Celebrating Time Day 2 – Tuesday August 16, 2016
The art and science of foresight Inside the crystal ball (?)
Dr. • • •
Patrick van der Duin Delft University of Technology Fontys Academy for Creative Industries The Netherlands Study Centre for Technology Trends
Presentation for the 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective August 16, 2016
Page 1
The time-machine-dilemma You are allowed to travel in just one direction. What would you choose?
future
past present
Page 2
What is foresight? “Foresight is the capacity, the capability, and the art to describe, to explain, to explore, to predict and/or to interpret as well as to interpret in order to determine and assess the consequences for decisions and actions in the present.�
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Things go fast.‌
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…although…
“If, over the past 30 years, the automotive and aircraft industries developed at the same rate as have chips that power PCs, a Rolls-Royce would cost $ 2.75 and a Boeing 767 would cost $ 500 and could circle the globe in 20 minutes on 5 gallons of gas.”
5
5
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Approaches to the future
Van: Jaco Quist, TU Delft, 2015
Figure 1 Three types of foresight focusing on (i) likely futures using forecasting, (ii) possible futures, using exploratory scenario 6 approaches, and (iii) desirable futures, using backcasting or other normative foresight approaches
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Approaches to the future: methods
Delphi
Forecasting
Trendanalyse
Exploring Scenarios
Technology forecasting
Technology assessment
Backcasting
Roadmapping
Normative
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Uncertainty levels
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9
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Time horizons are relative
Trends (prediction)
Y
nu - x
nu
Scenarios
nu + x
10
TIME Page 10
What is a trend? •
Is about change
•
Focused on ‘newness’
•
Meets up to the expectation that it continues for a while
•
Can be either qualitative or quantitative (or both)
•
A trend should not be considered on beforehand as predictive.
•
A trend has a certain amount of uncertainty.
•
A trend can be linked to a certain occurrence or ‘event’. A hype can be a symptiom of a trend
•
A trend is a ‘tendency’ 11
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Describing and assessing trends • What is the trend?
• What is the change?
• Where does the trend originates?
• How did the trend arise? As a response to what issue?
• What are ‘drivers’ and ‘blockers’ of the trend? • Who are involved? Who might benefit?
• Where does the trend lead to?
• Which future situation will develop if the trend continues?
• What is the impact of the trend?
• To whom has the trend which consequences?
• Which impact has the trend on other trends?
• How does the trend relate to other trends? Do they reinforce or weaken each other? 12
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The trend-pentagram DESIRABLE
POSSIBLE
PROBABLE
TREND
IMPACT
MANAGEABLE Page 13
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Thinking outside-in Contextual environment Politics Ecology Social
Transactional environment Competitors Customers
Organization
Citizens
Technology Companies
Suppliers
Economical Demography
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Analyzing trends: speed of change…..
From: ‘Verkenning technologische innovaties in de leefomgeving’, RLI, 2015Page 19
Exponential organizations- Salim Esmail et al.
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Just a few trends….. • • • •
Mobile Internet Cloud Technology The Internet of things Big Data
• Automation of knowledge work • Advanced robotics of things • Autonomous and nearautonomous vehicles • Next-generation genomics • Energy storage
• 3d printing • Advanced materials • Advanced oil and gas exploration and recovery • Renewable energy • …
From: ‘Disruptive technologies: advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy’, McKinsey Global Institute, May2013 Page 21
More trends….
• • • • •
Ethical issues Exponential Excellent
Extravert Ecology
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Even more trends….
• • • • •
Internationalisation ‘Informatisation’ (computerization) ‘Informalisation’ (becoming more informal) Individualisation Intensification
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Converging trends
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Converging trends
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The Grand Societal Challenges of the Lund-declaration (Brussels)
BRUSSELS
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From will we ever can what we want, towards do we really want what we can?
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The ‘innovator’s dilemma’….
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Corporate foresight: organizational myopia • …a syndrome that severy limits the capacity of organizations to foresee the effects of their own decisions and to detect signs of danger”. • “… we mean a limited capacity on the part of an organization to evaluate the facts as they actually are and in terms of their possible evolution. • Predictable surprises • Cases: • • • • •
Easter Island ‘9/11 Challenger-accident (1986) Columbia-accident (2003) RAF vs. Luftwaffe (1940)
M. Catino, Organizational myopia, 2013
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Ambidexterity • “What is good in the long run is not always good in the short run”(March, 1991, p.73) • “We recognized that you need people to develop the weapons and people to fight in the terrain”(Mirvis, Ayas & Roth, 2003, pp.119120)
Exploitation: • • • • •
Short-time horizons Efficiency Control Reliability & refinement …..
From: McCarthy & Gordon, 2011, p.241
Exploration: • • • • •
Long-time horizons Search Experimentation Innovation & adaptability …. Page 32
The ‘ambidextrous’ organisation
• Organizational ambidexterity:
33
Ambidexteritystrategies
• Outsourcing innovation • Decentralizing/centralizing
• Contextual ambidexterity: • Everybody ambidextrous
• Vacillation / alternating: El Bulli • Inter-project learning • Foresight……
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34 Page 34
Building Enduring Value: Temporal Models and Experiences of Timecard Siân Lindley
Memory changes over time and in relation to the present In psychology, memories are positioned as dynamic mental constructions, triggered by cues and surfacing only if they are consistent with the current goals of ‘the self’ (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000) In philosophy, St. Augustine reframed ‘past’, ‘present’ and ‘future’ as ‘present past’, ‘present’ and ‘present future’
Memory changes over time and in relation to the present The past becomes fixed through its documentation Automatically captured traces ÂŚ Deliberately crafted personal histories
Making incremental changes evident “…cos you forget, and I think particularly because of the time period of how old the children were, you forget what the minutiae of your life is like at that point, it’s dull, it’s really dull, you know, most of it is just, this, but you like, it’s like having a baby or any horrible event, or building an extension you know, you forget all that nasty bit and you just like the next bit, cos you’re just living in the next bit”
Demonstrating sameness “oh and how times just don’t change, the more things stay the same, I’m still doing this and still standing…” “I just still feel, I’ve got to be honest with my job and stuff, I just hate being on that treadmill, and it just brings that home really, that in a year and a half down the line I’m still doing it, and it kind of makes you think I really need to pull my finger out”
What is meaningful and what is not, what is surprising and what is not, depends on the relationship between the record and human memory
A “depiction” of “a life story”
A “depiction” of “a life story” “I don’t think anything should be forgotten because it is part of who I am, but short of putting my divorce, I lost two children, it is part of who I am but I wouldn’t know how to record that. It is painful things [..] I wouldn’t know how to record it so it didn’t sound too morbid”
Coherence “There are so many facets, I have lived in different places, I have had different careers, you know it’s been quite interesting. I always look at my life as a patchwork quilt where the bits relate to each other. If I could make a patchwork quilt of my life it would be that bit over there, and this bit over here and together they form a lovely pattern but they don’t necessarily relate to each other.”
Balance “I managed to get to a certain point but you will notice that there is a big gap between a certain date and a certain date, that I still have to fill in or something. But when I go back to that period I find that there are a lot of tears. So I am trying to get over that, I must overcome it.” “You start thinking you know your parents, and then you realise you don’t actually, there’s a big gap from the time you leave home and become an adult or a parent yourself, that’s just a bit of a blur.”
The timeline isn’t neutral • Legato timelines, which use a single line “embody an unequivocal commitment to continuity” (Zerubavel, 2003) • Staccato timelines, which emphasize discontinuity, can influence the ways in which we view historical periods, potentially seeing them as more distinct, in terms of cultural, political and moral identities, than they really were
Flow vs. storage (Rushkoff, 2013)
Flow vs. storage (Rushkoff, 2013)
Sharing vs. keeping “we put stuff on there so we can look at them, share them” – Nihal and Kate “once that information is there, you have captured that piece of social history and it does become very precious” – Lucy
A display vs. a container “I probably wouldn’t put pictures on there that the children didn’t know, because it’s about kind of our life, like as it is now” – Rachel “the ideal thing would be to just shut the doors, unplug it and take it off to whoever you’re going to see, and just say I’ve put this together, you know this is mum’s life story, do you want to have a look at it, you know” – Lucy
A show vs. random encounters “I’d quite like to be able to have music, I’d like to have some classical music playing, and I think that would be so much more relaxing cos then you could look at that while you’re listening to the music and go away with your thoughts” – Lucy “because at the moment it’s quite fun and exciting but it’s probably less fun and exciting when you’re sort of 16 and your mum’s got photos of you as a baby with saucepans on your head and things, that’s not quite so cool” – Rachel
Timecard as Flow
Timecard as Storage
Audience as now defined by presence in the home
Audience as future defined as extended family
Timeline as evolving no notion of start, end or gaps, content should be up to date
Timeline as project start date, end date, gaps in between to be filled
Display as slideshow to be encountered
Display as narrative to be watched
Content bound up with and ‘living in’ device
Device seen as storage container for content with its own value
Materiality and durability
Timecard as Flow
Timecard as Storage
Audience as now but not defined by presence at home
Audience as future self as well as extended family
Timeline as evolving including by deletion
Timeline less encountered but still providing a framework
Display as peripheral, needs to be turned on
Display as narrative to be watched
Content exists elsewhere as well as on Timecard
Timecard not seen as a reliable storage container
From flow to storage
Design for reflection • Digital records might be a resource to work alongside human memory, fostering reflection and serving as a reminder of the forgotten or taken-for-granted
Design for narrative • The shape of a timeline tells a story • Balance, coherence and gaps are all telling
Design for retelling • Memories are not an archive, but a resource • Flexibility, e.g. in positioning events as anchors, highlighting inter-relationships, adding layers
The timeline is not a neutral framework • Human memory is not fixed • Coherence, balance and continuity are implicit • Technologies that support flow offer a different experience to those that cater for storage • The space between these raises questions in terms of designing technologies that might endure
With thanks to the HXD group, especially Richard Banks and Tim Regan, as well as Richard Harper (Social Shaping Research), David Kirk (Newcastle University’s Open Lab), Dave Randall (Manchester Metropolitan University), Maxine Glancy (BBC) and Liz Thiry (Penn State) sianl@microsoft.com @SianLindley http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/sianl/
Celebrating Time Poster Session 1
YOSHIDA Miku*1 and KANAI Atsuko*2 *1 ADVANTAGE
Risk Management Co., Ltd., JAPAN (Contact: miku.y.0213@gmail.com) *2 Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, JAPAN
Introduction
Time perspective
present past
future Background ・ In Japan, the turnover rates within 3 years after graduating from school has been at a high level. Moreover, most of them turned over because of negative reasons; working conditions, human relations, and so on. various life event There are few positive reasons for turnover (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2013). Transitional period ⇒In this circumstances, it is difficult for Japanese young employees to develop their careers. adolescence adulthood ・Time perspective is important for career development (e.g., Shirai, 2010; Watabe, 2015). ・Individuals attempt to reconstruct their time perspective along with the change of their context (e.g., Lewin, 1951; Lewin, 1979; Seginer, 2009). ⇒ ・ It has been pointed out that, in the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, time perspective is reconstructed (Erikson, 1959; Higata & Saito, 2007). ・ Those reconstructions in this period are occurred by various life events such as graduation, employment, marriage, and so on (e.g., Okuda, 2004; Shirai, 2008). * It is suggested that the young employee’s time perspective changes significantly in the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, and these changes relates to their career formation.
Purpose ・Present study focused on the change of time perspective among young employees who were in a transitional period from adolescence to adulthood. ・Especially, this research aimed to figure out the relationships between the change of time perspective and years of work experience.
Method
I think…
Participants : 40 young office workers, avg. age 25.9; 20 employees who have 2 years work experience (10 male, 10 female) another 20 employees who have 5 to 10 years work experience (10 male, 10 female) Procedure : Semi-structured interview was conducted in order to capture their time perspective. Question : How to think the individual time ・past “What is the most important event of your life so far?”, “Why do you think so?” ・present “What is your joys of living?”, “Why do you think so?” ・ future “What is your goal in the future?”, “Why do you think so?” Time orientation (Shirai, 1997) “Which is the most important time for you, the past, the present, or the future?”, “Why do you think so?” Analysis ・How participants think their past, present and future in the verbatim transcription were classified into several categories by using KJ method (Kawakita, 1976). ・Whether there is continuity between their past, present, and future in the verbatim transcription were considered by 3 raters’ judgement.
Results The results of χ2 test suggested the differences by years of work experience as follows: (1) The continuity between past, present, and future (Fig.1) ・Employees who work for 2 years ⇒ tended to be aware of the only superficial relationship between their past and present ・Employees who work for from 5 to 10 years ⇒ tended to realize the relationship between their past, present, and even future
Fig 1. The differences by years of work experience in the continuity from past to future
(2) How to think past, present, and future (Table.1) Table 1 The differences by years of work experience about how to think 2 years the continuity between superficial past and present only past and present future image positive and negative
5 to 10 years essential from past to present and future positive e.g. “Various past events lead my present, and I will take future course for myself.” “I hope to be engaged in school teaching in my forties”
e.g. “What I learned in college is usable for my jobs.” “I want to get married and make a happy home, but I have a vague anxiety, too.”
Conclusions Discussion ・ The characteristic seen in those results similar to development of time perspective during adolescence. ⇒Also in the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, people may repeat development of time perspective. ・Those findings suggested some useful knowledge to assist career development for young employees corresponding to years of work experience. employees who have little work experience They tend to be aware of the only superficial relationship between their past and present, and tend to think their future not only positively but also negatively. ⇒ It is important to encourage their awareness of significance in their past, and to reduce their anxiety for the future. employees who have several years work experience They tend to realize the relationship between their past, present, and even future, and tend to think their growth in the future. ⇒ It is important to encourage their objective thinking about their past, present, and future. Limitation: Sample size Future directions: ・To specify factors to predict the change of time perspective by years of work experience. ・ To figure out the relationship between time perspective, career development, and mental health among young employees.
