Coarse Aggregate

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 01 | Jan 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

ThemixdesignforgeopolymerconcreteusingHBG metal as coarse aggregate and river sand as fine aggregate is calculatedbasedontheminimumvoidapproachusingthe powers formula and the weight proportions are listed in tab12

Table7.MixProportionofPastebyVolume

Table8.MixProportionofPastebyWeight

Table9.MixProportionofGeoPolymerMortarusing different

FineAggregateandHCFAbyVolume

Table10.MixProportionofGeopolymerMortarusing differentFineAggregateandHCFAbyVolumetakinginto theVolumeofVoidContent Table11.MixProportionofGeopolymermortarusing differentfineaggregateandHCFAbyweight

Table12.MixProportionofGeoPolymerConcreteusing RiverSandandHCFAbyvolume

Table13.MixProportionofGeoPolymerConcreteusing RiverSandandHCFAbyvolumetakingintotheaccountof voidcontent

Table14.MixProportionofGeoPolymerConcreteusing RiverSandandHCFAbyweight

Name Void Content

Flyash 54.86 GGBS 37.5

Void Ratio

1.23 0.6

Name FA AA FA/AA Flyash 58 42 1.38

Name fine aggregate Fag FA Void Content Void Ratio Riversand 80.50 19.50 19.43 0.2412 Foundrywaste sand 80.50 19.50 19.34 0.2398 Neyvelibottom ash 73.79 26.21 24.37 0.3223 Ennorebottom ash 29.08 70.92 36.77 0.5816

Name fine aggregate Fag FA Void Content Void Ratio

Riversand 64.86 15.71 19.43 0.2412 Foundrywaste sand 64.93 15.73 19.34 0.2398 Neyveli bottomash 55.81 19.82 24.37 0.3223 Ennore bottomash 18.39 44.84 36.77 0.5816

Name fine aggregate Fag FA AA Fag/Paste

Riversand 70.0 17.0 13.0 2.33 Foundry wastesand 69.7 17.6 12.7 3.97 Neyveli bottomash 61.1 22.57 16.3 1.57 Ennore bottomash 16.22 56.51 27.27 0.19

Name fine aggregate CA FAg Void Content Void Ratio Riversand 53.51 30.10 16.39 0.196 Foundry wastesand 64.0 36.0 16.3 0.1948 Neyveli bottomash 67.34 32.66 20.54 0.2585 Ennore bottomash 76.44 23.56 30.00 0.4287

Name fine aggregate CA FAg Void Content Void Ratio Riversand 64.0 36.0 16.39 0.196 Foundrywaste sand 53.5 30.1 16.3 0.1948 Neyvelibottom ash 53.51 25.95 20.54 0.2585 Ennorebottom ash 53.51 16.49 30.00 0.4287

Name fine aggregate CA FAg CA/FA Riversand 65.0 35.0 1.86 Foundrywaste sand 66.0 34.0 1.94 Neyvelibottom ash 69.0 31.0 2.23 Ennorebottom ash 83.0 17.0 4.88

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B) SPECIMEN AND TEST

Various paste specimen of size 70.6x70.6x70.6mm are casted for the molarity 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 in respect of Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0. The mix proportion obtained by minimum void approach is based onwater.Thegeopolymerpastebasedonthevoidcontent theFA/AAarrivedis1.38whichislessworkableduetothe water solid ratio is 0.34 so that FA/AA ratio is reduced to 1.2 for workable mix of water/solid ratio of 0.37.The mix proportionforthemolaritywiseislistedintable15to24. The compressive strength is tested in CTM at the end of seventhday.

Table15.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2Sio3 to NaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity10

Table16.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2Sio3 to NaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity10

Table17.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2Sio3 to NaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity12 Table18.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2Sio3 to NaOHRatio.FA/AA=1.2Molarity12

Table19.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2Sio3 to NaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity14

Table20.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2Sio3 to NaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity14

S.No Na2SiO3 /NaOH FA AA Na2SiO3 NaOH

Solid Water Solid Water Total Water Total Solids Water /Solid

1 1.0 381.82 318.18 79.55 79.55 48.68 110.41 189.95 510.05 0.3724

2 1.0 381.82 318.18 79.55 79.55 48.68 110.41 189.95 510.05 0.3724 3 1.5 381.82 318.18 95.45 95.45 38.95 88.33 183.78 516.22 0.3560 4 1.5 381.82 318.18 95.45 95.45 38.95 88.33 183.78 516.22 0.3560 5 2.0 387.27 322.73 107.58 107.58 32.92 74.66 182.23 527.77 0.3453 6 2.0 387.27 322.73 107.58 107.58 32.92 74.66 182.23 527.77 0.3453 7 2.5 387.27 322.73 115.26 115.26 28.22 63.99 179.25 530.75 0.3377 8 2.5 387.27 322.73 115.26 115.26 28.22 63.99 179.25 530.75 0.3377 9 3.0 387.27 322.73 121.02 121.02 24.69 55.99 177.02 532.98 0.3321 10 3.0 387.27 322.73 121.02 121.02 24.69 55.99 177.02 532.98 0.3321

