢŶÖķ DķĢėĞŶ ¦āŭŶ Öłù ðƘ ŭŶāķķÖũ āƗťķŋŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rł ŶĞĢŭ óÖŭā̇ Ö ŭŶÖũ óķŽŭŶāũ Ģł ðƘ ŭŶāķķÖũ āƗťķŋŭĢŋłŭ̍ Rł ŶĞĢŭ óÖŭā̇ Ö ŭŶÖũ óķŽŭŶāũ Ģł

ŽŶŶāũƪĢāŭ Öķŭŋ ĕāāù ŋł Žŭ Ŷŋ ťũāùÖŶŋũŭ̍ ÁĢóāũŋƘ ðŽŶŶāũƪĢāŭ Öķŭŋ ĕāāù ŋł óŽũũāłŶķƘ ŭóĞāùŽķāù ĕŋũ ŽėŽŭŶ̍ złā Ŀŋũā ŨŽÖķĢóŽũũāłŶķƘ ŭóĞāùŽķāù ĕŋũ ŽėŽŭŶ̍ złā Ŀŋũā ŨŽÖķĢthe center of the two large bubbles is responsible the center of the two large bubbles is responsible

e toxins past thecaterpilwillows, but retain ƩóÖŶĢŋł ŶāŭŶ Ģŭ ťķÖłłāù̇ Öłù ùÖŶÖ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶ̇ Öŭ ƒāķķ the toxins past caterpilƩóÖŶĢŋł ŶāŭŶ Ģŭ ťķÖłłāù̇ Öłù ùÖŶÖ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶ̇ Öŭ ƒāķķ for the colorful clouds of W40, and that formaterial the colorful clouds of W40, and that material

‫׎ِ׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ِב‬

ory suggests larthat stage. this Evolutionary Öŭ ŶĞā zũðĢŶÖķ DķĢėĞŶ ¦āŭŶ Öłù Ö ŭāťÖũÖŶā ťÖù ÖðŋũŶ theory suggests that this Öŭ ŶĞā zũðĢŶÖķ DķĢėĞŶ ¦āŭŶ Öłù Ö ŭāťÖũÖŶā ťÖù ÖðŋũŶ that was once star matter is well on itsthat waywas to once star matter is well on its way to

‫׎‬°C ‫׎‬ ‫׎ِ׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫׎ِא‬

areas occupied strategy by both will only work in areas occupied by both

ðƘ bÖŶƘ ũŽùĢó ĕũŋĿ ŭťāóĢāŭ̍ āŭāÖũóĞāũŭ ķāù ðƘ bÖŶƘ ũŽùĢó ĕũŋĿ (0‫ٳ‬0æÁXzÁX z ¨0«X (³ Xz á‫ ׎ג‬J n æç‫ټ‬³ nXI0 !ç!n0 (0‫ٳ‬0æÁXzÁX z ¨0«X (³ Xz á‫ ׎ג‬J n æç‫ټ‬³ nXI0 !ç!n0 PEAK ̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̇ ũāóāłŶķƘ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ũĢơŋłÖ̇ ̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̇ ũāóāłŶķƘ

PEAK

. They examined made avicesurprise discovery. They examined vice-

Ğ ŋĕ DķŋũĢùÖ̇ ƒĞāũā ŨŽũŋƘ ðŽŶŶāũƪĢāŭ Ģł ŶĞā łŋũŶĞ ŋĕ DķŋũĢùÖ̇ ƒĞāũā ŨŽ-

5 BILLION Y AGO łù ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā āāł ðŽŶŶāũƩāŭ ùŋł̪Ŷ ķĢƑā̇ Öłù ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā

5 BILLION Y AGO

‫ ׏‬XnnX z ç J

PRESENT TIMES

method for viceroys holding on had developed a method for holding on

es in adulthood to their – maphenolic glycosides in adulthood – ma-

ÁR0 ³¨ !0 ÈÁÁ0«Inç X³ JX zÁ ³Á0nn « zÈ«³0«ç I « ³Á «³

³Èz k0³ ÁR0 ³È«I !0 I ÁR0 x z áXÁR n‫ٳ‬ x ³Á ‫ א‬xXnnX z (0J«00³ !0n³XÈ³ Á XÁ‫ټ‬³ ¨0 k ¨0«I «x z!0

The Reiner Gamma lunar swirl, showing The Reiner lighter Gamma areas around lunar swirl, a magnetised showing rock. lighter areas around a magnetised rock.

³Èz k0³ ÁR0 ³È«I !0 I ÁR0 x z áXÁR n‫ٳ‬ x ³Á ‫ א‬xXnnX z (0J«00³ !0n³XÈ³ Á XÁ‫ټ‬³ ¨0 k ¨0«I «x z!0

#ROCKET #FAIL #FUNNY #ROCKET #FAIL #FUNNY

NASA calls for NASA names calls to for go names to Marsto go to Mars high –back the names of up to a million people back p Ģŭ ŋƦāũĢłė ĿāĿðāũŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ťŽðķĢó ŶĞā ŋťťŋũp Ģŭ ŋƦāũĢłė ĿāĿðāũŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ťŽðķĢó ŶĞā ŋťťŋũhigh – the names of up to a million people onnames Earth.“As we getin ready to launch this on Earth.“As historic we get ready to launch this historic tunity to have their names inscribed in tunity silicon to have and their inscribed silicon and Mars mission, we want everyone to share Marsin mission, this we want everyone to share in this ŭāłŶ Ŷŋ mÖũŭ̍ ¦Ğā ÖùĿĢłĢŭŶũÖŶĢŋł̪ŭ łāƗŶ āù ķÖŭāłŶ Ŷŋ mÖũŭ̍ ¦Ğā ÖùĿĢłĢŭŶũÖŶĢŋł̪ŭ łāƗŶ āù ķÖıŋŽũłāƘ ŋĕ āƗťķŋũÖŶĢŋł̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ p ̪ŭ ¦ĞŋĿÖŭ ÑŽıŋŽũłāƘ ŋĕ āƗťķŋũÖŶĢŋł̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ p ̪ŭ ¦ĞŋĿÖŭ ÑŽnet mission, Mars 2020, involves thenet deployment mission, Mars 2020, involves the deployment rbuchen. of a rover as the next phase in a long-term of a rover program as the next phase in a long-term program

rbuchen.

Realm of the galaxies radio telescope ̦RŶ̪ŭ Öł āƗóĢŶĢłė ŶĢĿā ĕŋũ p ̇ Öŭ ƒā āĿðÖũĴ ŋł ̦RŶ̪ŭ Öł āƗóĢŶĢłė ŶĢĿā ĕŋũ p ̇ Öŭ ƒā āĿðÖũĴ ŋł of robotic exploration. The Mars 2020of mission roboticwill exploration. The Mars 2020 mission will

Realm of the galaxies radio telescope

of brilliant synthesesquestions Hypatia Rig Veda thisfor voyage answer this voyage about to answer profound about prioritise the search for life on the planet prioritise – in parthe search life ontothe planetprofound – in par-questions

of brilliant syntheses Hypatia Rig Veda

dispassionate extraterrestrial observer

planet, and our origins neighbouring of planet, and even the origins of ticular, by looking for signs of past microbial ticular, life. by lookingour forneighbouring signs of past microbial life.even the life itself.” ŭ ƒĢŶĞ ÖłƘ ŋƦ̟ťķÖłāŶ ùāťķŋƘĿāłŶ̇ ƒāĢėĞŶ Ģŭ Ö ťũĢ ŭ ƒĢŶĞ ÖłƘ ŋƦ̟ťķÖłāŶ ùāťķŋƘĿāłŶ̇ ƒāĢėĞŶ Ģŭ Ö ťũĢ-

life itself.”

¦ĞĢŭ Ģŭ łŋŶ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŶĢĿā ŶĞā ÖùĿĢłĢŭŶũÖŶĢŋł ĞÖŭ ¦ĞĢŭ Ģŭ łŋŶ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŶĢĿā ŶĞā ÖùĿĢłĢŭŶũÖŶĢŋł ĞÖŭ me concern for the mission planners.me Theconcern new ro-for the mission planners. The new rocollected names to send space. collected A similar names to send into space. A similar ver will weigh more than 1000 kilograms, ver will and every weigh more than 1000 kilograms, andinto every ėũÖĿ Ģŭ óũŽóĢÖķ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ŶĞā ĕŋķĴ ŋĕ p ĞÖƑā ĕŋėũÖĿ Ģŭ óũŽóĢÖķ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ŶĞā ĕŋķĴ ŋĕ p ĞÖƑā ĕŋÁR0 J n æç X«ÁR³ und room for an extra tiny silicon chip,und upon room which for an extra tiny silicon chip, upon which « Èz( z0 ³Á«È!ÁÈ«0 ƒĢķķ ðā ķÖŭāũ āłėũÖƑāù ̞ Ģł ķāŶŶāũŭ ˖˔ łÖłŋĿāŶũāŭ ƒĢķķ ðā ķÖŭāũ āłėũÖƑāù ̞ Ģł ķāŶŶāũŭ ˖˔ łÖłŋĿāŶũāŭ Written by EMMA BROCKERSWritten by EMMA BROCKERS ¨0« ‫ ׎׎׎ ׎׏‬ç0 «³

ÁR0 J n æç X«ÁR³ « Èz( z0 ³Á«È!ÁÈ«0 ¨0« ‫ ׎׎׎ ׎׏‬ç0 «³

Senate Armed Services OKs Space Senate Force Armed with conditions Services OKs Space Force with conditions

ŶĞā ťÖóā ŽŶŶāũƪƘ Â˓ˏ̇ ŋŶĞāũƒĢŭā Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ŶĞā ťÖóā ŽŶŶāũƪƘ

‫ ׎א‬

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

ÈÁÁ0«Inç zÈ«³0«ç xXJRÁ ³ÁXnn ÈÁÁ0«Inç zÈ«³0«ç xXJRÁ ³ÁXnn ¨« (È!0 « Èz( ‫ ׎א‬z0á ³Á«È!ÁÈ‫ٳ‬ ¨« (È!0 « Èz( ‫ ׎א‬z0á ³Á«È!ÁÈ‫ٳ‬ «0³ 0I «0 ! zà0«ÁXzJ «0³ 0I «0 ! zà0«ÁXzJ

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

Written by Sandra Erwin

¦Ğā ! ƑŋŶā Ŷŋ ÖŽŶĞŋũĢơā Ö ťÖóā Dŋũóā Ģŭ łŋŶ ŭŽũ¦Ğā ! ƑŋŶā Ŷŋ ÖŽŶĞŋũĢơā Ö ťÖóā Dŋũóā Ģŭ łŋŶ ŭŽũťũĢŭĢłė ĕũŋĿ Ö āťŽðķĢóÖł̟óŋłŶũŋķķāù āłÖŶā̍ ŽŶ ťũĢŭĢłė ĕũŋĿ Ö āťŽðķĢóÖł̟óŋłŶũŋķķāù āłÖŶā̍ ŽŶ

‫ ׎א‬

it was not seen as guaranteed given the skepticism it was not seen as guaranteed given the skepticism voiced by committee members duringvoiced a hearing by committee members during a hearing ťũĢķ ːː ƒĢŶĞ āłŶÖėŋł ŋƧóĢÖķŭ̍

ťũĢķ ːː ƒĢŶĞ āłŶÖėŋł ŋƧóĢÖķŭ̍

Á0«Inç n « ³Á «³

‫ ׏‬XnnX z ç J

CREDITS: NASA LRO WAC SCIENCE TEAM

ŋ ĿĢĿĢó̍ āŭāÖũóĞāũŭ ŶĞā ŭťāóĢāŭ ŶĞāƘ āƑŋķƑāù Ŷŋ ĿĢĿĢó̍ āŭāÖũóĞāũŭ ‫ ׏‬XnnX z ç J

CREDITS: NASA LRO WAC SCIENCE TEAM

ic and foul-tasting king them asevery bit as toxic and foul-tasting as

dispassionate extraterrestrial observer

¨ƏǕƺ ‫א‬

The beggining

¨ƏǕƺ ‫ב‬

The beggining The journey

¨ƏǕƺ ‫וٮג‬

¨ƏǕƺ ‫ב‬

Space News

The journey

¨ƏǕƺ ‫וٮג‬

Space News

¨ƏǕƺ ‫חٮז‬

ASRP

08 08 21 hɖǼɵ 2019

21 hɖǼɵ 2019

Áǝƺ àȒǣƳ zƺɯɀȵƏȵƺȸ The Void Newspaper

ADVANCED SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM WANTS YOU ADVANCED TO KNOW SPACE MORE! RESEARCH PROGRAM WANTS YOU TO KNOW MORE!

TheThe biggest biggest danger danga an an asteroid asteroid strike? strike? La

#INFORMATION ASTEROID

ķÖŭŶĢłė ÖƒÖƘ ÖŶ ĢłóŋĿĢłė ŭťÖóā ķÖŭŶĢłė ÖƒÖƘ ÖŶ ĢłóŋĿĢłė ŭťÖóā rock raises rock real raises risksreal of risks of nuclear war, nuclear experts war,say experts say ÁRX³ «ÁX³ÁX! «0z(0« I z ³Á0« X( Xx¨ !Á X³ á ç Á ¨ÁXxX³ÁX!ً 0à0z I « !R00³ç «x J0(( z x àX0³

Written by ELTON JOHN

BIG STUFF BIG STUFF Written by ELTON JOHN A big asteroid, capable of wiping out an enormo-A big asteroid, capable of wiping out an enormo-

Friends frequently count on this

Friends frequently count on this us swath of territory, would be seen coming wellus swath of territory, would be seen coming well

and his creativity whenever they

and his creativity whenever they in advance, and have generated a media frenzyin advance, and have generated a media frenzy

need help.

ÁRX³ «ÁX³ÁX! «0z(0« I z ³Á0« X( Xx¨ !Á X³ á ç Á ¨ÁXxX³ÁX!ً 0à0z I « !R00³ç «x J0(( z x àX0³

need help.

̛ÖŭŭŽĿĢłė ťāŋťķā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ðũÖłù ĢŶ Öŭ ̦ĕÖĴāłāƒư̧̜̆̍ÖŭŭŽĿĢłė ťāŋťķā ùĢùł̪Ŷ ðũÖłù ĢŶ Öŭ ̦ĕÖĴāłāƒŭ̧̜̍ Smaller ones, like the one that in 2013 explodedSmaller ones, like the one that in 2013 exploded

FŋƑāũłĿāłŶŭ Öłù ŭťÖóā ÖėāłóĢāŭ seeking to protect the Earth by changing the courses of potentially hazardous asteroids might face

ĞĢėĞ ÖðŋƑā !ĞāķƘÖðĢłŭĴ̇ ŽŭŭĢÖ̇ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ĕŋũFŋƑāũłĿāłŶŭ Öłù ŭťÖóā ÖėāłóĢāŭ ĞĢėĞ ÖðŋƑā !ĞāķƘÖðĢłŭĴ̇ ŽŭŭĢÖ̇ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ĕŋũ-

óā ŋĕ Ö ÖðŋŽŶ ˓˖ˏ ĴĢķŋŶŋłłāŭ ŋĕ ¦p¦̇ Öũā ĞÖũù Ŷŋ seeking to protect the Earth by óā ŋĕ Ö ÖðŋŽŶ ˓˖ˏ ĴĢķŋŶŋłłāŭ ŋĕ ¦p¦̇ Öũā ĞÖũù Ŷŋ predict.changing To the extent the courses we can see of potentialsomething likepredict. To the extent we can see something like

ŶĞÖŶ óŋĿĢłė Ģł̇ ÖŽĿ ŭÖƘŭ̇ ĢŶ ƒŋŽķù ðā ėŋŋù Ŷŋ ly hazardous asteroids might face ŶĞÖŶ óŋĿĢłė Ģł̇ ÖŽĿ ŭÖƘŭ̇ ĢŶ ƒŋŽķù ðā ėŋŋù Ŷŋ

major legal hurdles, even if our planet is in themajoralert legalmilitaries hurdles, even around if our the planet world isof inits theappro-alert militaries around the world of its approcrosshairs of a bolide big enough to kill millions,crosshairs ÖóĞ̇ ıŽŭŶ Ŷŋ ĿÖĴā ŭŽũā ŶĞāƘ ùŋł̪Ŷ ĿĢŭŶÖĴā ĢŶ ĕŋũ of a bolide big enough to kill millions, ÖóĞ̇ ıŽŭŶ Ŷŋ ĿÖĴā ŭŽũā ŶĞāƘ ùŋł̪Ŷ ĿĢŭŶÖĴā ĢŶ ĕŋũ expertssay.

expertssay. Ö łŽóķāÖũ ÖŶŶÖóĴ̍ ŽŶ ŶĞā ðĢėėāŭŶ ƒŋũũƘ Ģŭ Öðŋ-Ö łŽóķāÖũ ÖŶŶÖóĴ̍ ŽŶ ŶĞā ðĢėėāŭŶ ƒŋũũƘ Ģŭ Öðŋ-

złā ťũŋðķāĿ Ģŭ ƒĞÖŶ ƒŋŽķù ĞÖťťāł Ģĕ ŋłā óŋŽł-złā ťũŋðķāĿ Ģŭ ƒĞÖŶ ƒŋŽķù ĞÖťťāł Ģĕ ŋłā óŋŽłut the use of nuclear weapons against an inco-ut the use of nuclear weapons against an incotry, worried about protecting its own citizens, at-try, worried ming asteroid. about protecting At the moment, its own citizens, there areatseveralming asteroid. At the moment, there are several ŶāĿťŶāù Ŷŋ ùāƪāóŶ ŶĞā ÖŭŶāũŋĢù̇ ŭóũāƒāù Žť̇ Öłù ŶāĿťŶāù Ŷŋ ùāƪāóŶ ŶĞā ÖŭŶāũŋĢù̇ ŭóũāƒāù Žť̇ Öłù methods for diverting a bolide from its collisionmethods for diverting a bolide from its collision accidentally dumped it on a neighbour. Space law,accidentally course, dumped if it is it spotted on a neighbour. far enough Space inadvance. law, course, if it is spotted far enough inadvance. ŭÖƘŭ 'ÖƑĢù bŋťķŋƒ ŋĕ FāŋũėāŶŋƒł łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ dÖƒ ŭÖƘŭ 'ÖƑĢù bŋťķŋƒ ŋĕ FāŋũėāŶŋƒł łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ dÖƒ WARNING!

WARNING!

!āłŶũā̇ ÂÖŭĞĢłėŶŋł '!̇ Ģŭ ðÖŭāù ŋł ŶĞā ťũĢłóĢťķā !āłŶũā̇ ÂÖŭĞĢłėŶŋł '!̇ Ģŭ ðÖŭāù ŋł ŶĞā ťũĢłóĢťķā złā Ģŭ Ŷŋ ĞĢŶ ĢŶ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ĕÖŭŶ̟ĿŋƑĢłė ũŋóĴāŶ̇ ıŽŭŶ ĞÖũù złā Ģŭ Ŷŋ ĞĢŶ ĢŶ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ĕÖŭŶ̟ĿŋƑĢłė ũŋóĴāŶ̇ ıŽŭŶ ĞÖũù of strict liability. “The concept is that space acti-of strict āłŋŽėĞ Ŷŋ łŽùėā ĢŶ ĢłŶŋ ĿĢŭŭĢłė Žŭ̍ ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ liability. “The concept is that space actiāłŋŽėĞ Ŷŋ łŽùėā ĢŶ ĢłŶŋ ĿĢŭŭĢłė Žŭ̍ ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ vities are hazardous and therefore the harm sho-vities are possible hazardous to divert andittherefore by exploding the harm a nuclear sho- devi-possible to divert it by exploding a nuclear deviuld not fall on an innocent bystander,” Koplowuld not óā óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ðĢė āłŋŽėĞ fall on an innocent bystander,” Koplow óā óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ðĢė āłŋŽėĞ says. Another problem stems from the fact thatsays. Another bomb, it problem should bestems possible from to reduce the fact the that asteroidbomb, it should be possible to reduce the asteroid only a few countries have the technological abili-only ato few a spreading countries have cloudthe of rubble, technological most, if abilinot all, ofto a spreading cloud of rubble, most, if not all, of ŶƘ Ŷŋ ùāƪāóŶ Öł ĢłóŋĿĢłė ÖŭŶāũŋĢù̇ Öłù ŶĞāũā Ģŭ̇ ÖŶ ŶƘ Ŷŋ ùāƪāóŶ Öł ĢłóŋĿĢłė ÖŭŶāũŋĢù̇ Öłù ŶĞāũā Ģŭ̇ ÖŶ which should miss the planet, with the rest bur-which should miss the planet, with the rest burpresent, no international authority tasked withpresent, ning noup international harmlessly in authority the upperatmosphere. tasked with

ning up harmlessly in the upperatmosphere.

making sure everyone else is represented in themaking ¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā sure everyone else is represented in the ¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā decision-making process.

decision-making zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ łŽóķāÖũ ùāprocess. zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ łŽóķāÖũ ùā-

GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION

GEOPOLITICAL ƑĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢŶāù̍ łù ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ĿĢėĞŶ ðā SITUATION ƑĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢŶāù̍ łù ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ĿĢėĞŶ ðā

Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ !ŋũùŽķÖ ŶāĢłĴŋėķāũ̇ Ö ŭťÖóā ķÖƒ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ !ŋũùŽķÖ ŶāĢłĴŋėķāũ̇ Ö ŭťÖóā ķÖƒ ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ÖĿāłù ŶĞā ŶũāÖŶƘ ̛ŋũ ėāŶ ŶĞā p āóŽ-ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ÖĿāłù ŶĞā ŶũāÖŶƘ ̛ŋũ ėāŶ ŶĞā p āóŽāƗťāũŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ÁĢāłłÖ̇ ŽŭŶũĢÖ̇ óŽũ-āƗťāũŶ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ ÁĢāłłÖ̇ ŽŭŶũĢÖ̇ óŽũũĢŶƘ !ŋŽłóĢķ Ŷŋ ŋƑāũũĢùā ĢŶ Ģł ŶĞā āƑāłŶ ŋĕ Öł āĿāũ-ũĢŶƘ !ŋŽłóĢķ Ŷŋ ŋƑāũũĢùā ĢŶ Ģł ŶĞā āƑāłŶ ŋĕ Öł āĿāũgency) that is by no means a gimme.

̦ ĢĿťķƘ ťŽŶ̧̇ ÖŽĿ ŭÖƘŭ̇ ̦łŽóķāÖũ ùāƪāótion is incompatible with the policy goal of a world without nucķāÖũƒāÖťŋłŭ̧̍

gency) that is by no means a gimme.

Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā ťũŋĞĢðĢŶĢŋł ÖėÖĢłŭŶ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā ťũŋĞĢðĢŶĢŋł ÖėÖĢłŭŶ

̦ ĢĿťķƘ ťŽŶ̧̇ ÖŽĿ using nuclear devices in space is based on the de-using nuclear devices in space is based on the desire to prevent a nuclear arms race above the at-sire to prevent a nuclear arms race above the atŭÖƘŭ̇ ̦łŽóķāÖũ ùāƪāómosphere, and the concern that carving out anmosphere, and the concern that carving out an tion is incompatible exception might open the floodgates for mili-exception might open the floodgates for miliwith the policy goal of tarydeployments. The problem, she says, is thattarydeployments. The problem, she says, is that a world without nucMars meteorites are simply rocks, ripped out ofMars meteorites are simply rocks, ripped out of ķāÖũƒāÖťŋłŭ̧̍ ŶĞāĢũ ėāŋķŋėĢó ŭāŶŶĢłėŭ̍ ̦Rĕ ƒā ĞÖù ŭŋĿā Žłùāũ-ŶĞāĢũ ėāŋķŋėĢó ŭāŶŶĢłėŭ̍ ̦Rĕ ƒā ĞÖù ŭŋĿā Žłùāũstanding of the context in which the rocks for-standing of the context in which the rocks for-

med,” she adds, “we would be able to determinemed,” she adds, “we would be able to determine ũāłŶ ŶũāÖŶĢāŭ ùŋł̪Ŷ āƑāł ũāŨŽĢũā łÖŶĢŋłŭ Ŷŋ ŭĞÖũā ũāłŶ ŶũāÖŶĢāŭ ùŋł̪Ŷ āƑāł ũāŨŽĢũā łÖŶĢŋłŭ Ŷŋ ŭĞÖũā whether the biological or abiological hypothesis whether the biological or abiological hypothesis information about such hazards, let alone act toinformation about such hazards, let alone act to was correct. problem with meteorites protect each other. Shenotes, however, that theprotect each other.The Shenotes, however, that the is wewas correct. The problem with meteorites is we ùŋł̪Ŷ ĞÖƑā ŶĞÖŶ óŋłŶāƗŶ̧̍ łĢŶāù pÖŶĢŋłŭ óĞÖũŶāũ ùŋāŭ āŭŶÖðķĢŭĞ Ö ̦ƑāũƘ ėā-łĢŶāù pÖŶĢŋłŭ óĞÖũŶāũ ùŋāŭ āŭŶÖðķĢŭĞ Ö ̦ƑāũƘ ėāCulture rich in heavy atoms great turbulent clouds cosmic fugue rogue rings ofUranus.

ùŋł̪Ŷ ĞÖƑā ŶĞÖŶ óŋłŶāƗŶ̧̍

¦ĞĢŭ ťũŋðķāĿ̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̇ ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ÖťťķƘ Ŷŋ ũŋƑāũŭ neral” duty for them to act toward solving inter-neral”¦ĞĢŭ ťũŋðķāĿ̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̇ ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ÖťťķƘ Ŷŋ ũŋƑāũŭ duty for them to act toward solving interCulture rich in heavy atoms

operating on the surface of Mars, which might beoperating on the surface of Mars, which ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ùĢmight be łÖŶĢŋłÖķ ťũŋðķāĿŭ ŶĞÖŶ ÖƦāóŶ āóŋłŋĿĢó̇ ŭŋóĢÖķ̇ łÖŶĢŋłÖķ ťũŋðķāĿŭ ŶĞÖŶ ÖƦāóŶ āóŋłŋĿĢó̇ ŭŋóĢÖķ̇ great turbulent clouds cosmic

cultural, educational, and healthwellbeing. fugue rogue rings ofUranus.

able to detect imprints left by entire colonies ofable to detect imprints left by entire vertcolonies it by exploding of a nuclear cultural, educational, and healthwellbeing.

ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ùĢvert it by exploding a nuclear

microbes. one microorganism,” says Vago,microbes. “Not one microorganism,” ùāƑĢóā óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ says Vago, Failure to share information can be more thanFailure to share “Not information can be more than

ùāƑĢóā óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇

“but billions of them.” just an inconvenience. To start with, says Petrjust an inconvenience. To start with, says Petr

“but billions of them.”

with a big enough bomb, it should be

WHAT THEY ARE? ŋĞ×õāĴ̇ ŋĕ !ĞÖũķāŭ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ Ģł ũÖėŽā Ģł ŶĞā ŋĞ×õāĴ̇ ŋĕ !ĞÖũķāŭ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ Ģł ũÖėŽā Ģł ŶĞā

WHAT THEY ARE?

possible to reduce the asteroid to a spre-

ŭŶāũŋĢùŭ Öũā ùĢƦāũāłŶĢÖŶāù ĕũŋĿ óŋĿāŶŭ Öłù Ŀā- ŭŶāũŋĢùŭ Öũā ùĢƦāũāłŶĢÖŶāù ĕũŋĿ óŋĿāŶŭ Öłù Ŀāading cloud of rubble, most, if not all, of !ơāóĞ āťŽðķĢó̇ ĢŶ óŋŽķù ĿÖĴā óŋŽłŶũĢāŭ ƒŋłùāũ !ơāóĞ āťŽðķĢó̇ ĢŶ óŋŽķù ĿÖĴā óŋŽłŶũĢāŭ ƒŋłùāũ

ading cloud of rubble, most, if not all, of

ŶāŋũŋĢùŭ̍ Rł ŶĞā óÖŭā ŋĕ óŋĿāŶŭ̇ ŶĞā ùĢƦāũāłóā Ģŭ ŶāŋũŋĢùŭ̍ Rł ŶĞā óÖŭā ŋĕ óŋĿāŶŭ̇ ŶĞā ùĢƦāũāłóā Ģŭ which should miss the planet, with the rest which should miss the planet, with the rest if, instead of international cooperation, the ruleif, instead of international cooperation, the rule ŋłā ŋĕ óŋĿťŋŭĢŶĢŋł̆ ƒĞĢķā ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ Öũā ĿÖĢłķƘ ŋłā ŋĕ óŋĿťŋŭĢŶĢŋł̆ ƒĞĢķā ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ Öũā ĿÖĢłķƘ burning up harmlessly in the upper atmosphe-burning up harmlessly in the upper atmospheĢŭ ÖóŶŽÖķķƘ āƑāũƘŋłā ĕŋũ ŶĞāĿŭāķƑāŭ̍ RŶ̪ŭ Ö ťÖũŶĢ-Ģŭ ÖóŶŽÖķķƘ āƑāũƘŋłā ĕŋũ ŶĞāĿŭāķƑāŭ̍ RŶ̪ŭ Ö ťÖũŶĢcomposed mineralhe and rock, comets are pri-composed of mineral and rock, comets ũā̍¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ are priũā̍¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ cularly important problem, he says, because thecularly importantofproblem, says, because the marily dust and ice. may Furthermore, marily composed of dust and ice.ŋĕ ŶĞā zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ Furthermore, ŋĕ ŶĞā zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ nations at risk of being hit by an asteroid may notnations at riskcomposed of being hitofby an asteroid not formed closer to the sun, preventing preventing the łŽóķāÖũ ùāƑĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢŶāù̍ łù ƒĞĢbe the ones with the greatest geopolitical power.be theasteroids ones with the greatest geopolitical power. theasteroids formed closer to the sun,łŽóķāÖũ ùāƑĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢŶāù̍ łù ƒĞĢùāƑāķŋťĿāłŶ ŋĕ óŋĿāŶÖũƘ Ģóā̍ ¦Ğā ùĢƦāũāłóā ðāùāƑāķŋťĿāłŶ ŋĕ óŋĿāŶÖũƘ Ģóā̍ ¦Ğā ùĢƦāũāłóā ðāle it might be possible to amend the treaty (orle it might be possible to amend the treaty (or “Asteroids do not discriminate,” he notes. The na“Asteroids do not discriminate,” he notes. The natween asteroids and meteoroids is mainly ėāŶ ŶĞā p āóŽũĢŶƘ !ŋŽłóĢķ Ŷŋ ŋƑāũũĢùā ĢŶ Ģł mainly one of ėāŶ ŶĞā p āóŽũĢŶƘ !ŋŽłóĢķ Ŷŋ ŋƑāũũĢùā ĢŶ Ģł tion-state concept of sovereignty, he adds, datestion-state concept of sovereignty, he adds, datesone oftween asteroids and meteoroids is back several hundred years.