TIME PERSPECTIVE AS A PREDICTOR OF TEAM SUCCESS Jane Trueman Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, London, UK
Introduction
1
Temporal constructs are fundamental parameters of individual differences (Bluedorn & Denhardt, 1998). Zimbardo & Boyd (2008) noted consistent patterns in individual temporal orientations, with possible bias towards being past, present or future orientated. Such differences in time perspective can influence both an individual’s and a team’s performance. The aim of this study was to examine if the time perspective of individuals that make up a team could predict its success over tasks with two durations: long term (1 year) and medium term (8 weeks).
Method
Results Study 1 : Long Duration Task A significant positive correlation between mean mark and Future score (r(20)=.51, p=.01) and a significant negative correlation between mean mark and Present Fatalistic score (r(20)=-.59, p =.003) was found. The scores for Past Negative, Past Positive and Present Hedonistic were not significantly correlated with the coursework mean marks (p>.05). A multiple regression showed a good fit to the data. Future and Present Fatalistic scores were good predictors of team success and predicted 38% of the variance in the mean grades obtained .
3
Study 2: Medium Duration Task
4
A significant negative correlation between mean mark and Present Fatalistic score (r(12)=.58, p=.03) was found. Present Fatalistic factor was a good predictor of team success predicting 33% of the variance in the mean grades obtained.
2 Fig 3: Graph showing mean score on Present Fatalistic score and grade mark on medium duration task
Study 1: Long Duration Task 99 students (37 male, 62 female: age 25.31 years ± .38 (S.E.)) were organised into 22 separate teams with 3-6 people in each team. The teams worked together for one academic year. At the end of the course the teams were graded as individuals. The mean team scores were used as a benchmark for the team’s success.
Discussion Fig 1: Graph showing mean score on Future score and mean grade mark for long duration team task
Study 2: Medium Duration Task
The results showed that the Future and Present Fatalistic factors are important traits to consider when putting together a long duration team and that Present Fatalistic factor is an important trait to consider when putting together a medium duration team
65 students (13 male, 52 female: age 28.45 years ± .1.05 (S.E.)) were organised into 14 separate teams with 4-6 people in each team. The teams worked together for 8 weeks. At the end of the course they were graded as individuals. The mean team scores were used as a benchmark for the team’s success.
References
Procedure
Bluedorn,A.C. & Denhardt, R.B. (1988). Time and Organizations. Journal of Management, 14,299-320
The participants completed the ZTPI as well as a demographics questionnaires. The scores of the five ZTPI factors and the coursework marks were used in the data analysis using Pearson’s correlations and regression analyses.
Zimbardo,R.G. & Boyd,J.N. (2008). The time paradox: Understanding and using the revolutionary new science of time. New York:Free Press
Fig 2: Graph showing mean score on Present Fatalistic score and grade mark for long duration team task
Contact:Jane.Trueman@kingston.ac.uk
Acknowledgments With thanks to Prof P Terry and Dr F Felisberti for their help supervising the study
5
AUTHOR
METHOD
DISCUSSION RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
Boštjan Bajec Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts University of Ljubljana
WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT
A sample of 646 employees participated in the study. There were 384 female and 256 male participants, while 6 of them did not report their gender. Average age of the participants was 40.6 years of age (SD = 10.17).
Work-family conflict β step 1 -0.040
energy agreeableness
bostjan.bajec@ff.uni-lj.si ++ 386 1 24 11 164
conscientiousness
In this study the relationship between time perspective dimensions and work-family and family-work conflict was tested.
We’re 40.6 years old. (on average)
0.044
0.059
-0.062
-0.121*
neuroticism
0.212*
0.145*
openness
0.078
0.063
past-negative
0.063
present-hedonistic
-0.026
future 256x
Boštjan doesn’t have his work and family life balanced.
We wanted to explore, whether time perspective dimensions explain additional variance in the work-family and family-work conflict beyond one explained by big five personality traits. What should he do?
He should take care of future and past negative time perspective dimensions.
6x
To measure big five personality structure the Big five inventory (John, Donahue & Kentle, 1991), a 44-item questionnaire, measuring energy, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness, was used. Reliabilities in our sample ranged from 0.71 to 0.77.
His family agrees.
So do his coworkers.
384x
In order to measure time perspective the Zimbardo time perspective inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) was used. It consists of 56 items, measuring past-negative, present-hedonistic, future, past-positive and present-fatalistic dimension. Reliabilities in our sample ranged from 0.71 to 0.84 To measure work-family and family-work conflict Work-family and Family-work conflict scales (Netemeyer, Boles and McMurrian, 1996) were used. Each of them is a 5-item scale, with reliabilities 0.92 (work-family) and 0.89 (family-work).
β step 2 0.011
0.158*
past-positive
-0.090
present-fatalistic
0.041
Model R
0.232*
0.291*
Model ΔR2
0.054*
0.031*
Family-work conflict energy
β step 1 -0.063
β step 2 -0.058
agreeableness
-0.066
-0.038
conscientiousness
-0.161*
-0.156*
neuroticism
0.071
-0.026
openness
0.111*
0.092
past-negative
0.165*
present-hedonistic
0.092
future
0.092
past-positive
-0.056
present-fatalistic
0.077
Model R
0.250*
0.346*
Model ΔR2
0.063*
0.057*
Time perspective dimensions add 3.1% of variance explained to the big five dimensions (which explain 5.4 % of variance) when we predict work-family conflict and 5.7% of variance explained to the big five dimensions (which explain 6.3% of variance) when we predict family-work conflict.
Results show that the future time perspective dimension is the strongest predictor of work-family conflict even when personality traits are taken into account. More people think about their future and more they decide based on it, higher is the conflict between work and family, namely work affecting family life, especially in those with lower conscientiousness and higher neuroticism. Based on that results we can assume that people with extreme work-family conflict could be helped by dealing with their future time perspective dimension, for example teaching them how to decline additional tasks, how to plan activities, how to work less, how to separate important and less important tasks and similar. FAMILY-WORK CONFLICT In family-work conflict the strongest predictor is the past negative time perspective dimension, so that people that have a lot of bad memories, are cautious, think more about bad experiences, are more prone to have a conflict between family and work, namely family affecting work, especially when they are less conscientious. Based on that results we can assume that people with high family to work conflist could be helped by teaching them how to deal with guilt (of absence from the family), thinking about positive aspects of negative experiences, taking opportunities to enjoy their time spent with their families and similar.
Time to work: Pacing Styles, Time Perspectives and Personality Traits Oliwia Maciantowicz, Joanna Witowska, Marcin Zajenkowski
Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw
Background TIME PERSPECTIVE Defined as “the often non-conscious process whereby the continual flows of personal and social experiences are assigned to temporal categories, or time frames, that help to give order, coherence, and meaning to those events” (1 , p. 1271). TP can be also considered as: a process; way of cognitive framing of experience a trait; a stable, habitual focus on a particular temporal frame, i.e. the past, the present or the future (1, 2).
PACING STYLES Defined as „behavioral tendencies regarding the distribution of effort over time in working toward deadlines” (3). Three dimensions: Steady pacing style - spread task activities evenly over time U-shaped pacing style - invest most of the effort at the start and finish of a task, with a break in between Deadline pacing style - complete work in a short time period just before the due date (3).
Aim of the study
Method
Study was realized in an on-line survey open for volunteers
Participants
The study explored the potential association between time perspective (TP) and recently developed construct of pacing styles. For control reasons we added also a measure of personality in the Big Five model.
216 participants (179 women, 37 men) Age: 18 – 50 years M = 24.27 (SD=4.86)
Materials Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Pacing Action Categories of Effort Distribution Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI, 4)
Results
Regression analyses
Correlation matrix comparing Pacing Styles, Time Perspective and Personality Traits 1. 1. Deadline pacing style
2.
3.
-.71**
3. Ushaped pacing style
.07
-.06
4. Past Negative
.07 .06 .13* .18** -.58** .17* -.11 -.38** -.01 -.11 -.21**
-.05 .09 -.03 .07 -.10 .08 -.18** .08 .54** -.06 -.18** .02 .09 -.01 .36** -.12 .01 .10 .07 .03 .07 .07
6. Present Hedonism 7. Present Fatalism 8. Future 9. DBTP 10. Agreeabiliness 11. Conscientiousness 12. Extroversion 13. Emotional Stability 14. Openness to Experience
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
-
2. Steady pacing style
5. Past Positive
4.
Deadline pacing style MODEL 1 Δ R2 .04* Step 1 Openness to experience .04** Step 2 Openness to experience Present Hedonism
-.18** .09 .47** -.01 .68** -.21** -.20** -.21** -.51** -.21**
.21** .07 .37** -.01 -.32** -.56** -.07 .17* -.10 .02 -.16* .01 .24** .17* -.08 -.06 .24**
-.31** .50** -.08 -.30** -.07 -.27** -.14*
(Deadline and Steady Pacing Styles as dependent variables and personality traits and time perspectives as predictors)
-.32** .01 .63** .01 .10 .07
-.21* -.26** .20*
MODEL 2
-.17* -.36** -.20** -.45** -.20**
.14**
.06 .05 .11 .30** .33** .17* .02 .18** .31** .19**
Conclusions TP accounted for more of the variance in Pacing styles than personality higher Present Hedonism and lower Future are crucial for Deadline PS higher Future is important for Steady PS
Step 1
Conscientiousness
References
Conscientiousness Step 2 Present Fatalism Future Steady pacing style Δ R2 .13** Step 1 Conscientiousness .17** Conscientiousness Step 2 Present Fatalism Future
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differencemetric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271–1288. Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning. In P. A. Linley and S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 165–178). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Gevers, J. M. P., Mohammed, S., Baytalskaya, N. (2015). The conceptualisation and measurement of pacing styles. Applied Psychology : An International Review,, 64(3), No. 3, 499-540. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A Very Brief Measure of the Big Five Personality Domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528.
//icelab.psych.uw.edu.pl
-.38** .20**
TP is significant for tasks execution TP and Pacing styles may be together significant for creating work teams Novel insight in individuals temporal functioning Connection: how temporal resources are allocated toward task completion with how time is perceived Management trainings connected with TP and PS Can we train employees with TP training so they work more efficiently? (1) (2) (3) (4)
β
-.02 -.01 -.57** β .36** .03 -.01 .52**
Quarterlife Crisis and Time Perspective Anna Tylikowska, Pedagogical University of Cracow, antylikowska@gmail.com
Introduction Quarterlife crisis is quite a new concept, introduced in 2001 by Alexandra Robbins and Abby Wilner with the book Quarterlife Crisis: The Unique Challenges of Life in Your Twenties. In the book, Robbins and Wilner define quarterlife crisis as a feeling of „overwhelming instability, constant change, too many choices and a panicked sense of helplessness” [1, p.3]. The concept of early adulthood crisis must have depicted something important to people of Western culture, especially to young adults, because it became popular instantly. Since 2001 there were published tens of books dealing with the subject of quarterlife period of transition, mostly autobiographical and self-help books. The keyword „quarterlife crisis” gives about 85 000 results in Google, usually links to sites with psychological guidelines or blogs. After a couple of years of outburst of interest in the quarterlife crisis in popular culture, the phenomenon have drawn attention of academic and practising psychologists. Probably the first, preliminary academic definition of this crisis was formulated by Joan D. Atwood and Corrine Scholtz. According to them, quarterlife crisis is a „kind of emotional crisis among twenty somethings – the sense of desolation, isolation, inadequacy, and self-doubt, coupled with a fear of failure” [2, p.241]. Although some scientists undermine the very existence of such crisis [3], the other ones see it in broader perspective of theories of lifespan development and particular conditions of contemporary Western culture. The most prominent researcher of quarterlife crisis, Oliver Robbinson, interprets this crisis in terms of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. According to this theory, a crisis occurs at each stage of personality development, being an essential element of this development. In early adulthood people experience conflict between tendency to make commitments and to preserve or build independence, and the conflict easily turns into crisis, which often brings to light their identity problems. Robbinson and his colleagues claim that the quarterlife crisis (or early adult / emerging adulthood crisis) may happen between the ages of 25 and 35 and comprises four phases.
The Holistic Phase Model of Early Adult Crisis by O.C. Robinson, G.R.T Wright and J.A. Smith:
Typical symptoms of quarterlife crisis
Phase 1. Locked-in. A crises begins when one experiences that her/his previously made commitments in work or relationships are no longer eligible. The commitments were often based on anxiety or fear about the future, and after a time, they seem to be unbearable or at least troublesome. Such commitments are often felt as extrinsic, forced by environment, and dissatisfying. This Phase frequently involves compulsive activities, like a drug or alcohol abuse, which may increase the sense that „I (or things) get out of control”, and the feeling of being lost and „with no future”. Phase 2a. Separation. The experience of Phase 1 is followed by a period of mental and physical distancing from uncomfortable or unwanted commitments. The period engages intensive emotions, often a wide range of them; a person may experience guilt, shame, anxiety, sadness, excitement or relief, self-evaluation is unstable. People who accept their need of change and initiate separation gain a growing motivation for seeking positive outcomes. The ones that are fired from their job or left by their partners may have identity problems – they loose their hitherto identities, not having new ones to replace it. The experience of „identity vacuum” may provoke anxiety and disorientation Phase 2b. Time-Out. A person takes time away to get „distanced” and reflect on their transition, to come to terms with conflicted emotions, and to build a new foundation for their identity. During this Phase, people often change their physical locations in order to see their situtation from different perspective. The Separation and Time-Out phases are labelled as sub-phases of Phase 2 beacause they are two parts of a detachment process. Phase 2b sometimes comes before, and sometimes after Phase 2a. The most important characteristic of Phase 2 is motivation for avoidance – the tendency to not bind into new commitments or pursue future aspirations. Phase 3: Exploration. New commitments and goals are tried out and explored. A person intentionally looks for ways of living more connected with their own system of values, aspirations and predispositions. People experiment with relationships, sexuality, job positions. In this Phase people are open to changes in their identities and become increasingly comfortable with searching for new life options in an open-ended way, without fixing on to externally defined roles. „The self becomes a question rather than an answer and a process rather than a product” [4, p.31]. Phase 4: Rebuilding. A person involves into a new (or renewed) commitments and clear plans. A sense of intrinsic motivation is stronger than before crisis. Work and home engagements are more enjoyable and personal interests are more reflective, compared with pre-crisis. Motivations are linked to a raised sense of purpose and meaning, „often based around a unifying aspiration or dream that is perceived as valuable and helpful, rather than purely instrumental” [4, p.31]. Personal feelings, preferences, values and goals are more easily expressed in outward behaviour, leading to a stronger sense of authenticity. Identity becomes more coherent. Not all individuals experience a positive Phase 4 resolution. 8 of 50 persons interviewed by Robinson et al. did not fit the presented model, probably because of their chronic mental illness or specific family situation, e.g. having children they had to provide.