S.N o Na2SiO3 /NaOH FA AA Na2 Solid SiO3 Water NaOH Solid Water Total Water Total Solids Water /Solid 1 1.0 381.82 318.18 79.55 79.55 56.32 102.77 182.32 517.68 0.3522 2 1.0 381.82 318.18 79.55 79.55 56.32 102.77 182.32 517.68 0.3522 3 1.5 381.82 318.18 95.45 95.45 45.05 82.22 177.67 522.33 0.3402 4 1.5 381.82 318.18 95.45 95.45 45.05 82.22 177.67 522.33 0.3402 5 2.0 381.82 318.18 106.06 106.06 37.55 68.52 174.58 525.42 0.3323 6 2.0 381.82 318.18 106.06 106.06 37.55 68.52 174.58 525.42 0.3323 7 2.5 381.82 318.18 113.64 113.64 32.18 58.73 172.36 527.64 0.3267 8 2.5 381.82 318.18 113.64 113.64 32.18 58.73 172.36 527.64 0.3267 9 3.0 381.82 318.18 119.32 119.32 28.16 51.39 170.70 529.30 0.3225 10 3.0 381.82 318.18 119.32 119.32 28.16 51.39 170.70 529.30 0.3225

Sl. No. Na2SiO3 /NaOH GGBS (%) Fly Ash(FA) Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S

1 1.0 10 343.64 38.18 159.09 159.09 700.00 0.3724 2 1.0 20 305.45 76.36 159.09 159.09 700.00 0.3724 3 1.5 10 343.64 38.18 190.91 127.27 700.00 0.3560 4 1.5 20 305.45 76.36 190.91 127.27 700.00 0.3560 5 2.0 10 348.55 38.18 215.15 107.58 710.00 0.3453 6 2.0 20 309.82 77.45 215.15 107.58 710.00 0.3453 7 2.5 10 348.55 38.18 230.52 92.21 710.00 0.3377 8 2.5 20 309.82 77.45 230.52 92.21 710.00 0.3377 9 3.0 10 348.55 38.18 242.05 80.68 710.00 0.3321 10 3.0 20 309.82 77.45 242.05 80.68 710.00 0.3321

Sl. No. Na2SiO3 /NaOH GGBS (%) Fly Ash(FA) Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S

1 1.0 10 343.64 38.18 159.09 159.09 700.00 0.3724 2 1.0 20 305.45 76.36 159.09 159.09 700.00 0.3724 3 1.5 10 343.64 38.18 190.91 127.27 700.00 0.3560 4 1.5 20 305.45 76.36 190.91 127.27 700.00 0.3560 5 2.0 10 348.55 38.18 215.15 107.58 710.00 0.3453 6 2.0 20 309.82 77.45 215.15 107.58 710.00 0.3453 7 2.5 10 348.55 38.18 230.52 92.21 710.00 0.3377 8 2.5 20 309.82 77.45 230.52 92.21 710.00 0.3377 9 3.0 10 348.55 38.18 242.05 80.68 710.00 0.3321 10 3.0 20 309.82 77.45 242.05 80.68 710.00 0.3321

Sl. No. Na2SiO3 aOH /N GGBS (%) Fly Ash (FA) Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S

1 1.0 10 343.64 38.18 159.09 159.09 700 0.3333 2 1.0 20 305.45 76.36 159.09 159.09 700 0.3333 3 1.5 10 343.64 38.18 190.91 127.27 700 0.3253 4 1.5 20 305.45 76.36 190.91 127.27 700 0.3253 5 2.0 10 343.64 38.18 212.12 106.06 700 0.3200 6 2.0 20 305.45 76.36 212.12 106.06 700 0.3200 7 2.5 10 343.64 38.18 227.27 90.91 700 0.3162 8 2.5 20 305.45 76.36 227.27 90.91 700 0.3162 9 3.0 10 343.64 38.18 238.64 79.55 700 0.3134 10 3.0 20 305.45 76.36 238.64 79.55 700 0.3134

S.No

Na2SiO3 /NaOH FA AA Na2 Solid SiO3 Water NaOH Solid Water Total Water Total Solids Water /Solid

1 1.0 381.82 318.18 79.55 79.55 63.64 95.45 175.00 525.00 0.3333 2 1.0 381.82 318.18 79.55 79.55 63.64 95.45 175.00 525.00 0.3333 3 1.5 381.82 318.18 95.45 95.45 50.91 76.36 171.82 528.18 0.3253 4 1.5 381.82 318.18 95.45 95.45 50.91 76.36 171.82 528.18 0.3253 5 2.0 381.82 318.18 106.06 106.06 42.42 63.64 169.70 530.30 0.3200 6 2.0 381.82 318.18 106.06 106.06 42.42 63.64 169.70 530.30 0.3200 7 2.5 381.82 318.18 113.64 113.64 36.36 54.55 168.18 531.82 0.3162 8 2.5 381.82 318.18 113.64 113.64 36.36 54.55 168.18 531.82 0.3162 9 3.0 381.82 318.18 119.32 119.32 31.82 47.73 167.05 532.95 0.3134 10 3.0 381.82 318.18 119.32 119.32 31.82 47.73 167.05 532.95 0.3134

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Table21.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2Sio3 to NaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity16

Table22.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2sio3 to NaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity16

Table23.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2Sio3 to NaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity18 Table24.MixProportionforGeopolymerPasteUsingHigh calciumFlyashPassing90micronwithdifferentNa2sio3 to NaOHRatio.FA/AA=1.2Molarity18

The Geo polymer mortar specimen of size 70.6x70.6x70.6mm are casted for the different fine aggregates with the FA/AA as 1.2 and the varying Fag/paste ratio for different fine aggregate and the molarity, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratiois selected based onthe maximum strength obtained in the paste specimen whichislistedintable25to32.

Fag/pasteratiofor Riversandis calculated as per mix design is 2.33 but for the sake of workable mix it is reducedto1.8.Fag/pasteratioforFoundrywastesand is calculated as per mix design is 3.97 but for the sake ofworkablemixitisreducedto1.2.Fag/pasteratiofor Neyveli Bottom ash is calculated as per mix design is 1.57 but for the sake of workable mix it is reduced to 1.4.Fag/pasteratioforEnnoreBottomashiscalculated as per mixdesignis 0.19 duetoless ratioofFag/Paste for Ennore Bottom ash the same ratio of 0.19 is adopted.

