MY TOMORROW IS GREATER by infinitycleaningy

MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

ABOUT THE BOOK My Tomorrow is Greater, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not by mouth saying, you have to take a step for beginning of your life. Success is all about focus, planning you way to greater is the key to life, the seed of greatness was packaged in you bell from the beginning and it has to activated. Greatness is all about dream, plan and do. Plan your way to greatness. God has already package seed of greatness in every individual and its has to be unlock and activated by everybody. Because small key will unlock a great treasure. Be a visionary, if you want to be bright in future you must be a man of vision. A visionary person is the person who see far off is life and know where is going. The person who cannot see the ultimate will become a slave to the immediate. We get lucky by chance but we get success hard work and focus. If you want your life to free from worries and anxiety, you must be very intelligent and wise up. You have to dream, plan and activate. Take right step at the right time about your life. Train hard win easily. No train no gain. A small key will unlock a great treasure of life. If you want to be rich you must be a man of vision. You must be person of visitionary, innovation and ideas generation creation. A man of vision is a person who see far off is life future and know where is going from onsetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mean being focus about his life. The person who cannot see the ultimate will become a slave to the immediate. It is what you believe that determine what you become that Power of imagination. What you see is what you get. So join me as we venture on this exciting and adventure of this book.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

OUT THE AUTHOR

Dada Emmanuel Olayinka, DEO. His author and the producer of this new book for our generation. He is a graduate from Ogun state Polytechnic Abeokuta Nigeria. He works with different great organization specializing in laundry, industry cleaning service and with other great company as well as company Accountant. He is a leader. An entrepreneur, Marketer, an Accountant. He acted as company accountant and administrative person in the former place of his jobs. Author of read and unread books. He is a great, unique leader. Hunt for talented and skillful Nigeria youths. CEO of Infinity cleaning services dealing with all cleaning solution. He hunts for skillful and talented Nigeria youths. He is an initiator, ideas generation, innovation and creativities person. He married and has wonderful two children VICTORIA AND FIFUNMI. AUTHOR OTHER DETAILS ACCOUNT NUMBER DADA EMMANUEL OLAYINKA GUARANTEE TRUST BANK A/C NUMBER 021 784 4931 POUNDS A/C GUARANTEE TRUST BANK A/C NUMBER 021 784 4924 DOLLARS A/C

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I acknowledgement the Almighty God who gave me the wisdom, knowledge and understanding to write and package this new innovation book for our generation. I recognize the present of God in my life. Copy right C2019

DADA EMMANUEL OLAYINKA. DEO First publication with your organization For further info +234 08056376261 +234 07066602552

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

APPRICIATION I appreciation the present of God in my life for given me opportunity to write this beautiful book. This is a very special package and landmark in our history. I am delighted that you will accept my innovation. Thank you for being a part of our remarkable story. I also appreciate my Daddy who stood by me always by name CHIEF J. O.DADA. And my two daughters Victoria and Grace Dada. THANKS GOD WILL BLESS YOU ALL

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

DADA EMMANUEL OLAYINKA .DEO First publication with your organization For further info +234 08056376261 +234 07066602552

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

TABLE OF CONTEXTS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

INTRODUCTION It is true that my Tomorrow is Greater but it’s not by mouth saying, I am not going to be a waste to my generation, their some step and training to acquire to be a greater, because we don’t get lucky but .we make lucky. Trains hard win easily and no train no gain. Read deep and pass easily, stop looking to other peoples for approval. A good decision is a sequel to distinction. Also ignorance is a destroyer of future, let us fight it. Get knowledge, gather your knowledge. Knowledge is power, knowledge is what guarantees your freedom, and knowledge is the gate way to freedom. Knowledge is costly but it is worth it price. Knowledge is gathering of information, knowledge involve the collection of information, information is the birth place for improvement, equip yourself with adequate information and acquired information about life. Information loaded is it a scriptural gets practical. Things don’t change on it own but we change things. MY TOMORROW IS GREATER. Your faith is your future; your future is in your hand. If you have destined of excellent your faith determine it. Excellent is about change. You can change of being defeated to being a victor. You change of being a failure to being a success. Ignorance is destroyers let us fights and ignore it. Procrastination is enemy of progress. Stop complaining and compare yourself with other people is life. Procrastination is enemy of progress. If you are not skillful, you will be painful and always complaining. Without skill nobody care about your result. Train hard is about prepare yourself for future opportunity. Lack of skill will kill your vision in life. PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Endowed by skill will enable you to know what nobody know and tell you. Learning new thing is innovative and creative. Come out with new ideas. Or Still idea from friends, do things other way round to get to where your result. Anybody who cannot the ultimate will become a slave to the immediate. Take risk and you will see result of right risk. Success is sweet by the secret behind the success are pain, prayer and sweats. Success start with a step, success begin when you start seen yourself in a good successful and when your environment benefit from your greatness Learn and acquire the laws of skill, go through the principle of skill. Nothing happen on its own but things are make to happen. . Do something with your life, start planning from beginning. Let the power of imagination work in your life. When you lose everything, you lose noting, with time you will get it back, but if you lose time you can’t get it back. Time is very important in the life of somebody. Time waited for nobody. Do it now, now not later, later. This mean what you suppose to do in a year don’t do it in second year. Acquire education when you are young, don’t wait till the time when you are older. You must charge from being the defeat to being a victor. You can change from being a failure to being a success. Every excellence is always a product of chance. Every change is traceable of chance. Experience of power of change in your life. Nothing happen on its own we make things happing. If you wait, you will waste. Things don’t change naturally, we change things, we don’t get lucky but we make lucky. My future is rich, my future is reality.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

TABLE OF CONTEXTS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

BE EDUCATED. Define Education is the bed rock is any develop and advance Nation. BEST INVESTMENT IS TO INVEST IN YOUR SELF, You are still an employee at the place you are working now because of your ability to do the job. What do you think happens when you can no longer do the job? Well, there are a lot of things that could happen and they will likely end with you getting fired. You have to fall in love with your work and keep improving yourself because that's the only way you stay employed. You are not encouraged not to care about your place of work, but to know that what you really own is your skill and knowledge. And that's what you should channel all your attention and affection to. These are the reasons why you should love your work and not your place of work:

Companies don't love you: a lot of people have been with some companies for so many years but got laid off so that these companies can reduce operating costs or for any other reason. Most of the people laid off usually complain about how they loved their former companies and also how they sacrificed a lot for the companies. It's good that they loved and sacrificed a lot for their respective companies but the company won't think twice about letting them go so they can stay afloat or make more profit. it's not that the companies are wicked, it's just that business is done to maximize profit. That's why it's good for you to fall in love with what you do and keep improving yourself to be the best in your field. Constant improvements mean you can't be let go, and when you eventually leave, you land another job immediately. Don't take it personally that your beloved company doesn't love you, why would they? They are running company, not a relationship. Your skill will never leave you: Your job, business, establishment or company can always leave you but your skill or ability to do the job stays with you forever. You can always take your skills elsewhere when you feel unappreciated, taken for granted or disregarded. When you take care of your skills and make it the best, you will never become a liability to any establishment. Companies come and go but when your skills are top-notch, you will always be the one to reject a company and not the PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. other way around. You don't have to be scared of losing your job if you took care of your skills as you should. You want to work for those that value you the most: It's either a company values you or they don't. You only get treated anyhow because the company doesn't really value you. Loving your work helps you improve so much that when the company starts treating you like you don't matter, you show them that you truly matter. You deserve an establishment that values the work you do, don't settle. Finally, no matter how much you think you have achieved in an establishment, keep improving your self and your work. Remember that the company is there for business and won't hesitate to let you go if you can no longer deliver. you should love the work you do, and keep improving it. Places of work come and go. But the work you do, or the skills you poses always stay with you. Don't be too attached to where you're working now. Channel your attention to loving and improving your skill or the work you do. Your skill is what got you employed and that's what will keep you employed, not how much you love a company.