Experiencing frustration, stress, anxiety or depression, which stems from looking back at one’s previous life decisions and their consequences. Feeling of discomfort at a present time, sometimes intense, connected with a sense of „being trapped” or „detached” from oneself and everything around, living life „on autopilot” or „in lie”, etc. Being afraid of future.
Initial hypothesis According to Philip Zimbardo, personal time perspective is the most powerful „manager” of human life. The time zone that person psychologically inhabits frames his/her decisions – both everyday, only seemingly unimportant choices of diet or attitude towards oneself and others, and big lifedecisions leading to live one’s life with a particular partner, on a distinct career path [5]. Research of the phenomenon of quarterlife crisis is in its infancy. Nevertheless, gathered data allow to formulate initial hypothesis that might encourage reserchers to further exploration of both variations of personal time perspective and their consequences, and factors determining occurence, course, and positive ending of quarterlife crisis. The initial hypothesis are: Personal time perspective may be one of important factors contributing to the occurance of quarterlife crisis. Firstly, future time perspective, with its orientation towards foreseen accomplishments and anticipated rewards, may lead a person to make choices based on external (parental, cultural) expectations. Secondly, people with future time perspective, confronted with environmental obstructions met on their way to externally defined „success”, might be more susceptible to experiencing crisis. (Social pressures are one of best recognized factors leading to quarfter-life crisis). Nicole E. Rossi and Carolyn J. Mebert, in their study of quarterlife crisis, recognizing the significance of time perspective, included future time perspective as one of potential predictors of quarterlife crisis [3]. Personal time perspective and its transitions during crisis may be one of predictors of positive trajectory of the crisis. Enhancing self-awareness [6] of one’s time perspective and changing it seem to be one of the crucial assignments of emerging adulthood crisis. A person excessively futureoriented should learn how to „let go” unattainable goals. The one with Past Negative time orientation and strongly internalized, future-oriented culture standards (e.g., of having life partner, stable professional position and mortgage in their mid-twenties) should make a transition into a more Past Positive time perspective, positively building his or her self-evaluation, with a stronger sense of being „here and now”, in the space of possible Present-Hedonistic reality. The quarterlife crisis is probably an early chance for building temporal coherence – a sense of living in Expended Present, introducing memories of a Past Positive nature, hope-filled Positive Future and selective Present Hedonism. Why waiting for a midlife or late adulthood crisis to start a life fulfilled with everyday (which may be translated as: „temporal”) satisfaction? Early adulthood brings questions of meaning and purpose, and the quarterlife crisis is embedded in intensive searching for a „greater sense”, transcending one’s life. People experiencing this crisis often turn to literature on spirituality and religion [7]. Working with Future Transcedental time perspective to intentionally incorporate it into one’s general time perspective, might become one of therapeutic and self-help quarterlife crisis tips.
Conclusions This poster aims to initially explore potential connections between quarterlife crisis and individual time perspective. Is it possible that particular configurations of time perspective make some young people more susceptible to experience quarterlife crisis? Or perhaps experiencing quarterlife crisis influences one’s time perspective? Could it be that psychological processing of personal time perspective might trigger satisfying, fruitful ending of such crisis?
References [1] Robbins, A. & Wilner, A. (2001). Quarter-life crisis: The unique challenges of life in your twenties. New York: J.P. Tarcher/Putnam. [2] Atwood, J. & Scholz, C. (2008). The quarter-life time period: An age of indulgence, crisis or both? Contemporary Family Therapy, 30(4), 233-250. [3] Rossi, N.E., Mebert C.J. (2011). Does a quarterlife crisis exist? The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 172(2), 141-161. [4] Robinson, O.C, Wright, G.R.T., Smith J.A. (2013). The Holistic Phase Model of Early Adult Crisis. Journal of Adult Development, 20(1), 27-37. [5] Zimbardo, P. (2008). The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life, New York: Simon & Schuster. [6] Stapleton, A. (2012). Coaching clients through the quarter-life crisis: What works? International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 6, 130-145. [7] Robinson, O.C., Demetre, J.D., Litman J.A. (2016). Adult life stage and crisis as predictors of curiosity and authenticity: Testing inferences from Erikson’s lifespan theory. International Journal of Behavioral Development, online first. doi 10.1177/0165025416645201
The Difference of Relationships between Adolescent’s Time Attitude and the View of Death and Life by Identity Status Ryo Ishii Nagoya University, JAPAN / JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists
Key Words Time Attitude, The View of Death and Life, Identity Previous Researches
Contact nxt001@gmail.com
Introduction Main idea of this study. The relationships between time attitude and the view of death and life may be different by developmental profile.
Takase & Hirai (1999): The view of death and life is related to the formation of time perspective. Tange (1995): The view of death and life is related to adolescent development.
Shortcoming of previous researches. “Adolescent development” has not been clearly defined and measured. → This study regards identity formation as the index of adolescent development.
The Purpose of This Study (1) to reveal the difference of the view of death and life by identity status (2) to investigate the difference of relationships between adolescent’s time attitude and the view of death and life by identity status
Methods Participants The participants were 196 undergraduates and vocational school students (68 males, 128 females, average age was 19.24).
Measurements Time attitude measure. J-ATAS (Chishima, 2015) was used. This scale is Japanese version of Adolescent Time Attitude Scale (Worrell et al., 2013). It consists of 6 subscales (present; past; future x positive; negative). (five-point scale) The view of death and life measure. View of death and life scale (Ito et al., 2008) was used. It consists of 6 subscales; the belief in life after death, anxiety about death, death as liberation, interests in death, unavoidability of death, and linkage of existence. (four-point scale)
Identity measure. DIDS-J (Nakama et al., 2014) was used. This scale is Japanese version of The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (Luyckx et al., 2008). It consists of 5 subscales; commitment making, identity with commitment, exploration in breadth, exploration in depth, and ruminative exploration. (five-point scale) Cluster analysis using this measure can reveal individual identity status. The cluster structure showed in this study was the same as that in original study.
Results & Discussion The Results of ANOVA Belief in life after death. F (4, 191) = 2.24, p<.10 (No difference) Death as liberation. F (4, 191) = 3.32, p<.05 (Achieve < S Moratorium, Diffused Diffusion) Anxiety about death. n.s. Interests in death. F (4, 191) = 3.95, p<.01 (Fore < S Moratorium) Unavoidability of death. F (4, 191) = 2.10, p<.10 (Fore < Achieve) Linkage of existence. n.s.
The Context of Development Not to regard death as liberation is the requirement for identity achievement. And it may be supported by positive and not negative attitude toward present. Searching moratorium is enthusiastic about death. But those interests are not related to any time attitude. Also, positive future attitude is related to belief in life after death among them. ↓ Searching the way of life makes the interests of death strong, and believing life after death may support positive future attitude. Interests in death among foreclosure are less strong because they have not experienced searching the way of life. ↓ Identity formation may be accompanied by considering death.
Limitation and Future Research The number of participants in each identity group is unbalanced. This study cannot mention causality. → Bigger longitudinal survey is needed.
Belief in life after death Present (positive / negative) * Foreclosure .33 / -.15 Achievement .16 / -.37 Searching moratorium .19 / -.05 Carefree diffusion -.03 / .09 Diffused diffusion .14 / -.11
Death as Anxiety Interests Unavoidabil Linkage of liberation about death in death ity of death existence .13 / .06 -.29 / .33 .06 / .19 -.07 / .27 -.23 / .20
.12 / -.04 -.15 / .26 .09 / .18 -.39 / .38 -.10 / .17
-.06 / .11 -.03 / .09 .21 / .09 .06 / .24 .05 / .05
.25 / -.17 .52* / -.46 .03 / -.11 .31 / -.15 .13 / .07
.06 / -.05 -.11 / -.13 .10 / -.02 .04 / -.29 .08 / .06
-.02 / .15 -.43 / .42 -.09 / .11 -.37 / .45* -.17 / .04
.06 / -.10 -.31 / .08 .04 / .17 -.01 / .13 * .26 / -.16
.02 / .32* .20 / -.05 .30 / .06 .00 / -.03 .06 / .04 -.01 / -.21 -.09 / .22 -.37 / -.07 * .26 / -.20 -.04 / .13
.02 / -.07 -.17 / -.14 * .31 / -.17 .48* / -.15 .06 / .15
Past (positive / negative) Foreclosure .22 Achievement .08 Searching moratorium .14 Carefree diffusion .21 Diffused diffusion .22 Future (positive / negative)
/ -.01 / -.43 / .13 / .12 / -.09
Foreclosure .27 / .05 .08 / .09 .09 / -.19 Achievement .00 / .14 -.23 / .07 .12 / -.12 Searching moratorium .35** / .03 -.02 / .09 .14 / .20 Carefree diffusion .37 / -.03 .14 / .24 -.06 / .37 Diffused diffusion .22 / -.16 -.39** / .35** -.17 / .02
.15 / .22 .13 / -.12 -.05 / -.27 .58* / -.64** .22 / -.08 -.09 / -.26* .34 / .19 .25 / -.29 .17 / -.01 .10 / -.01
.06 / .06 .26 / -.01 .13 / .07 .01 / -.19 .02 / -.06
Time perspectives and Eriksonian life-span development in adulthood Toshiaki Shirai Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan Shirai@cc.osaka-kyoiku.ac.jp
Poster presentation 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, at conference center 412 in Copenhagen, Denmark, 19th August, 12:50-14:20, 2016
1
Research question • How does time perspective develop in terms of life-span perspective? – This study pays an attention to Erikson’s theory, one of valuable theories of life-span development, and examines how Eriksonian development relates with time perspective in adulthood.
• This study examines the differences of relations of time perspectives with Eriksonian life-span development components between early adulthood (in 30’s) and middle adulthood (in 40’s). – Since middle adulthood may face life crises, there may be more strong relationship between time perspective and Eriksonian lifespan development components than early adulthood. 2
Erikson’s theory • An individual develops by resolving the conflict between the positive and negative elements to construct virtues. – These are basic trust for early infant, autonomy for middle infant, initiative for late infant, productivity for childhood, identity for adolescence, intimacy for early adulthood, generativity for middle adulthood, and integration for late adulthood (See Table 1). – Erikson (1968) described time perspective was the dimension of basic trust in adolescence but did not mention in adulthood.
• This study examines how time perspectives relate with Eriksonian psychosocial development. 3
Old age
Integrity vs Despair. WISDOM
Adulthood
Generativity vs Stagnation. CARE
Young adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation. LOVE
Adolescence
Identity vs confusion. FIDELITY
School age
Industry vs Inferiority COMPET ENCE
Play age
Initiative vs Guilt. PURPOSE
Early childhood
Infancy
Autonomy vs Shame, Doubt. WILL Basic trust vs mistrust. HOPE
Table 1 Psychosocial crises (Erikson & Erikson (1997, pp.56-57)
4
Time attitude • This study looks at time attitude as one aspect of time perspective construal. – Time attitude refers to positive or negative attitude towards the past, present and future (Nuttin & Lens, 1985).
• Shirai (1994) proposed 4-factor model of time attitude for three time periods: Hope and goal-pursuing for the future, self-fulfillment for the present and accepting the past for the past. – This model has an advantage to see which aspects of time, namely the past, present and future, interact with life-span development components in developmental stages. 5
Hypothesis • Hope relates with basic trust both in 30’s and 40’s. – Erikson (1968) described basic trust created hope.
• Time perspective relates with development components more in 40’s than in 30’s. – Since middle adulthood may face life crises, middle aged people remember their past, look at future and think about present. At this process, they need resolution of previous psychosocial crises. Therefore, they show more relationship between time perspective relates with development components than 30’s.
• 30’s do not show the relationship between time attitude and generativity, while 40’s does. – Generativity is developmental component in midlife and therefore the relationship does not yet appear before midlife. 6
Participants • This is a part of the longitudinal study. • 148 college graduates (age 32 to 44) answered a questionnaire sent by mail. • Majority were teachers in primary school for both sexes or house keepers for female.
7
Time attitude • Experiential Time Perspective Scale (Shirai, 1994) • Shirai (1994) demonstrated the scale’s convergent and discriminant validity using the Time Attitude Scale (Nuttin & Lens, 1985), Future Attitude Scale (constructed by Z. Zaleski), and the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). • Evidence for the validity has been reported by a number of studies (e.g., Fujioka et al, 2012; Kashio, 2012; Shirai,1997a,b; Tanaka, 2011).
8
Experiential Time Perspective Scale • Hope; " I am confident of being able to manage my future.” 4 items. • Goal pursuing; "I have a general plan of my future life.” 5 items. • Fulfillment; “I feel that my life is meaningful.” 5 items. • Accepting the past; " I can accept my past experiences.” 4 items. • Five-point rating; “Do not agree” (1) to “Agree” (5).
9
Erikson’s development components • Ochse & Plug’s Erikson and Social-Desirability Scale (SESDS, Miyoshi et al, 2003) – This is a Japanese and short version of Erikson and SocialDesirability Scale (Ochse & Plug, 1986).
10
Results and discussion • Hope related with basic trust both in 30’s and 40’s, which supported hypothesis. This is consistent with Erikson (1968)’s theory. • Time attitude related with development components more in 40’s than in 30’s, which supported hypothesis. – 30’s showed accepting the past related more development components than other aspects of time attitude. It may indicate previous development components implicate past experiences. In contrast, 40’s may be testified by the accomplishment of the resolution of previous crises to go ahead in developing during midlife crisis.
• 30’s showed less relationship between time attitude and generativity than 40’s, which supported partially hypothesis. 30’s engaged in care and therefore showed the relationship with generativity 11
Hope Generativity vs Stagnation.