Table25.MixProportionforGeopolymerMortarUsing RiverSandasFineAggregateforDifferentMolarityand Na2SiO3 toNaOHratio.FA/AA=1.2F.Ag/Paste=1.64

Sl. No. Na2SiO3/ NaOH GGBS (%) FA Alkaline activator(AA)

Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S

1 1.0 10 343.64 38.18 159.09 159.09 700 0.3522 2 1.0 20 305.45 76.36 159.09 159.09 700 0.3522 3 1.5 10 343.64 38.18 190.91 127.27 700 0.3402 4 1.5 20 305.45 76.36 190.91 127.27 700 0.3402 5 2.0 10 343.64 38.18 212.12 106.06 700 0.3323 6 2.0 20 305.45 76.36 212.12 106.06 700 0.3323 7 2.5 10 343.64 38.18 227.27 90.91 700 0.3267 8 2.5 20 305.45 76.36 227.27 90.91 700 0.3267 9 3.0 10 343.64 38.18 238.64 79.55 700 0.3225 10 3.0 20 305.45 76.36 238.64 79.55 700 0.3225

S.No Na2SiO3 /NaOH FA AA Na2 Solid SiO3 Water NaOH Solid Water Total Water Total Solids Water /Solid 1 1.0 381.82 318.18 82.73 76.36 70.48 88.61 164.98 535.02 0.3084 2 1.0 381.82 318.18 82.73 76.36 70.48 88.61 164.98 535.02 0.3084 3 1.5 381.82 318.18 99.27 91.64 56.38 70.89 162.53 537.47 0.3024 4 1.5 381.82 318.18 99.27 91.64 56.38 70.89 162.53 537.47 0.3024 5 2.0 381.82 318.18 110.30 101.82 46.98 59.08 160.89 539.11 0.2984 6 2.0 381.82 318.18 110.30 101.82 46.98 59.08 160.89 539.11 0.2984 7 2.5 381.82 318.18 118.18 109.09 40.27 50.64 159.73 540.27 0.2956 8 2.5 381.82 318.18 118.18 109.09 40.27 50.64 159.73 540.27 0.2956 9 3.0 381.82 318.18 124.09 114.55 35.24 44.31 158.85 541.15 0.2935 10 3.0 381.82 318.18 124.09 114.55 35.24 44.31 158.85 541.15 0.2935

Sl. No. Na2SiO3 NaOH / GGBS (%) Fly ash(FA) Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S

1 1.0 10 343.64 38.18 159.09 159.09 700 0.2922 2 1.0 20 305.45 76.36 159.09 159.09 700 0.2922 3 1.5 10 343.64 38.18 190.91 127.27 700 0.2896 4 1.5 20 305.45 76.36 190.91 127.27 700 0.2896 5 2.0 10 343.64 38.18 212.12 106.06 700 0.2878 6 2.0 20 305.45 76.36 212.12 106.06 700 0.2878 7 2.5 10 343.64 38.18 227.27 90.91 700 0.2865 8 2.5 20 305.45 76.36 227.27 90.91 700 0.2865 9 3.0 10 343.64 38.18 238.64 79.55 700 0.2856 10 3.0 20 305.45 76.36 238.64 79.55 700 0.2856

S.No Na2SiO3 /NaOH FA AA Na2 Solid SiO3 Water NaOH Solid Water Total Water Total Solids Water /Solid

1 1.0 381.82 318.18 82.73 76.36 77.16 81.93 158.30 541.70 0.2922 2 1.0 381.82 318.18 82.73 76.36 77.16 81.93 158.30 541.70 0.2922 3 1.5 381.82 318.18 99.27 91.64 61.73 65.55 157.18 542.82 0.2896 4 1.5 381.82 318.18 99.27 91.64 61.73 65.55 157.18 542.82 0.2896 5 2.0 381.82 318.18 110.30 101.82 51.44 54.62 156.44 543.56 0.2878 6 2.0 381.82 318.18 110.30 101.82 51.44 54.62 156.44 543.56 0.2878 7 2.5 381.82 318.18 118.18 109.09 44.09 46.82 155.91 544.09 0.2865 8 2.5 381.82 318.18 118.18 109.09 44.09 46.82 155.91 544.09 0.2865 9 3.0 381.82 318.18 124.09 114.55 38.58 40.97 155.51 544.49 0.2856 10 3.0 381.82 318.18 124.09 114.55 38.58 40.97 155.51 544.49 0.2856

Sl. No. Mole Fine Aggregate Fly Ash (FA) Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S FA/ AA Na2SiO3 NaOH / 1 10 505.25 134.43 33.61(20%) 100.03 40.01 813.33 0.3614 1.2 2.5 2 12 505.25 134.43 33.61(20%) 84.02 56.01 813.33 0.3600 1.2 1.5 3 14 505.25 134.43 33.61(20%) 84.02 56.01 813.33 0.3447 1.2 1.5 4 16 505.25 134.43 33.61(20%) 100.03 40.01 813.33 0.3292 1.2 2.5 5 18 505.25 151.24 16.80(10%) 84.02 56.01 813.33 0.3174 1.2 1.5 6 18 505.25 134.43 33.61(20%) 84.02 56.01 813.33 0.3174 1.2 1.5

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Table26.MixProportionForGeopolymerMortarUsing RiverSandasFineAggregateforDifferentMolarityand Na2SiO3