ŭĢơā̆ ĿāŶāŋũŋĢùŭ ĞÖƑā Ö ùĢÖĿāŶāũ ŋĕ ŋłā ĿāŶāũ ŋũ ŭĢơā̆ ĿāŶāŋũŋĢùŭ ĞÖƑā Ö ùĢÖĿāŶāũ ŋĕ ŋłā ĿāŶāũ ŋũ the event of an emergency) that is by no me-the event of an emergency) that is by no meback several hundred years.

ANY RISK?

less, whereas asteroids have a diameter of greaterless, whereas asteroids have a diameter Öłŭ Ö ėĢĿĿā̍ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā ťũŋĞĢof greater Öłŭ Ö ėĢĿĿā̍ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā ťũŋĞĢķāÖũ ùāƑĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢANY RISK?

than one meter. Finally, meteoroids can be com-than one meter. Finally, meteoroids bition canagainst be com-using nuclear devices in space isbitionted. against Andusing whilenuclear it might devices be posin space is ̦R̪Ŀ łŋŶ ŭŽũā Ğŋƒ ĿÖłƘ óŋłóāťŶŭ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŭā̦R̪Ŀ łŋŶ ŭŽũā Ğŋƒ ĿÖłƘ óŋłóāťŶŭ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŭāposed of either cometary or asteroidal materials.posed of either cometary or asteroidal basedmaterials. on the desire to prevent a nuclear armsbasedŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ÖĿāłù ŶĞā ŶũāÖŶƘ ̛ŋũ ėāŶ ŶĞā p on the desire to prevent a nuclear arms venteenth century you use in your decision-ma-venteenth century you use in your decision-ma-

ķāÖũ ùāƑĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢted. And while it might be posŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ÖĿāłù ŶĞā ŶũāÖŶƘ ̛ŋũ ėāŶ ŶĞā p

złķƘ ŋłā ÖŭŶāũŋĢù̇ ˓ ÁāŭŶÖ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ĞÖŭ Ö ũāķÖŶĢƑāķƘ race above the atmosphere, and the concernrace above āóŽũĢŶƘ !ŋŽłóĢķ Ŷŋ ŋƑāũũĢùā ĢŶ Ģł ŶĞā āƑāłŶ ŋĕ the atmosphere, and the concern āóŽũĢŶƘ !ŋŽłóĢķ Ŷŋ ŋƑāũũĢùā ĢŶ Ģł ŶĞā āƑāłŶ ŋĕ king,” he says, “but making decisions for pla-king,”złķƘ ŋłā ÖŭŶāũŋĢù̇ ˓ ÁāŭŶÖ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ĞÖŭ Ö ũāķÖŶĢƑāķƘ he says, “but making decisions for plaũāƪāóŶĢƑā ŭŽũĕÖóā̇ Ģŭ łŋũĿÖķķƘ ƑĢŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ŶĞā łÖũāƪāóŶĢƑā ŭŽũĕÖóā̇ Ģŭ łŋũĿÖķķƘ ƑĢŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ŶĞā łÖthat carving out an exception might open thethat carving an emergency) out an exception that is bymight no means open agimme. the an emergency) that is by no means agimme. netary defence based on this dinosaur methodnetary defence based on this dinosaur method ked eye, and this only inbe very when it isked eye, and this only in very darkƪŋŋùėÖŶāŭ ĕŋũ ĿĢķĢŶÖũƘ ùāťķŋƘĿāłŶŭ̍ ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ skies when it is ƪŋŋùėÖŶāŭ ĕŋũ ĿĢķĢŶÖũƘ ùāťķŋƘĿāłŶŭ̍ ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā ťũŋĞĢðĢŶĢŋł ÖėÖ- Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā ťũŋĞĢðĢŶĢŋł ÖėÖof decision-making may not be the best choice.”of decision-making may not thedark bestskies choice.”

ĕÖƑŋũÖðķƘ ťŋŭĢŶĢŋłāù̍ ÖũāķƘ̇ ŭĿÖķķ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ťÖŭĕÖƑŋũÖðķƘ ťŋŭĢŶĢŋłāù̍ ÖũāķƘ̇ ŭĿÖķķ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ ťÖŭalso possible to divert it by exploding a nuc-also possible inst using to nuclear divert itdevices by exploding in space a nucis based oninst using nuclear devices in space is based on Another problem is that the nation hit by an aste-Another problem is that the nation hit by an asteÂ˓ˏ̇ ŋŶĞāũƒĢŭā Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ŶĞā ťÖóā ŽŶŶāũƪƘ Â˓ˏ̇ ŋŶĞā sing close Earth may be theretanaked eyesing close to Earth may be visible to ķāÖũ ùāƑĢóā óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ƒĢŶĞ the naked eye ķāÖũ ùāƑĢóā óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ƒĢŶĞ the desire to prevent a nuclear arms race abovethe desire to prevent a nuclear arms race above roid might see it as an attack by a foe, and reta-roid might see ittoas an attack byvisible a foe,to and ĕŋũ Ö ŭĞŋũŶ ŶĢĿā̙̍˕̚ ŭ ŋĕ zóŶŋðāũ ˑˏː˖̇ ŶĞā mĢłŋũ ĕŋũ Ö ŭĞŋũŶ ŶĢĿā̙̍˕̚ ŭ ŋĕ zóŶŋðāũ ˑˏː˖̇ ŶĞā mĢłŋũ a big enough bomb, it should be possible to re-a big enough the atmosphere, bomb, it should and the beconcern possiblethat to recarvingthe atmosphere, and the concern that carving ķĢÖŶā̍ ̦̙RŶ̚ óŋŽķù ķŋŋĴ ķĢĴā ŶĞā ùÖĿÖėā ŋĕ Ö łŽóķā-ķĢÖŶā̍ ̦̙RŶ̚ óŋŽķù ķŋŋĴ ķĢĴā ŶĞā ùÖĿÖėā ŋĕ Ö łŽóķā ķÖłāŶ !āłŶāũ ĞÖù ùÖŶÖ ŋł ÖķĿŋŭŶ ˖˓˔̇ˏˏˏ ŋðıāóŶŭ ķÖłāŶ !āłŶāũ ĞÖù ùÖŶÖ ŋł ÖķĿŋŭŶ ˖˓˔̇ˏˏˏ ŋðıāóŶŭ duce the asteroid to a spreading cloud of rub-duce the outasteroid an exception to a spreading might open cloud the offloodgates rubout an exception might open the floodgates Öũ ÖŶŶÖóĴ̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ āŶĞ ÖŽĿ̇ āƗāóŽŶĢƑā ùĢũāóŶŋũ ŋĕ Öũ ÖŶŶÖóĴ̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ āŶĞ ÖŽĿ̇ āƗāóŽŶĢƑā ùĢũāóŶŋũ ŋĕ in the inner and outer Solar System, of which al-in the inner and outer Solar System, ble,of most, which ifalnot all, of which should miss theble, most, ĕŋũ ĿĢķĢŶÖũƘùāťķŋƘĿāłŶŭ̍ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ if not all, of which should miss the ĕŋũ ĿĢķĢŶÖũƘùāťķŋƘĿāłŶŭ̍ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā FķŋðÖķ !ÖŶÖŭŶũŋťĞĢó ĢŭĴ RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā̇ Ö ̟ðÖ-ŶĞā FķŋðÖķ !ÖŶÖŭŶũŋťĞĢó ĢŭĴ RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā̇ Ö ̟ðÖmosttank, 504,000 enough information to be gi-most 504,000 had enough information planet,to with be githe rest burning up harmlessly inplanet, the with prohibition the rest burning againstup using harmlessly nuclearin devicesthe prohibition against using nuclear devices sed think tank, “so the prospect [of] a counte-sed think “so had the prospect [of] a counteƑāł łŽĿðāũāù ùāŭĢėłÖŶĢŋłŭ̍ ¦Ğā łĢŶāù pÖŶĢŋłŭ Ƒāł łŽĿðāũāù ùāŭĢėłÖŶĢŋłŭ̍ ¦Ğā łĢŶāù pÖŶĢŋłŭ the upper atmosphere. rattack seems like something worth taking veryrattack seems like something worth taking very

the upper in space atmosphere. is based on the desire to prevent a nuc-in space is based on the desire to prevent a nuc-

ùāóķÖũāù ˒ˏ `Žłā Öŭ RłŶāũłÖŶĢŋłÖķ ŭŶāũŋĢù 'ÖƘ Ŷŋ ùāóķÖũāù ˒ˏ `Žłā Öŭ RłŶāũłÖŶĢŋłÖķ ŭŶāũŋĢù 'ÖƘ Ŷŋ ¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ ŋĕ ¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ ŋĕ lear arms race above the atmosphere, and thelear arms race above the atmosphere, and the ŭāũĢŋŽŭķƘ̧̍ RũŋłĢóÖķķƘ̇ ŶĞā ũĢŭĴ ŋĕ ŶĞĢŭ Ģŭ ťũŋðÖ-ŭāũĢŋŽŭķƘ̧̍ RũŋłĢóÖķķƘ̇ ŶĞā ũĢŭĴ ŋĕ ŶĞĢŭ Ģŭ ťũŋðÖāùŽóÖŶā ŶĞā ťŽðķĢó ÖðŋŽŶ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ̍ ¦Ğā ùÖŶā ŋĕ RłāùŽóÖŶā ŶĞā ťŽðķĢó ÖðŋŽŶ ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ̍ ¦Ğā ùÖŶā ŋĕ RłŶĞā zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ łŽó-ŶĞā zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ łŽóconcern that carving out an exception mightconcern that carving out an exception might bly inversely proportional to the size ofasteroid.bly inversely proportional to the size ofasteroid.

¨ƏǕƺ ‫׏׏ٮ׎׏‬

Attitude

¨ƏǕƺ ‫ב׏ٮא׏‬

Cosmic Buissnes

¨ƏǕƺ ‫ב׏ٮא׏‬

¨ƏǕƺ ‫ד׏ٮג׏‬

Cosmic Buissnes ZERO-G Sports

¨ƏǕƺ ‫ד׏ٮג׏‬

¨ƏǕƺ ‫ה׏‬

ZERO-G Sports Weather

Weather

09 ùƑÖłóāù ťũÖóā āŭāÖũóĞ ũŋėũÖĿ ùƑÖłóāù ťũÖóā āŭāÖũóĞ ũŋėũÖĿ ‫ ׏א‬July ‫ ח׏׎א‬

Áǝƺ àȒǣƳ zƺɯɀȵƏȵƺȸ The Void Newspaper

09 ‫ ׏א‬July ‫ ח׏׎א‬

out about awyers yers #NASA #OPPORTUNITY

#NASA #OPPORTUNITY

ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ùĢƑāũŶ ĢŶ ðƘ āƗťķŋùĢłė Ö łŽó ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ùĢƑāũŶ ĢŶ ðƘ āƗťķŋùĢłė Ö łŽó-

The end The end

ķāÖũ ùāƑĢóā óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ðĢė ķāÖũ ùāƑĢóā óķŋŭā Ŷŋ ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ðĢė enough bomb, it should be possible to reduce the enough bomb, it should be possible to reduce the

asteroid to a spreading cloud of rubble, most, if not asteroid to a spreading cloud of rubble, most, if not all, of which should miss the planet, with the rest all, of which should miss the planet, with the rest

burning up harmlessly in the upper atmosphere. burning up harmlessly in the upper atmosphere.

¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā

zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ łŽóķāÖũ ùāƑĢzŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ łŽóķāÖũ ùāƑĢ-

óāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢŶāù̍ łù ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ĿĢėĞŶ ðā ťŋŭŭĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢŶāù̍ łù ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ĿĢėĞŶ ðā ťŋŭŭĢ-

ðķā Ŷŋ ÖĿāłù ŶĞā ŶũāÖŶƘ ̛ŋũ ėāŶ ŶĞā p āóŽũĢŶƘ !ŋðķā Ŷŋ ÖĿāłù ŶĞā ŶũāÖŶƘ ̛ŋũ ėāŶ ŶĞā p āóŽũĢŶƘ !ŋuncil to override it in the event of an emergency) uncil to override it in the event of an emergency)

And thus, on the rim of a deep crater a very long And thus, on the rim of a deep crater a very long

ŶĞÖŶ Ģŭ ðƘ łŋ ĿāÖłŭ Ö ėĢĿĿā̍ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞÖŶ Ģŭ ðƘ łŋ ĿāÖłŭ Ö ėĢĿĿā̍ Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇

way from home, the story ended. This image, re-way from home, the story ended. This image, re-

the prohibition against using nuclear devices in the prohibition against using nuclear devices in

leased by NASA, shows the 45 kilometre journey leased by NASA, shows the 45 kilometre journey

space is based on the desire to prevent a nuclear arms race above the atmosphere, and

the concern that carving out an excep-

tion might open the floodgates for

ŶÖĴāł ðƘ ŶĞā mÖũŭ ũŋƑāũ zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ̇ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶŭ

ŭŶÖũŶ̟ťŋĢłŶ łāÖũ 1Öėķā !ũÖŶāũ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ťŋĢłŶ Ģł āũ- ŭŶÖũŶ̟ťŋĢłŶ łāÖũ 1Öėķā !ũÖŶāũ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ťŋĢłŶ Ģł āũseverance Valley, right on the edge of the enormoseverance Valley, right on the edge of the enormoŽŭ 1łùāÖƑŋŽũ !ũÖŶāũ̇ ƒĞāł ÖĕŶāũ ŭāłùĢłė ŋłā ķÖŭŶ Žŭ 1łùāÖƑŋŽũ !ũÖŶāũ̇ ƒĞāł ÖĕŶāũ ŭāłùĢłė ŋłā ķÖŭŶ message to its engineer care-givers on Earth, it message to its engineer care-givers on Earth, it fell forever silent. The end came when it was en- fell forever silent. The end came when it was enėŽķĕāù Ģł Ö ėĢÖłŶ ŭÖłùŭŶŋũĿ Ģł `Žłā ˑˏː˗̇ ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ėŽķĕāù Ģł Ö ėĢÖłŶ ŭÖłùŭŶŋũĿ Ģł `Žłā ˑˏː˗̇ ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ was in the process of movry 2019, unable to raise was in the process of movry 2019, unable to raise ŶĞā ùŋũĿÖłŶ ĿÖóĞĢłā̇ p ùāóķÖũāù zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶĞā ùŋũĿÖłŶ ĿÖóĞĢłā̇ p ùāóķÖũāù zťťŋũŶŽłĢty dead, and its 15 year mission over. And thus, onty dead, and its 15 year mission over. And thus, on the rim of a deep crater a very long way from home, the rim of a deep crater a very long way from home, the story ended. This image, released by NASA, the story ended. This image, released by NASA, shows the 45 kilometre journey taken by the Mars shows the 45 kilometre journey taken by the Mars ũŋƑāũ zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ̇ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶŭ ŭŶÖũŶ̟ťŋĢłŶ łāÖũ 1Öėķā ũŋƑāũ zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ̇ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶŭ ŭŶÖũŶ̟ťŋĢłŶ łāÖũ 1Öėķā !ũÖŶāũ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ťŋĢłŶ Ģł āũŭāƑāũÖłóā ÁÖķķāƘ̇ ũĢėĞŶ ŋł !ũÖŶāũ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ťŋĢłŶ Ģł āũŭāƑāũÖłóā ÁÖķķāƘ̇ ũĢėĞŶ ŋł ŶĞā āùėā ŋĕ ŶĞā āłŋũĿŋŽŭ 1łùāÖƑŋŽũ !ũÖŶāũ̇ ƒĞāł ŶĞā āùėā ŋĕ ŶĞā āłŋũĿŋŽŭ 1łùāÖƑŋŽũ !ũÖŶāũ̇ ƒĞāł after sending one last message to its engineer ca-after sending one last message to its engineer care-givers on Earth, it fell forever silent. The end re-givers on Earth, it fell forever silent. The end came when it was engulfed in a giant sandstorm came when it was engulfed in a giant sandstorm Ģł `Žłā ˑˏː˗̇ ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ƒÖŭ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋóāŭŭ ŋĕ ĿŋƑĢłė Ģł `Žłā ˑˏː˗̇ ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ƒÖŭ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋóāŭŭ ŋĕ ĿŋƑĢłė

XI ÁRX³ Áç¨0 I ÁR0 0à0zÁ !‫ٳ‬ !È«0( Xz ÁR0 z0 « IÈÁÈ«0 á0 xXJRÁ 0 (0 nXzJ áXÁR ³ x0 z z‫(ٳ‬0³!«X n0 ( x J0 Á ÁR0 ¨n z0Á

military deployments.

XI ÁRX³ Áç¨0 I ÁR0 0à0zÁ !‫ٳ‬ !È«0( Xz ÁR0 z0 « IÈÁÈ«0 á0 xXJRÁ 0 (0 nXzJ áXÁR ³ x0 z z‫(ٳ‬0³!«X n0 ( x J0 Á ÁR0 ¨n z0Á

military deployments.

ŽŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Öķŭŋ ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ

divert it by exploding

a nuclear device close to

ĢŶŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ Rł ĕÖóŶ̇ ƒĢŶĞ Ö ðĢė

enough bomb, it should be

possible to reduce the asteroid to

a spreading cloud of rubble, most, if

not all, of which should miss the pla-

net, with the rest burning up harmlessly in the upper atmosphere.

net, with the rest burning up harmlessly ¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ ŋĕ

ŶĞā zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ łŽóķāÖũ ŶĞā zŽŶāũ ťÖóā ¦ũāÖŶƘ ŋĕ ː˘˕˖̇ ŶĞā Žŭā ŋĕ łŽóķāÖũ

to raise the dormant machine, NASA declared

zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ ̍

JOURNEY TO HOME

ong way from home, the story ended. This ima- ong way from home, the story ended. This image, released by NASA, shows the 45 kilometre

ge, released by NASA, shows the 45 kilometre

ıŋŽũłāƘ ŶÖĴāł ðƘ ŶĞā mÖũŭ ũŋƑāũ zťťŋũŶŽłĢ-

ŶƘ̇ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶŭ ŭŶÖũŶ̟ťŋĢłŶ łāÖũ 1Öėķā !ũÖŶāũ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ŶƘ̇ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶŭ ŭŶÖũŶ̟ťŋĢłŶ łāÖũ 1Öėķā !ũÖŶāũ Ŷŋ ŶĞā point in Perseverance Valley, right on the edge

point in Perseverance Valley, right on the edge

ŋĕ ŶĞā āłŋũĿŋŽŭ 1łùāÖƑŋŽũ !ũÖŶāũ̇ ƒĞāł ÖĕŶāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā āłŋũĿŋŽŭ 1łùāÖƑŋŽũ !ũÖŶāũ̇ ƒĞāł ÖĕŶāũ sending one last message to its engineer care-gi-sending one last message to its engineer care-givers on Earth, it fell forever silent. The end came vers on Earth, it fell forever silent. The end came when it was engulfed in a giant sandstorm in

when it was engulfed in a giant sandstorm in

`Žłā ˑˏː˗̇ ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ƒÖŭ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋóāŭŭ ŋĕ ĿŋƑĢłė `Žłā ˑˏː˗̇ ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ƒÖŭ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋóāŭŭ ŋĕ ĿŋƑĢłė ŭķŋƒķƘ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā óũÖŶāũ̍ Rł DāðũŽÖũƘ ˑˏː˘̇ ŽłÖ-

ble to raise the dormant machine, NASA dec-

ķÖũāù zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ ùāÖù̇ Öłù ĢŶŭ ː˔ ƘāÖũ ĿĢŭ-

ùāƑĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢŶāù̍ łù ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ĿĢėĞŶ ðā ùāƑĢóāŭ Ģŭ ƪÖŶķƘ ťũŋĞĢðĢŶāù̍ łù ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ĿĢėĞŶ ðā

sion over. And thus, on the rim of a deep crater

ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ÖĿāłù ŶĞā ŶũāÖŶƘ ̛ŋũ ėāŶ ŶĞā p āóŽũĢŶƘ ťŋŭŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ÖĿāłù ŶĞā ŶũāÖŶƘ ̛ŋũ ėāŶ ŶĞā p āóŽũĢŶƘ

a very long way from home, the storyended.

!ŋŽłóĢķ Ŷŋ ŋƑāũũĢùā ĢŶ Ģł ŶĞā āƑāłŶ ŋĕ Öł āĿāũėāłóƘ̜ !ŋŽłóĢķ Ŷŋ ŋƑāũũĢùā ĢŶ Ģł ŶĞā āƑāłŶ ŋĕ Öł āĿāũėāłóƘ̜

This image, released by NASA, shows the 45 kiThis image, released by NASA, shows the 45 ki-

that is by no means a gimme.

ķŋĿāŶũā ıŋŽũłāƘ ŶÖĴāł ðƘ ŶĞā mÖũŭ ũŋƑāũ zťťŋũķŋĿāŶũā ıŋŽũłāƘ ŶÖĴāł ðƘ ŶĞā mÖũŭ ũŋƑāũ zťťŋũ-

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

to raise the dormant machine, NASA declared

ŭķŋƒķƘ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā óũÖŶāũ̍ Rł DāðũŽÖũƘ ˑˏː˘̇ ŽłÖ-

in the upper atmosphere.

¦Ğāũā̪ŭ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťũŋðķāĿ̆ Žłùāũ ŶĞā ŶāũĿŭ ŋĕ

ŭķŋƒķƘ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā óũÖŶāũ̍ Rł DāðũŽÖũƘ ˑˏː˘̇ ŽłÖðķā ŭķŋƒķƘ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā óũÖŶāũ̍ Rł DāðũŽÖũƘ ˑˏː˘̇ ŽłÖðķā

that is by no means a gimme.

Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā ťũŋĞĢðĢŶĢŋł ÖėÖĢłŭŶ ŽŭĢłė Rł ťÖũŶ̇ ŭÖƘŭ bŋťķŋƒ̇ ŶĞā ťũŋĞĢðĢŶĢŋł ÖėÖĢłŭŶ ŽŭĢłė

ŶŽłĢŶƘ̇ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶŭ ŭŶÖũŶ̟ťŋĢłŶ łāÖũ 1Öėķā !ũÖŶŽłĢŶƘ̇ ĕũŋĿ ĢŶŭ ŭŶÖũŶ̟ťŋĢłŶ łāÖũ 1Öėķā !ũÖ-

nuclear devices in space is based on the desire to nuclear devices in space is based on the desire to

ter to the point in Perseverance Valley, right on ter to the point in Perseverance Valley, right on

prevent a nuclear arms race above the atmosphere, prevent a nuclear arms race above the atmosphere,

ŶĞā āùėā ŋĕ ŶĞā āłŋũĿŋŽŭ 1łùāÖƑŋŽũ !ũÖŶāũ̇ ŶĞā āùėā ŋĕ ŶĞā āłŋũĿŋŽŭ 1łùāÖƑŋŽũ !ũÖŶāũ̇

and the concern that carving out an exception miand the concern that carving out an exception mi-

when after sending one last message to its enwhen after sending one last message to its en-

ėĞŶ ŋťāł ŶĞā ƪŋŋùėÖŶāŭ ĕŋũ ĿĢķĢŶÖũƘ ùāťķŋƘĿāłŶŭ̍ ėĞŶ ŋťāł ŶĞā ƪŋŋùėÖŶāŭ ĕŋũ ĿĢķĢŶÖũƘ ùāťķŋƘĿāłŶŭ̍

gineer care-givers on Earth, it fell forever silent gineer care-givers on Earth, it fell forever silent THE END.

THE END.

The end came when it was engulfed in a giant sandThe end came when it was engulfed in a giant sandŭŶŋũĿ Ģł `Žłā ˑˏː˗̇ ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ƒÖŭ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋóāŭŭ ŋĕ ŭŶŋũĿ Ģł `Žłā ˑˏː˗̇ ƒĞĢķā ĢŶ ƒÖŭ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋóāŭŭ ŋĕ ĿŋƑĢłė ŭķŋƒķƘ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā óũÖŶāũ̍ Rł DāðũŽÖũƘ ˑˏː˘̇ ĿŋƑĢłė ŭķŋƒķƘ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā óũÖŶāũ̍ Rł DāðũŽÖũƘ ˑˏː˘̇ unable to raise the dormant machine, NASA decunable to raise the dormant machine, NASA decķÖũāù zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ ùāÖù̇ Öłù ĢŶŭ ː˔ ƘāÖũ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł ķÖũāù zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ ùāÖù̇ Öłù ĢŶŭ ː˔ ƘāÖũ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł over. and its 15 year mission over.Eriant et et re ius over. and its 15 year mission over.Eriant et et re ius sitionsequis mil in culparu ptatium es ipsum eos sitionsequis mil in culparu ptatium es ipsum eos es maxim venia volupta in rem re sedipsamus apies maxim venia volupta in rem re sedipsamus apiciis utes earchilicium quasit auditin ctibus ipidebit ciis utes earchilicium quasit auditin ctibus ipidebit ŋƧóÖð Ģŭ ĿÖėłÖŶŽũ ÖŽŶ ÖŽŶ āŭŶĢÖ óŋũ ũÖŶā łŋŭ ĢĿā ŋƧóÖð Ģŭ ĿÖėłÖŶŽũ ÖŽŶ ÖŽŶ āŭŶĢÖ óŋũ ũÖŶā łŋŭ ĢĿā Written by Amy Lawrence A long day’s journey into night: Opportunity’stravels. A long day’s journey into night: Opportunity’stravels.

Written by Amy Lawrence

¨ƏǕƺ ‫א‬

The beggining

¨ƏǕƺ ‫וٮג‬

¨ƏǕƺ ‫ב‬

¨ƏǕƺ ‫חٮז‬

Space News

The journey

ASRP

Attitude

21 hɖǼɵ 2019

Áǝƺ àȒǣƳ zƺɯɀȵƏȵƺȸ

EVEN SCIENTISTS GET THE ATTITUDE

Let’s go back to the black holes

#BLACKHOLES #RESEARCH

Pulsars are some of the most accurate clocks we have in the universe, ŭÖƘŭ ũÖù ¦ŽóĴāũ̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ Öłù óŋŭĿŋķŋėĢŭŶ at Australian National University Öðķā Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ĢŶ̍ RŶ Ģŭ̇ ĞŋƒāƑāũ̇ ėāŶŶĢłė óķŋŭā̍ ̦Âā Öũā expecting that within the next three to four years,

Friends frequently count on this

we will be able to detect this, depending on how

and his creativity whenever they

strong it actually is,” Simon says. The goal, he adds,

need help.

Ģŭ ƑāũƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞÖŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā dRFz ťũŋıāóŶ ̛Öłù cessfully used multi-kilometer-long laser detectors

ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ ũāťŋũŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞāƘ̪ù

to spot the much more rapid gravitational-wave

managed to turn the entire Earth

oscillations created by the mergers of much smal-

into a giant virtual telescope that allowed them

ķāũ ̛ŭŶāķķÖũ ĿÖŭŭ̜ ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ Öłù łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũŭ RŶ̪ŭ

to make an image of a supermassive black hole

Öķŭŋ Ö ƒŋũķù ÖťÖũŶ ĕũŋĿ Ö ťũŋıāóŶ ÖŶ dŋŽĢŭĢÖłÖ ŶÖŶā

55 million light years away. Now, another gro-

łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ ÖŶŋł ŋŽėā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ĞÖŭ ðŽĢķŶ Ö ̦ŶÖðķā-

Culture the carbon in our apple

up of black hole researchers is reporting on a way

̟Ŷŋţ̌ ƑāũŭĢŋł ŋĕ dRFz ŶĞÖŶ ĢłóŋũťŋũÖŶāŭ āƗŶũāĿāķƘ

pies intelligent beings the

to turn our entire galaxy into an even more gar-

tiny mirrors, about the diameter of a human hair,

only home we’ve ever known

gantuan black hole detector – this time lo-

Ģł Öł āƦŋũŶ Ŷŋ ũÖŶóĞāŶ Žť ŶĞā ŭāłŭĢŶĢƑĢŶƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā łāƗŶ

oking for pairs of such supermassive black ho-

ũŋŽłù ŋĕ ÖùƑÖłóāù ùāŶāóŶŋũŭ Žŭāù Ģł dRFz Öłù ÁĢũėŋ

les, orbiting each other in distant galaxies.