IF YOU TRULY WANT TO BE CONTENT AND GREAT, THIS IS FOR YOU Everyone wants to wake up in the morning and feel content and great, but not a lot of people do feel that way. Feeling content is a great feeling; those who don't feel content are missing out. It's sometimes hard to be content. How can one feel content when one has not achieved one's dreams? How can you feel content when your wants are insatiable? How can you feel content when nothing you have is ever good enough for you? You will never feel content until you learn to truly value what you already have. You have to always be grateful for whatever you have, and more importantly, you have to love yours. Loving yours makes all the difference. When something is yours, it's special; when something is yours, it's the best; that's the kind of mindset you must have. When you appreciate yours and see it as special and the best, that's when the love comes and contentment is attained Reasons why you should be contented with what you have PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. You will always find something better than yours: there is nothing that you will have in this life that will not have something better. Focus on what's yours, you don't have to worry about what's not yours â&#x20AC;&#x201D; yours is all that matters. With time whatever you have becomes outdated, or someone you have will grow old. Sometimes It can be that the brand you have is no longer the talk of the town, or maybe the style has changed. The problem could also be that you are no longer feeling what's yours as you use to, due to comparison with others. The fact is that something or someone that's better, more beautiful/handsome, more superior or more effective will be encountered as each day passes, making lots of people never see what they have as the best. There are a lot of other factors that can make something or someone that's yours not to be perceived as good as what's out there; so long as you love yours those things don't matter. You will not always get what you want: Life never gives anyone all that he or she wants. The more one's want continually increases, the more you will find reasons not to be happy with what you already have. Wanting more is never a problem, the problem is not appreciating or loving what you already have. If you are not content with what you have now; when you achieve the future goals you won't be contented with it too. No matter how small you might think you've got now compared to what you really wanted, you still have to find reasons to be content. You have to be content if you want to be happy: according to the Oxford dictionary, content is defined as being in a state of peaceful happiness. So when one is contented, he or she is happy no matter what the person has. Forget whatever that is making you feel like there is something better or more valuable than what you have â&#x20AC;&#x201D; concentrate on yours. The pursuit of contentment is the pursuit of happiness. When we love and appreciate what we have, we become content and happy Finally, love yours no matter whatever you've got. What is yours is yours, don't concern yourself about what's not yours. You'll never wake up with discontent when you love yours. Be content, be happy.

THE STEP Step is very important in life. A step is the right step taken at the right time .the book is Witten for upcoming youths who does know right step to take in life. A creational design pattern that intends to abstract steps of construction of objects so that different implementations of these steps can construct different representations of objects. PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Some youths might misstep, misbehave and mistake at adolescent age. Wrong deal brings wrong result; Take right steps in life, living a successful life. Experience the power of change in life time. A movement made by lifting one foot and putting it down in another spot. You donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get lucky but we make luck. Start your life with right step and positive attitude. Have winning mentality if you want to become champion. Success start with a step, success begins when you start seeing yourself in a good perspective and taking action to make it a reality. You are successful when your environment benefits from your success. Your influence on people is your greatest achievement in life time. Success is achievable and obtainable when you stop seeing yourself as a failure but an opportunist. What you know is not important as how you use what you know, and impact it in the life of other people around you. Train hard win easy. Read deep and passed easily. What you seeing is what you get. Let power of imagination work in your life. Success is sweet but the secret behind the success is pain, Hard works, sweat and prayers. This book is for the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s youth. The journey of life starts with a step, any mistake in your early step might not be regain, take the right step at the right time. If you wait, you will waste. Learn how to use your time judiciously.

What I cherished most in my life are care, safety, health my valuable time. Time is the most precious thing somebody must take into consideration seriously because time waits for nobody. Time and season is very important in the life of somebody, my time must not pass me by or I will not be a waste to my generation, it is not by month only. Dream, plan, activate. Purse, overtake, and recover all. You have to use your precious time judiciously. Watch your step in life Learn law of skill. Law of skill is the key to life. Skills are the expertise or talent needed in order to do a job or task. Job skills allow you to do a particular job and life skills help you through everyday tasks. PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Skills are what makes you confident and independent in life and are essential for success. A skill is the ability to carry out a task with determined results often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Train hard and win easily. Empty wallet is heavy heart. Get your hand dirty, dirty is fat. To me, the law of skills regards to as 3ps. planning, preparing and processing. Skills are regarded as the ability to do something meaningfully and achieve the result with a short period of time. Success is self announcement. Laws are made to remove us from bondage and a law was given to us to give us freedom. The law of skills will enhance your chance to greatness in a life. Skillfulness leads to expatriate. If you are not skillful you will be painful. Skills will prepare you for future opportunities. Lack of skill will kill your vision in life. Practice hard win easily, read wide and pass easily. Trained hard and victory is yours. Success is sweet but the secret behind success are handwork, pains, and sweats. Innate skill will enable you to know things without anybody tell you. Learning new things i.e. be innovative and creative. Do something new from what is common. Skills are acquired by learning. The more you learn the more you are expert in what you are doing. Get your hand dirty there is cash in dirt, dirt is fat. The book is written for upcoming youths in the world. I personally recommend it for then youths that want to become a leader and expert in the future. The youths nowadays don't want to do anything, but they want quick cash, there is no other way to make money than to learn handwork or used your talent to make money. There is no way or short cut to riches than to work hard, but today we call it work smart to make cool money in the world. Fear and procrastination is the enemy of success. Plan, does, and activate your right step. Procrastination is enemy of progress Procrastination attitude is the enemy of business progress. Fear is the symptom, failure is the disease. Procrastination attitude is the negative attitude of a person toward a progress of task, work, job or business. To me I can call it laziness negative attitude toward the progress of success. Attitude is a manner, disposition, feeling, and position with emotion especially of the mind negative any time a person attitude might be based on the negative and position attribute they associate with an object. Invest your time to develop yourself that is best investment you can invest is yourself.

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BE A GOOD COMMUNICATOR. Communication is the key to greatness, communication is the to success. Communication is the interferes of idea between two or more people, to me communication is changing idea between to individual. Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another. Every communication involves (at least) one PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. sender, a message and a recipient. ... This page explains more about what we mean by 'communication’ What is the best definition of communication? The best definition of communication is - “communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another.” In simple words it is a process of transmitting and sharing ideas, opinions, facts, values etc. from one person to another or one organization to another.

WHO ARE THE COMMUNICATOR. A person who communicates, especially one skilled at conveying information, ideas, or policy to the public. a person in the business of communications, as television or magazine publishing. A communicator is a person who can communicate actively and effectively. If you want to be a good communicator learn communication skill[k, you must be able to communicate efficiently and effectively.