Table27.MixProportionforGeopolymerMortarUsing FoundrySandasFineAggregateforDifferentMolarityand Na2SiO3 toNaOHratio.FA/AA=1.2F.Ag/Paste=1.2

Table28.MixProportionforGeopolymerMortarUsing FoundrySandasFineAggregateforDifferentMolarityand Na2SiO3 toNaOHratio.FA/AA=1.2F.Ag/Paste=1.2

Table29.MixProportionforGeopolymerMortarUsing NeyveliBottomAshasFineAggregatefordifferent MolarityandNa2SiO3 toNaOHratioFA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=1.4 Table30.MixProportionforGeopolymerMortarUsing NeyveliBottomAshasFineAggregatefordifferent MolarityandNa2SiO3 toNaOHratio

Table31.MixProportionforGeopolymerMortarusing EnnoreBottomAshasFineAggregatefordifferent MolarityandNa2SiO3toNaOHratioFA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=0.19

Table32.MixProportionforGeopolymerMortarusing EnnoreBottomAshasFineAggregatefordifferent MolarityandNa2SiO3toNaOHratioFA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=0.19

The Geo Polymer concrete specimen of size 100x100x100mm cubes are casted using hard broken granite (HBG) metal as coarse aggregate and different fine aggregate the ratio of coarse aggregate and fine aggregateinrespect ofriver sand, foundrywastesand, Neyveli bottom ash and Ennore bottom ash are 1.86, 1.94,2.23and4.88.

The fine aggregate quantity is taken up for the calculationofFag/Pasteasinmortarspecimenandthe molarity,Na2SiO3/NaOHratioisbasedontheoptimum proportionobtainedinthemortarspecimenaslistedin table33.

S.No Paste FA AA Na2SiO3 NaOH Total Water Total Solids Water /Solid

Solid Water Solid Water

1 308.08 168.04 140.04 46.01 54.01 12.24 27.77 81.78 226.30 0.3614 2 308.08 168.04 140.04 38.65 45.37 19.83 36.19 81.56 226.52 0.3600 3 308.08 168.04 140.04 38.65 45.37 22.41 33.61 78.98 229.10 0.3447 4 308.08 168.04 140.04 46.01 54.01 17.72 22.29 76.30 231.78 0.3292 5 308.08 168.04 140.04 38.65 45.37 27.17 28.85 74.22 233.86 0.3174 6 308.08 168.04 140.04 38.65 45.37 27.17 28.85 74.22 233.86 0.3174

Sl.No Paste FA AA Na2SiO3 NaOH Total Water Total Solids

Water Solid Water Solid Water /Solid

1 300.00 163.64 136.36 44.81 52.60 11.92 27.04 79.64 220.36 0.3614 2 300.00 163.64 136.36 37.64 44.18 19.31 35.24 79.42 220.58 0.3600 3 300.00 163.64 136.36 37.64 44.18 21.82 32.73 76.91 223.09 0.3447 4 300.00 163.64 136.36 44.81 52.60 17.26 21.70 74.30 225.70 0.3292 5 300.00 163.64 136.36 37.64 44.18 26.45 28.09 72.27 227.73 0.3174

Sl. No. Mole

Fine Aggregat e FA Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S FA/A A Na2SiO3 /NaOH

1 10 420.00 130.91 32.73 97.40 38.96 720 0.3614 1.2 2.5 2 12 420.00 130.91 32.73 81.82 54.55 720 0.3600 1.2 1.5 3 14 420.00 130.91 32.73 81.82 54.55 720 0.3447 1.2 1.5 4 16 420.00 130.91 32.73 97.40 38.96 720 0.3292 1.2 2.5 5 18 420.00 130.91 32.73 81.82 54.55 720 0.3174 1.2 1.5

Sl.No Paste FA AA

Na2SiO3 NaOH Total Total Water Solid Water Solid Water Water Solids /Solid

1 350.00 190.91 159.09 56.82 56.82 13.91 31.55 88.36 261.64 0.3377 2 350.00 190.91 159.09 47.73 47.73 22.53 41.11 88.84 261.16 0.3402 3 350.00 190.91 159.09 47.73 47.73 25.45 38.18 85.91 264.09 0.3253 4 350.00 190.91 159.09 56.82 56.82 20.14 25.32 82.14 267.86 0.3066 5 350.00 190.91 159.09 47.73 47.73 30.86 32.77 80.50 269.50 0.2987 6 350.00 190.91 159.09 47.73 47.73 30.86 32.77 80.50 269.50 0.2987

Sl. No. Mole

Fine Aggregat e FA Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S FA/AA Na2SiO3 NaOH /

1 10 420.00 152.73 38.18 113.64 45.45 770.00 0.3377 1.2 2.5

2 12 420.00 152.73 38.18 95.45 63.64 770.00 0.3402 1.2 1.5

3 14 420.00 152.73 38.18 95.45 63.64 770.00 0.3253 1.2 1.5

4 16 420.00 152.73 38.18 113.64 45.45 770.00 0.3066 1.2 2.5

5 18 420.00 171.82 19.09 95.45 63.64 770.00 0.2987 1.2 1.5 6 18 420.00 152.73 38.18 95.45 63.64 770.00 0.2987 1.2 1.5

Sl. No. Mole

Fine Aggrega te

FA Alkaline activator(AA) Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO 3 NaOH Total W/S FA/A A Na2SiO3 /NaOH

1 10 108.57 249.35 62.34 185.53 74.21 680 0.3614 1.2 2.5 2 12 108.57 249.35 62.34 155.84 103.90 680 0.3600 1.2 1.5 3 14 108.57 249.35 62.34 155.84 103.90 680 0.3447 1.2 1.5 4 16 108.57 249.35 62.34 185.53 74.21 680 0.3292 1.2 2.5 5 18 108.57 249.35 62.34 155.84 103.90 680 0.3174 1.2 1.5