ŶĞāĿŭāķƑāŭ̍ ŽŶ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑā ũāŭāÖũóĞāũŭ ŋĕ

GRAVITY

Öķķ ŶƘťāŭ Öũā ĢĿťũāŭŭāù ðƘ p pzFũÖƑ̪ŭ ƑĢŭĢŋł̦̍¦Ğā

¦Ğā ťũŋıāóŶ̇ óÖķķāù p pzFũÖƑ̇ ƒÖŭ ùāŭóũĢðāù ÖŶ

ƒŋũĴ ŶĞÖŶ p pzFũÖƑ ùŋāŭ Ģŭ ĕÖłŶÖŭŶĢó̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ¦Ğŋ-

a meeting of the American Physical Society in De-

ĿÖŭ !ŋũðĢŶŶ̇ ķāÖùāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā dŋŽĢŭĢÖłÖ ŶÖŶā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ

łƑāũ̇ !ŋķŋũÖùŋ̍ RŶ Ģŭ ÖŶŶāĿťŶĢłė Ŷŋ ŭťŋŶ ŭŽťāũĿÖŭ-

ŶāÖĿ̍ ̦RŶ̪ŭ ÖĿÖơĢłė Ŷŋ ŭāā ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ťĞƘŭĢóŭ ėŋ-

ŭĢƑā ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķā ťÖĢũŭ ƑĢÖ ŶĞā āƦāóŶ ŋĕ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ

Ƒāũłŭ ŶĞāŭā ƑÖŭŶķƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ̧̍ ̦¦ĞĢŭ Ģŭ ƘāŶ

waves created by them on a class of astronomical

another clever way to probe extreme environments

ŋðıāóŶŭ Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ĿĢķķĢŭāóŋłù ťŽķŭÖũŭ̍ FũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋ-

in space,” adds Tucker. “These are the sorts of ideas

nal waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time,

that get me excited – using a precise observation for

created by movements of massive objects, inclu-

ŭŋĿāŶĞĢłė óŋĿťķāŶāķƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ̞ ĿŽóĞ ķĢĴā Ğŋƒ

ding black holes.

the Kepler Space Telescope, which was designed to

BLACKHOLES AND PULSARS

Ʃłù ťķÖłāŶŭ̇ ĞÖŭ Ŷŋķù Žŭ Ö ķŋŶ ÖðŋŽŶ āƗťķŋùĢłė ŭŶÖũŭ

These waves cause space to expand, contract, or vi-

Öłù ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ̧̍ dāÖũłĢłė Ŀŋũā ÖðŋŽŶ ŭŽťāũĿÖŭ-

brate, thereby distorting the medium in which we

sive black holes, he continues, is important in and

all live. Pulsars are the collapsed remnants of dead

of itself. “We think nearly every large galaxy has

stars, which emit radio beams that sweep across

them,” he says. “[They] are the ultimate laborato-

the heavens like the blink-blink-blink of cosmic

ry for testing extreme physics—not only of gravity

lighthouses. Millisecond pulsars blink so fast that

ðŽŶ ŶĢĿā ĢŶŭāķḝ̍ ̦¦Ğā ėũāÖŶ ŶĞĢłȩ̇̇ Öùùŭ 'ÖƑĢù mó!-

‫א׏‬

ç0 «³ I XzÁ0z³0 ( Á !!ÈxÈn ÁX z

n !k R n0 Xz zÈx 0«³ zÈx 0« I ¨Èn³ «³ x zXÁ «0(

‫ד׏‬

‫זג‬ ç0 «³ ³Xz!0 ÁR0 ¨« ‫ٳ‬ h0!Á ³Á «Á0(

‫אא‬

ŶĞāƘ āĿĢŶ łŽĿāũŋŽŭ ťŽķŭāŭ ťāũŭāóŋłù̍ ̦¦ĞāƘ̪ũā

ķāķķÖłù̇ ùĢũāóŶŋũ ŋĕ ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖł pÖŶĢŋłÖķ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̪ŭ

like really stable clocks, scattered all over the Mil-

!āłŶũā ĕŋũ FũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ĞƘŭĢóŭ̇ Ģŭ ŶĞÖŶ dRFz Öłù

ĴƘ ÂÖƘ̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ `ŋŭāťĞ ĢĿŋł̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ ÖŶ

Virgo have already proved that gravitational waves

p ̪ŭ `āŶ ũŋťŽķŭĢŋł dÖðŋũÖŶŋũƘ̇ Ģł ÖŭÖùāłÖ̇

exist, “and can be detected directly.”

!ÖķĢĕŋũłĢÖ̍ ̦ ŽķŭÖũŭ Öũā ŭŋĿā ŋĕ ŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ ÖóóŽũÖ-

NASA JET PROPULSION

Ŷā óķŋóĴŭ ƒā ĞÖƑā Ģł ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ũÖù ¦Žó-

RŶ̪ŭ ŋłķƘ Ö ĿÖŶŶāũ ŋĕ ŶĢĿā̇ Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̇ ŽłŶĢķ ŋŶĞāũ

ker, an astrophysicist and cosmologist at Austra-

ťũŋıāóŶŭ̇ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ p pzFũÖƑ Öķŭŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞāĿ̍

ķĢÖł pÖŶĢŋłÖķ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ ƒĞŋ Ģŭ łŋŶ Ö ĿāĿðāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā

̦¦ĞāƘ̪ũā ķĢĴā ũāÖķķƘ ŭŶÖðķā óķŋóĴŭ̇ ŭóÖŶŶāũāù Öķķ

p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ̍ ̦zðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ŶĞāĿ Öũā āƑāł

ŋƑāũ ŶĞā mĢķĴƘ ÂÖƘ̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ `ŋŭāťĞ ĢĿŋł̇ Öł

Žŭāù Ŷŋ óÖķĢðũÖŶā F ŭÖŶāķķĢŶāŭ̧̍ ķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ ĞÖƑā łŋ

ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ ÖŶ p ̪ŭ `āŶ ũŋťŽķŭĢŋł dÖðŋũÖ-

ùĢũāóŶ āƦāóŶ ŋł ťŽķŭÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ ƒĞāł ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ Ŀāũėā̇

ŶŋũƘ̇ Ģł ÖŭÖùāłÖ̇ !ÖķĢĕŋũłĢÖ̍ ̦ ŽķŭÖũŭ Öũā ŭŋĿā

astrophysicists believe, the supermassive black ho-

of the most accurate clocks we have in the uni-

les at their centres go into orbit around each other

Ƒāũŭā̧̇ ŭÖƘŭ ũÖù ¦ŽóĴāũ̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ Öłù

for a long time before they too eventually merge.

óŋŭĿŋķŋėĢŭŶ ÖŶ ŽŭŶũÖķĢÖł pÖŶĢŋłÖķ łĢƑāũŭĢ-

STRECH EARTH

ŶƘ̇ ƒĞŋ Ģŭ łŋŶ Ö ĿāĿðāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑŶāÖĿ̍

As these pairs circle each other, they should emit

BLACK HOLES

gravitational waves that oscillate in tandem with

ķÖóĴ Ğŋķāŭ ĞÖƑā łŋ ùĢũāóŶ āĕĕāóŶ ŋł ťŽķŭÖũŭ̇ ðŽŶ

ŶĞāĢũ ŋũðĢŶÖķ óƘóķā̍ ¦Ğā ėŋÖķ ŋĕ p pzFũÖƑ Ģŭ Ŷŋ ùā-

when galaxies merge, astrophysicists believe,

ŶāóŶ ŶĞāŭā ƒÖƑāŭ ƑĢÖ ŶĞāĢũ āƦāóŶ ŋł ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũƒĢŭā-

the supermassive black holes at their centres go

-precise timing of pulsar signals coming through

into orbit around each other for a long time befo-

them. “As a gravitational wave passes by the Earth,

re they too eventuallymerge. As these pairs circle

it will stretch and squeeze space-time,” Simon

each other, they should emit gravitational waves

says. “So, the pulse from that pulsar will have to

that oscillate in tandem with their orbital cycle. The

travel a slightly longer distance or a slightly shor-

ėŋÖķ ŋĕ p pzFũÖƑ Ģŭ Ŷŋ ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞāŭā ƒÖƑāŭ ƑĢÖ ŶĞā-

Ŷāũ ùĢŭŶÖłóā̍ RŶ ƒĢķķ ėāŶ Ğāũā Ö ðĢŶ ŭŋŋłāũ ŋũ ŭķĢėĞŶķƘ

Ģũ āƦāóŶ ŋł ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũƒĢŭā̟ťũāóĢŭā ŶĢĿĢłė ŋĕ ťŽķŭÖũ

ÖĕŶāũ ƒĞÖŶ ƒā āƗťāóŶ̧̍ pŋŶ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ĞŽėā āƦāóŶ̍

signals coming through them.

“The change we are searching for is less than a mi-

“As a gravitational wave passes by the Earth, it will

crosecond,” Simon says – a formidable challenge

stretch and squeeze space-time,” Simon says. “So,

to detect, given that our planet also spins and orbits

the pulse from that pulsar will have to travel a sli-

ŶĞā Žł̇ ðŋŶĞ ŋĕ ƒĞĢóĞ óũāÖŶā ĕÖũ ėũāÖŶāũ ùĢƦāũāłóāŭ

ghtly longer distance or a slightly shorter distance.

in the arrival time of any given pulsar signal at any

RŶ ƒĢķķ ėāŶ Ğāũā Ö ðĢŶ ŭŋŋłāũ ŋũ ŭķĢėĞŶķƘ ÖĕŶāũ ƒĞÖŶ ƒā

ėĢƑāł ũÖùĢŋ Ŷāķāŭóŋťā ŶĞÖł ŶĞā ŶĢłƘ āƦāóŶ ŶĞā p -

expect.”

pzFũÖƑ ťũŋıāóŶ Ģŭ ķŋŋĴĢłėĕŋũ̍

pŋŶ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ĞŽėā āƦāóŶ̍ ̦¦Ğā óĞÖłėā ƒā Öũā ŭā-

pŋũ Ģŭ ĢŶ Ö ũÖťĢù āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ̦łÖłŋ̧ Ģł ŶĞā ťũŋıāóŶ̪ŭ

arching for is less than a microsecond,” Simon says

łÖĿā ùŋāŭł̪Ŷ ũāĕāũ Ŷŋ łÖłŋŭāóŋłùŭ̍ ÖŶĞāũ̇ ĢŶ ũāĕāũŭ

– a formidable challenge to detect, given that our

Ŷŋ łÖłŋĞāũŶơ̆ āƑāłŶŭ ŶĞÖŶ óŋĿťķāŶā ŋłķƘ ː ðĢķķĢŋłŶĞ

planet also spins and orbits the Sun, both of which

of a cycle per second.

óũāÖŶā ĕÖũ ėũāÖŶāũ ùĢƦāũāłóāŭ Ģł ŶĞā ÖũũĢƑÖķ ŶĢĿā ŋĕ

CYCLES

any given pulsar signal at any given radio telesco-

Rł ŋŶĞāũ ƒŋũùŭ̇ Ö ĕŽķķ óƘóķā ŶÖĴāŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ˒ˏ ƘāÖũŭ̍ ¦ŋ

ťā ŶĞÖł ŶĞā ŶĢłƘ āƦāóŶ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ťũŋıāóŶ Ģŭ ķŋ-

ùāŶāóŶ ŶĞĢŭ̇ ŶĞā p pzFũÖƑ ŶāÖĿ ĞÖŭ ðāāł ĿŋłĢŶŋ-

ŋĴĢłėĕŋũ̍ pŋŶ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ĞŽėā āƦāóŶ̍ ̦¦Ğā óĞÖłėā ƒā

ũĢłė ˓˗ ťŽķŭÖũŭ ŭĢłóā ķÖŶā ˑˏˏ˕̍ ¦ĞÖŶ ĿāÖłŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā

are searching for is less than a microsecond,” Si-

ÖóóŽĿŽķÖŶāù ːˑ˹ ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ ùÖŶÖ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ̪ŭ łŋŶ ƘāŶ

mon says – a formidable challenge to detect, given

a large enough fraction of a nanohertz cycle to be

that our planet also spins and orbits the Sun,

³0«à ÁX z

̥ ŽŶ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑā ũāŭāÖũóĞāũŭ ŋĕ Öķķ ŶƘťāŭ Öũā ĢĿťũāŭŭāù ðƘ p pzFũÖƑ̪ŭ ƑĢŭĢŋł̧

zÈx 0« I ¨Èn³ «³ !«È!X n Á ÁR0 Á0 x

‫ ׎׎א‬³!X0zÁX³Á³ z ÁR0 n ³Á ¨« h0!Á

its European counterpart, Virgo), which have sucdÖŭŶ ƒāāĴ̇ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ ŭŶŽùƘĢłė

are creatures of thecosmos.

‫ הבא‬ç0 «³ I «0³0 «!R

‫ ג‬ç ÈzJ ¨0 ¨n0 áXÁR z X(0 ‫ ׎׏‬ç0 «³ I ! (0 á«XÁXzJ ‫ ׏‬Xx J0 I n !k R n0 ‫ דה‬xXnnX z nXJRÁ‫ٳ‬ç0 «³ á ç

1783

hȒǝȇ xǣƬǝƺǼǼ ǔȒȸȅɖǼƏ‫ٮ‬ Ɏƺɀ Ɏǝƺ ǣƳƺƏ Ȓǔ Ə ƫǼƏƬǸ star

1900

0ǣȇɀɎƺǣȇ‫ټ‬ɀ ǔƏȅȒɖɀ ɎǝȒƺȸɵ opens new possibilities

‫ה׏ח׏‬

kƏȸǼ ³ƬǝɯƏȸɿɀƬǝǣǼƳ ƏȇƳ hȒǝƏȇȇƺɀ (ȸȒɀɎƺ ɖɀƺ 0ǣȇɀɎƺǣȇ‫ټ‬ɀ ƺȷɖƏɎǣȒȇɀ ɎȒ ƳƺɮƺǼȒȵ ‫ٸ‬ȅƏɎǝƺȅƏɎǣƬƏǼ ɀǣȇǕɖǼƏȸǣɎɵ‫ ٺ‬ ɎǝƺȒȸɵ

1930

zɖƬǼƺƏȸ ȵǝɵɀǣƬǣɀɎɀ ƬȒȇɀǼɖƳƺ ɎǝƏɎ Ə ɀɎƏȸ massive enough can suffer from fatal gravitational collapse

1972

Robert Sanders and Thomas Lowinger calculated that a Ƴƺȇɀƺ ȅƏɀɀ ƺȷɖƏǼ ɎȒ ƏƫȒɖɎ Ȓȇƺ ȅǣǼǼǣȒȇ ɀȒǼƏȸ ȅƏɀɀƺɀ ȸƺɀǣƳƺɀ ƏɎ Ɏǝƺ ƬƺȇɎȸƺ Ȓǔ Ȓɖȸ ǕƏǼƏɴɵ

1978

áƏǼǼƏƬƺ ³ƏȸǕƺȇɎ ƏȇƳ ƬȒǼǼƺƏǕɖƺɀ ǝƏƳ ƳƺɎƺȸȅǣȇƺƳ ɎǝƏɎ Ə Ƴƺȇɀƺ ȅƏɀɀ ˡɮƺ ƫǣǼǼǣȒȇ Ɏǣȅƺɀ Ɏǝƺ ȅƏɀɀ Ȓǔ Ȓɖȸ ³ɖȇ Ǽǣƺɀ ƏɎ Ɏǝƺ ƬƺȇɎȸƺ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ȇƺƏȸƫɵ ǕƏǼƏɴɵ x‫וז‬

‫דחח׏‬

Áǝƺ ƺɴǣɀɎƺȇƬƺ Ȓǔ ƫǼƏƬǸ ǝȒǼƺɀ ɯƏɀ ƬȒȇˡȸȅƺƳ ȒƫɀƺȸɮƏɎǣȒȇƏǼǼɵ ƫɵ xƏǸȒɎȒ xǣɵȒɀǝǣ ƏȇƳ ƬȒǼǼƺƏǕɖƺɀِ ÈɀǣȇǕ ȸƏƳǣȒ ǣȇɎƺȸǔƺȸȒȅƺɎȸɵً Ɏǝƺɵ ƳƺɎƺƬɎƺƳ Ə ȅƏɀɀ ƏɎ Ɏǝƺ ƬƺȇɎȸƺ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ǕƏǼƏɴɵ x‫ ًה׎׏‬ɯǣɎǝǣȇ Ə ɮȒǼɖȅƺ ɀȒ ɀȅƏǼǼ ɎǝƏɎ ǣɎ ƬȒɖǼƳ ȒȇǼɵ ƫƺً Ȓȸ ɀȒȒȇ ɯȒɖǼƳ ƫƺƬȒȅƺً Ə ƫǼƏƬǸ ǝȒǼƺ

2019

³ƬǣƺȇɎǣɀɎɀ ǝƏɮƺ ȒƫɎƏǣȇƺƳ Ɏǝƺ ˡȸɀɎ ǣȅƏǕƺ Ȓǔ Ə ƫǼƏƬǸ ǝȒǼƺً ɖɀǣȇǕ 0ɮƺȇɎ RȒȸǣɿȒȇ ÁƺǼƺ‫ٮ‬ ɀƬȒȵƺ ȒƫɀƺȸɮƏɎǣȒȇɀ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ƬƺȇɎƺȸ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ǕƏǼƏɴɵ x‫ ِוז‬Áǝƺ ǣȅƏǕƺ ɀǝȒɯɀ Ə ƫȸǣǕǝɎ ȸǣȇǕ ǔȒȸȅƺƳ Əɀ ǼǣǕǝɎ ƫƺȇƳɀ ǣȇ Ɏǝƺ ǣȇɎƺȇɀƺ ǕȸƏɮǣɎɵ ƏȸȒɖȇƳ Ə ƫǼƏƬǸ ǝȒǼƺ ɎǝƏɎ ǣɀ ‫ דِה‬ƫǣǼǼǣȒȇ times more massive than the Sun

2080 ّّّّ

The project, called NANOGrav, was described at a meeting of the American Physical Society in Denver, Colorado

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

Written by ELTON JOHN

Page 10-11

Page 12-13

Attitude

Page 14-15

Cosmic Buissnes

Page 16

ZERO-G Sports

Weather

Attitude

21 July 2019

The Void Newspaper

#NEUTRONSTAR #SPACE

Neutron star collisions

HOURS OF RESEARCH ON NUMEROUS DATA BITS

POTENTIAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE THAT MIGHT LOWER THE COST OF SPACE TRAVEL

zðŭāũƑĢłė óŋŭĿĢó ƩũāðÖķķŭ ĿĢėĞŶ Ğŋķù ŶĞā ĴāƘ to determining how fast the universe is expanding «0xz zÁ³ z( ³R !k á à0³ I ‫ ו׏׎א‬z0ÈÁ« z !n ³R á0«0 ¨X!k0( È¨ ‫ ׎ב׏‬xXnnX z nXJRÁ‫ٳ‬ç0 «³ á ç³ ç ³0z³ «³ً R0«0ً z 0 «ÁR

#MARS #OPPORTUNITY #ROVER #END

0ȇƺȸǕɵ ƏȇƳ ƏǕȒȇɵ

‫ ׎ב׏‬xXnnX z nXJRÁ ç0 «³ á ç

ÁR0 (X³Á z!0

In the end, the tough little rover, gravely injured, could not be resuscitated

« Èz( ‫¨ ׎׎׎ד‬X!ÁÈ«0³

ÁR0 ªÈ zÁXÁç

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

! nnX³X z³ «0 ‫ٳ‬ ³0«à n0 ÁR« ÈJR ³ x0 I ÁR0 0³Á z ³ Á0n0³! ¨0³ ³!X0zÁX³Á‫ټ‬³ SANITY

Neutron star collisions hold key to universe expansion

dĢĴā ùŋóŶŋũŭ Ģł Öł āĿāũėāłóƘ ƒÖũù̇ p ŭóĢāł-

tian day it should wake up, and when it should

tists tried a wide range of strategies, some radical,

ėŋ Ŷŋŭķāāť̍ FāłāũÖķķƘ̇ DũÖāĿÖł ŭÖƘŭ̇ Ö ťũĢĿÖ-

Ŷŋ ŶũƘ Ŷŋ ŭÖƑā ŶĞā ķĢĕā ŋĕ ŶĞā zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ mÖũŭ ũŋ-

ry rule of troubleshooting an ailing space-

ver before reluctantly pronouncing it dead. NASA

craft (or rover) is “do not touch the spacecraft

had lost contact with the plucky explorer on 10

óķŋóĴ̧̇ ŭĞā ŭÖƘŭ̍ ŽŶ ŭĞā Öùùŭ̇ ĢŶ ƒÖŭ ťŋŭŭĢ-

`Žłā ˑˏː˗ ƒĞāł Öł ĢłŶāłŭā ùŽŭŶ ŭŶŋũĿ ðķŋóĴāù ŭŋ

ble the power had fallen so low that it had been

ĿŽóĞ ŭŽłķĢėĞŶ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ũŋƑāũ̪ŭ ŭŋķÖũ̟ťŋƒāũ ėā-

unable to keep track of time and was now do-

neration dipped from a normal level of 645 watts

ing the equivalent of an alarm clock perpe-

Ŷŋ Ö Ŀāũā ˑˑ̍ ̦RŶ ŭŶÖũƑāù ŶĞā ũŋƑāũ ĕŋũ āłāũėƘ̇ Öłù

ŶŽÖķķƘ ðķĢłĴĢłė ̦ːˑ̆ˏˏ̧ ÖĕŶāũ Ö ťŋƒāũĕÖĢķŽũā̍

ŶĞā ũŋƑāũ ƒāłŶ ŭĢķāłŶ̧̇ `ŋĞł !ÖķķÖŭ̇ ĿÖłÖėāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā

ŽŶ ŽłĕŋũŶŽłÖŶāķƘ̇ āƑāł łŋł̟ŭŶÖłùÖũù Öť-

mÖũŭ 1ƗťķŋũÖŶĢŋł ŋƑāũ ̛m1 ̜ ťũŋıāóŶ̇ āƗťķÖĢłŭ̍

proaches failed to produce aresponse.

The dust storm eventually cleared, but NASA

With the Martian winter closing in, bringing

engineers were unable to wake the ro-

with it the deadly combination of colder tem-

ver back up. “We listened every day and sent

peratures and even less sunlight, NASA de-

ŋƑāũ ːˏˏˏ ũāóŋƑāũƘ óŋĿĿÖłùŭ̧̇ !ÖķķÖŭŭÖƘŭ̍

cided the time had come to throw in thetowel.

¦Ğā ƩłÖķ āƦŋũŶ ƒÖŭ Ö ķÖŭŶ̟ùĢŶóĞ āłùāÖƑŋũ Ŷŋ Žŭā

̦R ùāóķÖũā ŶĞā zťťŋũŶŽłĢŶƘ ĿĢŭŭĢŋł Öŭ óŋĿ-

ƒĞÖŶ ðĢėÖĢķ DũÖāĿÖł̇ m1 ̪ŭ ùāťŽŶƘ ťũŋıāóŶ

plete,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate ad-

ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶ̇ óÖķķŭ ̦łŋł̟ŭŶÖłùÖũù óŋĿĿÖłùĢłȩ̇̍ Rł

ĿĢłĢŭŶũÖŶŋũ ŋĕ p ̪ŭ óĢāłóā mĢŭŭĢŋł 'Ģũāó-

one such attempt, she says, the team tried to bre-

torate, at a subsequent pressconference.

ak through by asking the rover to talk to Mar-

FĢƑāł ŶĞā ũŋƑāũ̪ŭ ĿŋłŶĞŭ̟ķŋłė ŭĢķāłóā̇ ŶĞā Öł-

s-orbiting spacecraft, rather than directly to

łŋŽłóāĿāłŶ ùĢùł̪Ŷ óŋĿā Öŭ Ö ŭŽũťũĢŭā̇ ðŽŶ ĢŶ

1ÖũŶĞ̍ Rł ÖłŋŶĞāũ āƦŋũŶ̇ ŶĞāƘ ŶŋŋĴ ŶĞā ũĢŭĴƘ ŭŶāť

was still an emotional moment for scientists

ŋĕ ŶũƘĢłė Ŷŋ ũāŭāŶ ŶĞā ũŋƑāũ̪ŭ óķŋóĴ̇ ŋłā ťŽũťŋŭā of which is to tell the rover when during the Mar-

Written by Tim Lewis

#METEOR #GEAR #EVENT

zðŭāũƑĢłė óŋŭĿĢó ƩũāðÖķķŭ ĿĢėĞŶ

how many mergers were needed to accurately me-

ir molten innercores. Now, astronomers think that

hold the key to determining how

ÖŭŽũā ŶĞā NŽððķā óŋłŭŶÖłŶ̍ ¦Žũłŭ ŋŽŶ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ĕÖĢũķƘ

these epic mergers might yet yield further informa-

fast the universe is expanding, ac-

ŭĿÖķķ łŽĿðāũ̆ ıŽŭŶ ˔ˏ̍ māŶÖķķĢó ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ Öũā óŋĿ-

tion. A new study, published in the journal Physical

óŋũùĢłė Ŷŋ Ö ŶāÖĿ ŋĕ ĢłŶāũłÖŶĢŋłÖķÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ̍ Rł

Ŀŋł Ģł ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̪ŭ ÖŭŶāũŋĢù ðāķŶ̍ ŭŶũŋťĞƘ-

āƑĢāƒ dāŶŶāũŭ̇ ťũŋťŋŭāŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĿāÖŭŽũĢłė ėũÖƑĢŶÖ-

ˑˏː˖̇ ŶĞā óÖŶÖóķƘŭĿĢó óķÖŭĞ ŋĕ Ŷƒŋ łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũŭ ƒÖŭ

sicists agree that they began life early in the for-

ŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑāŭ ĕũŋĿ ĿÖłƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ðĢłÖũƘ łāŽŶũŋł

ŋðŭāũƑāù ĕŋũ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŶĢĿā̍ ¦ĞĢŭ Ŀāũėāũ ŭāłŶ ŋŽŶ Öł

mation of the system, most likely as planetesimals

star mergers can solve a long-raging debate about

āƗťķŋŭĢƑā ƪÖŭĞ ŋĕ ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł̇ Öŭ ƒāķķ Öŭ ũĢťťķāŭ ŶĞũŋ-

– infant, small planets stripped of their external

how fast the universe is expanding.

ugh space-time known as gravitational waves. The

layers through violent collision, leaving only the-

Rp ˛˙˚ˡ

ripples were picked up by ultra-sensitive receivers

ir molten innercores. Now, astronomers think that

Rł zóŶŋðāũ ˑˏː˗̇ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ ũāťŋũŶāù ŶĞÖŶ F

Sky-watchers are in for a visual feast during se-

sh environment, and signs of life, if it exists or

here on Earth, 130 million light-years away from

these epic mergers might yet yield further informa-

ː˔ˏːˏː ̇ Ö ėÖĿĿÖ̟ũÖƘ ðŽũŭŶ āƑāłŶ ùāŶāóŶāù Ģł ˑˏː˔̇

cond half of April and most of May, when the an-

āƑāũ āƗĢŭŶāù̇ óŋŽķù ðā ĞÖũù Ŷŋ ùāŶāóŶ̍ ŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ ùŋ-

ŶĞā óŋķķĢŭĢŋł̍ ¦ĞĢŭ ƩũŭŶ ùāŶāóŶĢŋł ťũŋƑĢùāù ŭŶÖėėā-

tion. A new study, published in the journal Physical

ĿÖƘ ðā ùĢũāóŶķƘ ũāķÖŶāù Ŷŋ ŶĞā ĞĢŭŶŋũĢó FÂː˖ˏ˗ː˖̇ Ö

nual Eta Aquariid meteor shower takes place. The

āŭł̪Ŷ ĿāÖł ŶĞāũā Öũāł̪Ŷ Ö łŽĿðāũ ŋĕ ƒāķķ̟ŶĞŋ-

ũĢłė ĢłŭĢėĞŶŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ŶĞā óŋŭĿŋŭ̇ óŋłƩũĿĢłė ŶĞāŋ-

āƑĢāƒ dāŶŶāũŭ̇ ťũŋťŋŭāŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĿāÖŭŽũĢłė ėũÖƑĢŶÖ-

ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑā āƑāłŶ ùāŶāóŶāù Ģł ˑˏː˖̇ Öłù Öŭ-

shower should kick in and be visible in both the

ŽėĞŶ̟ŋŽŶ ƒÖƘŭ Ŷŋ ĞŽłŶ ĕŋũ ĢŶ̍ ŽŶ ŭÖùķƘ̇ ŶĞÖŶ ƒŋł̪Ŷ

ries about gamma-ray bursts, the origin of gold and

ŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑāŭ ĕũŋĿ ĿÖłƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ðĢłÖũƘ łāŽŶũŋł

sociated with the merger of two neutron stars. The

northern and southern hemispheres around April

ÖťťķƘ Ŷŋ ĿĢóũŋŋũėÖłĢŭĿŭ̍ ̦ÈŋŽ ƒŋŽķù łāāù Öł

other heavy elements, and more.

star mergers can solve a long-raging debate about

similarities between the two events, in terms of

ː˘ Öłù óŋłŶĢłŽā ŽłŶĢķ mÖƘ ˑ˗̍ RŶ ŭĞŋŽķù ťāÖĴ̇ ťũŋ-

electron microscope to see them,” Vago says,

WHAT ABOUT FUTURE?

how fast the universe is expanding.rate of expan-

gamma ray, optical and x-ray emissions, as well

ducing in the region of 40 visible meteors per hour,

̦Öłù ƘŋŽ óÖł̪Ŷ ƪƘ ŶĞÖŶ Ŷŋ mÖũŭ̧̍ 1Ƒāł Ģĕ ƘŋŽ óŋ-

Now, astronomers think that these epic mergers

ŭĢŋł̇ ŋŶĞāũƒĢŭā Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ŶĞā NŽððķā óŋłŭŶÖłŶ̇ ðŽŶ

as to the nature of the associated host galaxies, are

on May 5. The event is named after the brightest

uld, “they are little rods and spheres and the-

might yet yield further information. A new stu-

ŶĞāƘ ėĢƑā óŋłƪĢóŶĢłėũāŭŽķŶŭ̍

“striking”, suggesting the two separate events may

star in the constellation Aquarius, from which the

re are all kinds of processes that have nothing to

ùƘ̇ ťŽðķĢŭĞāù Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ ĞƘŭĢóÖķ āƑĢāƒ dāŶ-

This has cast doubt on the accuracy of our under-

both be the result of the merger of neutron stars,

ŭĞŋŋŶĢłė ŭŶÖũŭ ŭāāĿ Ŷŋ ŋũĢėĢłÖŶā̍ Rł ũāÖķĢŶƘ̇ Ğŋ-

do with life that can produce rods and spheres”.

ters, proposes that measuring gravitational waves

ŭŶÖłùĢłė ŋĕ ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā̪ŭ ŭŶũŽóŶŽũā Öłù āƑŋķŽŶĢŋł̇

and both may be a kilonova, which may be more

wever, they are actually particles of dust thrown

ORGIN

ĕũŋĿ ĿÖłƘ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ðĢłÖũƘ łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũ Ŀāũėāũŭ

Öŭ ƒāķķ Öŭ ŋŽũ ťũāùĢóŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ĢŶŭ āƑāłŶŽÖķ ĕÖŶā̍ ŽŶ

common in the universe than previously under-

ŋƦ NÖķķāƘ̪ŭ !ŋĿāŶ̍ ¦Ğā 1ŶÖ ŨŽÖũĢĢùŭ Öũā łŋŶ Öŭ

A meteor shower is the result of an interaction be-

can solve a long-raging debate about how fast the

binary neutron stars might settle the debate once

ŭŶŋŋù̇ ÖóóŋũùĢłė Ŷŋ ŶĞā ũāŭāÖũóĞāũŭ̍ ķŭŋ Ģł zóŶŋ-

numerous as the Perseids, which are visible every

tween a planet, such as Earth, and streams of de-

ŽłĢƑāũŭā Ģŭ āƗťÖłùĢłė̍ zƑāũ ŶĞā ƘāÖũŭ̇ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũŭ

Öłù ĕŋũ Öķķ̍ ̦Âā̪Ƒā óÖķóŽķÖŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðƘ ŋðŭāũƑĢłė ˔ˏ

ðāũ ˑˏː˗̇ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ ťũāŭāłŶāù Ö łāƒ ŶĞĢũù ƒÖƘ ̛Ŷƒŋ

August, but they are just as bright if notbrighter.