LEARN LAWS OF SKILLS Skills are the expertise or talent needed in order to do a job or task. Job skills allow you to do a particular job and life skills help you through everyday tasks. Skills are what makes you confident and independent in life and are essential for success. A skill is the ability to carry out a task PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. with determined results often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Train hard and win easily. Empty wallet is heavy heart. Get your hand dirty, dirty is fat. To me, the law of skills regards to as 3ps. planning, preparing and processing. Skills are regarded as the ability to do something meaningfully and achieve the result with a short period of time. Success is self announcement. Laws are made to remove us from bondage and a law was given to us to give us freedom. The law of skills will enhance your chance to greatness in a life. Skillfulness leads to expatriate. If you are not skillful you will be painful. Skills will prepare you for future opportunities. Lack of skill will kill your vision in life. Practice hard win easily, read wide and pass easily. Trained hard and victory is yours. Success is sweet but the secret behind success are handwork, pains, and sweats. Innate skill will enable you to know things without anybody tell you. Learning new things i.e. be innovative and creative. Do something new from what is common. Skills are acquired by learning. The more you learn the more you are expert in what you are doing. Get your hand dirty there is cash in dirt, dirt is fat. The book is written for upcoming youths in the world. I personally recommend it for then youths that want to become a leader and expert in the future. The youths nowadays don't want to do anything, but they want quick cash, there is no other way to make money than to learn handwork or used your talent to make money. There is no way or short cut to riches than to work hard, but today we call it work smart to make cool money in the world. Fear and procrastination is the enemy of success. PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. To me, the law of skills regards to as 3ps. planning, preparing and processing. Skills are regarded as the ability to do something meaningfully and achieve the result with a short period of time. Success is self announcement. Laws are made to remove us from bondage and a law was given to us to give us freedom. The law of skills will enhance your chance to greatness in a life. Skillfulness leads to expatriate. If you are not skillful you will be painful. Skills will prepare you for future opportunities. Lack of skill will kill your vision in life. Practice hard win easily, read wide and pass easily. Trained hard and victory is yours. Success is sweet but the secret behind success are handwork, pains, and sweats. Innate skill will enable you to know things without anybody tell you. Learning new things i.e. be innovative and creative. Do something new from what is common. Skills are acquired by learning. The more you learn the more you are expert in what you are doing. Get your hand dirty there is cash in dirt, dirt is fat. The book is written for upcoming youths in the world. I personally recommend it for then youths that want to become a leader and expert in the future. The youths nowadays don't want to do anything, but they want quick cash, there is no other way to make money than to learn handwork or used your talent to make money. There is no way or short cut to riches than to work hard, but today we call it work smart to make cool money in the world. Fear and procrastination is the enemy of success. Fear is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat that occurs in certain types of organisms, which causes a change in metabolic and organ functions and ultimately a change in behavior, such as fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived traumatic events. Fear of the unknown or irrational fear is caused by negative thinking (worry) which arises from anxiety accompanied with a subjective sense of apprehension or dread. Irrational fear shares a common neural pathway with other fears, a pathway that engages the nervous system to mobilize bodily resources in the face of danger or threat. Many people are scared of the "unknown". The irrational fear can branch out to many areas such as the hereafter, the next ten years or even tomorrow. Chronic irrational fear has deleterious effects since the elicitor stimulus is commonly absent or perceived from delusions. Such fear can create co morbidity with the anxiety disorder umbrella. Being scared may cause people to experience anticipatory fear of what may lie ahead rather than planning and evaluating for the same. For example, "continuation of scholarly education" is perceived by many educators as a risk that may cause them fear and stress, and they would rather teach PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. things they've been taught than go and do research. That can lead to habits such as laziness and procrastination. The ambiguity of situations that tend to be uncertain and unpredictable can cause anxiety in addition to other psychological and physical problems in some populations; especially those who engage it constantly, for example, in war-ridden places or in places of conflict, terrorism, abuse, etc. Poor parenting that instills fear can also debilitate a child's psyche development or personality. For example, parents tell their children not to talk to strangers in order to protect them. In school they would be motivated to not show fear in talking with strangers, but to be assertive and also aware of the risks and the environment in which it takes place. Ambiguous and mixed messages like this can affect their self-esteem and self-confidence. Researchers say talking to strangers isn't something to be thwarted but allowed in a parent's presence if required.[27] Developing a sense of equanimity to handle various situations is often advocated as an antidote to irrational fear and as an essential skill by a number of ancient philosophies.

LEARN SKILLS is ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills). See also competence. Skills are the expertise or talent needed in order to do a job or task. Job skills allow you to do a particular job and life skills help you through everyday tasks. PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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LABOR SKILLS Main article: Skill (labor) Skilled workers have long had historical import (see Division of labor) as electricians, masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, bakers, brewers, coopers , printers and other occupations that are economically productive. Skille d workers were often politically active through their craft guilds.[8] LIFE SKILLS Main article: Life skills PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills). SOCIAL SKILLS Main article: Social skills Social skill is any skill facilitating interaction and communication with others. Social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning such skills is called socialization. SOFT SKILLS Main article: Soft skills Soft skills are a combination of interpersonal people skills, social skills, communication skills, character traits, attitudes, career attributes and emotional intelligence quotient (EQ) among others. [12] HIERARCHY OF SKILLS Skills can be categorized based on the level of expertise and motivation. The highest level of engagement corresponds to the craftsman. About 2% of people reach the highest level.

WHAT ARE LEARNING SKILLS? The 21st century learning skills are often called the 4 C's: Critical thinking, Creative thinking, Communicating, and Collaborating. PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. These skills help students learn, and so they are vital to success in school and beyond.

SKILL LEARNING. By. The learning of a task to give accuracy, speed and performance after a high degree of practice. Skills may be perceptual, cognitive, motor or combination of any two.

SKILL LEARNING: "In skill learning we use motor, cognitive or a combination of these Skills 1. special ability in a task, sport, etc, esp. Ability acquired by training 2. Something, esp. a trade or technique, requiring special training or manual proficiency 3. Obsolete Understanding1. Great ability or proficiency; expertness

that comes from training, practice, etc. 2. a. an art, craft, or science, esp. one involving the use of

the hands or body b. ability in such an art, craft, or science 3. Obsolete knowledge, understanding, or judgment

Verb intransitive Archaic to matter, avail, or make a difference SKILL ACQUISITION is the ability to be trained on a particular task or function and become expert in it. The Three Stage Model of Skill Acquisition   

Cognitive (Early) Stage. The first stage of skill acquisition is the Cognitive Stage. ... Associative (Intermediate) Stage. Once you're in the associate phase you have a bit more flexibility. ... Autonomous (Late) Stage. This is the final stage of skill acquisition. PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. What are the types of skill acquisition?       

Barbing. This is one of the lucrative vocational skills for people to learn. ... Fashion Design. Girls learning a skill at a fashion institute. ... Automobile Repairs. ... Painters. ... Information Technology. ... Management and Administration. ... Media Skills. The Importance of Skill Acquisition Skills can do a lot of great work in the life of every living soul. Lack of skills is a major cause of corruption. The importance of skill acquisition includes self employment, diverse job opportunities, employment generation, effective function, and crime reduction. What is a skill acquisition plan? A skill acquisition plan is the written plan which is developed by the Behavior Analyst that contains information about behavior programming for the purposes of teaching certain skills. What factors affect skill acquisition? Inherited factors affecting skill acquisition include gender, age, race, somatotype (body shape), muscle-fibre composition, information-processing capacity and aptitude for the activity. These can be described as the natural ability of the athlete. The top ten skills graduate recruiters want

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Commercial awareness (or business acumen) This is about knowing how a business or industry works and what makes a company tick. ... Communication. ... Teamwork. ... Negotiation and persuasion. ... Problem solving. ... Leadership. ... PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 7. 8.

Organization. ... Perseverance and motivation. 5 REASONS FOR SKILL AQUISITION

    

Raising Capital. It is vitally important for you to become skilled at raising money. ... Strategic Planning. Being good at starting a business does not automatically make you good at planning for growth. ... Crisis Management. ... Decision Making. ... Communication. The Importance of Skill Acquisition Skills can do a lot of great work in the life of every living soul. Lack of skills is a major cause of corruption. The importance of skill acquisition includes self employment, diverse job opportunities, employment generation, effective function, and crime reduction. WHAT IS A PERSON'S ABILITY? Ties. power or capacity to do or act physically, mentally, legally, morally, financially, etc. competence in an activity or occupation because of one's skill, training, or other qualification: the ability to sing well. abilities, talents; special skills or aptitudes: Composing music is beyond his abilities. What are the types of skill acquisition?

      

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. WHAT ARE LEARNING SKILLS? The 21st century learning skills are often called the 4 C’s: critical thinking, creative thinking, communicating, and collaborating. These skills help students learn, and so they are vital to success in school and beyond.

Critical Thinking Critical thinking is focused, careful analysis of something to better understand it. When people speak of “left brain” activity, they are usually referring to critical thinking. Here are some of the main criticalthinking abilities: 

Analyzing is breaking something down into its parts, examining each part, and noting how the parts fit together.



Arguing is using a series of statements connected logically together, backed by evidence, to reach a conclusion.