S.No Paste FA AA Na2SiO3

NaOH Total Total Water Solid Water Solid Water Water Solids /Solid

1 571.43 311.69 259.74 85.34 100.19 22.71 51.50 151.69 419.74 0.3614 2 571.43 311.69 259.74 71.69 84.16 36.78 67.12 151.27 420.16 0.3600 3 571.43 311.69 259.74 71.69 84.16 41.56 62.34 146.49 424.94 0.3447 4 571.43 311.69 259.74 85.34 100.19 32.88 41.34 141.52 429.91 0.3292 5 571.43 311.69 259.74 71.69 84.16 50.39 53.51 137.66 433.77 0.3174

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Table33.MixProportionforGeoploymerConcreteusing CoarseaggregateasCAFag/Flyash=3.00/Flyash/AA=1.2

Sl. No. Types of Fine Agg Mole Coarse aggregate 20-4.75 mm Fine Aggrega te Fly Ash (FA) Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S FAg/P aste Na2SiO 3/NaO H 1 River Sand 18 1449.5 780.50 233.63 25.96 216.33 86.33 2792.25 0.4022 1.64 2.5 2 Foundry Sand 14 1300.63 672.02 292.38 73.09 182.73 121.82 2642.67 0.3174 1.00 1.5 3 Neyveli Bottom Ash 14 1449.00 651.00 218.52 54.63 136.57 91.05 2600.77 0.3174 1.40 1.5 4 Ennore Bottom Ash 18 1452.5 297.50 683.26 170.81 427.03 284.69 3315.79 0.3174 0.19 1.5

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the results of the strength properties of Geo polymer paste, mortar and concrete are analyzed, discussed and inferences are presented. Based on the discussions, conclusions relevant to this study are drawn andscopeforfurtherworkisgivenintopic6.

The results of the specimen casted as in section 4.2 , (i) Geo polymer paste using high calcium fly ash passing 90 micronwithFA/AAratio1.2isselectedbasedonthewater solid ratio 0.3724 for 10 molarity and it is reduced to 0.2856formolarity18.(ii)Thegeopolymermortarforthe different fine aggregate with the above FA/AA ratio 1.2, theoptimumNa2SiO3andNaOHratio,GGBSpercentageis selected for the respective molarity of the paste. The Fag/Pasteratioobtainedfromtheminimumvoidapproach is reduced according to the workable mix. (iii) The geo polymerconcreteusingHBGmetalascoarseaggregateand river sand as fine aggregate is also adjusted in respect of coarseaggregateandfineaggregateratiofortheworkable mix.

The compressive strength for the paste, mortar and concrete are listed in the tables 34 to 38 respectively and thefollowinginferencesaredrawn.

1. As mentioned in para 4.2 the FA/AA ratio adopted is 1.2 for the workable mix of water to solid ratio is 0.3724. For the paste of 10 molarity, varying

Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0), the water tosolidratiostartsfrom0.3724to0.3321similarlyfor molarity12theW/Sratioisfrom0.3522to0.3225.For molarity14theW/Sratioisfrom0.3333to0.3134for molarity16theW/Sratioisfrom0.3084to0.2935for molarity 18 the W/S ratio is from 0.2922 to 0.2856.

The reduction in water solid ratio is due to the solid content increase in sodium hydroxide solution of highermolarity.Whichislistedintable5.1to5.5. 2. Thecompressivestrengthofgeopolymerpastefor10 molarity maximum compressive strength of 38.59

N/mm2 (Na2SiO3/NaOH=1, GGBS=10%) for 12 molarity maximum compressive strength of 42.59

N/mm2 (Na2SiO3/NaOH=1.5, GGBS=20%)for 14 molarity maximum compressive strength of 46.76 N/mm2 (Na2SiO3/NaOH=1.5, GGBS=20%) for 16 molarity maximum compressive strength of 45.26 N/mm2 (Na2SiO3/NaOH=2.5, GGBS=20%)for 18 molarity maximum compressive strength of 42.95 N/mm2 (Na2SiO3/NaOH=1.5,GGBS=10%).

Table34.CompressivestrengthofGeopolymerPaste UsingHighcalciumFlyashbPassing90micronwith differentNa2Sio3 toNaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity10

Fly ash(FA) Alkaline activator(AA) Sl. No. Na2SiO 3/NaOH GGBS (%) Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S Density (gm/cc) Compress ive Strength (N/mm2)

1 1.0 10 49.09 5.45 22.73 22.73 100 0.3724 1.81 38.59

2 1.0 20 43.64 10.91 22.73 22.73 100 0.3724 1.81 24.77 3 1.5 10 49.09 5.45 27.27 18.18 100 0.3560 1.73 15.92 4 1.5 20 43.64 10.91 27.27 18.18 100 0.3560 1.77 22.51 5 2.0 10 49.09 5.45 30.30 15.15 100 0.3453 1.60 17.12 6 2.0 20 43.64 10.91 30.30 15.15 100 0.3453 1.87 29.25 7 2.5 10 49.09 5.45 32.47 12.99 100 0.3377 1.83 25.32 8 2.5 20 43.64 10.91 32.47 12.99 100 0.3377 1.80 34.49 9 3.0 10 49.09 5.45 34.09 11.36 100 0.3321 1.80 22.00 10 3.0 20 43.64 10.91 34.09 11.36 100 0.3321 1.76 12.04

