and be continuous and adaptive (Sema, 2009).
The management plan should have objective
The participatory processes promote confidence
and specific lines of performance, in order to
and legitimacy for management council. The
enable the evaluation and continuous fine-
councils are either consultative or deliberative.
tuning of management.
They enable greater transparency in managing the
In general, the implementation of a
Conservation Unit, contribute to the development
continued process of management evaluation
and implementation of the Management Plan, and enable integration of the Conservation Units into the communities, the private sector, research institutes, NGOs and the government, as well as other Protected Areas located in the surrounding area (Palmeiri and Veríssimo, 2009). In order to guarantee good governance in Conservation Units, Ibase (2006) and Cozollino (2005), also suggest some criteria: • Equity: Existence and execution of clear regulations that are accessible and applied to the group of stakeholders; respect for the rights and practices of traditional populations or of residents in the area surrounding the Conservation Units; and recognition of social injustices and damages resulting from the management of the Conservation Unit. • Legitimacy, participation in decisions, and transparency: Representativeness, decisionmaking, and performance of all involved (associations and/or individuals) in the management and in the meetings promoted in the Unit. • Effectiveness, efficiency, and efficacy of the management
instruments:
Management
plan and by-laws of the council approved and operating; periodic updating of the instruments; existence and employment of an annual management plan; participation of the population in the development of the management instruments. The efficacy of the management instrument can also be evaluated by the results achieved,
Chart 4. Effectiveness of Management of the federal Conservation Units in Brazil Rappam (Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management) developed by WWF is a method that allows for the rapid evaluation of the management of Conservation Units, and has the objective of supplying tools for developing policies that are appropriate for the protection of ecosystems and the formation of a viable system of Conservation Units (IBAMA e WWF, 2007). According to Rappam, a solid evaluation of the exercising of management must consider the following points: Planning – includes the objectives of the Conservation Units, the context of the area, the legal support utilized and the planning model in the Unit; Means – human, material, and financial resources employed in managing the Unit; Processes – models utilized in decision-making, in initiatives for achieving financial sustainability, in the evaluation mechanisms, and in planning and monitoring management of the area; Results – evaluates the actions relative to planning, achievement of objectives and goals, containment of pressures and threats, dissemination of information to society, infrastructure implementation and maintenance, the training and development of human resources (workers and management council), and monitoring of all the results. The Rappam evaluation conducted by IBAMA in partnership with WWF-Brazil, in 2007, evaluated the effectiveness of management in 246 federal Conservation Units (Onaga and Drumond, 2007). The term effectiveness, is understood here as the capacity for achieving the real objective of the Conservation Unit. Only 13% of the Conservation Units presented high management effectiveness; another 36% were in the middle group; and the remaining (51%) were grouped in the low-effectiveness category. The best positioned categories were, in order: Flonas (National Forests), ESECs (Ecological Stations) and Rebios (Biological Reserves), and, in third place, Parnas (National Parks) and RVSs (Wildlife Refuges). The same study affirms that human resources, financial resources, infrastructure, and planning and questions related to the development of research, evaluation, and monitoring are critical in the whole Brazilian system of Conservation Units.
activities planned, and those executed (Chart 4).
30 Protected Areas In The Brazilian Amazon – Challenges & Opportunities