Classifying is identifying the types or groups of something, showing how each category is distinct from the others.



Comparing and contrasting is pointing out the similarities and differences between two or more subjects.



Defining is explaining the meaning of a term using denotation, connotation, example, etymology, synonyms, and antonyms.



Describing is explaining the traits of something, such as size, shape, weight, color, use, origin, value, condition, location, and so on.



Evaluating is deciding on the worth of something by comparing it against an accepted standard of value.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 

Explaining is telling what something is or how it works so that others can understand it.



Problem solving is analyzing the causes and effects of a problem and finding a way to stop the causes or the effects.



Tracking cause and effect is determining why something is happening and what results from it.

Creative Thinking Creative thinking is expansive, openended invention and discovery of possibilities. When people speak of “right brain” activity, they most often mean creative thinking. Here are some of the more common creative thinking abilities: 

Brainstorming ideas involves asking a question and rapidly listing all answers, even those that are farfetched, impractical, or impossible.



Creating something requires forming it by combining materials, perhaps according to a plan or perhaps based on the impulse of the moment.



Designing something means finding the conjunction between form and function and shaping materials for a specific purpose.



Entertaining others involves telling stories, making jokes, singing songs, playing games, acting out parts, and making conversation.



Imagining ideas involves reaching into the unknown and impossible, perhaps idly or with great focus, as Einstein did with his thought experiments.



Improvising a solution involves using something in a novel way to solve a problem.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 

Innovating is creating something that hasn’t existed before, whether an object, a procedure, or an idea.



Overturning something means flipping it to get a new perspective, perhaps by redefining givens, reversing cause and effect, or looking at something in a brand new way.



Problem solving requires using many of the creative abilities listed here to figure out possible solutions and putting one or more of them into action.



Questioning actively reaches into what is unknown to make it known, seeking information or a new way to do something.

Communicating 

Analyzing the situation means thinking about the subject, purpose, sender, receiver, medium, and context of a message.



Choosing a medium involves deciding the most appropriate way to deliver a message, ranging from a facetoface chat to a 400page report.



Evaluating messages means deciding whether they are correct, complete, reliable, authoritative, and uptodate.



Following conventions means communicating using the expected norms for the medium chosen.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 

Listening actively requires carefully paying attention, taking notes, asking questions, and otherwise engaging in the ideas being communicated.



Reading is decoding written words and images in order to understand what their originator is trying to communicate.



Speaking involves using spoken words, tone of voice, body language, gestures, facial expressions, and visual aids in order to convey ideas.



Turn taking means effectively switching from receiving ideas to providing ideas, back and forth between those in the communication situation.



Using technology requires understanding the abilities and limitations of any technological communication, from phone calls to emails to instant messages.

WRITING SKILL Writing involves encoding messages into words, sentences, and paragraphs for the purpose of communicating to a person who is removed by distance, time, or both. Communication (from Latin communicate, meaning "to share")[1] is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules. The main steps inherent to all communication are:[2] PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 1. The formation of communicative motivation or reason. 2. Message composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what

exactly to express). 3. Message encoding (for example, into digital data, written

text, speech, pictures, gestures and so on). 4. Transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a

specific channel or medium. 5. Noise sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity

(both intentional and accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers. 6. Reception of signals and reassembling of the encoded message from a

sequence of received signals. 7. Decoding of the reassembled encoded message. 8. Interpretation and making sense of the presumed original message.

The scientific study of communication can be divided into: 

Information theory which studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information in general;



Communication studies which concerns human communication;



Biosemiotics which examines communication in and between living organisms in general.

The channel of communication can be visual, auditory, tactile/herpetic (e.g. Braille or other physical means), olfactory, electromagnetic, or biochemical. Human communication is unique for its extensive use of abstract language. Development of civilization has been closely linked with progress in telecommunication.

Collaborating PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 

Allocating resources and responsibilities ensures that all members of a team can work optimally.



Brainstorming ideas in a group involves rapidly suggesting and writing down ideas without pausing to critique them.



Decisionmaking requires sorting through the many options provided to the group and arriving at a single option to move forward.



Delegating means assigning duties to members of the group and expecting them to fulfill their parts of the task.



Evaluating the products, processes, and members of the group provides a clear sense of what is working well and what improvements could be made.



Goal setting requires the group to analyze the situation, decide what outcome is desired, and clearly state an achievable objective.



Leading a group means creating an environment in which all members can contribute according to their abilities.



Managing time involves matching up a list of tasks to a schedule and tracking the progress toward goals.



Resolving conflicts occurs from using one of the following strategies: asserting, cooperating, compromising, competing, or deferring.



Team building means cooperatively working overtime to achieve a common goal.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

SKILLED VERSUS UNSKILLED The market has changed drastically for skilled and unskilled laborers. There is a growing demand for skills, particularly specialized skills. As a result, the United States has seen a greater demand for education. Unskilled labor, when measured by educational attainment, refers to jobs that require a high school diploma only, or could be filled by a high school dropout who masters specific skills. Skilled labor requires additional skills or education. While the demand for unskilled labor has decreased, the labor pool has also significantly decreased. Unskilled laborers are dropping out of the job market or increasing their skill level. ď&#x201A;ˇ

Unskilled labor, when measured by educational attainment, refers to jobs that require a high school diploma only, or could be filled by a high school dropout who masters specific skills. Skilled labor requires additional skills or education.

Types of Skilled Labor Skilled labor refers to labor that requires workers who have specialized training or a learned skill-set to perform the work. These workers can be either blue-collar or white-collar workers, with varied levels of training or education. Very highly skilled workers may fall under the category of professionals, rather than skilled labor, such as doctors and lawyers. Examples of skilled labor occupations are: electricians, law enforcement officers, computer operators, financial technicians, and administrative assistants. Some skilled labor jobs have become so specialized that there are worker shortages.

Types of Unskilled Labor

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Unskilled labor does not require workers to have special training or skills. The jobs that require unskilled labor are continually shrinking due to technological and societal advances. Jobs that previously required little or no training now require training. For example, labor that was once done manually now may be assisted by computers or other technology, requiring the worker to have technological skills. Examples of remaining unskilled labor occupations generally include farm laborers, grocery clerks, hotel maids, and general cleaners and sweepers. While these jobs are considered unskilled, each requires a degree of skill on the job. Farm laborers must operate precise machinery. Maids have a specific set of tasks to perform and inventory management responsibility while grocery clerks must manage money and learn how to stock shelves properly

Historical Context of Skill Requirements Historically, unskilled workers had plentiful employment opportunities in America. From farming to factory jobs, unskilled laborers were able to find work, even if this meant transitioning from a farming community to factories in the cities. Unskilled laborers earned less money than skilled laborers, but during the 1980s and 1990s the wage gap between skilled and non-skilled laborers began to grow. Today the job market demands increasing skill levels. Many jobs that were once considered unskilled labor now demand semi- or mid-skill labor.

Semi- or Mid-Skill Labor Semi- or mid-skill labor addresses the increase in demand for skills, even for less complex jobs. These jobs require some skill because they are more complex than those that can be performed by a non-skilled laborer. However, they do not require highly specialized skills. Examples of mid-skill jobs include truck drivers, typists and customer service representatives. These jobs generally require more than a high-school diploma, but less than a college degree.

CONCLUSION A skillful person speaks with confidence while the none skilful is filled with fear. Entrepreneurial skills builds individual self esteem, engender growth process and changes that is never ending. PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Therefore, friends learned or not, are hereby encouraged to go for skills acquisition because good and lucrative skills acquired can make ways where it seems there is no way.