ðũĢŭ ĕũŋĿ Ö óŋĿāŶ̍ !ŋĿāŶŭ óÖł ťũŋùŽóā ùāðũĢŭ ðƘ

ĞÖƑā ùāƑĢŭāù Ö ĕāƒ ùĢƦāũāłŶ ƒÖƘŭ Ŷŋ āŭŶĢĿÖŶā ŶĞā

binary neutron stars over the next decade, we will

earlier methods, one based on redshifts and another

The Eta Aquariids are not as numerous as the Per-

water vapor drag, as demonstrated by Fred Whip-

ũÖŶā ŋĕ āƗťÖłŭĢŋł̇ ŋŶĞāũƒĢŭā Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ŶĞā NŽððķā

ĞÖƑā ŭŽƧóĢāłŶ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑā ùÖŶÖ Ŷŋ Ģłùāťāł-

on the cosmic distance ladder, gave results that do

seids, which are visible every August, but they are

ple in 1951,[20] and by breakup. Whipple envisioned

óŋłŭŶÖłŶ̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞāƘ ėĢƑā óŋłƪĢóŶĢłė ũāŭŽķŶŭ̍

ùāłŶķƘ ùāŶāũĿĢłā ŶĞā ðāŭŶ ĿāÖŭŽũāĿāłŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā NŽ-

not agree), using information from gravitational

just as bright if notbrighter. ky-watchers are in for

óŋĿāŶŭ Öŭ ̥ùĢũŶƘ ŭłŋƒðÖķķŭ̧̇ ĿÖùā Žť ŋĕ ũŋóĴ āĿ-

This has cast doubt on the accuracy of our under-

bble constant,” says lead author Stephen Feeney,

wave events (especially those involving the merg-

a visual feast during second half of April and most

ðāùùāù Ģł Ģóā̇ ŋũðĢŶĢłė ŶĞā Žł̍ ¦Ğā ̥Ģóā̧ ĿÖƘ ðā

ŭŶÖłùĢłė ŋĕ ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā̪ŭ ŭŶũŽóŶŽũā Öłù āƑŋķŽŶĢŋł̇

Ö óŋŭĿŋķŋėĢŭŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā !āłŶũā ĕŋũ !ŋĿťŽŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ

āũ ŋĕ łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũŭ̇ ķĢĴā FÂː˖ˏ˗ː˖̜̇ ŋĕ ùāŶāũĿĢłĢłė

of May, when the annual Eta Aquariid meteor sho-

water, methane, ammonia, or other volatiles, alo-

Öŭ ƒāķķ Öŭ ŋŽũ ťũāùĢóŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ĢŶŭ āƑāłŶŽÖķ ĕÖŶā̍ ŽŶ

ŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóŭ ÖŶ ŶĞā DķÖŶĢũŋł RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā Ģł pāƒ ÈŋũĴ̇

ŶĞā NŽððķā !ŋłŭŶÖłŶ̇ āŭŭāłŶĢÖķ Ģł āŭŶÖðķĢŭĞĢłė ŶĞā

wer takes place.

łā ŋũ Ģł óŋĿðĢłÖŶĢŋł̍ ¦Ğā ̥ũŋóĴ̧ ĿÖƘ ƑÖũƘ Ģł ŭĢơā

binary neutron stars might settle the debate once

̍ DāāłāƘ Öłù ĞĢŭ ŶāÖĿ Ŀŋùāķķāù ÖťťũŋƗĢĿÖŶāķƘ

ũÖŶā ŋĕ āƗťÖłŭĢŋł ŋĕ ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā̍ zł ː˖ ŽėŽŭŶ ˑˏː˖̇

HOW? WHY? WHEN?

from that of a dust mote to that of a small boulder.

Öłù ĕŋũ Öķķ̍ ̦Âā̪Ƒā óÖķóŽķÖŶāù ŶĞÖŶ ðƘ ŋðŭāũƑĢłė ˔ˏ

how many mergers were needed to accurately me-

dRFz̓ÁĢũėŋ óŋķķÖðŋũÖŶĢŋł ùāŶāóŶāù Ö ťŽķŭā ŋĕ ėũÖƑ-

¦Ğā āÖŭĢāŭŶ ƒÖƘ Ŷŋ Ʃłù ķĢĕā ŋł mÖũŭ ƒŋŽķù ðā Ģĕ

Dust mote sized solids are orders of magnitude

binary neutron stars over the next decade, we will

ÖŭŽũā ŶĞā NŽððķā óŋłŭŶÖłŶ̍ ¦Žũłŭ ŋŽŶ̇ ĢŶ̪ŭ Ö ĕÖĢũķƘ

ĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑāŭ̇ łÖĿāù FÂː˖ˏ˗ː˖̇ ÖŭŭŋóĢÖŶāù ƒĢŶĞ

a multi-tentacled something from a science-

more common than those the size of sand grains,

ĞÖƑā ŭŽƧóĢāłŶ ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ƒÖƑā ùÖŶÖ Ŷŋ Ģłùāťāł-

ŭĿÖķķ łŽĿðāũ̆ ıŽŭŶ ˔ˏ̍ māŶÖķķĢó ÖŭŶāũŋĢùŭ Öũā óŋĿ-

ŶĞā Ŀāũėāũ ŋĕ Ŷƒŋ łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũŭ Ģł pF! ˓˘˘˒̇ Öł āķ-

̟ƩóŶĢŋł ƒũĢŶāũ̪ŭ ùũāÖĿ ıŽĿťāù ŋŽŶ ĕũŋĿ ðā-

which, in turn, are similarly more common than

ùāłŶķƘ ùāŶāũĿĢłā ŶĞā ðāŭŶ ĿāÖŭŽũāĿāłŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā NŽ-

Ŀŋł Ģł ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̪ŭ ÖŭŶāũŋĢù ðāķŶ̍ ŭŶũŋťĞƘ-

ķĢťŶĢóÖķ ėÖķÖƗƘ Ģł ŶĞā óŋłŭŶāķķÖŶĢŋł NƘùũÖ̍ FÂː˖ˏ˗ː˖

ĞĢłù Ö ũŋóĴ Öłù ƒÖƑāù Ŷŋ Žŭ̆ ̦ÂāķóŋĿā̇ 1Öũ-

those the size of pebbles, and so on. When the ice

bble constant,” says lead author Stephen Feeney,

sicists agree that they began life early in the for-

also seemed related to a short (~ 2 second long)

ŶĞĢłėŭ̇ Ğāũā R ÖĿ̧̉ āóŋłù ðāŭŶ ƒŋŽķù ðā Ģĕ Ö

warms and sublimates, the vapor can drag along

Ö óŋŭĿŋķŋėĢŭŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā !āłŶũā ĕŋũ !ŋĿťŽŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ

mation of the system, most likely as planetesimals

ėÖĿĿÖ̟ũÖƘ ðŽũŭŶ̇ F ː˖ˏ˗ː˖ ̇ ƩũŭŶ ùāŶāóŶāù

rover were to scoop up a soil sample and see

dust, sand, and pebbles ach time a comet swi-

ŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóŭ ÖŶ ŶĞā DķÖŶĢũŋł RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā Ģł pāƒ ÈŋũĴ̇

– infant, small planets stripped of their external

̍ DāāłāƘ Öłù ĞĢŭ ŶāÖĿ Ŀŋùāķķāù ÖťťũŋƗĢĿÖŶāķƘ

layers through violent collision, leaving only the-

ŽŶ ŶĞā ŭŽũĕÖóā ŋĕ mÖũŭ Ģŭ Öł āƗŶũāĿāķƘ ĞÖũ-

Crunch time: Rocket companies in all-out battle for Air Force award

‫ח׏׎א‬ x

óƘ̪ŭ āƗťķŋũÖŶĢŋł ÖũóĞĢŶāóŶŽũāŭ ũāĿÖĢłŭ ŽłóāũŶÖĢł̍

2024

Written by Sandra Erwin ¦Ğā ̍ ̍ Ģũ Dŋũóā ĞÖŭ ėĢƑāł łĢŶāù dÖŽłóĞ ķ-

zٜx «³

king progress for potential use on future NASA deep ŭťÖóā ĿĢŭŭĢŋłŭ̇ ÖķŶĞŋŽėĞ Ğŋƒ ĢŶ ƩŶŭ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā Öėāł-

Written by Michael Sheen

DEEP SPACE

Èn

ķĢÖłóā̇ ťÖóāÇ̇ pŋũŶĞũŋť FũŽĿĿÖł Öłù ķŽā zũĢėĢł

³¨ !0 æ

until Aug. 1 to submit their bids to become one of just

two launch providers that will be entrusted to carPOTENTIONAL FUNDING IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS

ry high-value national security payloads to orbit in

OUT OF FOUR BIDDERS, TWO ARE SAID TO COMPETE FOR THE FINAL DECISON

port, nuclear thermal propulsion technology is ma-

Time to gear up for a meteor shower

a bunch of wriggling microorganisms. Written by Barbara Ellen

Nuclear thermal propulsion or quick thought about future Written by Jeff Foust With congressional funding and industry sup-

Page 2

The beggining The beggining

Page 3

The journey

Page 3

The journey

Page 4-7

Space News

Page 4-7

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Space News

Page 8-9

ASRP

!ŋŭĿĢó ŽĢŭŭłāŭ 12 !ŋŭĿĢó ŽĢŭŭłāŭ

21 July 2019

The Void NewspaperThe Vo

AND BY THAT WE MEAN A MILLION AND DOLLAR BY THAT BUSINNESS.. WE MEAN A MILLION DOLLAR BUSINNESS..

#MARS #VOLCANO #MARS #EVENT#VOLCANO #EVENT

Oldest Oldest stars stars soso farfar Stars thatStars shonethat justshone just 250 millions 250years millions afteryears after the universe take thebegan universe began take astronomy astronomy closer to its closer to its Holy Graill Holy Graill Written by ELTON JOHN Friends frequently count on this

zƗĕŋũù ƒĞŋ ƒÖŭ łŋŶ ťÖũŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŶŽùƘ ŶāÖĿ̍ zƗĕŋũù ƒĞŋ ƒÖŭ łŋŶ ťÖũŶ ŋĕ Ŷ Written by ELTON JOHN A ALMA A ALMA Friends frequently count on this

and his creativity whenever they

ƘóĞÖũù ŋŽƒāłŭ̇ ŋĕ dāĢù and his ƘóĞÖũù ŋŽƒāłŭ̇ ŋĕ dāĢùāł łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ Ģł ŶĞā creativity whenever they

need help.

Netherlands, and author of a related Netherlands, paper in the and author of need help.

same issue of Nature, adds that other same galaxies issue ofsimiNature, adds th

ķÖũ Ŷŋ m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː Öũā ťũŋðÖðķƘ ŋŽŶ ŶĞāũā̇ ðŽŶ ŋðķÖũ Ŷŋ m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː Öũā ťũŋð

Scientists studying a galaxy more Scientists ŭāũƑĢłė ŶĞāĿ ƒĢŶĞ dm ƒĢķķ ðā ùĢƧóŽķŶ ðāóÖŽŭā studying a galaxy more ŭāũƑĢłė ŶĞāĿ ƒĢŶĞ dm ƒ

than 13 billion light years away than 13 ĿŋŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŋłāŭ ƑĢŭĢðķā ĕũŋĿ !ĞĢķā Öũā ŭĢėłĢƩóÖłŶķƘ billion light years away ĿŋŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŋłāŭ ƑĢŭĢðķā ĕũŋĿ

have found stars that for med have found fainter. “Astronomers stars that for will med likely try,” fainter. he says, “Astronomers “but will li

when the universe was only 250 million when the years universe old. was ĢŶ ƒĢķķ ðā ƑāũƘ óĞÖķķāłėĢłȩ̇̍ ŽŶ dm Ģŭł̪Ŷ ŶĞā ŋłķƘ only 250 million years old. ĢŶ ƒĢķķ ðā ƑāũƘ óĞÖķķāłėĢłȩ̇̍

That makes them the oldest stars That ever makes seen,them da- the instrument oldest stars that ever can seen, be used da-for such instrument studies.that Suchcan be used

ŶĢłė ðÖóĴ łāÖũķƘ Ŷŋ ŶĞā āłù ŋĕ ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā̪ŭ ̦ùÖũĴ ŶĢłė ðÖóĴ łāÖũķƘ Ŷŋ ŶĞā āłù ŋĕ ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā̪ŭ ̦ùÖũĴ ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ̇ ŋŽƒāłŭ Öùùŭ̇ ƒĢķķ Öķŭŋ ðā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłŶ ŶÖũėÖķÖƗĢāŭ̇ ŋŽƒāłŭ Öùùŭ̇ ƒĢķ

Öėā̧̇ ƒĞāł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŭŶÖũŭ Öłù ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ óŋÖķāŭóāù Öėā̧̇ ƒĞāł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŭŶÖũŭ Öłù ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ óŋÖķāŭóāù ėāŶŭ ĕŋũ p ̪ŭ łāƗŶ̟ėāłāũÖŶĢŋł `ÖĿāŭ Âāðð ťÖóā ėāŶŭ ĕŋũ p ̪ŭ łāƗŶ̟ėāłāũÖ

to illuminate a previously dark to cosmos. illuminate The gaa previously Telescope, darkscheduled cosmos. The for launch gain Telescope, 2020. scheduled for lau ķÖƗƘ̇ óÖķķāù m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː̇ ƒÖŭ ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù Ģł ķÖƗƘ̇ óÖķķāù m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː̇ ƒÖŭ ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù Ģł RECENTLY IN

RECENTLY IN

2012, but at the time, scientists 2012, werebut uncertaat the time, āłŭĴā ĿĢŶ̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ÖŶ ŶĞā bÖƑķĢ RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā scientists were uncerta āłŭĴā ĿĢŶ̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿā

in exactly how far away it was, and in exactly by implication how far away ŋĕ !ŋŭĿŋķŋėƘ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ !ÖĿðũĢùėā̇ ḃ it was, and by implication ŋĕ !ŋŭĿŋķŋėƘ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũ

how long its light had been traveling how long toward its light us. had Öùùŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ Ģŭ ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ŶĞÖŶ m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː ĞÖŭ been traveling toward us. Öùùŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ Ģŭ ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ŶĞ DISTANCE IN GALAXY

DISTANCE IN GALAXY a relatively “old” age for a galaxy a relatively seen so early “old” in age for a g

Rł Ö ŭŶŽùƘ ťŽðķĢŭĞāù Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ pÖŶŽũā̇ ĞŋƒāRł Ö ŭŶŽùƘ ťŽðķĢŭĞāù Ģł ŶĞā ıŋŽũłÖķ pÖŶŽũā̇ Ğŋƒāthe universe — meaning that even thethough universe it dates — meaning th

Ƒāũ̇ Ö ŶāÖĿ ķāÖù ðƘ ¦ÖĴŽƘÖ NÖŭĞĢĿŋŶŋ ŋĕ zŭÖĴÖ Ƒāũ̇ Ö ŶāÖĿ ķāÖù ðƘ ¦ÖĴŽƘÖ NÖŭĞĢĿŋŶŋ ŋĕ zŭÖĴÖ ðÖóĴ Ŀŋũā ŶĞÖł ː˒ ðĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ̇ ŶĞā łāƒ ťÖťāũ Ʃłùŭ ðÖóĴ Ŀŋũā ŶĞÖł ː˒ ðĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖ

ÖłėƘŋ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ `ÖťÖł̇ Žŭāù Ö ėĢÖłŶ ũÖùĢŋ Ŷāķā ÖłėƘŋ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ̇ `ÖťÖł̇ Žŭāù Ö ėĢÖłŶ ũÖùĢŋ Ŷāķāthat it had still been around for atthat leastit300million. had still been around

ŭóŋťā Ģł !ĞĢķā̇ óÖķķāù ŶĞā ŶÖóÖĿÖ dÖũėā mĢķķĢĿāŭóŋťā Ģł !ĞĢķā̇ óÖķķāù ŶĞā ŶÖóÖĿÖ dÖũėā mĢķķĢĿāThat makes it one of a handful of That othermakes ancient it gaone of a handf

Ŷũā̓ŭŽðĿĢķķĢĿāŶũā ũũÖƘ ̛ dm ̜Ŷŋ ĢùāłŶĢĕƘ Ö ŭťāóŶũā̓ŭŽðĿĢķķĢĿāŶũā ũũÖƘ ̛ dm ̜Ŷŋ ĢùāłŶĢĕƘ Ö ŭťāólaxies recently found to be similarly laxies mature. recently “These found to be sim

ŶũÖķ ķĢłā ĕũŋĿ ŋƗƘėāł Ģł m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː̪ŭ āĿĢŭŭĢŋłŭ̍ ŶũÖķ ķĢłā ĕũŋĿ ŋƗƘėāł Ģł m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː̪ŭ āĿĢŭŭĢŋłŭ̍ discoveries might tell us that a small discoveries fractionmight of the tell us tha

Normally, this spectral line is inNormally, the infrared this part spectral ėÖķÖƗƘ ťŋťŽķÖŶĢŋł Ģŭ ðŋũł ƑāũƘ ŭĞŋũŶķƘ ÖĕŶāũ ŶĞā Ģė line is in the infrared part ėÖķÖƗƘ ťŋťŽķÖŶĢŋł Ģŭ ðŋũł Ƒā

ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭťāóŶũŽĿ̇ ðŽŶ Ģł ŶĞā óÖŭā ŋĕ m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː̇ ĢŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭťāóŶũŽĿ̇ ðŽŶ Ģł ŶĞā óÖŭā ŋĕ m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː̇ ĢŶ Öłė Öłù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞāƘ ̨ėũŋƒ Žť̪ ƑāũƘ ŨŽĢóĴķƘ̧̇ ŭĞāŭÖƘŭ̍ Öłė Öłù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞāƘ ̨ėũŋƒ Žť̪

has been traveling so long that thehas expansion been traveling of the so long ŽŶ dm Ģŭł̪Ŷ ŶĞā ŋłķƘ ĢłŭŶũŽĿāłŶ ŶĞÖŶ óÖł ðā Žŭāù that the expansion of the ŽŶ dm Ģŭł̪Ŷ ŶĞā ŋłķƘ ĢłŭŶũ

ŽłĢƑāũŭā ĞÖŭ ŭŶũāŶóĞāù ĢŶ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā ĿĢóũŋƒÖƑā̍ Öŭāù ŽłĢƑāũŭā ĞÖŭ ŭŶũāŶóĞāù ĢŶ ĢłŶŋ ŶĞā ĿĢóũŋƒÖƑā̍ Öŭāù ĕŋũ ŭŽóĞ ŭŶŽùĢāŭ̍ ŽóĞ ėÖķÖƗĢāŭ̇ ŋŽƒāłŭ Öùùŭ̇ ƒĢķķ ĕŋũ ŭŽóĞ ŭŶŽùĢāŭ̍ ŽóĞ ėÖķÖƗĢ

Öķŭŋ ðā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłŶ ŶÖũėāŶŭ ĕŋũ p ̪ŭ łāƗŶ̟ėāłāÖķŭŋ ðā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłŶ ŶÖũėāŶŭ ĕ

ũÖŶĢŋł `ÖĿāŭ Âāðð ťÖóā ¦āķāŭóŋťā̇ ŭóĞāùŽķāù ũÖŶĢŋł `ÖĿāŭ Âāðð ťÖóā ¦

„They found that„They manyfound that many ĕŋũ ķÖŽłóĞ Ģł ˑˏˑˏ̍ āłŭĴā ĿĢŶ̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ÖŶ ĕŋũ ķÖŽłóĞ Ģł ˑˏˑˏ̍ āłŭĴā ŶĞā bÖƑķĢ RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā ŋĕ !ŋŭĿŋķŋėƘ ÖŶ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŶĞā bÖƑķĢ RłŭŶĢŶŽŶā ŋĕ !ŋŭĿŋ of them were about of them were about ŋĕ !ÖĿðũĢùėā̇ ḃ Öùùŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ Ģŭ ĢłŶāũāŭŶĢłė ŶĞÖŶ ŋĕ !ÖĿðũĢùėā̇ ḃ Öùùŭ ŶĞÖ 300 million years300 oldmillionm ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː ĞÖŭ Ö ũāķÖŶĢƑāķƘ ̦ŋķù̧ Öėā ĕŋũ Ö ėÖyears old m ! ːː˓˘̟`'ː ĞÖŭ Ö ũāķÖŶĢƑ laxy seen so early in the universelaxy — meaning seen so early that in the uni at the time the light at the lefttime the light left even though it dates back more than even 13 billion thoughyears, it dates back mo ŶĞā ėÖķÖƗƘ̧ ŶĞā ėÖķÖƗƘ̧ŶĞā łāƒ ťÖťāũ Ʃłùŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ ĞÖù ŭŶĢķķ ðāāł ÖũŋŽłù ĕŋũ ŶĞā łāƒ ťÖťāũ Ʃłùŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ Ğ

ÖŶ ķāÖŭŶ ˒ˏˏĿĢķķĢŋł̍ ŭŶÖũ̪ŭ ķĢĕā ðāėĢłŭ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā ėũÖÖŶ ķāÖŭŶ ˒ˏˏĿĢķķĢŋł̍ ŭŶÖũ̪ŭ ķĢ

vitational collapse of a gaseous nebula vitational of material collapse of a gase

on this, the astronomers were able onto this, pin the down astronomers the composed were able primarily to pin down of hydrogen, the composed along with primarily heof hyd

distance to the galaxy, determining distance that ittoisthe 13.24 galaxy, lium determining and trace amounts that it is 13.24 of heavier lium elements. and trace When amounts of h

billion light years away. That means billion that light the years light away. ŶĞā ŭŶāķķÖũ óŋũā Ģŭ ŭŽƧóĢāłŶķƘ ùāłŭā̇ ĞƘùũŋėāł ðāThat means that the light ŶĞā ŭŶāķķÖũ óŋũā Ģŭ ŭŽƧóĢāłŶķ

we see from it was emitted whenwe thesee universe from itwas was emitted comes when steadily the universe converted wasinto comes heliumsteadily throughconverted

only about 550 million years old.only The about researchers 550 million nuclear years old. fusion, Thereleasing researchers energynuclear in the process.[2] fusion, releasing en

ŶĞāł ķŋŋĴāù ÖŶ ŶĞā óŋķŋŽũ Öłù ðũĢėĞŶłāŭŭ ŋĕ m ! ŶĞāł ķŋŋĴāù ÖŶ ŶĞā óŋķŋŽũ Öłù ðũĢėĞŶłāŭŭ ŋĕ m ! ¦Ğā ũāĿÖĢłùāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŶÖũ̪ŭ ĢłŶāũĢŋũ óÖũũĢāŭ āłāũėƘ ¦Ğā ũāĿÖĢłùāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŶÖũ̪ŭ

ːː˓˘̟`'ː̪ŭ ŭŶÖũŭ̇ ĿÖĴĢłė Žŭā ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ƒÖƑāķāłėːː˓˘̟`'ː̪ŭ ŭŶÖũŭ̇ ĿÖĴĢłė Žŭā ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ƒÖƑāķāłėaway from the core through a combination away from the of racore through

th-stretching factor to determine th-stretching precisely what factor to diative determine and convective preciselyheat what transfer diative processes. and convective The heat t

they were seeing from these stars. they From were this, seeing theyfromŭŶÖũ̪ŭ ĢłŶāũłÖķ ťũāŭŭŽũā ťũāƑāłŶŭ ĢŶ ĕũŋĿ óŋķķÖťŭĢłė these stars. From this, they ŭŶÖũ̪ŭ ĢłŶāũłÖķ ťũāŭŭŽũā ťũāƑ were able to use astrophysical models were able to determito use astrophysical further under models its own to determigravity. A star further with mass undergreits own gravit

ne their age and maturity. They found ne their thatage many andof maturity. ÖŶāũ ŶĞÖł ˏ̍˓ ŶĢĿāŭ ŶĞā Žł̪ŭ ƒĢķķ āƗťÖłù Ŷŋ ðāóŋThey found that many of ÖŶāũ ŶĞÖł ˏ̍˓ ŶĢĿāŭ ŶĞā Žł̪

them were about 300 million years them oldwere at theabout time300 me million a redyears giantold when at the thetime hydrogen me fuel a red in its giant core when is the hyd

the light left the galaxy — meaning the light that they left the hadgalaxy āƗĞÖŽŭŶāù̙̍˒̚ Rł ŭŋĿā óÖŭāŭ̇ ĢŶ ƒĢķķ ĕŽŭā ĞāÖƑĢāũ āķā— meaning that they had āƗĞÖŽŭŶāù̙̍˒̚ Rł ŭŋĿā óÖŭāŭ̇

ĕŋũĿāù ŋłķƘ ˑ˔ˏ ĿĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ ÖĕŶāũ ŶĞā Ģė Öłė̍ ĕŋũĿāù ŋłķƘ ˑ˔ˏ ĿĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ ÖĕŶāũ ŶĞā Ģė Öłė̍ ments at the core or in shells around ments the core. at theAs core theor in shells

RŶ̪ŭ Öł āƗóĢŶĢłė Ʃłù ðāóÖŽŭā ĢŶ Ģŭ ŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ ÖóóŽũÖŶā RŶ̪ŭ Öł āƗóĢŶĢłė Ʃłù ðāóÖŽŭā ĢŶ Ģŭ ŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ ÖóóŽũÖŶā star expands it throws a part of its star mass, expands enriched it throws a par

āƑĢùāłóā ƘāŶ ĕŋũ ťĢłłĢłė ùŋƒł ƒĞāł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŭŶÖũŭ āƑĢùāłóā ƘāŶ ĕŋũ ťĢłłĢłė ùŋƒł ƒĞāł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŭŶÖũŭ with those heavier elements, into with thethose interstellar heavier element

and galaxies appeared — an event and that galaxies brought appeared to environment, — an event that to be brought recycled to later environment, as new stars.[4] to be recycle

an end the prolonged dark periodan that endbegan the prolonged with māÖłƒĞĢķā̇ ŶĞā óŋũā ðāóŋĿāŭ Ö ŭŶāķķÖũ ũāĿłÖłŶ̆ Ö dark period that began with māÖłƒĞĢķā̇ ŶĞā óŋũā ðāóŋĿ

ŶĞā ĢłĢŶĢÖķ óŋŋķĢłė ŋĕ ŶĞā Ģė Öłė̍ pŋŶ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā Ʃłù ŶĞā ĢłĢŶĢÖķ óŋŋķĢłė ŋĕ ŶĞā Ģė Öłė̍ pŋŶ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā Ʃłù ƒĞĢŶā ùƒÖũĕ̇ Ö łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũ̇ ŋũ̇ Ģĕ ĢŶ Ģŭ ŭŽƧóĢāłŶķƘ ƒĞĢŶā ùƒÖũĕ̇ Ö łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũ

reveals exactly when the darkness reveals ended,exactly says stuwhen the massive, darkness a black ended, hole. says further stu- under massive, its own a black gravi-hole. furthe

ùƘ ŶāÖĿ ĿāĿðāũ pĢóŋķÖŭ dÖ ŋũŶā̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ùƘ ŶāÖĿ ĿāĿðāũ pĢóŋķÖŭ dÖ ŋũŶā̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ŶƘ̍ ŭŶÖũ ƒĢŶĞ ĿÖŭŭ ėũāÖŶāũ ŶĞÖł ˏ̍˓ ŶĢĿāŭ ŶĞā Žł̪ŭ ŶƘ̍ ŭŶÖũ ƒĢŶĞ ĿÖŭŭ ėũāÖŶāũ Ŷ

ĕũŋĿ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ !ŋķķāėā dŋłùŋł̇ ḃ Öłù łĢƑāũŭĢŶĂ ĕũŋĿ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ !ŋķķāėā dŋłùŋł̇ ḃ Öłù łĢƑāũŭĢŶĂ will expand to become a red giantwill when expand the hydroto become a red de Toulouse in France.

de Toulouse in France.ėāł ĕŽāķ Ģł ĢŶŭ óŋũā Ģŭ āƗĞÖŽŭŶāù̙̍˒̚ Rł ŭŋĿā óÖŭāŭ̇ ėāł ĕŽāķ Ģł ĢŶŭ óŋũā Ģŭ āƗĞÖŽ

̦ ŽŶ ƒā Ĵłŋƒ ŶĞā ùÖũĴ Öėāŭ ƩłĢŭĞāù ƒĞāł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ̦ ŽŶ ƒā Ĵłŋƒ ŶĞā ùÖũĴ Öėāŭ ƩłĢŭĞāù ƒĞāł ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ it will fuse heavier elements at the it will corefuse or inheavier shells elements

stars and galaxies appeared, [and] stars we can andsay galaxies that appeared, around the [and] core. weAs can the say star that expands around it throws the core. a part As the star e

galaxies were already there 250 million galaxies years were after alreadyof there its mass, 250 million enriched years with after those heavier of its mass, elements, enriched with th

ŶĞā Ģė Öłȩ̇̇ Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̍ ¦āÖĿ ĿāĿðāũ ĢóĞÖũù 1ķķĢŭ̇ ŶĞā Ģė Öłȩ̇̇ Ğā ŭÖƘŭ̍ ¦āÖĿ ĿāĿðāũ ĢóĞÖũù 1ķķĢŭ̇ into the interstellar environment,into to be the recycled interstellar la- environm