Goal pursuing
.375
Fulfillment Accepting the past
.364 .395
Intimacy vs. isolation. Identity vs Identity confusion. Industry vs Inferiority
.528
.431
.302
.391
.328
.387
Initiative vs Guilt.
.378
Autonomy vs Shame, Doubt. Basic trust vs Basic mistrust.
.352
Table 2 Partial correlations in 30â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (p < .01)
.361
.463
12
Hope
Goal pursuing
Fulfillment Accepting the past
Generativity vs Stagnation.
.534
.543
.588
Intimacy vs. isolation.
.459
.498
.458
.442
Identity vs Identity confusion.
.610
.623
.524
.427
Industry vs Inferiority
.624
.622
.627
Autonomy vs Shame, Doubt.
.437
.520
Basic trust vs Basic mistrust.
.676
.610
Initiative vs Guilt.
Table 3 Partial correlations in 40â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (p < .01)
.347 .618
.466
13
Limits • Majority of participants were female; Gender differences should be examined. • Majority of participants were teachers or housekeepers caring children, which possibly resulted in stronger relation with generativity than average. • Middle aged were in early 40’s; They were not likely to face severe midlife crisis yet. • Much individual differences in a way of relationships; Their life experiences and so on should be considered. 14
Thank you for your coming and attention. Please send your comments on this study to: Shirai@cc.osaka-kyoiku.ac.jp Acknowledgement:: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 23330202
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Celebrating Time Time Perspective and HumanComputer Interaction
Digital race? The impact o f t i m e p r e s s u r e k y z o n c r m a e d i a m u ram iversity l t i K t a s a k i n n n g y U a t z n s d c i Ju w e i k d c n i creativity. M ola Adam oznan, P P
How is it that we have faster technological tools than ever before, online calendars and checklists and we still seem to be behind? How is it that we know more about time management, multitasking, but we still live under time pressure?
What kind of relationships occurs between time pressure, media multitasking and creativity? How we can measure these issues together?
Time pressure
Media multitasking
Creativity
Research project: tools Combination of three tools: ① Time Pressure Questionnaire ② Multitasking Frequency Questionnaire ③ Alternative Uses Task
The project team: Justyna Kramarczyk, Jakub Kuś, Małgorzata Osowiecka, Ewa Szumowska, Agnieszka Popławska
Time Pressure Questionnaire q 14 statements such as:
I never catch up with my work I never have time for myself I have no time to do the things I have to do More is expected from me than I can handle I :ind it dif:icult to relax in my free time There are so many things I would like to do in my free time that I often have the feeling there is not enough time v Too many of my leisure activities are fragmented v v v v v v
q Five – point scale (ranging from completely agree to
completely disagree) q Leisure time, the feeling of time shortage, temporal overload etc.
Multitasking Frequency Questionnaire (Srivastava 2010) q 24 questions, including: v 14 items regarding traditional media (e.g. newspapers, television, radio) v 10 items relating to the Internet (e.g. Facebook, browsing websites, using email) q Main aim: measure frequency of using several media
at the same time q Seven-‐point scale (Likert scale from 1 means ‘never’ to 7 means ‘always’)
Alternative Uses Task
Research sample q N=100 q Age: 21-‐49 years old
Place of residence Small town (up to 50 000 inhabitants)
Gender
Average town (51-‐100 000 inhab.)
38% 62%
Women Men
Primary iindings q Level of multitasking & the feeling of time pressure:
r=0,309; p<0,05 v Traditional media multitasking & the feeling of time pressure: r=0, 289; p<0,05 v New media multitasking & the feeling of time pressure: r= 0,438; p<0,05 q Level of multitasking & creativity: r=0,450; p<0,01 q Level of multitasking & age: r= -‐0,38; p<0,01
Thank you for your attention! E-‐mail: jkra@amu.edu.pl
TIME FOCUSED INCITEMENTS; RE-EXAMINING PREVIOUS FINDINGS WITH ECOLOGICALLY VALID DATA KARL DREJING 1 DANILO GARCIA 2-6 SVERKER SIKSTRÖM 4,6 1S C H O O L
O F I N F O R M AT I C S , S K Ö V D E U N I V E R S I T Y, S K Ö V D E , S W E DE N
2B L E K I N G E
CENTER OF COMPETENCE, BLEKINGE COUNTY COUNCIL,
K A R L S K RO N A ,
S W E DE N 3 D E PA RT M E N T
O F P S Y C H O L O G Y, U N I V E R S I T Y O F G O T H E N B U R G ,
4 D E PA RT M E N T
O F P S Y C H O L O G Y, L U N D U N I V E R S I T Y, L U N D , S W E D E N
5I N S T I T U T E
O F N E U R O S C I E N C E A N D P H Y S I O L O G Y, U N I V E R S I T Y O F G O T H E N B U R G , S W E DE N 6 N E T W O RK
G O T H E N B U R G , S W E DE N
GOTHENBURG,
F O R E M P O W E R M E NT A N D W E L L - B E I N G , G O T H E N B U R G , S W E DE N
Words
Context 1
Context 2
Context 3 Context 4
1
1
Apple Pie
1
Like
1
Love
1
1
Reduce number of contexts to create semantic dimensions Words Dim 1
Dim 2
Apple
2.1
0.2
Pie
1.6
-0.1
Like
-0.2
1.5
Love
0.1
2.3
Text: Bill likes Toys
Bill Toys
Mary likes School
Likes
School Mary
Word
Dim 1
Dim 2
Dim 3
Dim 4
Dim 5
Subjective Ranking
Linear Regression
rape
0.04
-0.03
0.1
0
0.09
1.25
3.65
suicide
0.06
-0.14
0.02
0.05
0.03
1.25
3.32
cancer
0.06
-0.05
-0.05
-0.04
0.03
1.50
4.88
joy
0.03
-0.04
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
8.60
6.27
champion
0.05
-0.06
0.00
-0.03
0.01
8.44
6.47
love
0.06
-0.09
-0.02
-0.01
-0.02
8.72
6.63
Eva
0.03
-0.01
-0.02
0.01
0.00
?
5.01
Clinton
0.08
-0.17
0.04
0.07
0.00
?
6.51
USA
0.07
0.01
-0.02
-0.01
0.10
?
5.66
Valence
0.34
0.06
-0.22 -0.07 -0.02
Low valence
High valence
Unknown valence
Valence vector
Training
Predicted
โ ข Gustafsson and Sikstrรถm (2011) conducted a computer simulation on the use of personal pronouns.
THE OUTLOOK ON TIME DIMENSIONS IN FACEBOOK USERS’ STATUS UPDATES DANILO GARCIA 1-4 KARL DREJING 5 , MICHAL KOSINSKI 6 , SVERKER SIKSTRÖM 1, 7 1B L E K I N G E
C E N T R E O F C O M P E T E N C E , K A R L S K R O N A , S W E DE N
2 D E PA RT M E N T 3 N E T W O RK
O F P S Y C H O L O G Y, U N I V E R S I T Y O F G O T H E N B U R G , G O T H E N B U R G , S W E D E N
F O R E M P O W E R M E NT A N D W E L L - B E I N G , S W E DE N
4I N S T I T U T E
O F N E U R O S C I E N C E A N D P H Y S I O L O G Y, C E N T R E F O R E T H I C S , L AW A N D M E N TA L H E A LT H ( C E L A M ) , U N I V E R S I T Y O F G O T H E N B U R G , G O T H E N B U R G , S W E DE N
5S C H O O L
O F I N F O R M AT I C S , S K Ö V D E U N I V E R S I T Y, S K Ö V D E , S W E DE N
6 G R A D U AT E 7L U N D
S C H O O L O F B U S I N E S S , S TA N D F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y, S TA N D F O R D , U S A
U N I V E R S I T Y, D E PA RT M E N T O F P S Y C H O L O G Y, L U N D , S W E D E N
5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Series1
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
0.66 0.658 0.656 0.654 0.652 0.65 0.648 0.646 past
present Series1
future
The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Lavoslava Benčić School of Arts University of Nova Gorica Slovenia ADRIART Consortium
4.8.2016
3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 August 2016, Copenhagen
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Emil Benčić (1930–2011)
4.8.2016
3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, 15-19 August 2016, Copenhagen
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity The problem/purpose is to ensure that knowledge about Emil Benčić survives the physical limitations of human life. The general mission is to encode Benčić’s heritage permanently for present and future generations through new media methods. The intent is that we preserve Benčić’s work in the new media space and that his work is accessible and relevant to people.
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity The Impact of Research on the Practical Project Europeana http://www.pro.europeana.eu/ ‘Mostre Virtuali Online. Linee Guida per La Realizzazione’ http://www.otebac.it/index.php?it/320/mostre-virtuali-online-linee-guida-per-larealizzazione INDICATE (International Network for Digital Cultural Heritage e-Infrastructure) http://www.indicate-project.eu/ MINERVA EC (MInisterial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation, eContentplus) http://www.minervaeurope.org/ publications/handbookwebusers.htm F-MU.S.EU.M (Form Multimedia System for a European Museum) http://europeanvirtualmuseum.net/evm/e-courses.asp.html
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil BenÄ?iÄ&#x2021;â&#x20AC;&#x201D;From Experience to Infinity Virtual Thematic Routes - Definition Virtual thematic routes connect the structure and content and helps users understand these links. Virtual thematic routes are regularly didactic applications and apply specific study purposes. Topics of thematic virtual routes can be extended independently of the spatial and temporal location and origin of the various documents and any other contributions or connections that help to shed light on a fairly homogeneous content topic. Virtual thematic routes do have an interpretative framework that will help users understand the topic and discover new aspects.
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Virtual Thematic Routes - Users Horrocks (2001) an individual is a user, from time to time a “prosumer,” - consumer, client, audience, surfer, visitor, viewer, listener, player, and downloader MINERVA EC (2003) “A user is a professional person or not, a specialist or not, who casually or with specific aims, occasionally or systematically uses the cultural content. User identity is extremely variable depending on cultural profile, aspirations for cultural growth, professional aims and even momentary curiosity.” Kanellos (2011) different decision-motivated users: from purely informative to detailed from passive to creative 4.8.2016
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Virtual Thematic Routes - Styles Kalfatovic (2002) Aesthetic - organized around an object. Emotional route - to depict the user’s emotions. Evocative route - aims to create an evocative atmosphere. Didactic route - for the acquisition of knowledge. A fun way - intended for leisure.
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Production flow
conception/ planning
2012
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design
implementation
testing
public release
promotion
2014
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Production – conception/planning research editing - the existing content generating - new content using new media techniques supporting - new ideas and new media works storing - content in the new media space
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Production – design Users: Tourists, walkers, runners, cyclists Location: Istrian peninsula Punta Busola (Croatia)
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Production – implementation mplementation 2 applications 8 subprojects
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Guide to The Virtual Thematic Route
http://www.guidigo.com/SykxZTKDZWc
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity TP01
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity 0-18-81-0
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Schattenobjekt Uhrturm (Clock-tower Shadow Object)
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity The Purpose of Life
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Eol & Glorija
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity La Danza de la Muerte
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity 3D Timespace
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Digital Story Creator
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity Production – testing and public release 20 events (A, CRO, I, MT, PRC, RO, SRB, SLO, UK, USA) Europeana Creative finalist (Futureeverything, Manchester, UK) Schoolar award, A&S (London, UK)
Selfdepending exhibition. Batana Center of Visual Arts in Rovinj, Croatia, September 2014 4.8.2016
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The Virtual Thematic Route Emil Benčić—From Experience to Infinity
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Celebrating Time The Role of TP in Social and Organizational Processes
3rd International Conference on Time Perspective Copenhagen, Denmark, 16 August 2016
Relationships between work time perspectives and career attitudes among Japanese employees
Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI (Kobe University, JPN) Kotoe KONISHI (Tokai Gakuen University, JPN)
Time and Business
time management time efficiency time to plan overtime work career time perspectives
Reviews ď °
ď °
The construct of time perspective has attracted only scant attention from industrial and organizational psychologists and business practitioners (Ancona et al., 2001; George & Jones, 2000) Because of the close connection between work and life, it is thought that career perspectives in work settings are parallel to time perspectives in life
Reviews
Models and theories in the field of Organizational Behavior (OB) have taken an idea of time perspective deep inside of their conception (Ogata & Kanai, 2008)
Expectancy theory (Porter & Lowler, 1968; Kats, 1980) puts in future expectation in motivation Organizational Commitment theory (Meyer & Allen, 1991) analyzes long-term relationship between person and organization
However, not much academic research has shown direct interests in the relationship between time perspectives and career attitude
The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between employeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; time perspectives and their attitudes toward career
Participants
524 Japanese business persons registered to an internet survey company (response rate 47.1%) Sex
Male (51.3% ), Female (48.7 %)
Age 20s (19.7%), 30s (20.2%), 40s (20.8%), 50s(19.3%), 60s (20.0%)
Work Time Perspective Scale (WTPS) (Takahashi & Konishi, 2014; Takahashi, 2016)
Modified the wordings of ZTPI items (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) to describe individual time perspectives in work settings e.g.) life → career; things → jobs, works; people, friends → colleagues, supervisors
Past Negative (α=.77), Past Positive (α=.72), and Future (α=.70) fit well in work setting, too While, Present Fatalistic (α=.61) and Present Hedonistic (α=.72) may not capture original factor structures
Dependent variables
Career planning (6 items, α=.766)
e.g. “I have a clear vision in my career”
Unclear career perspective(4 items, α=.721)
e.g. “I can’t imagine what jobs I take in next 10 years”
Five-point Likert scales, ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly agree Japanese language was used
Dependent Variables Career Planning
Unclear Career
β
β
Female
.04
-.01
Trunover experience
.07
-.05
Management status
-.08
.02
Past Positive
.07
.02
Past Negative
.00
.22 ***
Control Variables
Work Time Perspectives
Present Hedonistic
.20 ***
-.17 ***
Present Fatalistic
-.17 ***
.29 ***
Future
.32 ***
R2 2
Adjusted R F
* p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001
-.06
.182
.170
.169
.157
14.310 ***
13.221 ***
Results
Employees who have the Future perspectives are more likely to plan and see their career clearly Those who have the Past Negative perspectives are facing dizzy views in career. Unpleasant past experiences may shut the career perspective Both pleasant views (Present Hedonistic) and unpleasant views (Present Fatalistic) for the present jobs help to develop and damage career perspectives in expected directions
Discussion
Unpleasant past job experiences may damage career perspectives Bright expectation for future work may lead to clear career visions Job satisfaction/frustration may form positive/negative views for the present jobs, leading to optimistic/pessimistic career perspectives
References • Ancona, D.G., Goodman, P.S., Lawrence, B. S., and Tushman, M. L. (2001) Time: A new research lens. Academy of Management Review, 26, 645-663. • George, J.M., and Jones, G.R. (2000) The role of time in theory and theory building. Journal of Management, 26, 657-684. • Katz, R. (1980) Time and work: Toward an integrative perspective. In B.M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 2, 81-127. JAI Press. • Meyer, J.P., and Allen, N.J. (1991) A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-98. • Ogata, M., and Kanai, T. (2008) Introducing the concept of time perspective to Organizational Behavior. Kobe University Discussion Paper, 2008-30 (In Japanese). • Porter, L.W., and Lawler, E.E., III (1968) Managerial attitudes and performance. Irwin. • Takahashi, K., and Konishi, K. (2014) Measuring time perspective in work settings: Japanese data analysis. The 2nd International Conference on Time Perspective, Warsaw, Poland. • Zimbardo, P.G., and Boyd, J.N. (1999) Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271– 1288.