LAW OF SKILLS Legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, but certain core skills are required for most of them. It goes without saying that you'll need the physical stamina and the energy necessary to put in long days, but certain emotional attributes can't be overlooked either. Nobody wants an attorney to whom they're just another case number. A capacity for empathy can go a long way. And while it can also pay to be pessimisticâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; you're always prepared for the worst-case scenario with a solution already prepared in the back of your mindâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;you don't want that to be visible to your clients. Beyond stamina and compassion, several intellectual edges come into play as well. 01 Oral Communication

Language is one of the most fundamental tools of a legal professional. You must be able to convey information in clear, concise, and logical terms. You should be able to communicate persuasively, and be able to advocate a position or a cause. You'll also have to master legal terminology, and don't overlook that good communication means listening well, too. 02 Written Communication

From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every position. Professionals must master the PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing, as well as the fundamentals of English grammar. Learn how to write organized, concise, and persuasive prose. You'll need this skill to draft effective documents such as motions, briefs, memorandums, resolutions, and agreements. 03 Client Service

Serving a client capably, honestly, and responsibly is crucial to success in the client-focused legal industry. Professionals must master rainmaking and client development skills and customer service skills. 04 Analytical and Logical Reasoning

Professionals must review and assimilate large volumes of complex information and be able to do so efficiently and effectively. Analytical and logical reasoning skills include reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences, and making connections between legal authorities. You'll be expected to develop organizational and problem-solving abilities, and to structure and evaluate arguments. An ability to use inductive and deductive reasoning to draw inferences and reach conclusions can't be overstated. 05 Legal Research

Researching legal concepts, case law, judicial opinions, statutes, regulations, and other information are important skills. Professionals must master research techniques and learn how to locate and synthesize legal authority. You must be proficient at statutory interpretation and learn proper legal citation. Become proficient with legal research software applications and internet research.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 06 Technology Skills

Technology is changing the legal landscape and is an integral part of every function. Professionals should master a variety of word processing, presentation, time management, billing, and practice-related software applications to remain effective in their jobs. This includes master communications technology such as email, voice messaging systems, video conferencing, and related technology. It involves becoming familiar with electronic discovery, computerized litigation support, and document management software. You should also develop the tech know-how to make wise technology decisions. 07 Knowledge of Substantive Law and Legal Procedure

All legal professionals, even those at the bottom of the food chain, should have a basic knowledge of substantive law and legal procedure. Even secretaries and other support staff must have at least a general knowledge of local, state, and federal court systems, and relevant filing deadlines. They should understand the fundamental principles of law in the practice area in which they work. 08 Time Management

Legal professionals are under constant pressure to bill time and manage large workloads in a profession that's based on the business model of the billable hour. Productivity equals financial gain. They must develop superior multi-tasking skills, a strong work ethic, and the ability to juggle competing priorities. They must be able to meet tight deadlines, and this requires calendar and time management skills.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 09 Organization

Legal professionals must develop topnotch organizational skills to manage large volumes of data and documents, even and especially in the age of technology. This includes the ability to sort, order, and manage large volumes of exhibits, documents, files, evidence, data, and other information in paper form, and the ability to identify objectives, catalog data, and create an effective organization structure from massive amounts of unrelated information. But you should also be able to use technology applications that assist in managing case-related data. 10 Teamwork

Legal professionals don't work in a vacuum. Even solo practitioners must rely on support staff and team up with co-counsel, experts, and vendors to deliver services. Teamwork can be integral to individual and organizational success. Teamwork skills include collaborating with others to reach common goals, as well

as coordinating and sharing information and knowledge. You should be able to cultivate relationships with colleagues and clients. Attend and participate in team events, meetings, and conferences. Your Ticket to Success

Develop all these skills, and youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll be on your way to success in the legal profession. It might seem like a lot to master, but you'll find that proficiency in one area tends to lead to expertise in another.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

WHAT TO DO TO ACTIVATE YOUR SKILL  Be focus  Through rigorous learning  Practice everyday  Listing is profitable  Let God direct you  Left the bad friends  Timing  Be spiritual  Collect to the right people  Close to people that has experience more than you  You must be responsible PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

PATIENT TIME I One of the hardest parts of the process is waiting for what we have worked for to finally manifest. People often get angry at the mention of the word "wait." The fact is that waiting is part of our lives and it's an essential part of all we are doing or trying to accomplish. Most people want to get anything that they want immediately, but there are some things that require a specific amount of time to get. Some of the things that require some time but were rushed, ends up either not ready at the time or gotten prematurely. Not giving things the time it needs can lead to so many devastating side effects. If something requires time, give it the time. importance of waiting can be seen in these:

Our growth and development: our life from birth to death occur in stages, these stages can neither be rushed nor slowed down. Our whole growth and development have been studied and written down alongside their corresponding age to which each occurs. A pregnant woman has to wait for 9 months to give birth. After birth, the baby learns to crawl, stand and to run. We are not expected to come out of the womb and start communicating like a grown-up, it takes time to get to that stage in life. When we get to any particular stage in growth and development, we have to wait for the next stage to come. When our growth and development misses a particular stage or develops faster than usual, it's not seen as a normal phenomenon; PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. sometimes it's actually a health problem. Our growth and development take time, and we should stick to things that people in our age bracket are doing so we don't overstretch our capabilities.

Our achievements: everything that we have ever gotten or achieved in life comes with time. it takes some years to complete nursery school, primary school, secondary school and also university or college. If we want to learn a trade or a skill we have to give it time, patience is needed to be able to pick up all the necessary knowledge about the craft. If you want to get a job, you have to do your best and then wait through the employment process; job seekers should never be in a hurry. Those who jumped their process end up regretting it in the long run — they are not very good at what they do or they never get the right thing. There are no short cuts in life; if you want to achieve something meaningful you have to be willing to give it the time it needs. If you can't wait to achieve something good, you will end up quitting every time.

Nature takes time too: when one plants a tree, it takes time for it to grow and to start producing fruits; the same applies to livestock. Things like making wine, cooking food, baking and completion of various types of chemical reactions take time — you have to wait. When one season comes it lasts for a while and goes, another season then comes. You can't force sunshine or rain to stop, it starts and stops when it please, all you can do is wait. Nature can not be rushed, it takes its time, waiting is what you have to do. Wait and things will happen naturally.

Finally, things take time — you have to accept that. Do your best and then give things the time it needs. Waiting is a very important part of life's journey. Be patient.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus.

PROCRATINATION IS THE ENEMY OF PROGRESS PROSACINATION Procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished by a certain deadline.[1] It could be further stated as a habitual or intentional delay of starting or finishing a task despite knowing it might have negative consequences.[2] It is a common human experience involving delay in everyday chores or even putting off salient tasks such as attending an appointment, submitting a job report or academic assignment, or broaching a stressful issue with a partner. Although typically perceived as a negative trait due to its hindering effect on one's productivity often associated with depression, low self-esteem, guilt and inadequacy;[3] it can also be considered a wise response to certain demands that could present risky or negative outcomes or require waiting for new information to arrive.[4] From a cultural perspective, students from both Western and non-Western cultures are found to exhibit academic procrastination, but for different reasons. Students from Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid doing worse than they have done before or from failing to learn as much as they should have, whereas students from non-Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid looking incompetent, or to avoid demonstrating a lack of ability in front of their peers. [5] It is also important to consider how different cultural perspectives of time management can impact procrastination. For example, in cultures that have a multi-active view of time, people tend to place a higher value on making sure a job is done accurately before finishing. In cultures with a linear view of time, people tend to designate a certain amount of time on a task and stop once the allotted time has expired.[6] Various types of procrastination (such as academic/non-academic or behavioral / indecisive) have their own underlying causes and effects. The most prominent explanation in present literature draws upon "In temporal discounting, task averseness and certain personality traits such as indecisiveness and distractibility" as the common causes of procrastination.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. A study of behavioral patterns of pigeons through delayed reward suggests that procrastination is not unique to humans, but can also be observed in some other animals. [7] There are experiments finding clear evidence for "procrastination" among pigeons, which show that pigeons tend to choose a complex but delayed task rather than an easy but hurryup one