Öķŭŋ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ÖŶ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ !ŋķķāėā dŋłùŋł̇ Öķŭŋ Öł ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ ÖŶ łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ !ŋķķāėā dŋłùŋł̇ ter as new stars.[4] Meanwhile, the tercore as new becomes stars.[4] a Meanwh

agrees. “Determining when cosmic agrees. dawn“Determining occurred ŭŶāķķÖũ ũāĿłÖłŶ̆ Ö ƒĞĢŶā ùƒÖũĕ̇ Ö łāŽŶũŋł ŭŶÖũ̇ ŋũ̇ when cosmic dawn occurred ŭŶāķķÖũ ũāĿłÖłŶ̆ Ö ƒĞĢŶā ùƒ

Ģŭ ÖĴĢł Ŷŋ ŶĞā NŋķƘ FũÖĢķ ŋĕ óŋŭĿŋķŋėƘ Öłù ėÖķÖƗƘ Ģŭ ÖĴĢł Ŷŋ ŶĞā NŋķƘ FũÖĢķ ŋĕ óŋŭĿŋķŋėƘ Öłù ėÖķÖƗƘ Ģĕ ĢŶ Ģŭ ŭŽƧóĢāłŶķƘ ĿÖŭŭĢƑā̇ Ö ðķÖóĴ Ğŋķā̍ ŭŶÖũ ƒĢŶĞ Ģĕ ĢŶ Ģŭ ŭŽƧóĢāłŶķƘ ĿÖŭŭĢƑā̇ Ö

formation,” he says. “With these new formation,” observations he says. “With ĿÖŭŭ ėũāÖŶāũ ŶĞÖł ˏ̍˓ ŶĢĿāŭ ŶĞā Žł̪ŭ ƒĢķķ āƗťÖłù these new observations ĿÖŭŭ ėũāÖŶāũ ŶĞÖł ˏ̍˓ ŶĢĿāŭ

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

ðĢũŶĞ ŋĕ ŭŶÖũķĢėĞŶ̧̍ zŶĞāũ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ Öũā Öķŭŋ āłŶĞŽðĢũŶĞ ŋĕ ŭŶÖũķĢėĞŶ̧̍ zŶĞāũ ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ Öũā Öķŭŋ āłŶĞŽóŋũā Ģŭ āƗĞÖŽŭŶāù̙̍˒̚ Rł ŭŋĿā óÖŭāŭ̇ ĢŶ ƒĢķķ ĕŽŭā Ğāóŋũā Ģŭ āƗĞÖŽŭŶāù̙̍˒̚ Rł ŭŋĿ

ŭāù̍ ̦ āĢłė Öðķā Ŷŋ Öłŭƒāũ ŶĞāŭā ŨŽāŭŶĢŋłŭ Ģŭ ťÖũÖŭāù̍ ̦ āĢłė Öðķā Ŷŋ Öłŭƒāũ ŶĞāŭā ŨŽāŭŶĢŋłŭ Ģŭ ťÖũÖavier elements at the core or in shells avier elements around the at the core o

mount to understanding our cosmic mount history to understanding and the core. our Ascosmic the star history expands anditthe throwscore. a part Asofthe itsstar mass, expands it th

formation of structure in the universe,” formation saysof Fabian structureenriched in the universe,” with those says heavier Fabianelements, enriched intowith the inthose heavier

óĞłāĢùāũ̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ óĞłāĢùāũ̇ Öł ÖŭŶũŋťĞƘŭĢóĢŭŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ ŋĕ terstellar environment, to be recycled terstellar laterenvironment, as new to b

stars.[4] Meanwhile, the core becomes stars.[4] a stelMeanwhile, the co

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

we are getting closer to directly we witnessing are getting the closertotobecome directly a red witnessing giant when the the hydrogen to become fuel a red in its giant when t

The Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre The Atacama Large ArrayMillimetre/submillimetre detected the oldest stars ever Array seen detected the oldest stars ever seen

Senate Armed Services OKsSenate Space Force Armed with Services conditions OKs Space Force with conditions Written by Sandra Erwin

Written by Sandra Erwin

¦Ğā ! ƑŋŶā Ŷŋ ÖŽŶĞŋũĢơā Ö ťÖóā Dŋũóā Ģŭ łŋŶ ŭŽũ¦Ğā ! ƑŋŶā Ŷŋ ÖŽŶĞŋũĢơā Ö ťÖóā Dŋũóā Ģŭ łŋŶ ŭŽũ-

‫ۏחד‬ ťũĢŭĢłė ĕũŋĿ Ö āťŽðķĢóÖł̟óŋłŶũŋķķāù āłÖŶā̍ ŽŶ ťũĢŭĢłė ĕũŋĿ Ö āťŽðķĢóÖł̟óŋłŶũŋķķāù āłÖŶā̍ ŽŶ

Senate Armed Services OKsSenate Space Force Armed with Services conditions OKs Space Force with conditions Written by Sandra Erwin

‫ۏחד‬

Written by Sandra Erwin

it was not seen as guaranteed givenitthe was skepticism not seen as guaranteed given the skepticism

Á0( I « ÈÁR z I ³¨ !0 I à Á0( I «!0 « ÈÁR «Xñ ÁX z I ³¨ !0 I «!0 voiced by committee members during voiced a hearing by committee à members during«Xñ ÁX a hearing

voiced by committee members during voiced a hearing by committee members during a hearing

ťũĢķ ːː ƒĢŶĞ āłŶÖėŋł ŋƧóĢÖķŭ̍

Page 10-11

Page 12-13

Attitude

Page 12-13

Cosmic Buissnes Cosmic Buissnes

Page 14-15

Page 16

ZERO-G Sports ZERO-G Sports

Weather

Page 16

Weather

!ŋŭĿĢó ŽĢŭŭłāŭ !ŋŭĿĢó ŽĢŭŭłāŭ 13 21 July 2019

spaperThe Void Newspaper

13 21 July 2019

#ROCKET #FAIL #FUNNY #ROCKET #FAIL #FUNNY

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CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

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CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

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CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

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Mars, at Mars, a stretch at a stretch

łŽŭ̧̍ RŶ Ģŭ ŶĞā ŋłķƘ ťķÖłāŶ ƒĞŋŭā łÖĿā Ģŭ ùāũĢƑāù łŽŭ̧̍ RŶ Ģŭ ŶĞā ŋłķƘ ťķÖłāŶ ƒĞŋŭā łÖĿā Ģŭ ùāũĢƑāù ŶĞā ŭĴƘ̇ zŽũÖłŋŭ̍ ŋùā ÖũėŽāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā łÖĿā ŭĞŋŽķù ŶĞā ŭĴƘ̇ zŽũÖłŋŭ̍ ŋùā ÖũėŽāù ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā łÖĿā ŭĞŋŽķù ¦ĞĢŭ ĢĿÖėā ŋĕ ũÖłŽŭ̇ ŶÖĴāł ðƘ ŶĞā ¦ĞĢŭ ĢĿÖėā ŋĕ ũÖłŽŭ̇ ŶÖĴāł ðƘ ŶĞā

zł ĢŶŭ āĢėĞŶĞ ùÖƘ ŋł ŶĞā āù ķÖłāŶ̇ p ̪ŭ mÖũŭ zł ĢŶŭ āĢėĞŶĞ ùÖƘ ŋł ŶĞā āù ķÖłāŶ̇ p ̪ŭ mÖũŭ would put the ancient Egyptians to would shame. put the ancient Egyptians to shame.

ùĢũāóŶķƘ ĕũŋĿ Ö ƩėŽũā ŋĕ FũāāĴ ĿƘŶĞŋķŋėƘ̍ ùĢũāóŶķƘ ĕũŋĿ Ö ƩėŽũā ŋĕ FũāāĴ ĿƘŶĞŋķŋėƘ̍ follow the mythology so as not tofollow standthe outmythology as difso as not to stand out as difNŽððķā ťÖóā ¦āķāŭóŋťā Öłù łāƒķƘ NŽððķā ťÖóā ¦āķāŭóŋťā Öłù łāƒķƘ

Rł ĢėĞŶ̇ ťũāťÖũĢłė Ŷŋ ŭŶÖũŶ ƒŋũĴ̇ ƪāƗāŭ ĢŶŭ ũŋRł ĢėĞŶ̇ ťũāťÖũĢłė Ŷŋ ŭŶÖũŶ ƒŋũĴ̇ ƪāƗāŭ ĢŶŭ ũŋWe now know that the Face on Mars, We now like the know ca-that the Face on Mars, like the ca-

¦Ğā ÖùıāóŶĢƑÖķ ĕŋũĿ ŋĕ ũÖłŽŭ Ģŭ ̦ũÖłĢÖł̧̍ ¦Ğā ÖùıāóŶĢƑÖķ ĕŋũĿ ŋĕ ũÖłŽŭ Ģŭ ̦ũÖłĢÖł̧̍ ĕāũāłŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũ ťķÖłāŶŭ̇ Öłù ŶĞÖŶ ũÖłŽŭ ƒÖŭ ĕāũāłŶ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũ ťķÖłāŶŭ̇ Öłù ŶĞÖŶ ũÖłŽŭ ƒÖŭ released by NASA, reveals the plareleased by NASA, reveals the pla-

botic arm and takes a picture of itself. boticThis armimaand takes a picture łÖķŭ̇ ƒÖŭ Ö ŶũĢóĴ ŋĕ ķĢėĞŶ Öłù ŭĞÖùŋƒ̍ ŽŶ ŶĞā ŭāof itself. This imałÖķŭ̇ ƒÖŭ Ö ŶũĢóĴ ŋĕ ķĢėĞŶ Öłù ŭĞÖùŋƒ̍ ŽŶ ŶĞā ŭā-

¦Ğā ťũŋłŽłóĢÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ ŶĞā łÖĿā ũÖłŽŭ ťũā¦Ğā ťũŋłŽłóĢÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ ŶĞā łÖĿā ũÖłŽŭ ťũāÖł ÖťťũŋťũĢÖŶā łÖĿā Öŭ ŶĞā ĕÖŶĞāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ėāłÖł ÖťťũŋťũĢÖŶā łÖĿā Öŭ ŶĞā ĕÖŶĞāũ ŋĕ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ėāłłāŶ̪ŭ āƗŶũāĿā Öłù ŽłĢŨŽā ũŋŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ŶĢķŶ̍ !ķāÖũķƘ łāŶ̪ŭ āƗŶũāĿā Öłù ŽłĢŨŽā ũŋŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ ŶĢķŶ̍ !ķāÖũķƘ

ge, originally captured last week,ge, shows originally the capturedarch lastfor week, life shows on the planet the continues arch to for tantalilife on the planet continues to tantali-

ferred among astronomers is with ferred stress among on astronomers āũÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ ŶĞā ¦ĢŶÖłŭ̍ Nā Öķŭŋ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ āķāėÖłóā is with stress on āũÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ ŶĞā ¦ĢŶÖłŭ̍ Nā Öķŭŋ łŋŶāù ŶĞÖŶ āķāėÖłóā ƑĢŭĢðķā Ģŭ Ö ĞŽėā ŭŶŋũĿ óÖķķāù ŶĞā ťŋķÖũ óķŋŽù óÖť̆ ƑĢŭĢðķā Ģŭ Ö ĞŽėā ŭŶŋũĿ óÖķķāù ŶĞā ťŋķÖũ óķŋŽù óÖť̆

arm above a copper-coloured hexagonal arm above struca copper-coloured ŭā̍ zũðĢŶĢłė ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ Öłù ķÖłùāũŭ ĞÖƑā ťũŋƑāł hexagonal strucŭā̍ zũðĢŶĢłė ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ Öłù ķÖłùāũŭ ĞÖƑā ťũŋƑāł

ŶĞā ĕĢũŭŶ ŭƘķķÖðķā Öŭ Ģł dÖŶĢł ½ũÖłŽŭ̇ Ģł óŋłŶĞā ĕĢũŭŶ ŭƘķķÖðķā Öŭ Ģł dÖŶĢł ½ũÖłŽŭ̇ Ģł óŋłof the name in that just as Saturn of was the name the father in that just as Saturn was the father a hood that slowly grows and shrinks a hood in responthat slowly grows and shrinks in respon-

ture – a seismometer, shortly to be ture deploy– a seismometer,that shortly Mars towas be deployonce remarkably Earthlike, that Marswith was once remarkably Earthlike, with

trast to stress onflows the second trast syllable to with andstress ŋĕ `ŽťĢŶāũ̇ ŶĞā łāƒ ťķÖłāŶ ŭĞŋŽķù ðā łÖĿāù ÖĕŶāũ on the second syllable and ŋĕ `ŽťĢŶāũ̇ ŶĞā łāƒ ťķÖłāŶ ŭĞŋŽķù ðā łÖĿāù ÖĕŶāũ se to seasonal changes in atmospheric se to seasonal flows changes inwith atmospheric

āù ̞ ŶĞā ĢłŭŶũŽĿāłŶ̪ŭ óŋłĢóÖķ ťũŋŶāóŶĢƑā óŋāù ̞ ŶĞā ĢłŭŶũŽĿāłŶ̪ŭ óŋłĢóÖķ ťũŋŶāóŶĢƑā óŋoceans, akes and rivers, plus an atmospheoceans, akes and rivers, plus an atmosphe-

a long a, though both are considered a long acceptaa, though both ŶĞā ĕÖŶĞāũ ŋĕ ÖŶŽũł̍ Rł ː˖˗˘̇ ŋùā̪ŭ ŋƘÖķ óÖùāare considered acceptaŶĞā ĕÖŶĞāũ ŋĕ ÖŶŽũł̍ Rł ː˖˗˘̇ ŋùā̪ŭ ŋƘÖķ óÖùāÖóũŋŭŭ ŶĞā ėĢÖłŶ Ģóā ťķÖłāŶ̍ dĢĴā ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũ ėĢÖłŶ Öóũŋŭŭ ŶĞā ėĢÖłŶ Ģóā ťķÖłāŶ̍ dĢĴā ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũ ėĢÖłŶ

Ƒāũ Öłù̇ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ũĢėĞŶ̇ ŶĞā ðķÖóĴ óƘķĢłùũĢóÖķ NāÖŶ Ƒāũ Öłù̇ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ũĢėĞŶ̇ ŶĞā ðķÖóĴ óƘķĢłùũĢóÖķ NāÖŶ ũā óŋłŭĢùāũÖðķƘ ùāłŭāũ ŶĞÖł ŶĞā ŶĞĢł ƩķĿ ĢŶ ĞÖŭ ũā óŋłŭĢùāũÖðķƘ ùāłŭāũ ŶĞÖł ŶĞā ŶĞĢł ƩķĿ ĢŶ ĞÖŭ

ble. Earth life tends to favour building ble. Earth blocks life tends myto colleague favour building Martinblocks Klaproth named my colleague his newly Martin Klaproth named his newly ťķÖłāŶŭ̇ ũÖłŽŭ ĞÖŭ Ö ũĢłė ŭƘŭŶāĿ̇ Ö ĿÖėłāťķÖłāŶŭ̇ ũÖłŽŭ ĞÖŭ Ö ũĢłė ŭƘŭŶāĿ̇ Ö ĿÖėłā-

Dķŋƒ Öłù ĞƘŭĢóÖķ ũŋťāũŶĢāŭ ũŋðā ̛N ˒̜̍ Dķŋƒ Öłù ĞƘŭĢóÖķ ũŋťāũŶĢāŭ ũŋðā ̛N ˒̜̍ ŶŋùÖƘ̍ ¦Ğā āù ķÖłāŶ̪ŭ āÖũķĢāŭŶ āťŋóĞ Ģŭ łŋƒ ŋĕŶŋùÖƘ̍ ¦Ğā āù ķÖłāŶ̪ŭ āÖũķĢāŭŶ āťŋóĞ Ģŭ łŋƒ ŋĕ-

ŶĞÖŶ ĕÖķķ ĢłŶŋ ķĢĿĢŶāù ŭĢơā ũÖłėāŭ̍ dĢťĢùŭ̇ ĕŋũ ŶĞÖŶ ĕÖķķ ĢłŶŋ ķĢĿĢŶāù ŭĢơā ũÖłėāŭ̍ dĢťĢùŭ̇ ĕŋũ ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù āķāĿāłŶ ŽũÖłĢŽĿ Ģł ŭŽťťŋũŶ ŋĕ ŋùā̪ŭ ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù āķāĿāłŶ ŽũÖłĢŽĿ Ģł ŭŽťťŋũŶ ŋĕ ŋùā̪ŭ ŶŋŭťĞāũā̇ Öłù łŽĿāũŋŽŭ Ŀŋŋłŭ̍ ¦Ğā ũÖłĢÖł ŶŋŭťĞāũā̇ Öłù łŽĿāũŋŽŭ Ŀŋŋłŭ̍ ¦Ğā ũÖłĢÖł

And beyond the lander itself, the vast And rocky beyond the landerƩóĢÖķķƘ ùŽððāù ŶĞā pŋÖóĞĢÖł ̞ Ö ŶāũĿ ùāŭĢėłāù itself, the vast rocky ƩóĢÖķķƘ ùŽððāù ŶĞā pŋÖóĞĢÖł ̞ Ö ŶāũĿ ùāŭĢėłāù

example, tend to cluster in the 14example, to 20-cartend to cluster óĞŋĢóā̙̍˓˓̚ ķŶĢĿÖŶāķƘ̇ ŋùā̪ŭ ŭŽėėāŭŶĢŋł ðāóÖĿā in the 14- to 20-caróĞŋĢóā̙̍˓˓̚ ķŶĢĿÖŶāķƘ̇ ŋùā̪ŭ ŭŽėėāŭŶĢŋł ðāóÖĿā ŭƘŭŶāĿ ĞÖŭ Ö ŽłĢŨŽā óŋłƩėŽũÖŶĢŋł ðāóÖŽŭā ĢŶŭ ŭƘŭŶāĿ ĞÖŭ Ö ŽłĢŨŽā óŋłƩėŽũÖŶĢŋł ðāóÖŽŭā ĢŶŭ

āƗťÖłŭā ŋĕ ŶĞā 1ķƘŭĢŽĿ ķÖłĢŶĢÖ̍ zł ĢŶŭ āĢėĞŶĞ ùÖƘ āƗťÖłŭā ŋĕ ŶĞā 1ķƘŭĢŽĿ ķÖłĢŶĢÖ̍ zł ĢŶŭ āĢėĞŶĞ ùÖƘ to conjure images of vast amounts toof conjure water. images of vast amounts of water.

bon sideways, range, even though there isbon no theoretirange, even though ŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ ƒĢùāķƘ Žŭāù̇ Öłù ðāóÖĿā ŽłĢƑāũŭÖķ Ģł ː˗˔ˏ there is no theoretiŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ ƒĢùāķƘ Žŭāù̇ Öłù ðāóÖĿā ŽłĢƑāũŭÖķ Ģł ː˗˔ˏ axis of rotation is tilted sideways, axis nearly of into rotation the is tilted nearly into the

ŋł ŶĞā āù ķÖłāŶ̇ p ̪ŭ mÖũŭ Rł ĢėĞŶ̇ ťũāťÖŋł ŶĞā āù ķÖłāŶ̇ p ̪ŭ mÖũŭ Rł ĢėĞŶ̇ ťũāťÖThe Phoenix lander returned dataThe showing Phoenix Marlander returned data showing Mar-

cal reason for them not to have more cal reason or fewer for them ƒĞāł Nm pÖŽŶĢóÖķ ķĿÖłÖó zƧóā̇ ŶĞā ƩłÖķ Ğŋķùnot to have more or fewer ƒĞāł Nm pÖŽŶĢóÖķ ķĿÖłÖó zƧóā̇ ŶĞā ƩłÖķ ĞŋķùťķÖłā ŋĕ ĢŶŭ ŭŋķÖũ ŋũðĢŶ̍ RŶŭ łŋũŶĞ Öłù ŭŋŽŶĞ ťŋťķÖłā ŋĕ ĢŶŭ ŭŋķÖũ ŋũðĢŶ̍ RŶŭ łŋũŶĞ Öłù ŭŋŽŶĞ ťŋ-

ũĢłė Ŷŋ ŭŶÖũŶ ƒŋũĴ̇ ƪāƗāŭ ĢŶŭ ũŋðŋŶĢó ÖũĿ Öłù ŶÖĴāŭ ũĢłė Ŷŋ ŭŶÖũŶ ƒŋũĴ̇ ƪāƗāŭ ĢŶŭ ũŋðŋŶĢó ÖũĿ Öłù ŶÖĴāŭ tian soil to be slightly alkaline and tian containing soil to beelslightly alkaline and containing el-

numbers carbons. Similarly, numbers the five nucof carbons. Similarly, the five nucles, therefore, lie where most other les, planets therefore, havelie where mostof other planets have

a picture of itself. This image, originally a picture captuof itself. Thisements image, originally such as magnesium, captusodium, ements potassium such as magnesium, sodium, potassium

ķāŋŶĢùā ðÖŭāŭ Žŭāù ðƘ ŋŽũ 'p Öłù p ̛ĕŋŽũ ķāŋŶĢùā ðÖŭāŭ Žŭāù ðƘ ŋŽũ 'p Öłù p ̛ĕŋŽũ ŶĞāĢũ āŨŽÖŶŋũŭ̙̍ː˘̚ Rł ː˘˗˕̇ ĢĿÖėāŭ ĕũŋĿ ÁŋƘÖėāũ ŶĞāĢũ āŨŽÖŶŋũŭ̙̍ː˘̚ Rł ː˘˗˕̇ ĢĿÖėāŭ ĕũŋĿ ÁŋƘÖėāũ

red last week, shows the arm above redalast copper-coweek, shows the andarm chlorine. aboveThese a copper-conutrients areand found chlorine. in soilsThese on nutrients are found in soils on

„Even though it’s so „Even common though there’s it’s so a lack common of there’s a lack of loured hexagonal structure – a seismometer, loured hexagonal structure Earth,– and a seismometer, they are necessary forEarth, growth and of plants. they are necessary for growth of plants. good research looking good into research this infection lookingand into this infection and andor 151, while weights the amibetween 112 and 151, while the amiŭĞŋũŶķƘ Ŷŋ ðā ùāťķŋƘāù ̞ ŶĞā ĢłŭŶũŽĿāłŶ̪ŭ óŋłĢŭĞŋũŶķƘ Ŷŋ ðā ùāťķŋƘāù ̞ ŶĞā ĢłŭŶũŽĿāłŶ̪ŭ óŋłĢExperiments performed by the lander Experiments showed performed by the lander showed net in visible light, without the cloud net inbands visibleorlight,weights withoutbetween the cloud112 bands acids usegiant to make proteinsno range acids inwe mouse to make proteins range in mocal protective cover and, to the right, cal protective the black cycover and, ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā mÖũŶĢÖł ŭŋĢķ ĞÖŭ Ö ðÖŭĢó ťN ŋĕ ˖̍˖̇ Öłù óŋłto the right, the black cyŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā mÖũŶĢÖł ŭŋĢķ ĞÖŭ Ö ðÖŭĢó ťN ŋĕ ˖̍˖̇ Öłù óŋłstorms associated with the otherstorms giant planets. associatedno with thewe other planets. ƒÖƘŭ Ŷŋ ťũāƑāłŶ Öłù ŶũāÖŶ ĢŶ̧ ƒÖƘŭ Ŷŋ ťũāƑāłŶ Öłù ŶũāÖŶ ĢŶ̧ ĕŋũ 'p ̇ Öłù ÖłŋŶĞāũ Ģł p ̜ ĞÖƑā ĿŋķāóŽķÖũ ĕŋũ 'p ̇ Öłù ÖłŋŶĞāũ Ģł p ̜ ĞÖƑā ĿŋķāóŽķÖũ ˑ ŭĞŋƒāù ũÖłŽŭ Öŭ Öł ÖķĿŋŭŶ ĕāÖŶŽũāķāŭŭ ťķÖˑ ŭĞŋƒāù ũÖłŽŭ Öŭ Öł ÖķĿŋŭŶ ĕāÖŶŽũāķāŭŭ ťķÖ-

NAME ŶƘ Öŭ ũÖłŽŭ ÖťťũŋÖóĞāù ĢŶŭ āŨŽĢłŋƗ Ģł ˑˏˏ˖̍ ŶƘ Öŭ ũÖłŽŭ ÖťťũŋÖóĞāù ĢŶŭ āŨŽĢłŋƗ Ģł ˑˏˏ˖̍

āƗťÖłŭā ŋĕ ŶĞā 1ķƘŭĢŽĿ ķÖłĢŶĢÖ̍ ŽŶ óĞĢÖťÖũāķāƗťÖłŭā ŋĕ ŶĞā 1ķƘŭĢŽĿ ķÖłĢŶĢÖ̍ ŽŶ óĞĢÖťÖũāķtoxic (see also Martian soil toxicity). toxic Streaks (see also areMartian soil toxicity). Streaks are

ŋŽŶ̇ ŭƒĢŶóĞāù ĕũŋĿ ŽŭĢłė FāŋũėĢŽĿ̍ ŋŽŶ̇ ŭƒĢŶóĞāù ĕũŋĿ ŽŭĢłė FāŋũėĢŽĿ̍

à0« J0 áXz( ³¨00( z È« zÈ³ Xz kxٜR

OBSERVABLE STORMS, MONTHLY

à0« J0 áXz( ³¨00( z È« zÈ³ Xz kxٜR

OBSERVABLE STORMS, MONTHLY

‫׎ד‬

NAME

‫׎זד‬

̛N ˒̜̍ łù ðāƘŋłù ŶĞā ķÖłùāũ ĢŶŭāķĕ̇ ŶĞā ƑÖŭŶ ũŋóĴƘ ̛N ˒̜̍ łù ðāƘŋłù ŶĞā ķÖłùāũ ĢŶŭāķĕ̇ ŶĞā ƑÖŭŶ ũŋóĴƘ high concentration and makes the high Martian concentration soil and makes the Martian soil

‫׎ד‬

ķĢłùũĢóÖķ NāÖŶ Dķŋƒ Öłù ĞƘŭĢóÖķ ũŋťāũŶĢāŭ ũŋðā ķĢłùũĢóÖķ NāÖŶ Dķŋƒ Öłù ĞƘŭĢóÖķ ũŋťāũŶĢāŭ ũŋðā ŶÖĢłŭ ˏ̍˕ͮ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭÖķŶ ťāũóĞķŋũÖŶā̙̍¦ĞĢŭ Ģŭ Ö ƑāũƘ ŶÖĢłŭ ˏ̍˕ͮ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭÖķŶ ťāũóĞķŋũÖŶā̙̍¦ĞĢŭ Ģŭ Ö ƑāũƘ

ƘŋŽ ĞÖƑā ̨ĢŭķÖłùŭ̪ ŋĕ óŋĿťŋŽłùŭ̧̇ ÁÖėŋ ŭÖƘŭ̍ ƘŋŽ ĞÖƑā ̨ĢŭķÖłùŭ̪ ŋĕ óŋĿťŋŽłùŭ̧̇ ÁÖėŋ ŭÖƘŭ̍ asonal change and increased weather asonalactivichange and increased weather activi-

‫׎זד‬

ķāóŽķÖũ ƒāĢėĞŶ ĕũŋĿ ˖˔ Ŷŋ ˑˏ˓̍ ̦Rĕ ƘŋŽ Ʃłù ŶĞÖŶ ķāóŽķÖũ ƒāĢėĞŶ ĕũŋĿ ˖˔ Ŷŋ ˑˏ˓̍ ̦Rĕ ƘŋŽ Ʃłù ŶĞÖŶ ̙ː˘̚ zðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋłŭ ĕũŋĿ 1ÖũŶĞ ĞÖƑā ŭĞŋƒł ŭā̙ː˘̚ zðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋłŭ ĕũŋĿ 1ÖũŶĞ ĞÖƑā ŭĞŋƒł ŭā-

NāũŭóĞāķ̪ŭ ťũŋťŋŭāù łÖĿā ƒÖŭ łŋŶ ťŋťŽNāũŭóĞāķ̪ŭ ťũŋťŋŭāù łÖĿā ƒÖŭ łŋŶ ťŋťŽũÖłŽŭ ĞÖŭ Ŷƒŋ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿĢóÖķ ŭƘĿðŋķŭ̍ ¦Ğā ƩũŭŶ ũÖłŽŭ ĞÖŭ Ŷƒŋ ÖŭŶũŋłŋĿĢóÖķ ŭƘĿðŋķŭ̍ ¦Ğā ƩũŭŶ Wind speeds can reach 250 metres Wind perspeeds secondcan reach 250 metres per second

ķĢ̪ŭ ƑĢŭĢŋł óÖťŶŽũāù ŶĞā ťŽðķĢó ĢĿÖėĢłÖŶĢŋł̍ zŶĞāũŭ ķĢ̪ŭ ƑĢŭĢŋł óÖťŶŽũāù ŶĞā ťŽðķĢó ĢĿÖėĢłÖŶĢŋł̍ zŶĞāũŭ common across Mars and new ones common appearacross fre- Mars and new ones appear fre-

ķÖũ ŋŽŶŭĢùā ũĢŶÖĢł̇ Öłù ÖķŶāũłÖŶĢƑāŭ ƒāũā ŭŋŋł ķÖũ ŋŽŶŭĢùā ũĢŶÖĢł̇ Öłù ÖķŶāũłÖŶĢƑāŭ ƒāũā ŭŋŋł Ŷŋ ðā ťũŋťŋŭāù̙̇ė̚ ƒÖŭ ŭŽėėāŭŶāù ðƘ dÖķÖłùā Ģł Ŷŋ ðā ťũŋťŋŭāù̙̇ė̚ ƒÖŭ ŭŽėėāŭŶāù ðƘ dÖķÖłùā Ģł ̛˘ˏˏ ĴĿ̓Ğ̒ ˔˕ˏĿťĞ̜̍ dĢĴā ŶĞā óķÖŭŭĢóÖķ ťķÖłāŶŭ̇ ̛˘ˏˏ ĴĿ̓Ğ̒ ˔˕ˏĿťĞ̜̍ dĢĴā ŶĞā óķÖŭŭĢóÖķ ťķÖłāŶŭ̇