COMPRESSIVE 50 0STRENGTH 38.59 24.7715.9222.5117.12 29.2525.3234.49 (N/MM2) 2212.04 10 Moles G- GGBS W- W/S

Fig 1:Compressive strength of Geo polymer Paste Using High calcium Fly ash Passing 90micron with different Na2Sio3 to NaOH Ratio FA/AA =1.2 Molarity 10

Table35.CompressivestrengthofGeopolymerPaste UsingHighcalciumFlyashPassing90micronwith differentNa2Sio3 toNaOHRatio

FA/AA=1.2Molarity12

Sl. No. Na2SiO3/ NaOH GGBS (%) Fly ash(FA) Alkaline activator(AA)

Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S

Density (gm/cc) Compress ive strength (N/mm2)

1 1.0 10 49.09 5.45 22.73 22.73 100 0.3522 1.87 37.24 2 1.0 20 43.64 10.91 22.73 22.73 100 0.3522 1.94 41.72 3 1.5 10 49.09 5.45 27.27 18.18 100 0.3402 1.87 34.27 4 1.5 20 43.64 10.91 27.27 18.18 100 0.3402 1.87 42.59 5 2.0 10 49.09 5.45 30.30 15.15 100 0.3323 1.83 31.60 6 2.0 20 43.64 10.91 30.30 15.15 100 0.3323 1.80 20.02 7 2.5 10 49.09 5.45 32.47 12.99 100 0.3267 1.84 25.84 8 2.5 20 43.64 10.91 32.47 12.99 100 0.3267 1.80 16.66 9 3.0 10 49.09 5.45 34.09 11.36 100 0.3225 1.82 24.41 10 3.0 20 43.64 10.91 34.09 11.36 100 0.3225 1.73 23.79

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STRENGTH

30 40 50 (N/MM2) 37.2441.72 34.27 42.59 31.6 20.02 25.84 16.66 24.4123.79 20 10 0

12 Moles

G- GGBS W- W/S

Fig 2: Compressive strength of Geo polymer Paste Using High calcium Fly ash Passing 90micron with different Na2Sio3 to NaOH RatioFA/AA =1.2 Molarity 12

Table36.CompressivestrengthofGeopolymerPaste UsingHighcalciumFlyashPassing90micronwith differentNa2Sio3 toNaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity14

Fly Ash (FA) Alkaline activator(AA)

Density (gm/cc) Sl. No. Na2SiO3 /NaOH GGBS (%) Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S Compressi ve strength (N/mm2)

1 1.0 10 49.09 5.45 22.73 22.73 100 0.3333 1.92 11.88 2 1.0 20 43.64 10.91 22.73 22.73 100 0.3333 1.96 11.74 3 1.5 10 49.09 5.45 22.27 18.18 100 0.3253 1.89 41.66 4 1.5 20 43.64 10.91 22.27 18.18 100 0.3253 1.85 46.76 5 2.0 10 49.09 5.45 30.30 15.15 100 0.3200 1.79 23.93 6 2.0 20 43.64 10.91 30.30 15.15 100 0.3200 1.83 22.85 7 2.5 10 49.09 5.45 32.47 12.99 100 0.3162 1.79 27.32 8 2.5 20 43.64 10.91 32.47 12.99 100 0.3162 1.74 20.20 9 3.0 10 49.09 5.45 34.09 11.36 100 0.3134 1.79 31.70 10 3.0 20 43.64 10.91 34.09 11.36 100 0.3134 1.79 31.74

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

50(N/MM2) 0 39.39 24.6920.42 36.8629.7536.4831.8 45.26 27.42 10.22

(w-… (w-… (w-… (w-… (w-… (w-… (w-…

(w-… G- GGBS W- W/S

16 Moles

(w-…

(w-…

Fig 4: Compressive strength of Geo polymer Paste Using High calcium Fly ash Passing 90micron with different Na2Sio3 to NaOH Ratio FA/AA =1.2 Molarity 16

Table38.CompressivestrengthofGeopolymerPaste UsingHighcalciumFlyashPassing90micronwith differentNa2Sio3toNaOHRatio

FA/AA=1.2Molarity18

Sl. No.

Na2SiO 3/NaO H GGBS (%) Fly ash(FA) Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S Density (gm/cc) Compres sive strength (N/mm2)

1 1.0 10 49.09 5.45 22.73 22.73 100 0.2922 1.88 34.85 2 1.0 20 43.64 10.91 22.73 22.73 100 0.2922 1.96 23.87 3 1.5 10 49.09 5.45 27.27 18.18 100 0.2896 1.92 42.95 4 1.5 20 43.64 10.91 27.27 18.18 100 0.2896 1.93 42.93 5 2.0 10 49.09 5.45 30.30 15.15 100 0.2878 1.88 38.09 6 2.0 20 43.64 10.91 30.30 15.15 100 0.2878 1.81 29.19 7 2.5 10 49.09 5.45 32.47 12.99 100 0.2865 1.87 30.68 8 2.5 20 43.64 10.91 32.47 12.99 100 0.2865 1.88 30.46 9 3.0 10 49.09 5.45 34.09 11.36 100 0.2856 1.88 35.68 10 3.0 20 43.64 10.91 34.09 11.36 100 0.2856 1.80 17.46

VE STRENGTH (N/MM2)

50 11.88 11.74 41.66 46.76 23.93 22.85 27.32 20.2 31.7 31.74

0

G- GGBS W- W/S 14 Moles

Fig 3: Compressive strength of Geo polymer Paste Using High calcium Fly ash Passing 90micron with different Na2Sio3 to NaOH Ratio/FA/AA =1.2 Molarity 14

Table37.CompressivestrengthofGeopolymerPaste UsingHighcalciumFlyashPassing90micronwith differentNa2Sio3 toNaOHRatioFA/AA=1.2Molarity16