Prevalence

In a study of academic procrastination from the University of Vermont, published in 1984, 46% of the subjects reported that they "always" or "nearly always" procrastinate writing papers, while approximately 30% reported procrastinating studying for exams and reading weekly assignments (by 28% and 30% respectively). Nearly a quarter of the subjects reported that procrastination was a problem for them regarding the same tasks. However, as many as 65% indicated that they would like to reduce their procrastination when writing papers, and approximately 62% indicated the same for studying for exams and 55% for reading weekly assignments.[9] A 1992 study showed that "52% of surveyed students indicated having a moderate to high need for help concerning procrastination."[10] It is estimated that 80â&#x20AC;&#x201C;95% of college students engage in procrastination, and approximately 75% consider themselves procrastinators. A study done in 2004 shows that 70% of university students categorized themselves as procrastinators while a 1984 study showed that 50% of the students would procrastinate consistently and considered it a major problem in their lives.[11] In a study performed on university students, procrastination was shown to be greater on tasks that were perceived as unpleasant or as impositions than on tasks for which the student believed they lacked the required skills for accomplishing the task.[12] Another point of relevance is that of procrastination in industry. A study: The Impact of Organizational and Personal Factors on Procrastination in Employees of a Modern Russian Industrial Enterprise published in the Psychology in Russia: State of the Art journal, helped to identify the many factors that affected employees' procrastination habits. Some of which include intensity of performance evaluations, importance of their duty within a company, and their perception and opinions on management and/or upper level decisions.[13]

Behavioral criteria of academic procrastination[edit] Gregory Schraw, Theresa Wadkins, and Lori Olafson in 2007 proposed three criteria for a behavior to be classified as academic procrastination: it must be counterproductive, needless, and delaying. [14] Steel reviewed all previous attempts to define procrastination, and concluded in a 2007 study that procrastination is "to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay."[15] Sabini & Silver argued that postponement and irrationality are the two key features of procrastination. Delaying a task is not deemed as procrastination, they argue, if there are rational reasons behind the delay. An approach that integrates several core theories of motivation as well as meta-analytic research on procrastination is the temporal motivation theory. It summarizes key predictors of procrastination (expectancy, value, and impulsiveness) into a mathematical equation. [15]

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Psychological perspective The pleasure principle may be responsible for procrastination; one may prefer to avoid negative emotions by delaying stressful tasks. As the deadline for their target of procrastination grows closer, they are more stressed and may, thus, decide to procrastinate more to avoid this stress. [16] Some psychologists cite such behavior as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing any task or decision. [17] Piers Steel indicated in 2010 that anxiety is just as likely to induce people to start working early as late, and that the focus of studies on procrastination should be impulsiveness. That is, anxiety will cause people to delay only if they are impulsive.[18]

Coping responses Negative coping responses of procrastination tend to be avoidant or emotional rather than taskoriented or focused on problem-solving. Emotional and avoidant coping is employed to reduce stress (and cognitive dissonance) associated with delaying intended and important personal goals. This option provides immediate pleasure and is consequently very attractive to impulsive procrastinators, at the point of discovery of the achievable goals at hand. [19][20] There are several emotion-oriented strategies, similar to Freudian defense mechanisms, coping styles and self-handicapping. Coping responses of procrastinators include the following. [citation needed] 

Avoidance: Avoiding the location or situation where the task takes place (e.g. a graduate student avoiding driving into the university).



Denial and trivialization: Pretending that procrastinatory behavior is not actually procrastinating, but rather a task which is more important than the avoided one, or that the essential task that should be done is not of immediate importance.



Distraction: Engaging or immersing in other behaviors or actions to prevent awareness of the task (e.g. intensive video game playing or web browsing). The subject is very sensitive to instant gratification and becomes absorbed in coping behaviors beyond self-restraint.



Descending counterfactuality: Comparing consequences of one's procrastinatory behavior with others' worse situations (e.g. "Yes, I procrastinated and got a B− in the course, but I didn't fail like one other student did.")



Valorisation: Pointing in satisfaction to what one achieved in the meantime while one should have been doing something else.



Blaming: Delusional attributions to external factors, such as rationalizing that the procrastination is due to external forces beyond one's control (e.g. "I'm not procrastinating, but this assignment is tough.")



Mocking: Using humor to validate one's procrastination. The person uses slapstick or slipshod methods to criticize and ridicule others' striving towards the goal.

Task- or problem-solving measures are taxing from a procrastinator's outlook. If such measures are pursued, it is less likely the procrastinator would remain a procrastinator. However, pursuing such

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. measures requires actively changing one's behavior or situation to prevent and minimize the reoccurrence of procrastination. In 2006, it was suggested that neuroticism has no direct links to procrastination and that any relationship is fully mediated by conscientiousness.[21] In 1982, it had been suggested that irrationality was an inherent feature of procrastination. "Putting things off even until the last moment isn't procrastination if there is a reason to believe that they will take only that moment". [22] Steel et al. explained in 2001, "actions must be postponed and this postponement must represent poor, inadequate, or inefficient planning".[23]

Cultural perspective According to Holly McGregor & Andrew Elliot (2002); Christopher Wolters (2003), academic procrastination among portions of undergraduate students has been correlated to performanceavoidance orientation which is one factor of the four factor model of achievement orientation. [5] Andrew Elliot and Judith Harackiewicz (1996) showed that students with a performance-avoidance orientation tend to be concerned with comparisons to their peers. These students procrastinate as a result of not wanting to look incompetent, or to avoid demonstrating a lack of ability and adopt a facade of competence for a task in front of their peers.[5] Gregory Arief Liem and Youyan Nie (2008) found that cultural characteristics are shown to have a direct influence on achievement orientation because it is closely aligned with most students cultural values and beliefs.[5] Sonja Dekker and Ronald Fischer's (2008) meta-analysis across thirteen different societies revealed that students from Western cultures tend to be motivated more by mastery-approach orientation because the degree of incentive value for individual achievement is strongly reflective of the values of Western culture. By contrast, most students from Eastern cultures have been found to be performance-avoidance orientated. They often make efforts to maintain a positive image of their abilities, which they display while in front of their peers. [5] In addition, Hazel Rose Markus and Shinobu Kitayama (1991) showed that in non-Western cultures, rather than standing out through their achievements, people tend to be motivated to become part of various interpersonal relationships and to fit in with those that are relevant to them. [5] Research by Sushila Niles (1998) with Australian (Western) students and Sri Lankan (Eastern) students confirm these differences, revealing that Australian students often pursued more individual goals, whereas Sri Lankan students usually desired more collaborative and social goals. [5] Multiple studies by Kuo-Shu Yang and An-Bang Yu (1987, 1988, 1990) have indicated that individual achievement among most Chinese and Japanese students are measured by a fulfillment of their obligation and responsibility to their family network, not to an individual accomplishment. [5] Yang and Yu (1987) have also shown that Collectivism and Confucianism are very strong motivators for achievement in many non-Western cultures because of their emphasis on cooperation in the family unit and community.[5] Guided by these cultural values, it is believed that the individual intuitively senses the degree of pressure that differentiates his or her factor of achievement orientation. [5]

Health perspective To a certain degree it is normal to procrastinate and it can be regarded as a useful way to prioritize between tasks, due to a lower tendency of procrastination on truly valued tasks (for most people). [24] On the other hand, excessive procrastination can become a problem and impede normal functioning. When this happens, procrastination has been found to result in health problems, stress, [25] anxiety, sense of guilt and crisis as well as loss of personal productivity and social disapproval for not meeting responsibilities or commitments. Together these feelings may promote further procrastination and for some individuals procrastination becomes almost chronic. Such