Acknowledgement â&#x20AC;¢ This research is funded by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26285078 and 15H03379
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
HOW TIME PERSPECTIVES FACILITATE AND INHIBIT BURNOUT TENDENCIES Evidence from an Occupational Sample
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Outline • Introduction
• The Effects of TP on Burnout • Hypotheses • Methods • Results
• Summary / Conclusion
2
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Introduction I • According to Maslach and Leiter (2000) six main factors can
enhance burnout tendencies:
• (a) work-overload; lack of autonomy;
• (b) insufficient (social and financial) gratification and appreciation; • (c) lack of community or a bad working atmosphere;
• (d) unfairness or lack of respect towards the employees and
• (e) conflict between the demands of the work and the personal values
of the employees.
• Not every person will develop burnout symptoms to the
same extent
3
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Introduction II • The concept of Time Perspectives could provide new
explanatory models for burnout tendencies • The current study examines if there is a relationship between Time Perspectives and burnout-tendencies • emotional exhaustion,
• depersonalization and
• reduced personal accomplishments
4
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
The Effects of TP on Burnout I • The Past Positive orientation is: • Negatively correlated to neuroticism which enhances burnout tendencies (van Beek, Berghuis, Kerkhof, and Beekman 2010) • Positively correlated to extraversion which is negatively related to burnout (Bakker, Van der Zee, Lewig, & Dollard, 2006)
• The Present Hedonistic perspective is: • Related to an openness towards new experiences (Zimbardo & Boyd (1999) and • Associated to compensation and relaxation from exhausting achievement
5
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
The Effects of TP on Burnout II • The Past Negative perspective is: • Associated with a negative attribution style and a pessimistic expectation about one’s coping capabilities • Closely related to a negative mood, high anxiety, and depression (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999) • Positively correlated with neuroticism (van Beek, Berghuis, Kerkhof, and Beekman, 2010) which leads to burnout • Negatively correlated with extraversion(van Beek, Berghuis, Kerkhof, and Beekman, 2010) which prevents burnout tendencies
6
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
The Effects of TP on Burnout III • The Present Fatalistic perspective is: • Accompanied by feelings of helplessness and low self-efficacy which could decrease coping strategies • Positively correlated with neuroticism (van Beek, Berghuis, Kerkhof, and Beekman, 2010) • Negatively correlated with extraversion (van Beek, Berghuis, Kerkhof, and Beekman, 2010) • The Future orientation is: • Associated with difficulties in enjoying the present (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2004) • Related with a failure to relax and recover
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Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Hypotheses: • H1: • H2: • H3:
The Past Positive and the Present Hedonistic dimensions will prevent burnout tendencies
The Past Negative and the Present Fatalistic orientations will facilitate the development of burnout symptoms
The Future dimension will enhance the development of burnout symptoms
• H4:
A high Deviance from a Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) will enhance burnout tendencies in all three dimensions
• H6:
Differences between the subsamples can be explained through differences in Time Perspectives
• H5:
Participants with a high working-autonomy will show less burnout tendencies
8
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Method I: Measures • Measurement of the three dimensions of burnout tendencies
by:
• The German validated version of the ZTPI (Reuschenbach, Funke,
Drevensek & Ziegler, 2013) and • The German version - MBI-GS-D - (Büssing & Glaser, 1998) of the general Maslach-Burnout-Inventory - MBI-GS - (Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach & Jackson, 1996)
9
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Method II: Participants • Sample: Professional employees of an international
company located in Germany (n = 72) • with a low level of working-autonomy
• Career-integrated MBA students (n = 79) • with a high level of working-autonomy
• Gender ratio: overall-sample 49.37% females (50.63% males) • Mean age: Mage = 31.17 years; SD = 8.21 years
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Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Results I: LINEAR REGRESSION •
H1: The Past Positive and the Present Hedonistic orientations will prevent burnout tendencies • The Past Positive perspective:
• prevented depersonalization (β = -.14; t(130) = -1.67; p = .049)
• The Present Hedonistic perspective:
•
• inhibited reduced personal accomplishments (β = -.17; t(128) = -1.80; p = .037)
H2: The Past Negative and the Present Fatalistic dimensions will facilitate the development of burnout symptoms
• The Past Negative orientation:
• enhanced emotional exhaustion (β = .25; t(129) = 2.54; p = .006), enhanced depersonalization / cynism (β = .16; t(130) = 1.78; p = .039)
• The Present Fatalistic dimension:
• enhanced emotional exhaustion (β = .21; t(129) = 1.90; p = .030)
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Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Results II: LINEAR REGRESSION •
H3: The Future will facilitate the development of burnout symptoms • The Future orientation: • reduced cynicism (β = -.16; t(128) = -1.68; p = .048) • inhibited reduced personal accomplishments (β = -.38; t(128) = -3.98; p = < .001)
•
H4: A high Deviance from a Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) will enhance burnout tendencies in all three dimensions
• Significant enhancing effects of DPTP on all three dimensions of
burnout
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Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Results III: T-tests •
H5: Participants with a high working-autonomy show less burnout tendencies • The employees (low autonomy):
• showed significantly more emotional exhaustion (Mempl. = 3.19 vs. MMBA = 2.88; p = .037; one-tailed) • displayed more depersonalization (Mempl. = 2.96 vs. MMBA = 2.38; p = .001; onetailed)
• No differences between high and low autonomy on the dimension of
reduced personal accomplishments
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Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Results III: T-tests •
H6: Differences between the subsamples can be explained through differences in Time Perspectives • The employees:
• were less Future oriented (Mempl. = 3.60 vs. MMBA = 3.78; p = .044; one-tailed) • displayed a higher Present Hedonistic orientation (Mempl. = 3.33 vs. MMBA =
3.17; p = .011; one-tailed)
• scored higher on the Present Fatalistic dimension (Mempl. = 2.72 vs. MMBA =
2.41; p = .001; one-tailed)
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Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Results IV: Test of Mediator • The Present Fatalistic orientation, as a mediator, explained
the differences between the two subsamples regarding:
• emotional exhaustion (completely mediated by the Present Fatalistic
dimension) (Sobel-Test: z = 2.47, p = .007) and • depersonalization (partly mediated by the Present Fatalistic dimension) (Sobel-Test: z = 2.43, p = .003)
15
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Future TP: MBA (business integrated) vs. Logistic Center
16
Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Present Fatalistic TP: MBA (business integrated) vs. Logistic Center
17
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Differences in Emotional Exhaustion and Cynism: MBA (business integrated) vs. Logistic Centre
18
Dr. Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Testing the mediator model: the Present Fatalistic and the Future, as mediators of the effect of the subsample on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization.
19
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Summary of main findings / Conclusion • The Past Positive and the Present Hedonistic dimensions contribute to
the prevention of burnout tendencies
• The Past Negative and the Present Fatalistic orientations enhance the
development of burnout symptoms
• The Future dimension prevents the development of burnout symptoms • The Deviance from a Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) enhances
burnout tendencies
• The overall configuration is essential and all five time perspectives contribute to
the extent of burnout-sensitivity
• Persons with a high working-autonomy show less burnout tendencies • Differences between the subsamples could be explained through
differences in Time Perspectives
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Dr. Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
• Limitations/Problems: • -- small sample-size
• -- up to know we have no explanation why some of the three • • • • •
Burnout-dimensions are influenced by some TPdimensions and not influenced by some other TPdimensions => one possible solution: overall configuation / balanced time perspective is essential
21
Dr. Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
• Study 2:
• -- 389 participants (18.9% male and 81.1% female)
-- mean age of 27.1 years (SD = 10.5 years) • -- nursing and health caring professions in Germany •
22
Dr. Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
• Study 2:
• -- 389 participants (18.9% male and 81.1% female)
-- mean age of 27.1 years (SD = 10.5 years) • -- nursing and health caring professions in Germany •
• -- we add negative future scale (Carelli et al. 2015); self• •
efficacy-scale and perceievd-stress-scale (not yet analyzed)
23
Dr. Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Emotional Exhaustion
Coefficientsa Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients B
Model 1
Std. Error
(Constant)
2.061
.737
PastPostive
-.291
.111
.428
Coefficients Beta
t
Sig.
2.799
.005
-.150
-2.631
.009
.095
.271
4.524
.000
-.035
.120
-.017
-.296
.768
PresentFatalistic
.229
.135
.109
1.695
.091
Future
.162
.119
.083
1.367
.173
PastNegative PresentHedonistic
a. Dependent Variable: Emotional Exhaustion
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Dr. Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Cynism
Coefficientsa Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients B
Model 1
Std. Error
(Constant)
1.771
.677
PastPositive
-.278
.099
PastNegative
.282
PresentHedonistic PresentFatalistic Future
Coefficients Beta
t
Sig.
2.614
.009
-.158
-2.820
.005
.086
.195
3.264
.001
-.034
.110
-.017
-.305
.760
.357
.122
.184
2.924
.004
-.056
.109
-.031
-.515
.607
a. Dependent Variable: Cynism_depersonalisation
25
Dr. Alexander Unger, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
Personal accomplishments
Coefficientsa Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients B
Model 1
(Constant)
Std. Error 4.512
.412
PastPositive
.091
.061
PastNegative
-.147
PresentHedonistic PresentFatalistic Future
Coefficients Beta
t
Sig.
10.963
.000
.088
1.489
.138
.053
-.175
-2.794
.006
.118
.067
.105
1.750
.081
-.066
.076
-.058
-.878
.381
.101
.067
.095
1.516
.131
a. Dependent Variable: personal accomplishments
26
Alexander Unger & Julie Papastamatelou, University of Applied Sciences Ludwigshafen
MANY THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Narrative Time and Stories in Changing Organizations Patrick Dawson and Christopher Sykes
Missing in Action ď ľ
Individual and group time perspective largely absent in management and organization studies
ď ľ
Need to bring time and temporality into these disciplines and literatures
ď ľ
Also largely ignored in storytelling and sensemaking literatures
Time and management studies One might think that the temporal aspects of everyday human life would saturate the field of management and organization theory but, instead, one is more likely to find that it is relatively timeless knowledge which fills our textbooks and journals (Roe, Walker and Clegg, 2009: 1) ď ľ
Tendency to reify time and uncritically accept institutionalised notions of time align with atomic clock and Gregorian calendar
ď ľ
Critical studies highlight how clock time used to regulate, measure, monitor, structure and act as devices of panoptic surveillance in the control of work
Newtonian Time: Movement from Current state T1 to Future state T2
T1 Present State: Stable
Changing : Linear Time
Conventional change management models
T2 Future State: Prescribed
Lewin’s change management
Change is an area where time is integral and yet emphasis on conventional clock time, linear: Lewin’s
three phase model
Breaking
out of quasi-stationary equilibrium (unfreeze inertia, status quo)
Linear
conception of time in moving from position T1 (present state requires fixing), through transition state (implementation of change - movement over time), to position T2 (represents the new desired state) refrozen
Narrative Turn in Organization Studies
Backward reflection on change interventions
Plots in sequential time with cast of characters
Story often has an implied chronological causality
Focus on: retrospective coherent stories, with Beginning Middle and End (BME), rational accounts with built-in causality (this happened leading to this), used for model building and theorization (Czarniawska, 1998; Gabriel, 2000)
Sensemaking
Making sense of things after they have happened is common (through retrospection, Weick, 1995)
People create and redefine events through storytelling that helps them makes sense of experiences (what Weick, 1995 calls enactment of the environments faced)
As Boje (1991: 106) notes stories are ‘the preferred sensemaking currency of human relationships’
Stories and Sensemaking ď ľ
Stories present a preferred view of events or a situation with the aim of engaging others in collective meaning construction
ď ľ
Collective identity continually reconstituted through stories
ď ľ
Stories through giving sense to experiences influence sensemaking and meaning making of individuals and groups
During times of change
The storying process increases in times of change, uncertainty and complexity
Important place of stories: ‘Stories, therefore, are perhaps best understood as recursive, reciprocal and interactive sensemaking and sensegiving vehicles that shape meanings’ (Humphreys, Ucbasaran, and Lockett, 2011)
A story of organizational change, identity and resistance Instrument of change Introduction of a performance appraisal system for underground coal miners Unintended consequence Violation of minersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; identities Resistance Storying processes used by miners to (re)legitimate their identities and resist change
The Reactions of Miners This [performance appraisal] thing is an arse-kicking exercise. It’s not an incentive for you to improve. I think it’s the opposite. I see a lot of guys coming out of those meetings, and they say, ‘Fuck them! If that’s what they think of me, I’ll get worse!’ Longwall miner #12
Injustice and Fixed Time ‘The only real problem I had with it [appraisal] was that before you went into that room they had already worked out what you were…you were rated before you go in there and no matter what you say, they are not changing your rating’ Panel development miner #1
Temporality and the Nostalgic Past ‘I think the coal mining industry, compared to what we used to have, has been bloody wrecked! We fought and went on strike to get the conditions we now have – hours, conditions and so on. Now they are taking it all back’ ‘…workers are kicked up the arse and picked up and put down like a dirty rag.’ Longwall miner #12
Anger and Frustration ‘When you go in to do your review, what is set in front of you is virtually set in concrete…So you have to sit there and listen to the judgment day expecting to be criticized and knowing that you can’t change any of those criticisms until the appeals process. ‘The miners make an initial statement: “This is fucking bullshit!” or whatever. And that will be it, until the next time comes around. “Oh, not these fucking things again! I’ve got to go in there and listen to this sort of shit!”’