Na2SiO3/ NaOH GGBS (%) Fly Ash (FA) Alkaline activator(AA)

Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S

Density (gm/cc) Compr essive strengt h (N/mm

2)

1 1.0 10 49.09 5.45 22.73 22.73 100 0.3084 1.86 39.39 2 1.0 20 43.64 10.91 22.73 22.73 100 0.3084 1.84 24.69 3 1.5 10 49.09 5.45 27.27 18.18 100 0.3024 1.92 20.42 4 1.5 20 43.64 10.91 27.27 18.18 100 0.3024 1.94 36.86 5 2.0 10 49.09 5.45 30.30 15.15 100 0.2984 1.89 29.75 6 2.0 20 43.64 10.91 30.30 15.15 100 0.2984 1.88 36.48 7 2.5 10 49.09 5.45 32.47 12.99 100 0.2956 1.81 31.80 8 2.5 20 43.64 10.91 32.47 12.99 100 0.2956 1.87 45.26 9 3.0 10 49.09 5.45 34.09 11.36 100 0.2935 1.80 27.42 10 3.0 20 43.64 10.91 34.09 11.36 100 0.2935 1.80 10.22

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/MM2)

60 40 20 0

18 Moles

34.85

23.87 42.95 42.93 38.09 29.19 30.68 30.46 35.68

17.46

(w-… (w-… (w-… (w-… (w-… (w-… (w-…

(w-…

G- GGBS W- W/S

(w-… (w-…

Fig 5: Compressive strength of Geo polymer Paste Using High calcium Fly ash Passing 90micron with different Na2Sio3 to NaOH Ratio/FA/AA =1.2 Molarity 16

3. The maximum compressive strength of geo polymer mortarusingriversandis43.81N/mm2forFag/paste ratio 1.64, FA/AA 1.2 Na2SiO3/NaOH 1.5 water to solid ratio 0.3447 and the molarity 14 which is relevant to the combination of paste highest compressivestrength. 4. The maximum compressive strength of geo polymer mortar using foundry waste sand is 24.17 N/mm2 for

Fag/paste ratio 1.2, FA/AA 1.2 Na2SiO3/NaOH 1.5 waterto solid ratio0.3253 andthemolarity 14 which is relevant to the combination of paste highest compressivestrength. 5. The maximum compressive strength of geo polymer mortar using Neyveli bottom ash is 35.55 N/mm2 for

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Fag/paste ratio 1.4, FA/AA 1.2 Na2SiO3/NaOH 1.5 waterto solid ratio0.3447 andthemolarity 14 which is relevant to the combination of paste highest compressivestrength. 6. The maximum compressive strength of geo polymer mortar using Ennore bottom ash is42.36 N/mm2 for

Fag/paste ratio 0.19, FA/AA 1.2 Na2SiO3/NaOH 1.5 waterto solid ratio0.3174 andthemolarity 18 which is relevant to the combination of paste highest compressivestrength. 7. The compressive strength is 45.63 N/mm2of geo polymer concrete with river sand as fine aggregate, 27.64 N/mm2 with foundry sand as fine aggregate, 29.48N/mm2asNeyvelibottomashasfineaggregate and 49.28 N/mm2 with Ennore bottom ash as fine aggregatewasobtainedandtheproportionmentioned in chapter 4 is adopted particularly coarse aggregate to fine aggregate ratio is 1.84, 1.94, 2.23 and 4.88. All other combination of FA/AA, Fag/Paste is the optimum proportion obtained in respect of paste and mortar.

Table39CompressiveStrengthforGeopolymerMortar UsingRiverSandasFineAggregateforDifferentMolarity andNa2SiO3 toNaOHratio.

Fly Ash(FA) Alkaline activator(AA) Sl. No. Mole Fine Aggregate Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S Na2SiO3 NaOH / Density ( gm / cc ) Compressiv e Strength (N/mm2)

1 10 62.12 16.53 4.13 12.30 4.92 100.00 0.3614 2.50 2.23 38.79 2 12 62.12 16.53 4.13 10.33 6.89 100.00 0.3600 1.50 2.21 43.11 3 14 62.12 16.53 4.13 10.33 6.89 100.00 0.3447 1.50 2.25 43.81 4 16 62.12 16.53 4.13 12.30 4.92 100.00 0.3292 2.50 2.27 37.51 5 18 62.12 18.60 2.07 10.33 6.89 100.00 0.3174 1.50 2.27 46.36 6 18 62.12 16.53 4.13 10.33 6.89 100.00 0.3174 1.50 2.29 44.80

COMPRESSIV E STRENGTH

)

(N/mm2

50.00 38.7943.11 43.81 37.51 46.36 44.8

0.00

m-Molarity W-W/S G-GGBS

Fig 6: Compressive Strength for Geo polymer Mortar Using River Sand as Fine Aggregate for Different Molarity and Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio.