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. procrastinators may have difficulties seeking support due to procrastination itself, but also social stigma and the belief that task-aversion is caused by laziness, lack of willpower or low ambition. In some cases problematic procrastination might be a sign of some underlying psychological disorder, but not necessarily.[15] Research on the physiological roots of procrastination have been concerned with the role of the prefrontal cortex,[26] the area of the brain that is responsible for executive brain functions such as impulse control, attention and planning. This is consistent with the notion that procrastination is strongly related to such functions, or a lack thereof. The prefrontal cortex also acts as a filter, decreasing distracting stimuli from other brain regions. Damage or low activation in this area can reduce one's ability to avert diversions, which results in poorer organization, a loss of attention, and increased procrastination. This is similar to the prefrontal lobe's role in ADHD, where it is commonly underactivated.[27] In a 2014 U.S. study surveying procrastination and impulsiveness in fraternal- and identical twin pairs, both traits were found to be "moderately heritable". The two traits were not separable at the genetic level (rgenetic = 1.0), meaning no unique genetic influences of either trait alone was found. [28] The authors confirmed three constructs developed from the evolutionary hypothesis that procrastination arose as a by-product of impulsivity: "(a) Procrastination is heritable, (b) the two traits share considerable genetic variation, and (c) goal-management ability is an important component of this shared variation."[28]

Management Psychologist William J. Knaus estimated that more than 90% of college students procrastinate. [29] Of these students, 25% are chronic procrastinators and typically abandon higher education (college dropouts). Perfectionism is a prime cause for procrastination[30] because pursuing unattainable goals (perfection) usually results in failure. Unrealistic expectations destroy self-esteem and lead to selfrepudiation, self-contempt, and widespread unhappiness. To overcome procrastination, it is essential to recognize and accept the power of failure without condemning,[31][better source needed] to stop focusing on faults and flaws and to set goals that are easier to achieve. Behaviors and practices that reduce procrastination:[citation needed]      

Awareness of habits and thoughts that lead to procrastinating. Seeking help for self-defeating problems such as fear, anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, poor time management, indecisiveness, and perfectionism. Fair evaluation of personal goals, strengths, weaknesses, and priorities. Realistic goals and personal positive links between the tasks and the concrete, meaningful goals.[32] Structuring and organization of daily activities.[32] Modification of one's environment for that newly gained perspective: the elimination or minimization of noise or distraction; investing effort into relevant matters; and ceasing daydreaming.[32]

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. 

Disciplining oneself to set priorities.[32]



Motivation with enjoyable activities, socializing and constructive hobbies.



Approaching issues in small blocks of time, instead of attempting whole problems at once and risking intimidation.



To prevent relapse, reinforce pre-set goals based on needs and allow yourself to be rewarded in a balanced way for accomplished tasks.

Making a plan to complete tasks in a rigid schedule format might not work for everyone. There is no hard-and-fast rule to follow such a process if it turns out to be counter-productive. Instead of scheduling, it may be better to execute tasks in a flexible, unstructured schedule which has time slots for only necessary activities.[33] Piers Steel suggests[34] that better time management is a key to overcoming procrastination, including being aware of and using one's "power hours" (being a "morning person" or "night owl"). A good approach is to creatively utilize one's internal circadian rhythms that are best suited for the most challenging and productive work. Steel states that it is essential to have realistic goals, to tackle one problem at a time and to cherish the "small successes". Brian O'Leary supports that "finding a worklife balance...may actually help us find ways to be more productive", suggesting that dedicating leisure activities as motivation can increase one's efficiency at handling tasks. [35] Procrastination is not a lifelong trait. Those likely to worry can learn to let go, those who procrastinate can find different methods and strategies to help focus and avoid impulses.[36] After contemplating his own procrastination habits, philosopher John Perry authored an essay entitled "Structured Procrastination",[37] wherein he proposes a "cheat" method as a safer approach for tackling procrastination: using a pyramid scheme to reinforce the unpleasant tasks needed to be completed in a quasi-prioritized order.

Severe and negative impact For some people, procrastination can be persistent and tremendously disruptive to everyday life. For these individuals, procrastination may be symptomatic of a psychological disorder. Procrastination has been linked to a number of negative associations, such as depression, irrational behaviour, low self-esteem, anxiety and neurological disorders such as ADHD. Others have found relationships with guilt[38] and stress.[25] Therefore, it is important for people whose procrastination has become chronic and is perceived to be debilitating to seek out a trained therapist or psychiatrist to investigate whether an underlying mental health issue may be present.[39] With a distant deadline, procrastinators report significantly less stress and physical illness than do non-procrastinators. However, as the deadline approaches, this relationship is reversed. Procrastinators report more stress, more symptoms of physical illness, and more medical visits, [25] to the extent that, overall, procrastinators suffer more stress and health problems. Procrastination also has the ability to increase perfectionism and neuroticism, while decreasing conscientiousness and optimism.[11]

Correlates Procrastination has been linked to the complex arrangement of cognitive, affective and behavioral relationships from task desirability to low self esteem and anxiety to depression.[9] A study found that procrastinators were less future-oriented than their

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. non-procrastinator counterparts. This result was hypothesized to be in association with hedonistic perspectives on the present; instead it was found procrastination was better predicted by a fatalistic and hopeless attitude towards life. [40] A correlation between procrastination and eveningness was observed where individuals who had later sleeping and waking patterns were more likely to procrastinate. [citation needed] It has been shown that Morningness increases across lifespan and procrastination decreases with age., [15][41]

Perfectionism Main article: Perfectionism (psychology) Traditionally, procrastination has been associated with perfectionism: a tendency to negatively evaluate outcomes and one's own performance, intense fear and avoidance of evaluation of one's abilities by others, heightened social self-consciousness and anxiety, recurrent low mood, and "workaholics". However, adaptive perfectionists—egosyntonic perfectionism—were less likely to procrastinate than non-perfectionists, while maladaptive perfectionists, who saw their perfectionism as a problem—egodystonic perfectionism—had high levels of procrastination and anxiety. [42] In a regression analysis study of Steel, from 2007, it is found that mild to moderate perfectionists typically procrastinate slightly less than others, with "the exception being perfectionists who were also seeking clinical counseling".[15]

Academic According to an Educational Science Professor, Hatice Odaci, academic procrastination is a significant problem during college years in part because many college students lack efficient time management skills in using the Internet. Also, Odaci notes that most colleges provide free and fast twenty-four-hour Internet service which some students are not usually accustomed to, and as a result of irresponsible use or lack of firewalls these students become engulfed in distractions, and thus in procrastination.[43] "Student syndrome" refers to the phenomenon where a student will begin to fully apply them self to a task only immediately before a deadline. This negates the usefulness of any buffers built into individual task duration estimates. Results from a 2002 study indicate that many students are aware of procrastination and accordingly set binding deadlines long before the date for which a task is due. These self-imposed binding deadlines are correlated with a better performance than without binding deadlines though performance is best for evenly spaced external binding deadlines. Finally, students have difficulties optimally setting self-imposed deadlines, with results suggesting a lack of spacing before the date at which results are due.[44] In one experiment, participation in online exercises was found to be five times higher in the final week before a deadline than in the summed total of the first three weeks for which the exercises were available. Procrastinators end up being the ones doing most of the work in the final week before a deadline.[23] Other reasons cited on why students procrastinate include fear of failure and success, perfectionist expectations, as well as legitimate activities that may take precedence over school work, such as a job.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Procrastinators have been found to receive worse grades than non-procrastinators. Tice et al. (1997) report that more than one-third of the variation in final exam scores could be attributed to procrastination. The negative association between procrastination and academic performance is recurring and consistent. The students in the study not only received poor academic grades, but they also reported high levels of stress and poor self-health. Howell et al. (2006) found that, though scores on two widely used procrastination scales were not significantly associated with the grade received for an assignment, self-report measures of procrastination on the assessment itself were negatively associated with grade. In 2005, a study conducted by Angela Chu and Jin Nam Choi and published in the Journal of Social Psychology intended to understand task performance among procrastinators with the definition of procrastination as the absence of self-regulated performance, from the 1977 work of Ellis & Knaus. In their study they identified two types of procrastination: The traditional procrastination which they denote as passive, and Active procrastination where the person finds enjoyment of a goal-oriented activity only under pressure. The study calls this active procrastination positive procrastination, as it is a functioning state in a self-handicapping environment. In addition, it was observed that active procrastinators have more realistic perceptions of time and perceive more control over their time than passive procrastinators, which is considered a major differentiator between the two types. Due to this observation, active procrastinators are much more similar to non-procrastinators as they have a better sense of purpose in their time use and possess efficient time-structuring behaviors. But surprisingly, active and passive procrastinators showed similar levels of academic performance. The population of the study was college students and the majority of the sample size were women and Asian in origin. Comparisons with chronic pathological procrastination traits were avoided. [48] Different findings emerge when observed and self-reported procrastination are compared. Steel et al. constructed their own scales based on Silver and Sabin’s "irrational" and "postponement" criteria. They also sought to measure this behavior objectively.[23] During a course, students could complete exam practice computer exercises at their own pace, and during the supervised class time could also complete chapter quizzes. A weighted average of the times at which each chapter quiz was finished formed the measure of observed procrastination, whilst observed irrationality was quantified with the number of practice exercises that were left uncompleted. Researchers found that there was only a moderate correlation between observed and self-reported procrastination (r = 0.35). There was a very strong inverse relationship between the number of exercises completed and the measure of postponement (r = −0.78). Observed procrastination was very strongly negatively correlated with course grade (r = −0.87), as was self-reported procrastination (though less so, r = −0.36). As such, self-reported measures of procrastination, on which the majority of the literature is based, may not be the most appropriate measure to use in all cases. It was also found that procrastination itself may not have contributed significantly to poorer grades. Steel et al. noted that those students who completed all of the practice exercises "tended to perform well on the final exam no matter how much they delayed." Procrastination is considerably more widespread in students than in the general population, with over 70 percent of students reporting procrastination for assignments at some point. [49] A 2014 panel study from Germany among several thousand university students found that increasing academic procrastination increases the frequency of seven different forms of academic misconduct, i.e., using fraudulent excuses, plagiarism, copying from someone else in exams, using forbidden means in exams, carrying forbidden means into exams, copying parts of homework from others, fabrication or falsification of data and the variety of academic misconduct. This study argues that academic