ƒŋŽķù āƑāł ŭŽėėāŭŶ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā āù ķÖłāŶ̪ŭ óŋķŋƒŋŽķù āƑāł ŭŽėėāŭŶ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā āù ķÖłāŶ̪ŭ óŋķŋquently on steep slopes of craters,quently troughs, onand steep slopes of craters, troughs, and

ťũŋťŋŭāù̍ ŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ `ĂũŏĿā dÖķÖłùā ťũŋťũŋťŋŭāù̍ ŭŶũŋłŋĿāũ `ĂũŏĿā dÖķÖłùā ťũŋː˖˗˓̍ Rł Ö ķāŶŶāũ Ŷŋ NāũŭóĞāķ̇ dÖķÖłùā ùāŭóũĢðāù ĢŶ Öŭ ː˖˗˓̍ Rł Ö ķāŶŶāũ Ŷŋ NāũŭóĞāķ̇ dÖķÖłùā ùāŭóũĢðāù ĢŶ Öŭ ũÖłŽŭ Ģŭ ƑĢŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ŶĞā łÖĴāù āƘā̇ ðŽŶ ĢŶ ƒÖŭ łāũÖłŽŭ Ģŭ ƑĢŭĢðķā Ŷŋ ŶĞā łÖĴāù āƘā̇ ðŽŶ ĢŶ ƒÖŭ łā-

ur was due to ruddy vegetation, much ur was asdue if it were to ruddy vegetation, ƑÖķķāƘŭ̍ ¦Ğā ŭŶũāÖĴŭ Öũā ùÖũĴ ÖŶ ƩũŭŶ Öłù ėāŶ ķĢėĞŶāũ much as if it were ƑÖķķāƘŭ̍ ¦Ğā ŭŶũāÖĴŭ Öũā ùÖũĴ ÖŶ ƩũŭŶ Öłù ėāŶ ķĢėĞŶāũ

ťŋŭāù ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ ðā łÖĿāù NāũŭóĞāķ Ģł ĞŋłŋŽũ ŋĕ ̦Žł ėķŋðā ŭŽũĿŋłŶĂ ťÖũ ķÖ ťũāĿĢďũā ķāŶŶũā ùā Ƒŋ̦Žł ėķŋðā ŭŽũĿŋłŶĂ ťÖũ ķÖ ťũāĿĢďũā ķāŶŶũā ùā Ƒŋver recognised as a planet by ancient ver recognised observers as aťŋŭāù ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ ðā łÖĿāù NāũŭóĞāķ Ģł ĞŋłŋŽũ ŋĕ planet by ancient observers

óŋƑāũāù Ģł `ÖťÖłāŭā ĿÖťķāŭ̍ Rł ː˘˒˗̇ zũŭŋł ÂāķóŋƑāũāù Ģł `ÖťÖłāŭā ĿÖťķāŭ̍ Rł ː˘˒˗̇ zũŭŋł Âāķwith age. The streaks can start in with a tinyage. area, The then streaks can start in a tiny area, then

its discoverer. astronomer its discoverer. Erik Pros- Swedish Ŷũā łŋĿ̧ ̛̦Ö ėķŋðā ŭŽũĿŋŽłŶāù ðƘ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ķāŶŶāũ ŋĕ astronomer Erik ProsŶũā łŋĿ̧ ̛̦Ö ėķŋðā ŭŽũĿŋŽłŶāù ðƘ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ķāŶŶāũ ŋĕ because of its dimness and slowbecause orbit.[21] of Sir its dimness and slowSwedish orbit.[21] Sir

ķāŭ̪ ũÖùĢŋ ÖùÖťŶÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ ÂÖũ ŋĕ ŶĞā Âŋũķùŭ ťÖłĢóķāŭ̪ ũÖùĢŋ ÖùÖťŶÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ ÂÖũ ŋĕ ŶĞā Âŋũķùŭ ťÖłĢóspread out for hundreds of metres. spread They have out for been hundreds of metres. They have been

perin proposed the name Neptune, perin which proposed was the your name surname”). Neptune,Awhich later proposal, was your is a hybrid surname”). of theA later proposal, is a hybrid of the ÂĢķķĢÖĿ NāũŭóĞāķ ÖłłŋŽłóāù ĢŶŭ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋł ː˒ ÂĢķķĢÖĿ NāũŭóĞāķ ÖłłŋŽłóāù ĢŶŭ ùĢŭóŋƑāũƘ ŋł ː˒

ked hundreds of thousands of listeners, ked hundreds convin-of thousands seen to offollow listeners, the edges convinof boulders seen and toother follow obthe edges of boulders and other ob-

supported by other astronomerssupported who liked the by other ŭƘĿðŋķŭ ĕŋũ mÖũŭ Öłù ŶĞā Žł ðāóÖŽŭā ũÖłŽŭ ƒÖŭ astronomers who liked the ŭƘĿðŋķŭ ĕŋũ mÖũŭ Öłù ŶĞā Žł ðāóÖŽŭā ũÖłŽŭ ƒÖŭ mÖũóĞ ː˖˗ː̇ āƗťÖłùĢłė ŶĞā Ĵłŋƒł ðŋŽłùÖũĢāŭ mÖũóĞ ː˖˗ː̇ āƗťÖłùĢłė ŶĞā Ĵłŋƒł ðŋŽłùÖũĢāŭ

cing them that death-dealing Martian cing them “tripods” that death-dealing stacles inMartian their path. “tripods” The commonly stacles accepted in their thepath. The commonly accepted the-

ĢùāÖ Ŷŋ óŋĿĿāĿŋũÖŶā ŶĞā ƑĢóŶŋũĢāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ũĢŶĢùāÖ Ŷŋ óŋĿĿāĿŋũÖŶā ŶĞā ƑĢóŶŋũĢāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ũĢŶŶĞā ĴƘ Ģł FũāāĴ ĿƘŶĞŋķŋėƘ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ Ŷŋ ŶĞā ĴƘ Ģł FũāāĴ ĿƘŶĞŋķŋėƘ̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ Ŷŋ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŋķÖũ ƘŭŶāĿ ĕŋũ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŶĢĿā Ģł ĞĢŭŶŋũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŋķÖũ ƘŭŶāĿ ĕŋũ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ŶĢĿā Ģł ĞĢŭŶŋũƘ

were on the verge of showing up at were their ondoorsteps. the verge of showing ories include up at their that they doorsteps. are dark underlying ories include layers that they are dark underlying layers

ĢŭĞ ŋƘÖķ pÖƑÖķ ƪāāŶ Ģł ŶĞā óŋŽũŭā ŋĕ ŶĞā ĿāũĢĢŭĞ ŋƘÖķ pÖƑÖķ ƪāāŶ Ģł ŶĞā óŋŽũŭā ŋĕ ŶĞā ĿāũĢbe dominated by the combined powers be dominated of the Sun by the combined powers of the Sun Öłù ĿÖĴĢłė ũÖłŽŭ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ťķÖłāŶ ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù Öłù ĿÖĴĢłė ũÖłŽŭ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ťķÖłāŶ ùĢŭóŋƑāũāù

Rł ː˘˖˕̇ ƒĞāł p ̪ŭ ÁĢĴĢłė ː ŋũðĢŶāũ ťũŋƑĢùāù Rł ː˘˖˕̇ ƒĞāł p ̪ŭ ÁĢĴĢłė ː ŋũðĢŶāũ ťũŋƑĢùāù of soil revealed after avalanches of ofbright soil revealed dust orafter avalanches of bright dust or

óÖł āƑŋķŽŶĢŋłÖũƘ ÂÖũ ðƘ óÖķķĢłė ŶĞā łāƒ ťķÖłóÖł āƑŋķŽŶĢŋłÖũƘ ÂÖũ ðƘ óÖķķĢłė ŶĞā łāƒ ťķÖłÖłù mÖũŭ̙̍˓˔̚ ũÖłŽŭ Ģŭ óÖķķāù ðƘ Ö ƑÖũĢāŶƘ ŋĕ Öłù mÖũŭ̙̍˓˔̚ ũÖłŽŭ Ģŭ óÖķķāù ðƘ Ö ƑÖũĢāŶƘ ŋĕ ƒĢŶĞ Ö Ŷāķāŭóŋťā̍ ¦Ğā łÖĿā ŋĕ ũÖłŽŭ ũāĕāũāłƒĢŶĞ Ö Ŷāķāŭóŋťā̍ ¦Ğā łÖĿā ŋĕ ũÖłŽŭ ũāĕāũāł-

ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ėŋŋù ĢĿÖėāŭ ŋĕ mÖũŭ̇ ŋłā̇ ùŽððāù ŶĞā ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ėŋŋù ĢĿÖėāŭ ŋĕ mÖũŭ̇ ŋłā̇ ùŽððāù ŶĞā dust devils.[66] Several other explanations dust devils.[66] have Several other explanations have

āŶ āƑāł pāťŶŽłā Fāŋũėā RRR ŋũ pāťŶŽłā FũāÖŶ āŶ āƑāł pāťŶŽłā Fāŋũėā RRR ŋũ pāťŶŽłā FũāÖŶ ŶũÖłŭķÖŶĢŋłŭ Ģł ŋŶĞāũ ķÖłėŽÖėāŭ̍ Rł !ĞĢłāŭā̇ ŶũÖłŭķÖŶĢŋłŭ Ģł ŋŶĞāũ ķÖłėŽÖėāŭ̍ Rł !ĞĢłāŭā̇ óāŭ ŶĞā ÖłóĢāłŶ FũāāĴ ùāĢŶƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭĴƘ ũÖłŽŭ̇ óāŭ ŶĞā ÖłóĢāłŶ FũāāĴ ùāĢŶƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭĴƘ ũÖłŽŭ̇

“Face on Mars”, entered tabloid infamy “Face on as Mars”, pro- entered been tabloid put forward, infamy as including pro- thosebeen thatput involve forward, including those that involve

Written by Jeff Foust

Written by Sandra Erwin

¦Ğā Ģũ Dŋũóā ÖƒÖũùāù d óŋŭŶ̟ŭĞÖũĢłė óŋłŶũÖóŶŭ ¦Ğā Ģũ Dŋũóā ÖƒÖũùāù d óŋŭŶ̟ŭĞÖũĢłė óŋłŶũÖóŶŭ ťÖóāÇ̪ŭ ðĢù ťũŋŶāŭŶ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā !ŋŽũŶ ŋĕ DāùāũÖķ ťÖóāÇ̪ŭ ðĢù ťũŋŶāŭŶ ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā !ŋŽũŶ ŋĕ DāùāũÖķ upcoming launch procurement competition upcoming launch known procurement competition known Öŭ pÖŶĢŋłÖķ āóŽũĢŶƘ ťÖóā dÖŽłóĞ ĞÖŭā ˑ dÖŽłóĞ Öŭ pÖŶĢŋłÖķ āóŽũĢŶƘ ťÖóā dÖŽłóĞ ĞÖŭā ˑ dÖŽłóĞ Ŷŋ ķŽā zũĢėĢł ̛̿˔ˏˏ ĿĢķķĢŋł̜̇ łĢŶāù dÖŽłóĞ ķķĢÖłóā Ŷŋ ķŽā zũĢėĢł ̛̿˔ˏˏ ĿĢķķĢŋł̜̇ łĢŶāù dÖŽłóĞ ķķĢÖłóā !ķÖĢĿŭ óĞÖķķāłėāŭ ŶĞā Ģũ Dŋũóā ťÖóā Öłù mĢŭŭĢķā Ƙŭ!ķÖĢĿŭ óĞÖķķāłėāŭ ŶĞā Ģũ Dŋũóā ťÖóā Öłù mĢŭŭĢķā Ƙŭ āũƑĢóā ũŋóŽũāĿāłŶ̍ ÂĢŶĞŋŽŶ d ĕŽłùŭ̇ ťÖóāÇ Ģŭ āũƑĢóā ũŋóŽũāĿāłŶ̍ ÂĢŶĞŋŽŶ d ĕŽłùŭ̇ ťÖóāÇ Ģŭ ̛̿˘˕˖ ĿĢķķĢŋł̜ Öłù pŋũŶĞũŋť FũŽĿĿÖł ̛̿˖˕ˑ ĿĢķķĢŋł̜ ̛̿˘˕˖ ĿĢķķĢŋł̜ Öłù pŋũŶĞũŋť FũŽĿĿÖł ̛̿˖˕ˑ ĿĢķķĢŋł̜ ŶāĿŭ !āłŶāũ̪ŭ ùāóĢŭĢŋł Ŷŋ ùāłƘ ťÖóāÇ Ö dÖŽłóĞ āũŶāĿŭ !āłŶāũ̪ŭ ùāóĢŭĢŋł Ŷŋ ùāłƘ ťÖóāÇ Ö dÖŽłóĞ āũrequired bear bruntthe of thoserequired costs onto itsbear own. the brunt those costs on its as own. to help the companies defray the costs to help of meeting the companies the defray theto costs ofthe meeting vice of Agreement contract “arbitrary viceand Agreement capricious contract as “arbitrary and capricious ėŋƑāũłĿāłŶ̪ŭ ŽłĢŨŽā ķÖŽłóĞ ũāŨŽĢũāĿāłŶŭ ĕŋũ ŶĞā ėŋƑāũłĿāłŶ̪ŭ ŽłĢŨŽā ķÖŽłóĞ ũāŨŽĢũāĿāłŶŭ ĕŋũ ŶĞā Rł ŶĞā ũāùÖóŶāù ťŋũŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā óŋĿťķÖĢłŶ̇ ťÖóāÇ ĢłRł ŶĞā ũāùÖóŶāù ťŋũŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā óŋĿťķÖĢłŶ̇ ťÖóāÇ Ģłand contrary to law.”

netary neighbour, creating giant netary structures neighbour, that creating giant structures that Written by Michael

Sheen Written by Michael Sheen

Industry seeks more time to Industry review seeks revised more commercial time to review launchrevised regulations commercial launch regulations

SpaceX launches new legalSpaceX battle against launches U.S. new Airlegal Force battle against U.S. Air Force Written by Sandra Erwin

of that humanoid aliens once existed of that on humanoid our pla- aliens once existed on our pla-

and contrary to law.”

Written by Jeff Foust

HOURS OF RESEARCH ON NUMEROUS DATA HOURS BITS OF RESEARCH ON NUMEROUS DATA BITS RłùŽŭŶũƘ ŋƧóĢÖķŭ ĞÖƑā ťũĢƑÖŶāķƘ ėũŽĿðķāù ÖðŋŽŶ ŶĞā RłùŽŭŶũƘ ŋƧóĢÖķŭ ĞÖƑā ťũĢƑÖŶāķƘ ėũŽĿðķāù ÖðŋŽŶ ŶĞā

length of the proposed rule, which inlength a draftofreleased the proposed in rule, which in a draft released in ķÖŶā mÖũóĞ ũÖł ĕŋũ łāÖũķƘ ˔˗ˏ ťÖėāŭ̍ ¦Ğā ˕ˏ̟ùÖƘ óŋĿķÖŶā mÖũóĞ ũÖł ĕŋũ łāÖũķƘ ˔˗ˏ ťÖėāŭ̍ ¦Ğā ˕ˏ̟ùÖƘ óŋĿĿāłŶ ťāũĢŋù̇ ŶĞāƘ ÖũėŽāù̇ Ģŭł̪Ŷ ķŋłė āłŋŽėĞ Ŷŋ ťũŋťāũķƘ ĿāłŶ ťāũĢŋù̇ ŶĞāƘ ÖũėŽāù̇ Ģŭł̪Ŷ ķŋłė āłŋŽėĞ Ŷŋ ťũŋťāũķƘ review and comment on the draft rules. review and comment on the draft rules.

ũĢŶÖĢł̍ Rł Ö mÖũóĞ ː˖˗ˑ ŶũāÖŶĢŭā̇ ŋùā ťũŋťŋŭāù ũĢŶÖĢł̍ Rł Ö mÖũóĞ ː˖˗ˑ ŶũāÖŶĢŭā̇ ŋùā ťũŋťŋŭāù ŶĞā ĕÖŶĞāũ ŋĕ !ũŋłŽŭ ̛ ÖŶŽũł̜ Öłù ėũÖơłùĕÖŶĞāũ ŶĞā ĕÖŶĞāũ ŋĕ !ũŋłŽŭ ̛ ÖŶŽũł̜ Öłù ėũÖơłùĕÖŶĞāũ Written by Barbara Ellen Written by Barbara Ellen ũÖłŽŭ̇ ŶĞā dÖŶĢłĢŭāù ƑāũŭĢŋł ŋĕ ŶĞā FũāāĴ ėŋù ŋĕ ũÖłŽŭ̇ ŶĞā dÖŶĢłĢŭāù ƑāũŭĢŋł ŋĕ ŶĞā FũāāĴ ėŋù ŋĕ ŋĕ ÑāŽŭ ̛`ŽťĢŶāũ̜̇ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģł dÖŶĢł ðāóÖĿā ̦½ũÖŋĕ ÑāŽŭ ̛`ŽťĢŶāũ̜̇ ƒĞĢóĞ Ģł dÖŶĢł ðāóÖĿā ̦½ũÖ-

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The begginingThe beggining

14 21 July 2019

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The journey

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The journey

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Space News Space News

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ASRP

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ASRP

Ñ1 z̟F ťŋũŶŭ 14 Ñ1 z̟F ťŋũŶŭ 21 July 2019

The Void Newspaper The Void

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

NO, NOT REAL SPORTS - LET’S TRAIN NO, NOT YOUR REAL BRAIN SPORTS - LET’S TRAIN YOUR BRAIN

Apollo mission preparing to go Apollo to space mission preparing to go to space

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Attitude

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Cosmic Buissnes Cosmic Buissnes

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ZERO-G SportsZERO-G Sports

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Weather

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Weather

Ñ1 z̟F ťŋũŶŭ Ñ1 z̟F ťŋũŶŭ 15

21 July 2019

wspaper The Void Newspaper

21 July 2019

ACE #ADVENTURE #WHY? #SPACE #ADVENTURE

áǝɵ ǕȒ ɎȒ ɀȵƏƬƺّ áǝɵ ǕȒ ɎȒ ɀȵƏƬƺّ

henStephen Hawking Hawking makes makes the casethe forcase exploring for exploring beyondbeyond bounds the bounds of our planet of our planet spend our money solving the problems spend ourofmoney this plasolving the theEarth. problems So itof must thisbe plapossible thefor Earth. life to Soappear it must be Öťŋłŭ ŋĕ ĿÖŭŭ ùāŭŶũŽóŶĢŋł̍ RŶ ƒĢķķ̇ ŶĞāũāĕŋũā̇ ðā Ģł possible for life to appear Öťŋłŭ ŋĕ ĿÖŭŭ ùāŭŶũŽóŶĢŋł̍ RŶ ƒĢķķ̇ ŶĞāũāĕŋũā̇ ðā Ģł face. The moons of Mars are very face. small Theand moons haveofno Mars are very small and have no Written by Leyland Cecco Written by Leyland Cecco net, like climate change and pollution, net, like climate rather than change on and other pollution, suitable rather planets, thanof which on other theresuitable seem toplanets, be ùÖłėāũ ŋĕ ùāŭŶũŋƘĢłė ĢŶŭāķĕ ðāĕŋũāķŋłė̍ dāŶ̪ŭ Ğŋťā of which there seem to be ùÖłėāũ ŋĕ ùāŭŶũŋƘĢłė ĢŶŭāķĕ ðāĕŋũāķŋłė̍ dāŶ̪ŭ Ğŋťā advantages over Mars itself. Some advantages of the moons over Mars of itself. Some of the moons of

Self-critical, Loving, Good manneSelf-critical, Loving, Good mannered and Rebellious

wasting it on a possibly fruitless wasting search it on foraapossibly new Ö ķÖũėā łŽĿðāũ Ģł ŶĞāėÖķÖƗƘ̍ ŽŶ ƒā ùŋł̪Ŷ Ĵłŋƒ Ğŋƒ fruitless search for a new Ö ķÖũėā łŽĿðāũ Ģł ŶĞāėÖķÖƗƘ̍ ŽŶ ƒā ùŋł̪Ŷ Ĵłŋƒ Ğŋƒ this is not the reason we have not thisheard is notfrom the reason any- we`ŽťĢŶāũ Öłù ÖŶŽũł ĿĢėĞŶ ðā ťŋŭŭĢðķā̍ Rł ťÖũŶĢóŽķÖũ̇ have not heard from any`ŽťĢŶāũ Öłù ÖŶŽũł ĿĢėĞŶ ðā ťŋŭŭĢðķā̍ Rł ťÖũŶĢóŽķÖũ̇ red and Rebellious ťķÖłāŶ̍ R ÖĿ łŋŶ ùāłƘĢłė ŶĞā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłóā ŋĕ ƩėĞŶĢłė ťķÖłāŶ̍ R ÖĿ łŋŶ ùāłƘĢłė ŶĞā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłóā ŋĕ ƩėĞŶĢłė ķĢĕā ƩũŭŶ ÖťťāÖũāù̍ ¦Ğā ťũŋðÖðĢķĢŶƘ ŋĕ ŭŋĿāŶĞĢłė Öŭ ķĢĕā ƩũŭŶ ÖťťāÖũāù̍ ¦Ğā ťũŋðÖðĢķĢŶƘ ŋĕ ŭŋĿāŶĞĢłė Öŭ ŋłā̍ āũŭŋłÖķķƘ̇ R ĕÖƑŋŽũ ŶĞā ŭāóŋłù ťŋŭŭĢðĢķĢŶƘ̒ ŶĞÖŶ ŋłā̍ āũŭŋłÖķķƘ̇ R ĕÖƑŋŽũ ŶĞā ŭāóŋłù ťŋŭŭĢðĢķĢŶƘ̒ ŶĞÖŶ Titan, a moon of Saturn, is larger Titan, andamore moonmassiof Saturn, is larger and more massiclimate change and global warming, climatebut change we can and doglobal complicated warming, but as awe DNA canmolecule do complicated being formed as a by DNA molecule primitivebeing life is relatively formed by common, primitive but that lifeintelliis relativelyve common, than other butmoons that intelliand has ave dense thanatmosphere. other moons and has a dense atmosphere.

that and still spare a quarter of that a per and cent still ofspare worlda quarter random of acollisions per cent of ofworld atoms in the random ocean collisions seems inof atoms gentinlife theisocean very rare. seems Some in-would gent even lifesay is very it has rare. yetSome ¦Ğā !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̟NŽƘėāłŭ mĢŭŭĢŋł ŋĕ p Öłù 1 ķÖłwould even say it has yet ¦Ğā !ÖŭŭĢłĢ̟NŽƘėāłŭ mĢŭŭĢŋł ŋĕ p Öłù 1 ķÖł-

Why should we go into spa-WhyF' ĕŋũ ŭťÖóā̍ Rŭł̪Ŷ ŋŽũ ĕŽŶŽũā ƒŋũŶĞ Ö ŨŽÖũŶāũ ŋĕ should we go into spaF' ĕŋũ ŭťÖóā̍ Rŭł̪Ŷ ŋŽũ ĕŽŶŽũā ƒŋũŶĞ Ö ŨŽÖũŶāũ ŋĕ óũāùĢðķƘ ŭĿÖķķ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ŶĞāũā ĿĢėĞŶ ĞÖƑā ðāāł óũāùĢðķƘ ŭĿÖķķ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ŶĞāũā ĿĢėĞŶ ĞÖƑā ðāāł to occur onEarth.

to occur onEarth.

ded a probe on Titan in 2005, which ded asent probe back onpictuTitan in 2005, which sent back pictu-

ce? What is the justificationce? What a percent? is the justification

a percent?

some simpler macromoleculesome that was simpler a building macromolecule BIG QUESTION! that was a building

BIG QUESTION!

ũāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ĢŶ Ģŭ ƑāũƘ óŋķù̇ ðāĢłė ŭŋ ũāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŽũĕÖóā̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ĢŶ Ģŭ ƑāũƘ óŋķù̇ ðāĢłė ŭŋ

ĕŋũ ŭťāłùĢłė Öķķ ŶĞÖŶ āƦŋũŶ Öłù ĕŋũ ŭťāłùĢłė Öķķ ŶĞÖŶ āƦŋũŶ Öłù SOME TIME AGO

SOME TIME AGO

block for DNA or another molecule block capable for DNA of reproor another łŋŶĞāũ ŨŽāŭŶĢŋł Ģŭ̆ !Öł ƒā āƗĢŭŶ ĕŋũ Ö ķŋłė ŶĢĿā molecule capable of repro łŋŶĞāũ ŨŽāŭŶĢŋł Ģŭ̆ !Öł ƒā āƗĢŭŶ ĕŋũ Ö ķŋłė ŶĢĿā ĕÖũ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā Žł̇ Öłù R ƒŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ĕÖłóƘ ķĢƑĢłė łāƗŶ Ŷŋ ĕÖũ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā Žł̇ Öłù R ƒŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ĕÖłóƘ ķĢƑĢłė łāƗŶ Ŷŋ

ĿŋłāƘ ŋł ėāŶŶĢłė Ö ĕāƒ ķŽĿťŭ ŋĕ mŋŋł ũŋóĴ̎ ũāł̪Ŷ ĿŋłāƘ ŋł ėāŶŶĢłė Ö ĕāƒ ķŽĿťŭ ŋĕ mŋŋł ũŋóĴ̎ ũāł̪Ŷ 1ƑāũƘŋłā ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ ŭťÖóā ƒÖŭ ƒŋũŶĞ Ö ðĢė āƦŋũŶ Ģł ŶĞā 1ƑāũƘŋłā ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ ŭťÖóā ƒÖŭ ƒŋũŶĞ Ö ðĢė āƦŋũŶ Ģł ŶĞā ducing itself. Even if the probability ducing ofitself. life spontaEven if theÖƒÖƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā1ÖũŶĞ̎ zŽũ āƗťāũĢāłóā ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā Rłprobability of life spontaÖƒÖƘ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā1ÖũŶĞ̎ zŽũ āƗťāũĢāłóā ƒĢŶĞ ŶĞā Rła lake of liquidmethane.

a lake of liquidmethane.