Stories, Time and Temporality
Stories: lens for understanding employee experiences of change
Stories: powerful discursive resource for steering and resisting change
Stories: capture temporality in past, present and future and objective and subjective time
Stories not only describe but reshape in the process of collective sensemaking Stories were used not only to make sense of change, but also, and importantly for miners, to shape the change and to re-story the broken and battered identities of miners.
Identified Four Ideal-Type Stories ď ľ
Retrospective stories: Stories that have existed for some time within organizations and are like folklorist type stories that have meaningful events with a beginning, middle and end. Closely linked to linear time.
ď ľ
Prospective storying: Stories in the here-and-now that reconfigure and reinterpret the past in accounting for ongoing experiences in projecting future possible scenarios. Often multi-voiced, challenges status quo
Four Ideal-Type Stories ď ľ
present continuity-oriented stories: Coherent, structured stories that provide a sense of collective belonging. Stories reinforce and reassert sense of identity. Promote the need for some form of continuity between what is happening, what happened in past and what may happen in future.
ď ľ
present change-oriented stories: Emergent, partial and unfinalised stories. Continually seeking to make and give sense to disruptions and uncertainties of change. Nonlinear time and prospective sensemaking.
Temporal Story Telling
Stories that are retrospective coherent stories, with plots and characters (Gabriel, 2000)
Stories that are partial, future-oriented and unfinalised (Boje, 2008)
Stories of the ‘here-and-now’ that may seek to establish some form of continuity and/or challenge conventional ways of doing things (present stories that are change or continuity oriented)
The plausibility of stories more important for sensemaking and sensegiving than accuracy
The Merging and Separation of Objective and Subjective time
Objective time Application of time measuring devices to regulating, controlling and scheduling activities, i.e., clocks, calendars, mobile phones Subjective time The way we subjectively experience lived time, the present (the now), the past (memories, backward glance), the future (expectations, potentialities)
Experiences of Time and Multiple Histories
Histories are rewritten in the light of our current understanding and interpretations
Past events can be viewed differently by different individuals and groups
Individual and group representation and presentation of past events often change over time
Multiple and competing histories influenced and shaped by political process
Conclusion ď ľ
Need broader conception of time and to fully embrace time perspective and temporality in theorizing in management and organization studies.
ď ľ
Aimed to show how stories and storying during times of change variously draw on elements from the past, present and anticipated future in seeking to make sense of what is occurring, and how stories are purposefully used to give sense to others in attempts to steer change and shape the processes they may be describing.
ď ľ
Identified multiple storying and four ideal types: retrospective stories, prospective storying, present continuity-oriented stories, and present change-oriented stories.
Emergence of meaning, Experience duration and Estimated duration of an artwork
Béatrice Madiot UPJV CRP – EHESS LPS madiot@ehess.fr This research was supported by Serge Moscovici from the European Laboratory of Social Psychology of the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris)
August 16, 2016 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective – Copenhagen Denmark
ď Ž This
presentation is part of a broader research initiated by D. Jodelet (Directeur de recherche, Maison des Sciences de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Homme, Paris), aiming at "isolating in the process of receiving artistic works universal elements that fall, alongside cognitive processes, under social, cultural" (Jodelet, 2014) and intercultural conditions.
Introduction The aim of this communication is to show that the estimated duration of a film is a part of our relationship to cinema and particularly to the emergence of meaning.
Introduction To determine this relationship, we will rely generally
on Moscovici’s point of view about the aim of social psychology as anthropology of modern culture, in which the characteristics of the object and the characteristics of the subject are closely entangled with cognitive mechanisms; on Vygotsky’s theory of art (1925) for which “A work of art always contains an intimate conflict between its content and its form, and the artist achieves his effect by means of the form, which destroys the content” (p.298); on Csikszentmihalyi and Robinson’s theory of the art (1990) in which they showed that the content elements of the work are among the tools utilized by museum professionals to describe and explain their aesthetic experience. Other means include emotional responsiveness, knowledge of the period, of the culture, of the artist, a familiarity with techniques and schools of art, a willingness and an ability to communicate with the work and its contents
Plan Prior work on the estimated duration of a film Hypotheses and procedure
Hypotheses Material Sample Data analysis
The results
Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2
Conclusion
State of the art : change and estimated duration Researchs on estimated duration highlighted the role of cognitive factors
and in particular the perception of change (Wundt, 1886; Fraisse, Montmollin, 1952; Denis, 1971). Applied to the time sensitive art that is cinema, results show that the more the viewer perceives changes in the structure of the film, the more he overestimates its duration. This overestimation is modulated by the length of the screening. The longer it is, the lower the overestimation is (Ethis, 2006). Besides this factor, estimated duration is also affected by the disruption of the film sequence chronology measured by the number of perceived changes (Denis, 1971). The more disturbed it is, the more the overestimation of the duration and the number of perceived changes increase (Denis, 1971, p. 145) even if "everything that helps to organize the moments of the task in the unity of a purpose - structural unit, unit of meaning - has the effect of reducing the apparent duration” (Denis, 1971, pp. 139-140).
State of the art Furthermore, works in sociology emphasize that the estimated duration
of a film sequence is associated with the differentiated interpretation of the scenario (Ethis, 2006). To show how the estimated duration of a film is closely linked to the emergence of meaning, we propose to extend these. To do this, we will compare the estimated duration of a screening with the interpretation of its meaning. To determine these relationships, we will rely on a real work, a film, as Parsons (1987) and Passeron (1991) pointed out semantic registers used by the subjects including the content, the words that reference the specific semantic register “change”.
Hypothesis ď Ž hypothesis 1: the vocabulary of change
should be increasingly utilized by the subjects as they overestimate the duration of the work. ď Ž hypothesis 2: each type of estimated duration, whether accompanied by or lacking vocabulary of change, would correspond to an attempt at giving the work a singular sense or meaning.
Procedure and material : material The work here is Qatsi Trilogy. Produced jointly by director Godfrey Reggio and
composer of minimalist music Philip Glass, the Trilogy is composed of 3 films. Each one presents an aspect of life:
Koyaanisqatsi (1983) "life out of balance" which pointed out the North; Powaqqatsi (1988) "life in transformation" which pointed out the South ; Naqoyqatsi (2002) "life as war“ which pointed out the globalization
Procedure and material : material
This Trilogy has several distinctive features:
The lack of actors The lack of characters The lack of language, narrative or story The omnipresence of the music during the all work A collaborative work where neither the images nor the music came first in the creative act The use of technology for both the production of image and sound, such as electronic sounds or processes of acceleration or deceleration of the image…
By all these features, the Trilogy is at the same time
A documentary and an ethnographic film Experimental cinema contemporary opera “message” film cinema vanguard
Procedure and material : material
ď Ž From the initial work, a 40 minute editing was
made by Denise Jodelet and Elodie Li Tri. This duration, ď Ž
ď Ž
equivalent to an episode of a television series, is therefore usual for the viewers who are accustomed and acculturated to it. can be considered long compared to the screenings of earlier scientific studies that used this type of material.
Procedure and material : Sample The
sample is composed of 473 students enrolled in various disciplines (art, human and social sciences, computer science…).
The study was carried out collectively
during a class. The subjects were deliberately given limited information on the work before the screening.
Procedure and material : procedure After the screening, the subjects filled a questionnaire
composed of three scales, a question on estimated duration, information on the subjects’ characteristics and 8 open questions. These were organized as follows :
Association of words Evaluation of the emotional impact of the work (2 open questions) Aesthetic appreciation of the work (2 open questions) Meanings carried by the film (3 open questions).
Here, we will focus on the results concerning the
estimated in relation to the answers to the 8 open questions.
Procedure and material : Data analysis The 473 estimated durations of the screening were divided according to the categories established by Ethis (2006) :
Underestimation (all less than 39 minute estimations) Accurate estimation (any 40 minute estimation) Low overestimation (all 41 to 49 minute durations, that is to say a 1 to 24% increase of the initial duration)
Substantial overestimation (all higher than or equal to 50 minute durations, that is to say at least a 25% increase in duration compared to the initial duration)
The full transcript of each subject’s answer to each question was split with
the Prospéro text analysis software (PROgramme
de Sociologie Pragmatique,
Expérimentale et Réflexive sur Ordinateur) into fifth general category types: the first relates directly to the content of the work (10 registers such as Ecology, Economics, Help, War…), the second is more focused on the elements that structure the work (14 registers such as Time, Cinema, Emotion, Aesthetics…),
the third relates to metaphorical themes - themes that are both a technical process and a marker of content, (3 registers such as the acceleration, repetition) the fourth group refers to the mechanism of identification (3 registers such as Human in particular, Human in general and Human groups…). the fifth group refers to the perspective from which one speaks (8 registers such as I, We, Excerpts, TrilogyAuthors…).
Results : Hypothesis 1 Cross-referencing of the variables "Change-No change" and "Estimated
Duration" gives a significantly different distribution of subjects (x²=12.24, df=3, p<.006). This difference is mainly due to estimated duration and especially to the "Accurate estimation" and "Low overestimation" groups.
Change No change
Total
Underestimation
Accurate estimation
Low overestimation
Substantial overestimation
Total
109
68
95
87
359
32
34
15
33
114
141
102
110
120
473
The more the screening is overestimated, the more the vocabulary of change
is used, although the subjects that substantially overestimate the duration of the screening constitute a small portion of this figure. Hypothesis 1 is thus partially confirmed.
Results : Hypothesis 2 According to Csikszentmihalyi and Robinson’s
(1990) results, the subjects mobilize a plurality of indicators to describe their experience. Main results can be summarized as follows :
the more groups mobilize the register of "Emotion", the lower they estimate duration of a work. This trend is increased when they use the vocabulary of change. The more groups focus on the register “Effects on the viewer”, the more they underestimate the duration. In contrary, the more groups overestimate the duration of the film, the more they use the register “Authors’ intent”.
Results : Hypothesis 2 The 3 groups with the most differentiated and clear
interpretations of the meaning of the film are the following
The “Underestimation-Change group” adopts a point of view mainly centered on themselves where “I”, “Effects on the viewers”, “Mechanisms of identification”, “Emotion” and “Aesthetics” are prevalent. They are linked with some cognitive mechanisms and the two major components of the work “Cinema” and “Music”. The group “Low overestimation-Change” is mainly centered on the film focusing on the registers of “Themes of the work”, “Authors’ intent”, “Characteristics of the work“, “Trilogy/Authors” and “Excerpts”. The estimated duration of the screening is directly related to a reference to the work’s content : the richer it is, the more the duration increases. The last group is “Substantial overestimation-Change”. It is characterized by a particular interpretation of the meaning of the film which is more abstract and general. This interpretation includes different features of the film (“Authors’ intent”, “Effects on the viewers”, “Cognitive mechanisms”, “Characteristics of work”, “Aesthetic” and some “Themes of the work”)
Results : Hypothesis 2 Moving away from one’s point of view to focus
on the work would thus increase the estimated duration of the screening while focusing on one’s point of view would decrease estimated duration. The register “Change” participate in the interpretation of the meaning of the film. The hypothesis 2 (each type of estimated duration, whether accompanied by or lacking vocabulary of change, would correspond to an attempt at giving the work a singular sense or meaning) is confirmed
Conclusion The estimated duration of a filmic and musical work
is an explanatory factor in our relationship to cinema (Ethis, 2006). In short, thinking from the perspective of the authors or in another words, the capacity to place oneself in another's position disturb the perception of duration in the direction of overestimation. Taking into account the change but also the emotional, aesthetic and work’s registers proves essential to understand how subjects perceive time and give meaning to the artwork, or, in the words of Rancière (2003, p. 105) inhabit the sensitive world.
Bibliographie
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Robinson, R. E. (1990). The art of seeing: an interpretation of the aesthetic encounter. Malibu, Calif. : Los Angeles, Calif: J.P. Getty Museum ; Getty Center for Education in the Arts. Denis M. (1971) L'estimation de la durée cinématographique en fonction de la structure du message Année psychologique 71 139-151 Ethis E. (2006) Les spectateurs du temps. Pour une sociologie de la réception du cinéma Paris L'Harmattan (Collection : Logiques sociales) Fraisse, P., & Montmollin de, G. (1952). Sur la mémoire des films. Revue Internationale de Filmologie, III(9), 37–69. Jodelet D. (2014) Sur les opérateurs visuels et sonores du partage de la pensée. 12éme Conférence sur les représentations sociales. Sao Paulo Brésil, communication orale. Moscovici, S. (2012/1993). Raison et cultures. Paris: Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales. Parsons, M. J. (1987). How we understand art: a cognitive developmental account of aesthetic experience. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. Passeron, J.-C. (2006). Le raisonnement sociologique: un espace non poppérien de l’argumentation (Nouv. éd. rev. et augmentée). Paris: Michel. Rancière J. (2003) Le destin des images. Paris : La fabrique éditions. Vygotski, L. S. (2005). Psychologie de l’art. Paris: La Dispute. Wundt W. (1886) Eléments de psychologie physiologique T1 et t.2 Paris : Alcan
Innovation time(s)… Christophe Bureau, Ph.D contact@beeyond.fr © Beeyond S.A.S. 2016 – All rights reserved
Innovating to What’s Next
Innovation?... Innovation is like teenage sex.