FA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=1.64 Table40CompressiveStrengthforGeopolymerMortar UsingFoundrySandasFineAggregateforDifferent MolarityandNa2SiO3 toNaOHratio.FA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=1.2

Fly ash(FA) Alkaline activator(AA) Sl. No. Mole Fine Aggregate Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S Na2SiO3 aOH /N Density ( gm / cc ) Compressiv e Strength (N/mm2)

1 10 54.55 19.83 4.96 14.76 5.90 100.00 0.3377 2.5 2.04 9.33 2 12 54.55 19.83 4.96 12.40 8.26 100.00 0.3402 1.5 2.11 19.35 3 14 54.55 19.83 4.96 12.40 8.26 100.00 0.3253 1.5 2.12 24.17 4 16 54.55 19.83 4.96 14.76 5.90 100.00 0.3066 2.5 2.11 20.86 5 18 54.55 22.31 2.48 12.40 8.26 100.00 0.2987 1.5 2.15 15.08 6 18 54.55 19.83 4.96 12.40 8.26 100.00 0.2987 1.5 2.14 16.26

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

9.33 19.35 24.17 20.86

15.08 16.26

m-Molarity W-W/S G-GGBS

Fig 7: Compressive Strength for Geo polymer Mortar Using Foundry Sand as Fine Aggregate for Different Molarity and

Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio./FA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=1.2

Table41.CompressiveStrengthforGeopolymerMortar UsingNeyveliBottomAshasFineAggregatefordifferent MolarityandNa2SiO3 toNaOHratioFA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=1.4

Sl. No. Mole Fine Aggregat e Fly ash(FA) Fly Ash GGBS Alkaline activator(AA) Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S Na2SiO3 /NaOH Density ( gm / cc ) Compress ive Strength (N/mm2)

1 10 58.33 18.18 4.55 13.53 5.41 100.00 0.3614 2.5 1.95 25.20 2 12 58.33 18.18 4.55 11.36 7.58 100.00 0.3600 1.5 2.02 26.62 3 14 58.33 18.18 4.55 11.36 7.58 100.00 0.3447 1.5 2.01 35.55 4 16 58.33 18.18 4.55 13.53 5.41 100.00 0.3292 2.5 1.99 17.06 5 18 58.33 18.18 4.55 11.36 7.58 100.00 0.3174 1.5 1.92 24.21

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

40.00 25.20 26.62 35.55 20.00 0.00

17.06 24.21

m-Molarity W-W/S G-GGBS

Fig 8: Compressive Strength for Geopolymer Mortar Using Neyveli Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate for different Molarity and Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio FA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=1.4

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Table42.CompressiveStrengthforGeopolymerMortar UsingEnnoreBottomAshasFineAggregatefordifferent MolarityandNa2SiO3toNaOHratioFA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=0.19

Fly ash(FA) Alkaline activator (AA) Sl. No. Mole Fine Aggregate Fly Ash GGBS Na2SiO3 NaOH Total W/S Na2SiO3 aOH /N Density (gm / cc ) Compressiv e Strength (N/mm2)

1 10 15.97 36.67 9.17 27.28 10.91 100.00 0.3614 2.50 1.75 24.41 2 12 15.97 36.67 9.17 22.92 15.28 100.00 0.3600 1.50 1.79 14.50 3 14 15.97 36.67 9.17 22.92 15.28 100.00 0.3447 1.50 1.82 31.24 4 16 15.97 36.67 9.17 27.28 10.91 100.00 0.3292 2.50 1.86 29.79 5 18 15.97 36.67 9.17 22.92 15.28 100.00 0.3174 1.50 1.89 42.36

STRENGTH (N/mm2)

60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 24.41

14.50 31.24 29.79 42.36

m-Molarity W-W/S G-GGBS

Fig 9: Compressive Strength for Geo polymer Mortar Using Ennore Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate for different Molarity and Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio FA/AA=1.2 F.Ag/Paste=0.19

6. CONCLUSIONS

A) OBSERVATION AND CRITICAL REMARKS

Basedontheextensiveobservationsanddiscussionsmade intopic5,followingarethesalientconclusions.

1. Themaximumcompressive strength 46.76N/mm2for

FA/AA=1.2,molarity14,Na2SiO3/NaOH1.5GGBS20% and the water to solid ratio 0.3253. The maximum compressive strength of molarity 10, 12 mole the water to solid ratio is 0.3724, 0.3402 for 16 molarity thewatersolidratio0.2956whichisneartotheabove two moles for molarity 18 the water to solid ratio is 0.2896. From the above it is observed that for less molarity the water solid ratio needed is 0.3724 and higher moles of 18 the less water to solid ratio of 0.2896givesthemaximumcompressivestrength. 2. The maximum compressive strength of geo polymer mortar using river sand is 43.81 N/mm2 with 14 molarity compared to all other fine aggregates. All other fine aggregates the maximum strength obtained is in different molarity based on the water solid ratio.

The foundry sand water to solid ratio is 0.3447 molarity 14, Neyveli bottom ash water to solid ratio 0.3253 molarity 14. For the Ennore bottom ash water tosolidratiois0.3174molarity18fromtheaboveitis concluded that the for a particular fine aggregate the

requirement ofwater tosolidratiois necessary toget themaximumstrength. 3. The maximum Compressive strength of 49.28 N/mm2 using bottom ash as fine aggregate and 45.63 N/mm2 usingriversandasfineaggregateisobtained whichis relevant to the strength of geo polymer mortar in respectiveoftheabovetwosands. 4. The bottom ash combination is very less compared to other sand in which fly ash is maximum of 20.61% comparetoallothersandwhichisaround10%.

B) SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

 In this study the high calcium fly ash passing 90 micronistakenupfortheinvestigation.Itisnecessary todoexperimentlessthan90micronflyash.  The chemical composition is also analyzed detail and thecombinationofsilica,aluminaandcalciumoxideis alsotakenintoaccountfortheanalysis.  We have conducted the water solid ratio that is variableduetosodiumhydroxidemolaritystartsfrom m10 to m18. It is necessary to conduct experiment of constantwatertosolidratiothatis0.38inallthecases byvaryingFA/AAratio.  Furtherinvestigation of tensilestress flexurestrength is necessary in term of paste, motar and concrete is necessary.  Application aspect such as precast material for housing,buildingblocksandroadspavementsproduct such as inner locking blocks, kerb stones, center medianisalsotobestudiedindetail.  Durabilitystudiedtobeconducted.

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