ŶĞāũā ðāŶŶāũ óÖŽŭāŭ Ğāũā ŋł 1ÖũŶĞ̎ Rł Ö ƒÖƘ̇ ŶĞā ŭĢŶĞāũā ðāŶŶāũ óÖŽŭāŭ Ğāũā ŋł 1ÖũŶĞ̎ Rł Ö ƒÖƘ̇ ŶĞā ŭĢ̨˕ˏŭ̍ Rł ː˘˕ˑ̇ ũāŭĢùāłŶ bāłłāùƘ óŋĿĿĢŶŶāù ŶĞā ̍ ̍ ̨˕ˏŭ̍ Rł ː˘˕ˑ̇ ũāŭĢùāłŶ bāłłāùƘ óŋĿĿĢŶŶāù ŶĞā ̍ ̍ neously appearing on a suitableneously planet isappearing very small, on a suitable ŶāũłÖŶĢŋłÖķ ťÖóā ŶÖŶĢŋł ̛R ̜ ŭĞŋƒŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ Ģŭ ťŋŭplanet is very small, ŶāũłÖŶĢŋłÖķ ťÖóā ŶÖŶĢŋł ̛R ̜ ŭĞŋƒŭ ŶĞÖŶ ĢŶ Ģŭ ťŋŭFAR FAR AWAY

FAR FAR AWAY

tuation was like that in Europetuation before 1492. was like People that in Europe to landing before a man 1492. onPeople the Moon by to landing the end of a man the deon the Moon ŭĢłóā ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā Ģŭ ĢłƩłĢŶā̇ ķĢĕā ĿŋŭŶ ķĢĴāķƘ ƒŋŽķù by the end of the deŭĢłóā ŶĞā ŽłĢƑāũŭā Ģŭ ĢłƩłĢŶā̇ ķĢĕā ĿŋŭŶ ķĢĴāķƘ ƒŋŽķù sible for human beings to survive siblefor formany human monbeings to ÂĞÖŶ ÖðŋŽŶ ðāƘŋłù ŶĞā ŋķÖũ ƘŭŶāĿ̎ zŽũ ŋðŭāũƑÖsurvive for many monÂĞÖŶ ÖðŋŽŶ ðāƘŋłù ŶĞā ŋķÖũ ƘŭŶāĿ̎ zŽũ ŋðŭāũƑÖmight well have argued that itmight was a waste well have of moarguedcade. that it This waswas a waste achieved of mojust in time, cade. by This the was Apollo achieved 11 just ĞÖƑā ÖťťāÖũāù ŭŋĿāƒĞāũā āķŭā Ŷŋŋ̍ Rĕ ŶĞā ťũŋðÖðĢin time, by the Apollo 11 ĞÖƑā ÖťťāÖũāù ŭŋĿāƒĞāũā āķŭā Ŷŋŋ̍ Rĕ ŶĞā ťũŋðÖðĢths in space, but that zero gravity thscauses in space, a number but that zero tions gravity indicate causes that a number a significant tions fraction indicate of stars that a significant fraction of stars łāƘ Ŷŋ ŭāłù !ŋķŽĿðŽŭ ŋł Ö ƒĢķù̟ėŋŋŭā óĞÖŭā ŋƑāũ łāƘ Ŷŋ ŭāłù !ŋķŽĿðŽŭ ŋł Ö ƒĢķù̟ėŋŋŭā óĞÖŭā ŋƑāũ mission in 1969. The space race helped missiontoincreate 1969.aThe fa-space lity race is very helped low, tothe create distance a fa- between lity is very two low, indepenthe distance of undesirable between two physiological indepen- changes of undesirable such asphysiological wehave planets changesaround such as them. we- So far, have most planets planets around de- them. So far, most planets deÖł ÖķĿŋŭŶ ŽłĢĿÖėĢłÖðķā ùĢŭŶÖłóā̍ ÈāŶ̇ ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋÖł ÖķĿŋŭŶ ŽłĢĿÖėĢłÖðķā ùĢŭŶÖłóā̍ ÈāŶ̇ ŶĞā ùĢŭóŋscination with science and led scination to great advances with science in and ùāłŶ ŋóóŽũũāłóāŭ ŋĕ ķĢĕā óŋŽķù ðā ƑāũƘ ķÖũėā̍ Nŋƒāled to great advances in ùāłŶ ŋóóŽũũāłóāŭ ŋĕ ķĢĕā óŋŽķù ðā ƑāũƘ ķÖũėā̍ NŋƒāÖĴāłĢłėðŋłāŭ̍ złā ƒŋŽķù ŶĞāũāĕŋũā ƒÖłŶ ÖłƘ ķŋłÖĴāłĢłėðŋłāŭ̍ złā ƒŋŽķù ŶĞāũāĕŋũā ƒÖłŶ ÖłƘ ķŋłŶāóŶāù Öũā ėĢÖłŶ ťķÖłāŶŭ ķĢĴā `ŽťĢŶāũ Öłù ÖŶŽũł̇ ðŽŶ ŶāóŶāù Öũā ėĢÖłŶ ťķÖłāŶŭ ķĢĴā `ŽťĢŶāũ Öłù ÖŶŽũł̇ ðŽŶ ƑāũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā pāƒ Âŋũķù ĿÖùā Ö ťũŋĕŋŽłù ùĢƦāũāłƑāũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā pāƒ Âŋũķù ĿÖùā Ö ťũŋĕŋŽłù ùĢƦāũāłŶāóĞłŋķŋėƘ̇ ĢłóķŽùĢłė ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ķÖũėā̟ŭóÖķā ĢłŶāėũÖŶāóĞłŋķŋėƘ̇ ĢłóķŽùĢłė ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ķÖũėā̟ŭóÖķā ĢłŶāėũÖƑāũ̇ ŶĞāũā Ģŭ Ö ŶĞāŋũƘ Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ̨ťÖłŭťāũĿĢÖ̪̇ ƒĞĢóĞ Ƒāũ̇ ŶĞāũā Ģŭ Ö ŶĞāŋũƘ Ĵłŋƒł Öŭ ̨ťÖłŭťāũĿĢÖ̪̇ ƒĞĢóĞ g-term base for human beings to g-term have gravity, base for such human beings some planets to have are gravity, within such the range some of Earth-like planets aresize within the range of Earth-like size ce to the oldone.Spreading outce into to space the oldone.Spreading will have Ŷāù óĢũóŽĢŶŭ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ÖĕŶāũ ŶĞā ķÖŭŶ mŋŋł ķÖłùĢłė Ģł out into space will have Ŷāù óĢũóŽĢŶŭ̍ NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ÖĕŶāũ ŶĞā ķÖŭŶ mŋŋł ķÖłùĢłė Ģł suggests that life could spread from suggests planet that tolife planet could spread Öŭ Ö ťķÖłāŶ ŋũ Ŀŋŋł̇ ƒĢŶĞ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ̍ Ƙ ùĢėėĢłė ĢłŶŋ from planet to planet Öŭ Ö ťķÖłāŶ ŋũ Ŀŋŋł̇ ƒĢŶĞ ėũÖƑĢŶƘ̍ Ƙ ùĢėėĢłė ĢłŶŋ and it seems reasonable to assume and itEarth-like seems reasonable plato assume Earth-like plaÖł āƑāł ėũāÖŶāũ āƦāóŶ̒ ĢŶ ƒĢķķ óŋĿťķāŶāķƘ óĞÖłėā Öł āƑāł ėũāÖŶāũ āƦāóŶ̒ ĢŶ ƒĢķķ óŋĿťķāŶāķƘ óĞÖłėā ː˘˖ˑ̇ ƒĢŶĞ łŋ ĕŽŶŽũā ťķÖłŭ ĕŋũ ĕŽũŶĞāũ ĿÖłłāù ŭťÖː˘˖ˑ̇ ƒĢŶĞ łŋ ĕŽŶŽũā ťķÖłŭ ĕŋũ ĕŽũŶĞāũ ĿÖłłāù ŭťÖor from stellar system to stellar orsystem from stellar carried system on tothe stellar surface, system onecarried would get on thermal the surface, insulation one and would get nets thermal will beinsulation found. Some and of these nets will will liebe infound. the haSome of these will lie in the hathe future of the human race and themaybe future of determithe humanóā ƪĢėĞŶ̇ ťŽðķĢó ĢłŶāũāŭŶ Ģł ŭťÖóā ƒÖłāù̍ ¦ĞĢŭ óŋrace and maybe determióā ƪĢėĞŶ̇ ťŽðķĢó ĢłŶāũāŭŶ Ģł ŭťÖóā ƒÖłāù̍ ¦ĞĢŭ óŋmeteors. We know that Earth meteors. has been We hit by know me-that Earth protection has been fromhit meteors by meand cosmic protection rays.from The plameteorsbitable and cosmic zone where rays. The thepladistancebitable from the zone stars where is the the distance from the stars is the łā ƒĞāŶĞāũ ƒā ĞÖƑā ÖłƘ ĕŽŶŽũā ÖŶ Öķķ̍ RŶ ƒŋł̪Ŷ ŭŋķƑā łā ƒĞāŶĞāũ ƒā ĞÖƑā ÖłƘ ĕŽŶŽũā ÖŶ Öķķ̍ RŶ ƒŋł̪Ŷ ŭŋķƑā incided with a fall in enthusiasm incided for science with ain fall the in enthusiasm teors thatfor came science from inMars, the and teors others thatmay camehave from Mars, net or and moon others could may also have serve as net a source or moon of the could raw also serve rightas range a source for liquid of thewater raw to exist right range for liquid water to exist many of our immediate problems many onofEarth, our immediate but it West problems because, on Earth, although butitithad brought West because, great benealthough it óŋĿā ĕũŋĿ ĕŽũŶĞāũ ÖƩāķù̍ Âā ĞÖƑā łŋ āƑĢùāłóā ŶĞÖŶ had brought great beneóŋĿā ĕũŋĿ ĕŽũŶĞāũ ÖƩāķù̍ Âā ĞÖƑā łŋ āƑĢùāłóā ŶĞÖŶ materials that would be needed materials if the extraterrethat would beThere needed areifaround the extraterrea thousand stars There within are around 30 lighta thousand stars within 30 lightwill give us a new perspectivewill on them give us and a new cause perspective ƩŶŭ̇ ŭóĢāłóā ĞÖù łŋŶ ŭŋķƑāù ŶĞā ŭŋóĢÖķ ťũŋðķāĿŭ ŶĞÖŶ on them and cause ƩŶŭ̇ ŭóĢāłóā ĞÖù łŋŶ ŭŋķƑāù ŶĞā ŭŋóĢÖķ ťũŋðķāĿŭ ŶĞÖŶ any meteors carried life, but it remains any meteors apossibility. carried life, strial but it remains community apossibility. were to be self-sustaining strial community and were ̟ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ 1ÖũŶĞ̍ Rĕ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťāũ óāłŶ ĞÖù 1ÖũŶĞ̟ŭĢơāù to be self-sustaining and ̟ƘāÖũŭ ŋĕ 1ÖũŶĞ̍ Rĕ ıŽŭŶ ŋłā ťāũ óāłŶ ĞÖù 1ÖũŶĞ̟ŭĢơāù us to look both outwards andus inwards. to look With both outwards luck increasingly and inwards. occupied With luck public attention. increasingly A new occupied man- public FEATURE attention. OF LIFE A new man-

FEATURE OF LIFE

independent of Earth. What are independent the possible ofsites Earth. What planets areinthe thepossible habitable sites zone, we planets wouldin have the10 habitable can- zone, we would have 10 can-

it could unite us to face a common it could challenge. unite usThis to face ałāù ŭťÖóāƪĢėĞŶ ťũŋėũÖĿ ƒŋŽķù ùŋ Ö ķŋŶ Ŷŋ ũāŭŶŋũā common challenge. This łāù ŭťÖóāƪĢėĞŶ ťũŋėũÖĿ ƒŋŽķù ùŋ Ö ķŋŶ Ŷŋ ũāŭŶŋũā An important feature of life spread An important by panspermia feature is of life of aspread human bycolony panspermia in theisSolarofSystem? a human The colony mostin the didate Solarnewworlds. System? The most

didate newworlds.

would be a long-term strategywould – and be byalong long-term term, strategy public – enthusiasm and by longfor term, space and public for science enthusiasm gene-for space that,and at least for science in the neighbourhood genethat,of atEarth, least initthe woneighbourhood ŋðƑĢŋŽŭ Ģŭ ŶĞā mŋŋł̍ RŶ Ģŭ óķŋŭā ðƘ Öłù ũāķÖŶĢƑāķƘ āÖŭƘ of Earth, it woŋðƑĢŋŽŭ Ģŭ ŶĞā mŋŋł̍ RŶ Ģŭ óķŋŭā ðƘ Öłù ũāķÖŶĢƑāķƘ āÖŭƘ We can revisit it with currentWe technology, can revisit but it with we current technology, but we R ĿāÖł ĞŽłùũāùŭ ŋũ āƑāł ŶĞŋŽŭÖłùŭ ŋĕ ƘāÖũŭ̍ Âā R ĿāÖł ĞŽłùũāùŭ ŋũ āƑāł ŶĞŋŽŭÖłùŭ ŋĕ ƘāÖũŭ̍ Âā ũÖķķƘ̍ ŋðŋŶĢó ĿĢŭŭĢŋłŭ Öũā ĿŽóĞ óĞāÖťāũ Öłù ĿÖƘ ũÖķķƘ̍ ŋðŋŶĢó ĿĢŭŭĢŋłŭ Öũā ĿŽóĞ óĞāÖťāũ Öłù ĿÖƘ Žķù Öķŭŋ ĞÖƑā 'p Öŭ ĢŶŭ ðÖŭĢŭ̍ zł ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũ ĞÖłù̇ Öł Žķù Öķŭŋ ĞÖƑā 'p Öŭ ĢŶŭ ðÖŭĢŭ̍ zł ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũ ĞÖłù̇ Öł to reach. We have already landed to reach. on it and We have driven already should landed make on itinterstellar and driventravel should a long-term make interstellar aim. travel a long-term aim. could have a base on the Mooncould within have 30 years; a basereon the ťũŋƑĢùā Ŀŋũā ŭóĢāłŶĢƩó ĢłĕŋũĿÖŶĢŋł̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞāƘ ùŋł̪Ŷ Moon within 30 years; reťũŋƑĢùā Ŀŋũā ŭóĢāłŶĢƩó ĢłĕŋũĿÖŶĢŋł̇ ðŽŶ ŶĞāƘ ùŋł̪Ŷ independent occurrence of lifeindependent would be extremely occurrenceÖóũŋŭŭ ĢŶ Ģł Ö ðŽėėƘ̍ zł ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũ ĞÖłù̇ ŶĞā mŋŋł Ģŭ of life would be extremely Öóũŋŭŭ ĢŶ Ģł Ö ðŽėėƘ̍ zł ŶĞā ŋŶĞāũ ĞÖłù̇ ŶĞā mŋŋł Ģŭ Ƙ ķŋłė ŶāũĿ̇ R ĿāÖł ŋƑāũ ŶĞā łāƗŶ ˑˏˏ Ŷŋ ˔ˏˏƘāÖũŭ̍ Ƙ ķŋłė ŶāũĿ̇ R ĿāÖł ŋƑāũ ŶĞā łāƗŶ ˑˏˏ Ŷŋ ˔ˏˏƘāÖũŭ̍ ach Mars within 50 years and even ach the Mars moons within of50 the yearscatch and even the public the moons imagination of the in catch the same the public way, and imagination ŽłķĢĴāķƘ Ŷŋ ðā 'p ̟ðÖŭāù̍ złā ťĢāóā ŋĕ ŋðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋin the same way, and ŽłķĢĴāķƘ Ŷŋ ðā 'p ̟ðÖŭāù̍ złā ťĢāóā ŋĕ ŋðŭāũƑÖŶĢŋŭĿÖķķ Öłù ƒĢŶĞŋŽŶ ÖŶĿŋŭťĞāũā ŋũ Ö ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù ŭĿÖķķ Öłù ƒĢŶĞŋŽŶ ÖŶĿŋŭťĞāũā ŋũ Ö ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù The human race has existed as aThe separate human species race has forexisted as a separate species for outer planets within 200 years.outer planets within 200ŶĞāƘ ùŋł̪Ŷ ŭťũāÖù ŶĞā ĞŽĿÖł ũÖóā ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ years. ŶĞāƘ ùŋł̪Ŷ ŭťũāÖù ŶĞā ĞŽĿÖł ũÖóā ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā̇ ƒĞĢóĞ nal evidence on the probability nal of evidence life appearing on the isprobability Ŷŋ ùāƪāóŶ ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ̇ ķĢĴā ŋł 1ÖũŶĞ̍ of life appearing is Ŷŋ ùāƪāóŶ ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ũÖùĢÖŶĢŋł ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ̇ ķĢĴā ŋł 1ÖũŶĞ̍ ÖðŋŽŶ Ŷƒŋ ĿĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ̍ !ĢƑĢķĢŭÖŶĢŋł ðāėÖł ÖðŋŽŶ ÖðŋŽŶ Ŷƒŋ ĿĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ̍ !ĢƑĢķĢŭÖŶĢŋł ðāėÖł ÖðŋŽŶ SPACE MONEY

SPACE MONEY

R ÖũėŽā ŭĞŋŽķù ðā ŋŽũ ķŋłė̟ŶāũĿŭŶũÖŶāėƘ̍ R ÖũėŽā ŭĞŋŽķù ðā ŋŽũ ķŋłė̟ŶāũĿŭŶũÖŶāėƘ̍ that we have fossils from 3.5 billion that we years have ago. fossils Thefrom There 3.5 billion is no liquid yearswater, ago. The but there There may is no be ice liquid in the water,10,000 but there years may ago, be ice and inthe therate 10,000 of development years ago,has and the rate of development has

Ƙ ̨ũāÖóĞ̪̇ R ĿāÖł ƒĢŶĞ ĿÖłłāù ŭťÖóā ƪĢėĞŶ̍ Âā̪Ƒā Ƙ ̨ũāÖóĞ̪̇ R ĿāÖł ƒĢŶĞ ĿÖłłāù ŭťÖóā ƪĢėĞŶ̍ Âā̪Ƒā INTRESTING SPACE

INTRESTING SPACE

Earth was formed 4.6 billion years Earth agowas andformed was pro4.6 billion craters years at ago the north and was and prosouth poles. craters A colony at the north on theand south ðāāł ŭŶāÖùĢķƘ ĢłóũāÖŭĢłė̍ ŽŶ̇ Ģĕ ŶĞā ĞŽĿÖł ũÖóā Ģŭ poles. A colony on the ðāāł ŭŶāÖùĢķƘ ĢłóũāÖŭĢłė̍ ŽŶ̇ Ģĕ ŶĞā ĞŽĿÖł ũÖóā Ģŭ

already driven rovers on Marsalready and landed driven a probe rovers onAMars goal of and a base landed on the a probe Moon by A 2020 goal of and a base of a man on the Moon ðÖðķƘ Ŷŋŋ ĞŋŶ ĕŋũ ÖðŋŽŶ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ĞÖķĕ̟ðĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ ŋũ by 2020 and of a man ðÖðķƘ Ŷŋŋ ĞŋŶ ĕŋũ ÖðŋŽŶ ŶĞā ƩũŭŶ ĞÖķĕ̟ðĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ ŋũ Moon could use this as a sourceMoon of oxygen couldwith use this po-as a to source continue of oxygen for another with pomilliontoyears, continue we will for another have million years, we will have on Titan, the largest moon of on Saturn, Titan,but theiflargest one is moon landing of Saturn, on Mars but byif2025 onewould is landing reigniteon a space Marsproby 2025 would so. So life reignite appeared a space onproEarth within so. So half-a-billion life appeared on Earth wer provided within half-a-billion by nuclear energywer or solar provided panels. by nuclear The energy to boldly orgo solar where panels. no one Thehas gonebefore. to boldly go This where arno one has gonebefore. This arconsidering the future of the human considering race, we thehave future ofgram the human and give race, it a sense we have of purpose gram inand thegive same it way a sense of years purpose of it being in thepossible, same waywhich years is short of it compared being possible, Moon which could is short also compared be a base forMoon travelcould to thealso restbe of a base ŶĢóķā Ģŭ Öł āùĢŶāù āƗŶũÖóŶ ŋĕ Ö ķāóŶŽũā ėĢƑāł Ģł ˑˏˏ˗ ÖŶ for travel to the rest of ŶĢóķā Ģŭ Öł āùĢŶāù āƗŶũÖóŶ ŋĕ Ö ķāóŶŽũā ėĢƑāł Ģł ˑˏˏ˗ ÖŶ Ŷŋ ėŋ ŶĞāũā ŋŽũŭāķƑāŭ̍ Fŋłė ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā ƒŋł̪Ŷ ðā óĞāŶŋ ėŋ ŶĞāũā ŋŽũŭāķƑāŭ̍ Fŋłė ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā ƒŋł̪Ŷ ðā óĞāŶĞÖŶ ũāŭĢùāłŶ bāłłāùƘ̪ŭ mŋŋł ŶÖũėāŶ ùĢù Ģł ŶĞā ŶĞÖŶ ũāŭĢùāłŶ bāłłāùƘ̪ŭ mŋŋł ŶÖũėāŶ ùĢù Ģł ŶĞā to the 10-billion-year lifetime of to an theEarth-likepla10-billion-year lifetime the Solar of an System. Earth-likeplaMars is the obvious the Solarnext System. target. Mars is Fāŋũėā ÂÖŭĞĢłėŶŋł łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ Ģł ÂÖŭĞĢłėŶŋł̇ '!̇ the obvious next target. Fāŋũėā ÂÖŭĞĢłėŶŋł łĢƑāũŭĢŶƘ Ģł ÂÖŭĞĢłėŶŋł̇ '!̇ ap, certainly, but it will take only ap, certainly, a small proporbut it will 1960s. take only A new a small interest proporin space 1960s. would A also new increase interest in net. space This would factalso suggests increase either net. panspermia This factplayed suggests either RŶ Ģŭ ĞÖķĕ Öŭ ĕÖũ̇ ÖėÖĢł̇ Öŭ ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā Žł Öłù panspermia played RŶ Ģŭ ĞÖķĕ Öŭ ĕÖũ̇ ÖėÖĢł̇ Öŭ ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā Žł Öłù Ŷŋ ĿÖũĴ ŶĞā ˔ˏŶĞ ÖłłĢƑāũŭÖũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭťÖóā ÖėāłŶŋ ĿÖũĴ ŶĞā ˔ˏŶĞ ÖłłĢƑāũŭÖũƘ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭťÖóā ÖėāłŶĢŋł ŋĕ ƒŋũķù ũāŭŋŽũóāŭ̍ p ̪ŭ ðŽùėāŶ ĞÖŭ ũāĿÖŶĢŋł ŋĕ ƒŋũķù ũāŭŋŽũóāŭ̍ p ̪ŭ ðŽùėāŶ ĞÖŭ ũāĿÖthe public standing of sciencethe generally. public standing The low of science a role ingenerally. the formation The low of life on a role Earth, in the or that formation the of life on Earth, or that the ined roughly constant in real terms ined roughly since the constant time inesteem real terms in which sincescience the timeand scientists esteem inare which heldscience is probability and scientists of life areappearing held is independently probability of life is reappearing independently is re-

„Some of the„Some moonsofofthe Jupiter moons and ofSaturn Jupiter and Saturn might be possible mighttobeeven possible temporarily to even temporarily ĢłĞÖðĢŶ̧ ĢłĞÖðĢŶ̧

of the Apollo landings, but it has ofdecreased the Apollofrom landings, 0.3 but having it has serious decreased consequences. from 0.3 having We liveserious in a society consequences. ÖŭŋłÖðķƘ ĞĢėĞ̍ Rĕ ĢŶ ŶĞā ťũŋðÖðĢķĢŶƘ ƒÖŭ ƑāũƘ ķŋƒ̇ ŋłā We live in a society ÖŭŋłÖðķƘ ĞĢėĞ̍ Rĕ ĢŶ ŶĞā ťũŋðÖðĢķĢŶƘ ƒÖŭ ƑāũƘ ķŋƒ̇ ŋłā ťāũ óāłŶ ŋĕ ̍ ̍ F' Ģł ː˘˖ˏ Ŷŋ ˏ̍ːˑ ťāũ óāłŶ ŶŋùÖƘ̍ ťāũ óāłŶ ŋĕ ̍ ̍ F' Ģł ː˘˖ˏ Ŷŋ ˏ̍ːˑ ťāũ óāłŶ ŶŋùÖƘ̍ that is increasingly governed by that science is increasingly and tech-governed wouldby have science expected and techit to take would mosthave of theexpected 10 bil- it to take most of the 10 bilEven if we were to increase the Even amount if we were spentto onincrease nology, theyet amount fewer and spent fewer on young nology, people yetlong fewer toand go fewer lionyoung yearsavailable. people long to go

lion yearsavailable.

space endeavours internationally spaceby endeavours 20 times, to internationally ĢłŶŋ ŭóĢāłóā̍ złā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłŶ ŨŽāŭŶĢŋł Ģŭ̆ ƒĞÖŶ ƒĢķķ by 20 times, to ĢłŶŋ ŭóĢāłóā̍ złā ĢĿťŋũŶÖłŶ ŨŽāŭŶĢŋł Ģŭ̆ ƒĞÖŶ ƒĢķķ While there may be primitive life While in another there may region be primitive life in another region

ĿÖĴā Ö ŭāũĢŋŽŭ āƦŋũŶ Ŷŋ ŭāłù ťāŋťķā ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā̇ ĢŶ ĿÖĴā Ö ŭāũĢŋŽŭ āƦŋũŶ Ŷŋ ŭāłù ťāŋťķā ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā̇ ĢŶ ƒā Ʃłù Ģĕ ƒā ùŋ ĿÖĴā ŶĞā āƦŋũŶ Ŷŋ ėŋ ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā̎ Rŭ ƒā Ʃłù Ģĕ ƒā ùŋ ĿÖĴā ŶĞā āƦŋũŶ Ŷŋ ėŋ ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā̎ Rŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ėÖķÖƗƘ̇ ŶĞāũā ùŋł̪Ŷ ŭāāĿ Ŷŋ ðā ÖłƘ ÖùƑÖłóāù ŋĕ ŶĞā ėÖķÖƗƘ̇ ŶĞāũā ùŋł̪Ŷ ŭāāĿ Ŷŋ ðā ÖłƘ ÖùƑÖłóāù ƒŋŽķù ŋłķƘ ðā Ö ŭĿÖķķ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ ƒŋũķù F' ̍ ¦Ğāũā ƒŋŽķù ŋłķƘ ðā Ö ŭĿÖķķ ĕũÖóŶĢŋł ŋĕ ƒŋũķù F' ̍ ¦Ğāũā there alien life out there, or arethere we alone alien inlife theout unithere,ĢłŶāķķĢėāłŶ ðāĢłėŭ̍ Âā ùŋł̪Ŷ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ƑĢor are we alone in the uniĢłŶāķķĢėāłŶ ðāĢłėŭ̍ Âā ùŋł̪Ŷ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ƑĢ-

will be those who argue that it will would be those be better whoto argueverse? that itWe would believe be better that life toarose verse? spontaneously We believeon that life ŭĢŶāù ðƘ ÖķĢāłŭ̍ R ÖĿ ùĢŭóŋŽłŶĢłė ũāťŋũŶŭ ŋĕ Dzŭ̇ ŋĕ arose spontaneously on ŭĢŶāù ðƘ ÖķĢāłŭ̍ R ÖĿ ùĢŭóŋŽłŶĢłė ũāťŋũŶŭ ŋĕ Dzŭ̇ ŋĕ cyNASA.

they appear only to cranks andweirdos? they appear only to cranks Ʃāķù̇ ðŽŶ ĢŶ ùāóÖƘāù ĕŋŽũ ðĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ Öėŋ̇ ķāÖƑĢłė andweirdos? Ʃāķù̇ ðŽŶ ĢŶ ùāóÖƘāù ĕŋŽũ ðĢķķĢŋł ƘāÖũŭ Öėŋ̇ ķāÖƑĢłė THE SPACE

THE SPACE

CONSPIRACY?

Mars with no protection from solar Marsradiation. with no protection This Debates from solar concerning radiation. the Thisnature, Debates essence concerning and the the nature, essence and the

Rĕ ŶĞāũā Ģŭ Ö ėŋƑāũłĿāłŶ óŋłŭťĢũÖóƘ Ŷŋ ŭŽťťũāŭŭ ŶĞā Rĕ ŶĞāũā Ģŭ Ö ėŋƑāũłĿāłŶ óŋłŭťĢũÖóƘ Ŷŋ ŭŽťťũāŭŭ ŶĞā stripped Mars of most of its atmosphere, stripped Mars leaving of most it ofmode its atmosphere, of existence leaving of space it date mode backoftoexistence antiquity; of space date back to antiquity; ũāťŋũŶŭ Öłù Ĵāāť ĕŋũ ĢŶŭāķĕ ŶĞā ŭóĢāłŶĢƩó Ĵłŋƒķāùėā ũāťŋũŶŭ Öłù Ĵāāť ĕŋũ ĢŶŭāķĕ ŶĞā ŭóĢāłŶĢƩó Ĵłŋƒķāùėā ƒĢŶĞ ŋłķƘ ŋłā ťāũ óāłŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ťũāŭŭŽũā ŋĕ 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ÖŶƒĢŶĞ ŋłķƘ ŋłā ťāũ óāłŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ťũāŭŭŽũā ŋĕ 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ÖŶnamely, to treatises like the Timaeus namely, to of treatises Plato, or like the Timaeus of Plato, or the aliens bring, it seems to have thebeen aliens a singularly bring, it seemsmosphere. to have been a singularly

mosphere.

ŋóũÖŶāŭ Ģł ĞĢŭ ũāƪāóŶĢŋłŭ ŋł ƒĞÖŶ ŶĞā FũāāĴŭ óÖķ ŋóũÖŶāŭ Ģł ĞĢŭ ũāƪāóŶĢŋłŭ ŋł ƒĞÖŶ ŶĞā FũāāĴŭ óÖķ-

ĢłāƦāóŶĢƑā ťŋķĢóƘ ŭŋ ĕÖũ̍

EVIDENCE ON MARS

ķāù ĴĞŏũÖ ̛Ģ̍ā̍ ̥ŭťÖóā̧̜̇ ŋũ Ģł ŶĞā ĞƘŭĢóŭ ŋĕ ũĢŭŶŋŶķā ķāù ĴĞŏũÖ ̛Ģ̍ā̍ ̥ŭťÖóā̧̜̇ ŋũ Ģł ŶĞā ĞƘŭĢóŭ ŋĕ ũĢŭŶŋŶķā

ĢłāƦāóŶĢƑā ťŋķĢóƘ ŭŋ ĕÖũ̍ EVIDENCE ON MARS

Furthermore, despite an extensive Furthermore, search by despite the an NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ŶĞā ťũāŭŭŽũā ĿŽŭŶ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ĞĢėĞāũ Ģł ŶĞā extensive search by the NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ŶĞā ťũāŭŭŽũā ĿŽŭŶ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ĞĢėĞāũ Ģł ŶĞā ̛ ŋŋĴ RÁ̇ 'āķŶÖ̜ Ģł ŶĞā ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ŷŋťŋŭ ̛Ģ̍ā̍ ťķƠ̈ ŋŋĴ RÁ̇ 'āķŶÖ̜ Ģł ŶĞā ùāƩłĢŶĢŋł ŋĕ Ŷŋťŋŭ ̛Ģ̍ā̍ ťķÖ 1¦R ťũŋıāóŶ̇ ƒā ĞÖƑāł̪Ŷ ĞāÖũù ÖłƘ ÖķĢāł ŶāķāƑĢŭĢŋł 1¦R ťũŋıāóŶ̇ ƒā ĞÖƑāł̪Ŷ ĞāÖũù ÖłƘ ÖķĢāł ŶāķāƑĢŭĢŋł ťÖŭŶ ðāóÖŽŭā ƒā ŭāā ƒĞÖŶ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ ðā ũŽłŋƦ óĞÖłťÖŭŶ ðāóÖŽŭā ƒā ŭāā ƒĞÖŶ ÖťťāÖũ Ŷŋ ðā ũŽłŋƦ óĞÖłóā̜̇ ŋũ Ģł ŶĞā ķÖŶāũ ̥ėāŋĿāŶũĢóÖķ óŋłóāťŶĢŋł ŋĕ ťķÖóā̧ óā̜̇ ŋũ Ģł ŶĞā ķÖŶāũ ̥ėāŋĿāŶũĢóÖķ óŋłóāťŶĢŋł ŋĕ ťķÖóā̧ quiz shows. This probably indicates quiz shows. that there Thisare probably łāķŭ Öłù ùũĢāù̟Žť ķÖĴāŭ̍ dĢŨŽĢù ƒÖŶāũ óÖłłŋŶ āƗĢŭŶ indicates that there are łāķŭ Öłù ùũĢāù̟Žť ķÖĴāŭ̍ dĢŨŽĢù ƒÖŶāũ óÖłłŋŶ āƗĢŭŶ Öŭ ̥ŭťÖóā ŨŽÖ āƗŶāłŭĢŋł̧ Ģł ŶĞā 'ĢŭóŋŽũŭā ŋł ķÖóā Öŭ ̥ŭťÖóā ŨŽÖ āƗŶāłŭĢŋł̧ Ģł ŶĞā 'ĢŭóŋŽũŭā ŋł ķÖóā no alien civilisations at our stage no alien of development civilisations at on ourMars stagenow, of development as it would vaporise on Mars in the now, near-vaas it would̛ Öƒķ Ʃ Öķ̟mÖĴÖł̜ ŋĕ ŶĞā ːːŶĞ̟óāłŶŽũƘ ũÖð ťŋķƘvaporise in the near-va̛ Öƒķ Ʃ Öķ̟mÖĴÖł̜ ŋĕ ŶĞā ːːŶĞ̟óāłŶŽũƘ ũÖð ťŋķƘwithin the radius of a few hundred within light-years. the radius of a few cuum. hundred This suggests light-years. that Marscuum. had a warm This suggests and wet thatmath MarsAlhazen.[2] had a warmMany and wet of these math classical Alhazen.[2] philosoMany of these classical philosoRŭŭŽĢłė Öł ĢłŭŽũÖłóā ťŋķĢóƘ ÖėÖĢłŭŶ ÖðùŽóŶĢŋł ðƘ RŭŭŽĢłė Öł ĢłŭŽũÖłóā ťŋķĢóƘ ÖėÖĢłŭŶ ÖðùŽóŶĢŋł ðƘ period during which life might have period appeared during which eitherlife might ťĞĢóÖķ ŨŽāŭŶĢŋłŭ ƒāũā ùĢŭóŽŭŭāù Ģł ŶĞā āłÖĢŭŭÖłóā have appeared either ťĞĢóÖķ ŨŽāŭŶĢŋłŭ ƒāũā ùĢŭóŽŭŭāù Ģł ŶĞā āłÖĢŭŭÖłóā ÖķĢāłŭ ŭāāĿŭ Ö ťũāŶŶƘ ŭÖĕā ðāŶ̍ łù ƒĞƘ ĞÖƑāł̪Ŷ ƒā ÖķĢāłŭ ŭāāĿŭ Ö ťũāŶŶƘ ŭÖĕā ðāŶ̍ łù ƒĞƘ ĞÖƑāł̪Ŷ ƒā spontaneously or through panspermia. spontaneously Thereor is no through Öłù ŶĞāł ũāĕŋũĿŽķÖŶāù Ģł ŶĞā ː˖ŶĞ óāłŶŽũƘ̇ ťÖũŶĢóŽpanspermia. There is no Öłù ŶĞāł ũāĕŋũĿŽķÖŶāù Ģł ŶĞā ː˖ŶĞ óāłŶŽũƘ̇ ťÖũŶĢóŽĞāÖũù ĕũŋĿ ÖłƘŋłā ŋŽŶ ŶĞāũā̎ złā ƑĢāƒ Ģŭ āƗťũāŭŭāù ĞāÖũù ĕũŋĿ ÖłƘŋłā ŋŽŶ ŶĞāũā̎ złā ƑĢāƒ Ģŭ āƗťũāŭŭāù sign of life on Mars now, but ifsign we found of lifeevidence on Mars now,larly but during if we found the early evidence development larlyof during classical the meearly development of classical meĢł Ö !ÖķƑĢł Öłù Nŋððāŭ óÖũŶŋŋł̍ ¦Ğā óÖťŶĢŋł ũāÖùŭ̆ Ģł Ö !ÖķƑĢł Öłù Nŋððāŭ óÖũŶŋŋł̍ ¦Ğā óÖťŶĢŋł ũāÖùŭ̆ that life had once existed, it would thatindicate life had once that the existed, óĞÖłĢóŭ̍ Rł RŭÖÖó pāƒŶŋł̪ŭ ƑĢāƒ̇ ŭťÖóā ƒÖŭ Öðŭŋit would indicate that the óĞÖłĢóŭ̍ Rł RŭÖÖó pāƒŶŋł̪ŭ ƑĢāƒ̇ ŭťÖóā ƒÖŭ Öðŭŋ̦ ŋĿāŶĢĿāŭ R ŶĞĢłĴ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ŭŽũāŭŶ ŭĢėł ŶĞÖŶ ĢłŶāķ̦ ŋĿāŶĢĿāŭ R ŶĞĢłĴ ŶĞÖŶ ŶĞā ŭŽũāŭŶ ŭĢėł ŶĞÖŶ ĢłŶāķprobability of life developing probability on a suitableofplanet life developing lute—in onthe a suitable sense that planet it existed lute—in permanently the sense and that it existed permanently and ligent life exists elsewhere inligent the universe life exists is that elsewhere wasin fairlyhigh. the universe is that

was fairlyhigh.