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Everyone talks about it. Nobody really knows how to do it. Everyone thinks the others are doing it. So everyone says they are doing it… 2
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"Innovation is an enabler, not an objective" I disagree
I agree 0%
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Innovation is a mere enabler for growth… Forecast 2000 Core business growth + extra expenditure due to innovation process & new product development
Constant growth
New product launch first incremental revenues from innovation
Innovation projects represent a growing % of revenues and growth, and bring visible value for medium/long term
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1500
1000 Incremental revenue
500 Commoditization, low cost strategy, intense cost cutting & acquisition strategies to preserve margins…
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Det er vanskeligt at spaa, isĂŚr naar det gĂŚlder Fremtiden. It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future.
Niels Bohr (?)
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Close to the Core
6
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R&D expenditure: not a good metrics...
7
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Excellence in execution is not the issue…
8
Out-of-the-Core 1967
1900
Bouchois Souchon Neuvesel
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Antoine Riboud
1968: Missed acquisition of Saint-Gobain
1973: Merger with Gervais-Danone
1994: The name of the group becomes Danone
1996: "Offer, every day, diversified food, diversified tastes and healthier pleasures"
2006: "Bring health to everyone through food" 9
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We are chasing a moving target!...
Do you see the difference?
YOU don’t see the difference…
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But THEY do. Because THEY are experts!
12
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WE WANT TO CREATE A NEW ANIMAL EFFICIENT IN THE SAME CONTEXT
13
To achieve thisâ&#x20AC;Ś Do you see the difference?
â&#x20AC;Śwe must watch from outside of our industry
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In-core vs out-of-the-core innovation
Taken from: G.P. Pisano, Harry E. Figgie Professor of Business Administration, Harvard University
The innovation we are interested in is the reality of… 5 to 10 years down the road!... It may have nothing to do with what we are today… And this may be scary… 2000
???
We are still us + a bit of something else
1500
?
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Now: We know who we are
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A few time constants… • Hubble time: tH = 1 / H0 = 14.4 billion years • World’s oldest family companies (Kongo Gumi): 1.400 years
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• Average life of a human being: 70 ans • Average lifespan of a company (S&P500): 15 years • Legal duration of an investment fund: 10 years • Average time spent at a given company: 4.6 years • Average time it takes to ramp up innovation revenue…?
17
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Not all businesses are created equal…
15%
EBITDA
Low (0%)
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High (40%)
Business model implies timespan
10+ years Low
5 years SPEED OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT
0-1 years High
Business model implies timespan 42%
High (40%)
10y
1-3y 28%
15%
EBITDA
41%
24% 4-6y
10+y
19%
2-4y
22%
12% 1-3y 2-3y 13%1
Low (0%)
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7y
1y
10+ years Low
5 years SPEED OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT
0-1 years High
7%
King is currently the largest gaming app developer King’s Profits
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~140 games launched
King is created
~$850M Profits
IPO
Candy Crush is launched First year with profit
~$25M Profits*
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
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Clayton M. Christensen, « The Innovator’s Dilemma », Harvard Business School Press (1997) 22
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Value innovation: targeting non-customers Blue Ocean Strategy is rooted in : • Almost 15 years of research and field tests from INSEAD Professors W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne • 150 cases analysed covering more than 30 industries • On more a century of business activity Their book has beaten the number of translations for Harvard Business Press More than two million copies sold
23
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Saturo Iwata (1959-2015), Nintendo President & CEO
" We are not competing against Sony or Microsoft. We are battling the indifference of people who have no interest in video games" 24
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How inevitable trends can shape innovation…
Where is the value of self-vaccination?... "I feel that our legislative body can embrace change, particularly in regard to new medical practices and procedures. The emphasis to deliver on new technology advancements is a key focus for us. The concept of self vaccination with the promise of cost reduction would be met with a warm response.“
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Aline Rinfret, Chief - Viral Vaccines Division, Health Canada “Pandemic preparedness is not there yet: if tomorrow a lethal virus is at the same time very contagious, we are all dead…” Regulatory Body executive
Cost for payer Medical device Pharma co
Hub
"It would be a great way to extend vaccination coverage to the population of healthy adults and boost herd immunity" GP, France, in the middle of flu vaccination campaign
Pharmacy
Medical device
Pharma co
Doctor Traditional vaccination
Hub
Pharmacy Self-vaccination
26
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Self-vaccination is a consumer concept…
27
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Video sequence shown to a panel of 200 healthy adults
28
The scenario is radically changing the perception of flu vaccination itself among healthy adults… Nouveau protocole (auto-vaccination, « clé de vie »)
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Protocole traditionnel (seringue, médecin)
29
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GP found favorable to the concept of selfvaccination
30
% of population agreeing to pay an amount of…
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Consumers’ willingness to pay (out-of-pocket) reaches 14-18 Euros (instead of 6,5-7€) ! 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
5
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Price(€) 31
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How selecting a time for Return On Investment can shape innovation…
15%
EBITDA
Low (0%)
© Beeyond S.A.S. 2016 – All rights reserved
High (40%)
Business model implies timespan
10+ years Low
5 years SPEED OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT
0-1 years High
15%
EBITDA
Low (0%)
© Beeyond S.A.S. 2016 – All rights reserved
High (40%)
Business model implies timespan
10+ years Low
5 years SPEED OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT
0-1 years High
35
Simple equation. Smarter things.
contact@Aplus.be
A Stevanato Group company
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Takeaway • Innovation is an enabler for incremental growth • Innovation navigates between two timescales triggering contradictory outcomes: - The purpose of innovation is driven by the short times of Return On Investment
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- The inputs of innovation are shaped by medium/long term high level trends
• Short times “filter” the type of innovation a Company can target and the DNA is the result of this filter • Generating innovation based on the the effects of high level trends requires a pre-determined Vision of the Company • Everything boils down to selecting what time matters the most • There is no one-size fits all • Some methodologies have proven track records to tackle game-changing innovations.
41
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Merci ! Innovating to What’s Next
9, avenue Paul Verlaine 38030 Grenoble Cedex 2 France Tel : +33-682-182-429 contact@beeyond.fr 42
Dolly : Mutton dressed as lamb
Celebrating Time Dissolving Linear Temporality: Alternative Temporalities and DIY Timescapes
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
Visualization of Time and Climate Change An Artistic Inquiry into the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors by Olga Ast
Over the last two centuries, we have departed from a traditional cyclical understanding of time. We have crafted synthetic lines between a dark past and a bright future; conversely, between a Golden Age and an Apocalypse. This gradual shift is symbolic not only of our changing perception of the nature of time, but of our attitude toward the natural world. In our artificial environments, we look at nature as a resource â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a starting point with the end-goal of an artificial product. Has our shift away from cyclical and toward linear processes contributed to the changing relationship we have with our environment? I posit that our contemporary linear visualization of time is not only symbolic but causal to our shifting relationship with our environment. Could a different visualization influence our ecological behavior? Can artists and scientists collaborate to bring us closer to an answer to the age-old question of the nature of time, and craft an alternative to our contemporary environmental problems?
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
VISUAL METAPHOR
Images/credits/links/references: www.google.com/search?q=chair+contemporary
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TIME AS A CLOCK
Rene Magritte. Time Transfixed. 1938 Magazine Advertisement. 2006 Salvador Dali. The Persistence of Memory. 1931 Salvador Dali. The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory. 1954
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TIME AS A RIVER Joachim Patenier. Charon crossing the Styx. 1515-24. Tomb of Seti I, Son of Rameses I. The Valley of the Kings. XIX Dynasty. 1278 BC. Zick. Psyche and Charon. 1892. Carlos Parada Greek Mythology Link Collection.
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TIME AS A SANDGLASS
Philippe de Champaigne. Vanity. XVII c. Chronos. Recoleta Cemetery. Buenos Aires. XIX c. Stephen Hawkins. A Brief History of Time. XX c. Figure of Time. The Henniker tombs in the North Aisle of Rochester Cathedral. Kent, England. XVIII c.
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TIME AS A CIRCLE
TIME AS A CIRCLE Kali, warrior goddess of time, destruction & death. India. XX c. Wheel Fortune. Miniature. XIV .c.& death. India. XX c. Kali, of warrior goddess of time,France. destruction Wheel of Fortune.India. Miniature. Wheel of Salvation. VIII c.France. XIV .c. Wheelmandala. of Salvation. Tibetan XVIIIIndia. c. VIII c. Tibetan mandala. XVIII c.
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
UROBOROS Brown Jade pig-dragon (Coiled Zhulong). Neolithic Hongshan culture. VI millennium BC. Private Collection. Uroboros (ouroboros), Medieval Alchemy Manuscripts. Ouroboros from papyrus of Dama Heroub. Egypt. XXI dynasty. X c. BC. The Temple of the Feathered Serpent Quetzalcoatl, Xochicalco. VIII c. Ouroboros as emblem of mortality. George Witherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Collection of Emblems, Ancient and Modern. 1635
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 –19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
ESCHER’S SPIRAL M.C. Escher. Spiral. Trial sketches. M.C. Escher. Spiral. 1953
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 –19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TIME AS AN ARROW AND FOURTH DIMENSION
Book Cover: Time’s Arrow and Archimedes’ Point: New Directions for the Physics of Time by Huw Price, 1997 Book Cover: Time’s Arrow by Martin Amis, 1992 Book Cover: Time’s Arrows: Scientific Attitudes Toward Time by Richard Morris, 1986 Book Cover: Travels in Four Dimensions: The Enigmas of Space and Time by Robin Le Poidevin, 2003
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TWIN PARADOX
Identical objects change and age differently depending on the environment and other factors Food stored in a refregirator
Food left at warm room temperature
Books from a private collection
Books from a public library
Classic 1911 Paul Langevin Twin Paradox One twin goes to near the speed of light space flight
The traveler returns home to find his twin brother much aged compared to himself
Vasant Natarajan, http://physicsforme.wordpress.com/2012/04/26/the-twin-paradox-in-relativity-revisited/
Images/credits/links/references: i1.wp.com/www.naturphilosophie.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Twin_Paradox_Revisited_Cartoon.jpg; files.onlyimage.com/free/thumbs/52d/create-a-apple-in-disguise-orange-photo-manipulation-photoshop-photo-manipulations-tutorials-best-photoshop-manipulation-tutorials-1796640.jpg; www.computing.co.uk/IMG/485/226485/371-ca-02-580x358.jpg?1435120354; andypost.com/media/original/Andy-Post-Food-Photography-Ham-and-Cheese-Sandwich.jpg
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TIME AS TRAJECTORY Casey Reas. Tissue Type C-03. 2002. Path 17. 2001. Lines in the image reveal paths of autonomous software machinesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; movement as they respond to stimuli in their environment. www.reas.com Jean-Francois Colonna. An arbitrary surface (Jeener surface 2) in motion. A Virtual Space-Time Travel Machine. 1993-2006. www.lactamme.polytechnique.fr Paul Richards. Paul Bourke. Clifford Attractor. www.local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/fractals/
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
Photo by Haus. www.flickr.com
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TIME AS FEAR, DEATH AND DESTRUCTION Jean-Pierre LUMINET. Chronos. 1993 Philippe de Champaigne. Vanity. XVII c. Kali, warrior goddess of fertility, time, mysteries, destruction and death. India. Replica of the ancient sculpture.
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 –19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
PERCEPTION OF TIME The Future = The Past + Our Desire Our fear that we will not exist in the future pushes us, and transforms into our desire to go into that unknown, to prove to ourselves whether we will exist. The more Desire – the less Fear, more Fear – less Desire. The Fear has to be transformed into Desire to drive us to our existence. Our existence happens in the area of the subtle disbalance, slight asymmetry between our fears and desires, which are reflections of each other. It allows the movement and the illusion of progression in one direction, or, so called, arrow of time. These flickering dancing reflections create our reality from our fears and desires.
René MAGRITTE. La Reproduction Interdite. 1937
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
CARTESIAN COORDINATES AND SEMIOTICS OF THE ARROW Z
Y
X Images/credits/links/references: wallpapercave.com/rocket-wallpaper; images.clipartbro.com/208/bow-with-arrow-vector-clip-art-free-for-download-208002.jpeg; thechive.com/2011/12/22/family-timebring-out-the-nukes-16-hq-photos/
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 –19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
MYTHOLOGY OF THE FUTURE
Images/credits/links/references: s005.radikal.ru/i210/1405/30/802cd0e391a3.jpg; riteaid.com – f.chtah.com/i/10/2087232018/RAOS_APR4_20160420_hero.jpg
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TO THE FUTURE!
Images/credits/links/references: borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/Claptrapâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s_New_Robot_Revolution
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
THE FUTURE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS! AND ... THE FUTURE IS NOW!
Images/credits/links/references: www.yahoo.com/tech/big-change-coming-apple-app-182434044.html
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
DESTINATION VS JOURNEY! GOALS VS EXPERIENCE!
Images/credits/links/references: i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03162/sale_3162386c.jpg; listovative.com/top-15-worlds-biggest-retail-giants/; thinglink.com/scene/75107543272338227
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION VS BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Images/credits/links/references: atomcentral.com; flickr.com/photos/128508767@N03/ - ion ionizer; wallpaperfolder.com
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
CALCULATIONS VS EMOTIONS
Images/credits/links/references: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_skyline_night_1.jpg; rabble.ca/toolkit/rabblepedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch; www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/restoration-no-fix-for-mountains-destroyed-by-coal-mining
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
VISUALIZATION OF ENTROPY, CYCLICAL PROCESSES AND INTERCONNECTED EVENTS VISUALIZATION OF ENTROPY A Field of Imbalanced States Equilibrium
Images/credits/links/references: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-Symbol-heavystroked.svg; www.premiumpsd.com/3d-spiral-psd-download.html; thenounproject.com/term/fibonacci-circles/43316/ (by Jae Aquino)
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
BUTTERFLY EFFECT
In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. The name, coined by Edward Lorenz for the effect which had been known long before, is derived from the metaphorical example of the details of a hurricane (...) being influenced by minor perturbations such as the flapping of the wings of a distant butterfly ... weeks earlier. Lorenz discovered the effect when he observed that runs of his weather model ... fail to reproduce ... Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect
Image credit: www.logicaltightrope.com
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 –19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
VISUALIZATION OF TIME AND BALANCE
© Frédérique Swist, 2009
© Frédérique Swist, 2010
Frédérique Swist Good vibrations. 2010 Neutrino trails. 2009 Ultracold neutral plasma. 2009
© Frédérique Swist, 2009
Celebrating Time: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective. August 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, 2016, Norrebrohallen, Copenhagen, Denmark, www.tpcph2016.com Olga Ast. Visualization of Time and Climate Change. An Artistic Inquiryinto the Nature of Time, its Interpetations and its Visual Metaphors
Š Olga Ast. 1995
Quantum Event Mapping Black Quantum Futurism Theory & Practice blackquantumfuturism@gmail.com
Classical Time
“How can the past and future be, when the past no longer is, and the future is not yet? As for the present, if it were always present and never moved on to become the past, it would not be time, but eternity.” St. Augustine, Confessions
The word future, by definition, designates a time period or temporal space that is not now, one that is situated ahead (or before) us, and that is distinctive from times that lie behind (or before) the one we are currently situated in. Etymologically, future developed out of the Old French word futur in the late 14th century, and meant a time after the present, or that which is yet to be. In contrast, a traditional European spatiotemporal consciousness, around and prior to the 14th century, saw time as flow and inevitability. Early recordings of an abstract sense of time as a continuous duration was first seen around 14century, while the word time itself derives from the word tide/tidiz, which has etymylogical roots in the sanskrit word for division, or to cut up, and tide or to flood (as in, “the time of high water”). It is through religion and politics that a linear temporal orientation first came to be discerned, simultaneous to the development of Western culture. The structure of time eventually came to be organized discretely and causally into a past, present, and future, with fixed events set against a forward moving timeline - one that would eventually come to a climactic, chaotic end. Notions of a progressive future, one speeding toward a chaotic end, also found its reinforcement in the laws of science. The second law of thermodynamics, developed around 1854, also reinforced the linear notion of time speeding into the future toward a chaotic end, while other significant temporo-historical events, such as the building of the first long distance railroads and the invention of the telegram, allowed man to conquer space and time, bringing the future ever at ever quicker speeds. Eventually time would come to be identified with space itself in physics and philosophy, after Einstein’s theory of relativity gained popular acceptance. one of the manifestations of such an active, progressive view of the future was imperialism and colonialism, giving the “annexation of the space of others” and the “outward movement of people and goods” as examples of “spatial expressions of the active appropriation of the future.” (Stephen Kern, Culture of Space and Time) Future = uncertain, inaccessible Past = fixed, inaccessible
Classical Temporal Paradoxes Grandfather Paradox Time traveler goes back in time to the time when his grandfather had not married yet. At that time, the time traveler kills his grandfather, and therefore, the time traveler is never born when he was meant to be. If he is never born, then he is unable to travel through time and kill his grandfather, which means he would be born, and so on. Generally used to refute the possibility of time travel. The consistency paradox or grandfather paradox occurs when a future event prevents the occurrence of a past event that was partly or entirely the cause of the future event, thereby preventing the future event from occurring, thus creating a contradiction. Consistency paradoxes occur whenever changing the past is possible Theory presupposes that time is linear, cause / effect
Pre-destination Paradox/Ontological/Bootstrap Paradox Causal loop, caught in a loop of events that predate their travel back into time. A causal loop is a paradox of time travel that occurs when a future event is the cause of a past event, which in turn is the cause of the future event. Both events then exist in spacetime, but their origin cannot be determined. A causal loop may involve an event, a person or object, or information.[1][2] A causal loop is also known as a bootstrap paradox, predestination paradox or ontological paradox in fiction.[3] Instruments or objects exist without having been created. After information or an object is sent back in time, it is recovered in the present and becomes the very object or info that was initially brought back in time in the first place
Time and Memory in African/Black Cultural Traditions Features of Time in African Cultural Traditions Cyclical –agricultural, astronomical, genealogical, ecological, and economical cycles
A person experiences time partly in his own individual life, and partly through the society which goes back many generations before his own birth….[Time] moves 'backward' rather than 'forward'; and people set their minds not on future things, but chiefly on what has taken place….Time has to be experienced in order to make sense or to become real. John S. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy
Examines what is happening around yourself and looks back at things that have occurred in order to make meaning of and orient self in time Events that have not yet occurred and are not imminent are situated in the realm of "NoTime“ Sasa period - recent past, the present, and the very immediate future Zamani period - deeper, more infinite past time is only meaningful at the point of the event. It does not becoming meaningful by the clock symbol, at its mathematical moment
Types of Memory Memory vs. History Cultural Memory Genetic Memory World Memory Personal Memory Ancestral Memory Universal Memory Other types?
Quantum Physics: Challenge to Classical Time Wave-Particle Dualism
The Wave-Particle Duality theory states that waves can exhibit particle-like properties while particles can exhibit wave-like properties. This definition opposes classical mechanics or Newtonian Physics
Quantum Superposition
Holds that a particle exists partly in all its particular, theoretically possible states (or, configuration of its properties) simultaneously; but, when measured or observed, it gives a result corresponding to only one of the possible configurations
Wave-function Collapse
The phenomenon in which a wave functionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;initially in a superposition of several statesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; appears to reduce to a single state after interaction with an observer. It connects the wave function with classcal observables like position and momentum. Collapse is one of two processes by which quantum systems evolve in time.
Non-locality of Quantum Particles
2 entangled particles behave as a single physical object, no matter how far apart they are. If a measurement is performed on one of these particles, the state of its distant twin is instantaneously modified.
Time symmetry
time is symmetrical for particles, meaning events happen the same way if time progresses forward or backward. For example, a video of two particles colliding and scattering off each other can be played forward or backward, and makes sense either way.
Quantum Description Phenomenon Wave-Particle Light exhibits both wave and particle like properties, Dualism opposing classical/Newtonian definitions of matter as
African Spiritual/Religious Phenomenon Ancient Egyptian concept of the Tuat, Ka, and Qeb (Ankh Amen)
either/or
Superposition A particle exists partly in all its theoretically possible states Concepts of rhythm and pattern simultaneously, but, when measured or observed, it gives a result corresponding to only one of the possible configurations;
Wave-function The phenomenon in which a wave function—initially in Collapse a superposition of several states—appears to reduce to a
single state after being measured or after interaction with an observer. It connects the wave function with classical observables like position and momentum. Non-locality and Two entangled particles behave as a single physical object, Entanglement no matter how far apart they are. If a measurement is performed on one of these particles, the state of its distant twin is instantaneously modified.
West Afrcan disciplines deriving from Ifa model, Orisha possession (Bynum)
“Personalized, spiritiual inform each other within a nonlinear causal matrix of space, matter, intentionality, and time; ” Ex. Orisha or Loa is unfolded into local reality, emerging from a higher order enfolded reality, Olorun as unmanifest, nonlocal realm of intelligence (Bynum); magic or witchcraft
Time symmetry and time is symmetrical for particles, meaning events happen African oral tradition defines time in relation to Retrocausality the same way if time progresses forward or backward. For interpersonal events in the past and future (Bynum); example, a video of two particles colliding and scattering off each other can be played forward or backward, and
notions of deeply ingrained rhythms and patterns to nature, events, time
Real-world Correspondence Optical illusions; mind-body duality; figure-background duality, “the two facets, figure and background, flow into each other to bring off a moment of maximal seeing, albeint one limited by the way each facet takes from, cedets to, and offsets the other” (Grandy); Dubosian double consciousness Photosynthesis; the process of embryogenesis/fetal development (Bynum); white light simultaneously containing all colors; magnets (Grandy) optical illusions (where an image presents two possibilities, deciding on one)(Grandy)
Human consciousness, dreams, neurons firing has nonlocal correlations (Bynum); speed of light, vision/ visual process (Grandy); music = “ a pluralistic succession of individual tones, each distinct in time acts on and is reacted on by an emerging musical whole” (Grandy)
Cosmology; length of time it takes light to reach eyes;
How do we build our own time machines in the afrofuture? How do we begin to map our return to our own futures? One way to affirmatively claim or create the future is by actively engaging temporalities and adopting alternative temporal orientations and frameworks, which in turn helps to shift the meaning or placement of the future, as well as shifting the means of access to the future. Afrofuturism as technology to re-examine our collective cultural history, memory, future and past, reconnect us to the motherland in modern times Bend the rules of present reality through memory and vision to tell our stories Afrofuturism corrects the records of history, interrogate the present structures and institutions of modern-day society, all while building a world where people of color have agency and a presence Afrofuturism gives agency to envision and shape futures, or to reshape and overlay reality
“Kindred,” Time Travel, and Black Womanist Futures • In Kindred, Dana, a Black writer living in 1970’s California and married to a white man, slips through time and ends up in the antebellum South where she ends up saving her young, white, slave-owning ancestor • Dana’s “Grandfather Paradox” • If you don’t save your great+ grandfather, you may never be born. If you do save him, you are enabling oppression (and rape) of your ancestor and other enslaved Black people . No time machine except her body - technology is relative/not time-bound/practical • Michelle M. Wright highlights how Butler and other Black womanist writers, such as Alice Walker, create “bold new models foself-defined or internally defined notion of tradition, one Black and female.” Tradition as understood here emphasizes an overlapping past and present temporal dimensions, and in relationship of those two dimensions to each other, necessarily involves a future trajectory, if considered within a traditional linear temporal construct of forward, progressive movement. • I would argue in support of an articulated theory of Black womanist temporalities, given our unique, intersectional temporal experiences as Black and woman (For an example of a Black womanist temporal experience see Radical Futurities essay soundscape by Black Quantum Futurism.).
Black Quantum Futurism Theory & Practice • There is a meaningful way to embrace the paradox and
allow these two opposing temporal modes to co-exist, in the way that light co-exists both as wave and particle on the quantum level. Such a time construct inevitably requires a new language, a way to speak of the past, present, and future without resorting to time hierarchies.
•
Black Quantum Futurism (BQF) is in the process of developing and enacting a new spatiotemporal consciousness. BQF theory, vision, and practice explores the intersections of quantum physics, futurism, and Black/African cultural space-time traditions.
•
Under a BQF intersectional time orientation, the past and future are not cut off from the present - both dimensions have influence over the whole of our lives, who we are and who we become at any particular point in space-time. Our position from the present creates what that past and future looks like, what it means at every moment. We determine what meaning and what relationships both dimensions of time have to our present moment.
Quantum Event Mapping • Mirroring the quantum physics principle of retrocausality and African traditions of time consciousness, the creative futures activated from a BQF perspective automatically reach back to redefine the present and past. A BQF creative exploits the fact that the future can alter the present and the present can alter the past. When a possible future is envisioned, foreseen, or chosen by a BQF Creative, that future will instantaneously reshape its relationship to the past. • Mapping out alternative realities and pasts, or breaking down the constellation of events that around a particular experience (things are not always cause/effect in straight linear form) • Examining co-incidence (what things happen to come together in time to create the moment?) • Imagining alternative versions of a future or past memory
“Imagination not only helps is plan for a better future and ease the burden of our personal past. It may also help our memory preserve those emotions we most want to keep. * Imagination helps us transcend the reality of the immediate present to come to grips with our past and prepare for the future.” - Felipe De Brigard Scientific American
Quantum Event Mapping • Pay particular attention to thoughts you have and order them in terms of their relation to the past, present, or future. For example, if you have a thought about something you plan to do tomorrow, order that into the future. If you have a memory of the past, order that into the past. If you have a present sensation, such as a thought about your current surroundings or a feeling of discomfort, place that thought into the present category. • As you categorize these thoughts, notice where you place the “future” thoughts, “past” thoughts, and “present” thoughts in your imagination. Are the past thoughts behind you and the future thoughts in front of you? Take a specific thought from either one of those categories and reverse the direction. If it is a past thought, for example, reverse the thought so that you see it in front of you. For a thought about the future, reverse it so that you see the thought behind you. • Take one of the future thoughts that you have reversed and build up a memory of it, just like you did for the past memory in exercise #1. Place your consciousness inside of the future memory to experience it. • Take one of the past memories that you have reversed and walk into it, as if it is unfamiliar. As if you are experiencing it for the first time.
“Imagination not only helps is plan for a better future and ease the burden of our personal past. It may also help our memory preserve those emotions we most want to keep. * Imagination helps us transcend the reality of the immediate present to come to grips with our past and prepare for the future.” - Felipe De Brigard Scientific American
Quantum Event Mapping Future Event 1.
3.
Choose a meaningful (or mundane) future event 2. Turn it into a future memory, something you have already experienced. Break down the event into its various elements or characteristics.
Past Event 1.
Choose a meaningful (or mundane) past event/memory. Reverse its position in your mind/on your timeline and walk into it as if it is unfamiliar. As if you are just experiencing it for the first time. 2. Write down the various elements/characteristics of the event. Do you notice anything different about the event that your memory failed to capture the first time you experienced it? 3. Alter or manipulate one or more of the elements or characteristics of the event.
Determine the NOW point at the center of the field, which is the uniting factor and synchronicity around which certain events will be grouped. YOU are the active agent in the NOW moment. Determine the neighborhood of intersecting events that your NOW point pulls together at the focal point by asking â&#x20AC;&#x153;what likes to happen together in a meaningful way in the same moment?â&#x20AC;? These events will form a grouping pattern around the focal point as if the focal point behaved as a magnet. Events can be defined liberally, and include macro/micro level events, sensory experiences, cognitive, psychological, and emotional states, etc. Events do not have to be causally-related in the normal linear sense of cause and effect. The events can express a quality of time in a now moment, with time simply being one quality out of many that expresses a meaningful pattern.
Quantum Time Capsule Project Artifacts/Technology/To ols for Surviving Future or Past Pen and paper Maps? Light sources Weapons? Water Thought Others?
Everyday Forms of “Time Travel” Astrology and Tarot Mirrors Thought Language Dreams Music
“No Time”/Zero Point
Our time capsule will be accessible to past, present, and future selves, and any other point along the space-time grid we wish to access. You can provide the past and/or the future with information or communicate across dimensions.
Time Travel Meditation
Meditation and projection of our selves into the future and past of our capsule opening date.
Sealing and Planting
Our memories, projections, and sacred objects will be sealed in a vacuum
Martha Washington Elementary Time Machines
Community Futurisms: Time & Memory in North Philly