independently of whether there independently was any matter of whether in there was any matter in

none of it has tried to contact us.” none of it has tried to contact NASA us.” MISSION

NASA MISSION

ŶĞā ŭťÖóā̙̍˒̚ zŶĞāũ łÖŶŽũÖķ ťĞĢķŋŭŋťĞāũŭ̇ łŋŶÖðķƘ ŶĞā ŭťÖóā̙̍˒̚ zŶĞāũ łÖŶŽũÖķ ťĞĢķŋŭŋťĞāũŭ̇ łŋŶÖðķƘ

EVOLUTION

NASA has sent a large number of NASA spacecraft has sent to a Mars, large number FŋŶŶĕũĢāù dāĢðłĢơ̇ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ ĢłŭŶāÖù ŶĞÖŶ ŭťÖóā ƒÖŭ Ģł of spacecraft to Mars, FŋŶŶĕũĢāù dāĢðłĢơ̇ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ ĢłŭŶāÖù ŶĞÖŶ ŭťÖóā ƒÖŭ Ģł

More seriously, though, thereMore couldseriously, be three posthough,ŭŶÖũŶĢłė ƒĢŶĞ mÖũĢłāũ ˓ Ģł ː˘˕˓̍ RŶ ĞÖŭ ŭŽũƑāƘāù ŶĞā there could be three posŭŶÖũŶĢłė ƒĢŶĞ mÖũĢłāũ ˓ Ģł ː˘˕˓̍ RŶ ĞÖŭ ŭŽũƑāƘāù ŶĞā fact a collection of relations between fact a collection objects, given of relations between objects, given ŭĢðķā āƗťķÖłÖŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ƒĞƘ ƒā ĞÖƑāł̪Ŷ ĞāÖũù ĕũŋĿ ŭĢðķā āƗťķÖłÖŶĢŋłŭ ŋĕ ƒĞƘ ƒā ĞÖƑāł̪Ŷ ĞāÖũù ĕũŋĿ planet with a number of orbiters, planet the latest withbeing a number the of orbiters, by theirthe distance latest being and direction the byfrom theirone distance another. and direction from one another. aliens. First, it may be thataliens. the probability First, it may of bemÖũŭ āóŋłłÖĢŭŭÖłóā zũðĢŶāũ̍ ¦Ğāŭā ŋũðĢŶāũŭ ĞÖƑā that the probability of mÖũŭ āóŋłłÖĢŭŭÖłóā zũðĢŶāũ̍ ¦Ğāŭā ŋũðĢŶāũŭ ĞÖƑā Rł ŶĞā ː˗ŶĞ óāłŶŽũƘ̇ ŶĞā ťĞĢķŋŭŋťĞāũ Öłù ŶĞāŋķŋėĢÖł Rł ŶĞā ː˗ŶĞ óāłŶŽũƘ̇ ŶĞā ťĞĢķŋŭŋťĞāũ Öłù ŶĞāŋķŋėĢÖł primitive life appearing on a suitable primitive planet life appearing is very revealed on a suitable deepplanet gullies isand verythe highest revealed mountains deep gullies in andFāŋũėā āũĴāķāƘ ÖŶŶāĿťŶāù Ŷŋ ũāĕŽŶā ŶĞā ̥ƑĢŭĢðĢķĢŶƘ the highest mountains in Fāŋũėā āũĴāķāƘ ÖŶŶāĿťŶāù Ŷŋ ũāĕŽŶā ŶĞā ̥ƑĢŭĢðĢķĢŶƘ low. Second, the probability oflow. primitive Second, lifethe appeprobability the SolarSystem. of primitive life NASA appehas also thelanded SolarSystem. a number NASA of has spatial also landed depth” a innumber his Essay Towards of spatial a New depth” Theory in his Essay Towards a New Theory aring may be reasonably high,aring but the may probability be reasonablyofhigh, probes buton the the probability surface of Mars, of probes most recently on the surface the ŋĕ ÁĢŭĢŋł̍ dÖŶāũ̇ ŶĞā ĿāŶÖťĞƘŭĢóĢÖł RĿĿÖłŽāķ bÖłŶ of Mars, most recently the ŋĕ ÁĢŭĢŋł̍ dÖŶāũ̇ ŶĞā ĿāŶÖťĞƘŭĢóĢÖł RĿĿÖłŽāķ bÖłŶ of that life developing intelligence of thatlike lifeours developing may intelligence ĞŋāłĢƗ mÖũŭ dÖłùāũ̍ ¦Ğā ťĢóŶŽũāŭ ŶĞāƘ ĞÖƑā ŭāłŶ like ours may ĞŋāłĢƗ mÖũŭ dÖłùāũ̍ ¦Ğā ťĢóŶŽũāŭ ŶĞāƘ ĞÖƑā ŭāłŶ said that the concepts of space and saidtime that are thenot concepts em- of space and time are not emðā ƑāũƘķŋƒ̍ `ŽŭŶ ðāóÖŽŭā āƑŋķŽŶĢŋł ķāù Ŷŋ ĢłŶāķķĢėāłóā ðā ƑāũƘķŋƒ̍ `ŽŭŶ ðāóÖŽŭā āƑŋķŽŶĢŋł ķāù Ŷŋ ĢłŶāķķĢėāłóā back are of a dry desert landscape. back are of a dry desert landscape. pirical ones derived from experiences pirical ones of thederived outsidefrom experiences of the outside Ģł ŋŽũ óÖŭā̇ ƒā ŭĞŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ÖŭŭŽĿā ŶĞÖŶ ĢłŶāķķĢėāłóā Ģł ŋŽũ óÖŭā̇ ƒā ŭĞŋŽķùł̪Ŷ ÖŭŭŽĿā ŶĞÖŶ ĢłŶāķķĢėāłóā WHERE TO GO?

WHERE TO GO?

world—they are elements of an world—they already given aresyselements of an already given sys-

is an inevitable consequence of is an Darwinian inevitable natuconsequence NŋƒāƑāũ̇ ŶĞāũā Ģŭ Ö ķÖũėā ŨŽÖłŶĢŶƘ ŋĕ ƒÖŶāũ Ģł ŶĞā of Darwinian natuNŋƒāƑāũ̇ ŶĞāũā Ģŭ Ö ķÖũėā ŨŽÖłŶĢŶƘ ŋĕ ƒÖŶāũ Ģł ŶĞā tematic framework that humans tematic possess framework and use tothat humans possess and use to ũÖķ ŭāķāóŶĢŋł̍ RŶ Ģŭ łŋŶ óķāÖũ ŶĞÖŶ ĢłŶāķķĢėāłóā óŋłĕāũŭ ũÖķ ŭāķāóŶĢŋł̍ RŶ Ģŭ łŋŶ óķāÖũ ŶĞÖŶ ĢłŶāķķĢėāłóā óŋłĕāũŭ form of ice in the polar regions. form A colony of ice in onthe Mars polar regions. structureAall colony experiences. on Mars Kant referred structuretoall the experiences. expeKant referred to the expeÖ ķŋłė̟ŶāũĿ ŭŽũƑĢƑÖķ ÖùƑÖłŶÖėā̍ ÖóŶāũĢÖ Öłù ĢłÖ ķŋłė̟ŶāũĿ ŭŽũƑĢƑÖķ ÖùƑÖłŶÖėā̍ ÖóŶāũĢÖ Öłù Ģłcould use this as a source of oxygen, could use at least. this There as a sourceũĢāłóā ŋĕ ̥ŭťÖóā̧ Ģł ĞĢŭ !ũĢŶĢŨŽā ŋĕ Žũā āÖŭŋł Öŭ of oxygen, at least. There ũĢāłóā ŋĕ ̥ŭťÖóā̧ Ģł ĞĢŭ !ũĢŶĢŨŽā ŋĕ Žũā āÖŭŋł Öŭ sects will survive quite happilysects even if will oursurvive so-called quite happily has been even volcanic if our so-called activity on Mars, has been too. This volcanic would activity ðāĢłė Ö ŭŽðıāóŶĢƑā ̥ťŽũā Ö ťũĢŋũĢ ĕŋũĿ ŋĕ ĢłŶŽĢŶĢŋł̧̍ on Mars, too. This would ðāĢłė Ö ŭŽðıāóŶĢƑā ̥ťŽũā Ö ťũĢŋũĢ ĕŋũĿ ŋĕ ĢłŶŽĢŶĢŋł̧̍ intelligence leads us to destroyintelligence ourselves. There leads us is to destroy have brought ourselves. minerals Thereand is metals have brought to the surface, minerals and Rł ŶĞā ː˘ŶĞ Öłù ˑˏŶĞ óāłŶŽũĢāŭ ĿÖŶĞāĿÖŶĢóĢÖłŭ ðāmetals to the surface, Rł ŶĞā ː˘ŶĞ Öłù ˑˏŶĞ óāłŶŽũĢāŭ ĿÖŶĞāĿÖŶĢóĢÖłŭ ðāÖ ŶĞĢũù ťŋŭŭĢðĢķĢŶƘ̍ dĢĕā ÖťťāÖũŭ̇ Öłù Ģł ŭŋĿā óÖŭāŭ Ö ŶĞĢũù ťŋŭŭĢðĢķĢŶƘ̍ dĢĕā ÖťťāÖũŭ̇ Öłù Ģł ŭŋĿā óÖŭāŭ which a colony could utilise. The which Moon a colony and Mars could utilise. gan toThe examine Moongeometries and Mars thatgan areto non-Euclidean, examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, develops into intelligent beings, develops but when into it reaches intelligent beings, are the most but when suitable it reaches sites for space are the colonies most suitable in the sites in for which space space colonies is conceived in the asin curved, whichrather space is than conceived as curved, rather than a stage of sending radio signals, a it stage willof also sending have the radio signals, Solar System. it will also Mercury have and the Venus Solar areSystem. too hot,Mercury while and ƪÖŶ̍ óóŋũùĢłė Ŷŋ ķðāũŶ 1ĢłŭŶāĢł̪ŭ ŶĞāŋũƘ ŋĕ ėāłāVenus are too hot, while ƪÖŶ̍ óóŋũùĢłė Ŷŋ ķðāũŶ 1ĢłŭŶāĢł̪ŭ ŶĞāŋũƘ ŋĕ ėāłātechnology to make nuclear bombs technology and other to make we- nuclear `ŽťĢŶāũ Öłù ÖŶŽũł Öũā ėÖŭ ėĢÖłŶŭ ƒĢŶĞ łŋ ŭŋķĢù ŭŽũbombs and other we`ŽťĢŶāũ Öłù ÖŶŽũł Öũā ėÖŭ ėĢÖłŶŭ ƒĢŶĞ łŋ ŭŋķĢù ŭŽũũÖķ ũāķÖŶĢƑĢŶƘ̇ ŭťÖóā ÖũŋŽłù ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ Ʃāķùŭ ũÖķ ũāķÖŶĢƑĢŶƘ̇ ŭťÖóā ÖũŋŽłù ėũÖƑĢŶÖŶĢŋłÖķ Ʃāķùŭ

Expert opinion

Written by Sandra Erwin

STAR “With the safety of our astronauts “With at the theforefront safety of our astronauts at the forefront

XÁ 0 nXk0 áR Á á Èn( XÁ 0 nXk0 !0ّ á0‫ټ‬à0 Á nXà0 Xz ³¨ !0ّ á0‫ټ‬à0 «XzJ I « 0zz á z(0«XzJ I « !0zÁÈ«X0³

course – my main reason for this course being, – my whymain would reasonŭŋ ũāóāĢƑāŭ ĞÖķĕ ŶĞā ƒÖũĿŶĞ̍ RŶ ŋłóā ĞÖù Ö ĿÖėłāŶĢó for this being, why would ŭŋ ũāóāĢƑāŭ ĞÖķĕ ŶĞā ƒÖũĿŶĞ̍ RŶ ŋłóā ĞÖù Ö ĿÖėłāŶĢó cyNASA.

STAR

óĢÖķ óũāƒ ťũŋėũÖĿ ÖŶ ŋāĢłė̍ ¦Ğā ŭŽóóāŭŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŶāŭŶĢłė óĢÖķ óũāƒ ťũŋėũÖĿ ÖŶ ŋāĢłė̍ ¦Ğā ŭŽóóāŭŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŶāŭŶĢłė

of all we do, this successful testing of all proves we do, this this system successful³¨ !0 æ testing proves this system

³¨ !0 æ

allows the program to move ahead allows with athe pad program abort test to move ahead with a pad abort test

will work correctly and keep Starliner will work and the correctly crew safe and keepxStarliner and the crew safe zٜx «³ (0!k

later this summer. An uncrewedlater launch this ofsummer. the StarliAn uncrewed launch of the Starli-

ŶĞũŋŽėĞ Öķķ ťĞÖŭāŭ ŋĕ ƪĢėĞŶ̧̇ ŭÖĢù `ŋĞł mŽķĞŋķķÖłù̇ ŶĞũŋŽėĞ Öķķ ťĞÖŭāŭ ŋĕ ƪĢėĞŶ̧̇ ŭÖĢù `ŋĞł mŽķĞŋķķÖłù̇ (0àٜ

(0àٜ

zٜx «³ (0!k

łāũ ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ̇ ŭĢĿĢķÖũ Ŷŋ ťÖóāÇ̪ŭ 'āĿŋ̟ː ƪĢėĞŶ ŋĕ ĢŶŭ łāũ ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ̇ ŭĢĿĢķÖũ Ŷŋ ťÖóāÇ̪ŭ 'āĿŋ̟ː ƪĢėĞŶ ŋĕ ĢŶŭ

vice president and program manager vice president of the commerand program manager ofSTILL the UNDER commer!ũāƒ 'ũÖėŋł ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ Ģł mÖũóĞ̇ Ģŭ ŭóĞāùŽķāù ĕŋũ łŋ !ũāƒ 'ũÖėŋł ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ Ģł mÖũóĞ̇ Ģŭ ŭóĞāùŽķāù ĕŋũ łŋ SAFETY SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTS SAFETY SYSTEMS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENTS

Page 2

Page 3

The beggining

The journey

Page 4-7

Space News

Page 8-9

ASRP

Space Weather

21 July 2019

The Void Newspaper

IT’S NOT ALWAYS SUNNY IN OUTER SPACE

#ENVIROMENT #ZONE #LIFE

CREDITS: NASA/JPL-CALTECH

The habitable zone

In the foreground, the moon Epimetheus appearing to hover above Saturn’s rings. Epimetheus is dwarfed

Methane snow-capped peaks on Pluto Written by Leyland Cecco Self-critical, Loving, Good mannered and Rebellious

ŽŶ ŶĞā ťķÖłāŶ ŋłóā ĞÖù Öł ŋóāÖł̇ ƒĞĢóĞ ƒÖŭ āƑÖťŋ-

ŶĞāũĿÖķ ƑāłŶŭ ̞ ƑŋķóÖłĢó ĞŋŶ ŭťũĢłėŭ̍ zł 1ÖũŶĞ ŶĞā

zons science teammember.

óÖĿā Ŷŋ ùāťāłù ŋł ŭƘŭŶāĿŭ ÖƦāóŶāù ðƘ ŭťÖóā ƒā-

ũÖŶāù ðƘ Ö ũŽłÖƒÖƘ ėũāāłĞŋŽŭā āƦāóŶ̍ ¦Ğā ťķÖłāŶ̪ŭ

energy and minerals gushing from similar springs

'ÖŶÖ ĕũŋĿ p ̪ŭ pāƒ NŋũĢơŋłŭ ŭťÖóāóũÖĕŶ̇ ŭĞŋƒł

ÖŶĞāũ̍ !ŋĿĿŽłĢóÖŶĢŋłŭ ŭÖŶāķķĢŶāŭ Öũā Ö ƑĢŶÖķ ťÖũŶ ŋĕ

ÖŶĿŋŭťĞāũā Ģŭ Ŷŋ ðķÖĿā̍ RŶ Ģŭ ˘˕̍˔ͮ óÖũðŋł ùĢŋƗĢùā̇

ŭŽťťŋũŶ ŋóāÖł āóŋŭƘŭŶāĿŭ ŶāāĿĢłė ƒĢŶĞ ķĢĕā̍ ā-

in the right inset, shows the bright ice on the moun-

global commerce. Weather satellite systems pro-

ŶũÖťťĢłė ĞāÖŶ ĢłŭĢùā Ö ŶĞĢóĴ !zˑ ðķÖłĴāŶ̍ ŽŶ ŶĞÖŶ

searchers suspect they were the cradles of life on

tain peaks correlates almost exactly with the distri-

vide information about terrestrial weather. The

very atmosphere may also harbour life. Although

1ÖũŶĞ̍ !ŋŽķù ŶĞā ŭÖĿā ðā ŶũŽā ŋĕ 1ŽũŋťÖ̎ FÖłƘ-

bution of methane ice, shown in false color aspurple.

ŭĢėłÖķŭ ĕũŋĿ ŭÖŶāķķĢŶāŭ ŋĕ ŶĞā FķŋðÖķ ŋŭĢŶĢŋłĢłė

the surface of Venus is now scorched and dry, 50 ki-

mede, like Europa, probably has subsurface wa-

BIG CHANCE

ƘŭŶāĿ ̛F ̜ Öũā Žŭāù Ģł Ö ƒĢùā ƑÖũĢāŶƘ ŋĕ ÖťťķĢ-

Earth is teeming with life in the least likely places

lometres above the ground the planet has a thick

Ŷāũ ðāłāÖŶĞ ĢŶŭ ŭŋķĢù Ģóā ŭĴĢł̍ łŶĢķ ũāóāłŶķƘ ŭóĢāł-

The mountains lie in the prominent dark brown

cations. Space weather phenomena can interfere

– in rocks kilometres below the ground, in acid or

cloud layer composed of sulfuric acid droplets. The

tists believed this water was sandwiched between

ĕāÖŶŽũā ŋł ķŽŶŋ̪ŭ ŭŽũĕÖóā ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ ĞÖƑā ùŽððāù

with or damage these satellites or interfere with

radioactive ponds, in volcanic springs under the

óķŋŽù Ģŭ ŭŋ ùāłŭā ĢŶ ũāƪāóŶŭ ĿŋŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ŭŽłķĢėĞŶ ̞

two layers of ice, isolating it from nutrients and the

!ŶĞŽķĞŽ ̛ťũŋłŋŽłóāù ĴŽĞ̟¦N̟ķŽ Öłù łÖĿāù ÖĕŶāũ

the radio signals with which they operate. Spa-

sea, and in lakes beneath the Antarctic. The tenaci-

but that makes the cloud temperatures pleasantly

āłāũėƘ łāāùāù Ŷŋ ťŋƒāũ ķĢĕā̍ ŽŶ Ģł mÖƘ ˑˏː˓ p

Ö óĞÖũÖóŶāũ Ģł Ö łŋƑāķ ðƘ ŭóĢāłóā ƩóŶĢŋł ƒũĢŶāũ N̍ ̍

ce weather phenomena can cause damaging sur-

ŶƘ ŋĕ ķĢĕā Ģł ŭŽóĞ ̨ŽłāÖũŶĞķƘ̪ āłƑĢũŋłĿāłŶŭ ĞÖŭ ķāù

1ÖũŶĞ̟ķĢĴā̍ Rĕ ķĢĕā āƑāũ āĿāũėāù Ģł Ö ÁāłŽŭĢÖł ŭāÖ̇

ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ ũā̟āƗÖĿĢłāù FÖłƘĿāùā̪ŭ ŭŶũŽóŶŽũā Öłù

dŋƑāóũÖĕŶ̜̍ RŶ Ģŭ ÖðŋŽŶ ˒̇ˏˏˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭ ķŋłė Öłù ˖˔ˏ

ges in long distance transmission lines and expose

ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ Ŷŋ ðāķĢāƑā ŶĞÖŶ ĿÖƘðā ƒā̪ķķ Öķŭŋ Ʃłù ķĢĕā

might it now inhabit acid droplets in the clouds?

decided the moon is more like a club sandwich, with

kilometres wide, stretching nearly halfway around

passengers and crew of aircraft travel to radiation,

āķŭāƒĞāũā Ģł ŶĞā ŭŋķÖũ ŭƘŭŶāĿ̇ ŭŽóĞ Öŭ ŋł ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ

EARTH WEATHER

ĿŽķŶĢťķā ķÖƘāũŭ ŋĕ ƒÖŶāũ Öłù Ģóā̍ !ũŽóĢÖķķƘ̇ ŶĞā ķŋƒāŭŶ

ķŽŶŋ̪ŭ āŨŽÖŶŋũ̇ ŭŶÖũŶĢłė ĕũŋĿ ŶĞā ƒāŭŶ ŋĕ ŶĞā ėũā-

āŭťāóĢÖķķƘ ŋł ťŋķÖũ ũŋŽŶāŭ̍ ¦Ğā RłŶāũłÖŶĢŋłÖķ Fā-

moon, Enceladus, above. Mars is generally conside-

zł 1ÖũŶĞ̇ ĿĢóũŋðāŭ ĞÖƑā ðāāł ĕŋŽłù ķĢƑĢłė ĞÖť-

ķÖƘāũ̇ ķƘĢłė łāƗŶ Ŷŋ ŶĞā Ŀŋŋł̪ŭ ũŋóĴƘ óŋũā̇ Ģŭ ƒÖŶāũ̍

at nitrogen ice plains known as Sputnik Planum.

ŋťĞƘŭĢóÖķ ÈāÖũ ̛RFÈ̜ ĢłóũāÖŭāù ũāŭāÖũóĞ ĢłŶŋ ŭťÖóā

ũāù ŶĞā ĿŋŭŶ ķĢĴāķƘ óÖłùĢùÖŶā̍ Nāũā Öũā ŭŋĿā ŋŶĞāũ

pily in acidic puddles and they also inhabit our hi-

Rĕ Öł ŋùù ĞƘùũŋŶĞāũĿÖķ ƑāłŶ Ģŭ ĕŋŽłù ŶĞāũā ťāũĞÖťŭ

¦Ğā ũāėĢŋł̪ŭ ùÖũĴ ŭŽũĕÖóā Ģŭ ŶĞŋŽėĞŶ Ŷŋ ðā óŋƑāũāù

ƒāÖŶĞāũ̍ FũŋŽłù̟ðÖŭāù ùÖŶÖ ŋðŶÖĢłāù ùŽũĢłė RFÈ

ťŋŭŭĢðĢķĢŶĢāŭ̍ DũŋĿ Ö ùĢŭŶÖłóā̇ ÖŶŽũł̪ŭ Ŀŋŋł 1łóā-

ėĞāŭŶ óķŋŽùŭ̍ āũĞÖťŭ ŶĞāƘ̪Ƒā ĕŋŽłù ŶĞā ðāŭŶ ŋĕ ðŋŶĞ

FÖłƘĿāùā̇ Ŷŋŋ̇ ĿĢėĞŶ ŶŽũł ŋŽŶ Ŷŋ ĞÖũðŋŽũķĢĕā̍p

by a layer of dark tholins – complex molecules that

demonstrated that the aurora occurred in an auro-

ķÖùŽŭ ķŋŋĴŭ Ŷŋ ðā ĕũŋơāł ŭŋķĢù̍ ŽŶ p ĞÖŭ ùāŶāó-

ƒŋũķùŭ ŋł ÁāłŽŭ̎ Rĕ ķĢĕā ũāŨŽĢũāŭ ķĢŨŽĢù ƒÖŶāũ ŶĞāł

scientsists have discovered a chain of snow-capped

form when methane is exposed tosunlight.

ral oval, a permanent region of luminescence 15 to

ted a liquid water sea beneath its hard, icy exterior.

Europa would be the perfect place to look. The big-

ĿŋŽłŶÖĢłŭ Ģł ŋłā ŋĕ ķŽŶŋ̪ŭ ĿŋŭŶ ťũŋĿĢłāłŶ ĕāÖŶŽ-

The reddish enhanced colour image shown above as

25 degrees in latitude from the magnetic poles and 5

Rĕ ķĢĕā āƗĢŭŶŭ Ģł ŶĞĢŭ ŭāÖ̇ ŭťÖóā ťũŋðāŭ ĿĢėĞŶ ðā Öðķā

gest sea in the solar system might lie beneath the

ũāŭ̍ ŽŶ ŶĞā ŭłŋƒ Ģŭ ķĢĴāķƘ Ŷŋ ðā ĕũŋơāł ĿāŶĞÖłā̇ ŶĞāƘ

the left inset, is of a mountain range located in so-

Ŷŋ ˑˏ ùāėũāāŭ ƒĢùā̙̍˔̚ Rł ː˘˔˗̇ ŶĞā 1Ɨťķŋũāũ R ŭÖŶāķķĢŶā

Ŷŋ ŭÖĿťķā ĢŶ ƒĢŶĞŋŽŶ ķÖłùĢłė̍ FāƘŭāũŭ ŋł 1łóāķÖùŽŭ

ŭóÖũũāù ŭŽũĕÖóā ŋĕ `ŽťĢŶāũ̪ŭ ķÖũėā ĕũŋơāł Ŀŋŋł̍ RŶ

say. “That this material coats only the upper slopes

ŽŶĞāÖŭŶ !ŶĞŽķĞŽ ŶĞÖŶ Ģŭ ˓ˑˏ ĴĢķŋĿāŶũāŭķŋłė̍

discovered the Van Allen belts,[6] regions of radia-

shoot plumes of frozen water – and perhaps life-

may carry more than twice the volume of liquid

of the peaks suggests methane ice may act like wa-

XX CENTURY

ŶĢŋł ťÖũŶĢóķāŭ ŶũÖťťāù ðƘ ŶĞā 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ĿÖėłāŶĢó Ʃāķù̍

forms – high into space. With a surface temperature

ƒÖŶāũ ĕŋŽłù ŋł1ÖũŶĞ̍ āłāÖŶĞ ŶĞā ĕũŋơāł ŭŽũĕÖóā̇

Ŷāũ Ģł 1ÖũŶĞ̪ŭ ÖŶĿŋŭťĞāũā̇ óŋłùāłŭĢłė Öŭ ĕũŋŭŶ ÖŶ

Rł ŶĞā ˑˏŶĞ óāłŶŽũƘ ŶĞā ĢłŶāũāŭŶ Ģł ŭťÖóā ƒāÖŶĞāũ

Rł `ÖłŽÖũƘ ː˘˔˘̇ ŶĞā ŋƑĢāŶ ŭÖŶāķķĢŶā dŽłÖ ː ƩũŭŶ

ŋĕ ˓˗ˏ΅!̇ ÁāłŽŭ Ģŭ Öł ŽłķĢĴāķƘ ťķÖóā Ŷŋ ķŋŋĴ ĕŋũ ķĢĕā̍

ŭóĢāłŶĢŭŶŭ ŭŽŭťāóŶ ŶĞā ŭāÖ ƪŋŋũ Ģŭ ťĢāũóāù ðƘ ĞƘùũŋ-

ĞĢėĞ ÖķŶĢŶŽùā̧̇ ŭÖĢù `ŋĞł ŶÖłŭðāũũƘ̇ Ö pāƒ NŋũĢ-

expanded as military and commercial systems

directly observed the solar wind and measured