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. misconduct can be seen as a means to cope with the negative consequences of academic procrastination such as performance impairment.[50] .

FEAR IS THE DEASES WHAT IS FEAR Fear is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat that occurs in certain types of organisms, which causes a change in metabolic and organ functions and ultimately a PLANNING IS THE WAY TO GREATNESS

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. change in behavior, such as fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived traumatic events. An irrational fear is called a phobia. Fear in human beings may occur in response to a certain stimulus occurring in the present, or in anticipation or expectation of a future threat perceived as a risk to body or life. The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from/avoiding the threat (also known as the fight-or-flight response), which in extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) can be a freeze response or paralysis. In humans and animals, fear is modulated by the process of cognition and learning. Thus fear is judged as rational or appropriate and irrational or inappropriate. An irrational fear is called a phobia. Psychologists such as John B. Watson, Robert , and Paul Ekman have suggested that there is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and that fear is one of them.

This hypothesized set includes such emotions as acute stress reaction, anger, angst, anxiety, fright, horror, joy, panic, and sadness. Fear is closely related to, but should be distinguished from, the emotion anxiety, which occurs as the result of threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable. [1] The fear response serves survival by engendering appropriate behavioral responses, so it has been preserved throughout evolution.[2] Sociological and organizational research also suggests that individualsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; fears are not solely dependent on their nature but are also shaped by their social relations and culture, which guide their understanding of when and how much fear to feel.

Signs and symptoms Many physiological changes in the body are associated with fear, summarized as the fight-or-flight response. An inborn response for coping with danger, it works by accelerating the breathing rate (hyperventilation), heart rate, vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels leading to blushing and sanskadania of the central vessels (pooling), increasing muscle tension including the muscles attached to each hair follicle to contract and causing "goose bumps", or more clinically, piloerection (making a cold person warmer or a frightened animal look more impressive), sweating, increased blood glucose (hyperglycemia), increased serum calcium, increase in white blood cells called neutrophilic leukocytes, alertness leading to sleep disturbance and "butterflies in the stomach" (dyspepsia). This primitive mechanism may help an organism survive by either running away or fighting the danger.[4] With the series of physiological changes, the consciousness realizes an emotion of fear.

Causes People develop specific fears as a result of learning. This has been studied in psychology as fear conditioning, beginning with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment in 1920, which was inspired after observing a child with an irrational fear of dogs. In this study, an 11-month-old boy was

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory. The fear became generalized to include other white, furry objects, such as a rabbit, dog, and even a ball of cotton. Fear can be learned by experiencing or watching a frightening traumatic accident. For example, if a child falls into a well and struggles to get out, he or she may develop a fear of wells, heights (acrophobia), enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), or water (aquaphobia). There are studies looking at areas of the brain that are affected in relation to fear. When looking at these areas (such as the amygdala), it was proposed that a person learns to fear regardless of whether they themselves have experienced trauma, or if they have observed the fear in others. In a study completed by Andreas Olsson, Katherine I. Nearing and Elizabeth A. Phelps, the amygdala were affected both when subjects observed someone else being submitted to an aversive event, knowing that the same treatment awaited themselves, and when subjects were subsequently placed in a fear-provoking situation.[8] This suggests that fear can develop in both conditions, not just simply from personal history. Fear is affected by cultural and historical context. For example, in the early 20th century, many Americans feared polio, a disease that can lead to paralysis.[9] There are consistent cross-cultural differences in how people respond to fear. Display rules affect how likely people are to show the facial expression of fear and other emotions. Emotions of fear could be also infuenced by gender. Research has shown participants were able to recognize the facial expression of fear significantly better on a male face than on a female face. Females also recognized fear generally better than males.[10] Although many fears are learned, the capacity to fear is part of human nature. Many studies[11] have found that certain fears (e.g. animals, heights) are much more common than others (e.g. flowers, clouds). These fears are also easier to induce in the laboratory. This phenomenon is known as preparedness. Because early humans that were quick to fear dangerous situations were more likely to survive and reproduce, preparedness is theorized to be a genetic effect that is the result of natural selection.[12] From an evolutionary psychology perspective, different fears may be different adaptations that have been useful in our evolutionary past. They may have developed during different time periods. Some fears, such as fear of heights, may be common to all mammals and developed during the mesozoic period. Other fears, such as fear of snakes, may be common to all simians and developed during the cenozoic time period. Still others, such as fear of mice and insects, may be unique to humans and developed during the paleolithic and neolithic time periods (when mice and insects become important carriers of infectious diseases and harmful for crops and stored foods). [13] Fear is high only if the observed risk and seriousness both are high, and it is low if risk or seriousness is low.[14]

Top 10 types in the U.S In a 2005 Gallup Poll (U.S.), a national sample of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 were asked what they feared the most. The question was open-ended and participants were able to say whatever they wanted. The top ten fears were, in order: terrorist

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. attacks, spiders, death, failure, war, criminal or gang violence, being alone, the future, and nuclear war.[15] In an estimate of what people fear the most, book author Bill Tancer analyzed the most frequent online queries that involved the phrase, "fear of..." following the assumption that people tend to seek information on the issues that concern them the most. His top ten list of fears published 2008 consisted of flying, heights, clowns, intimacy, death, rejection, people, snakes, failure, and driving.[16]

Common phobias See also: Phobia According to surveys, some of the most common fears are of demons and ghosts, the existence of evil powers, cockroaches, spiders, snakes, heights, Trypophobia, water, enclosed spaces, tunnels, bridges, needles, social rejection, failure, examinations, and public speaking.[17][18][19]

Fear of death. Main article: Fear of death Death anxiety is multidimensional; it covers "fears related to one's own death, the death of others, fear of the unknown after death, fear of obliteration, and fear of the dying process, which includes fear of a slow death and a painful death".[20] Death anxiety is one's uncertainty to dying. However, there is a more severe form of having a fear of death, which is known as Thanatophobia, which is anxiety over death that becomes debilitating or keeps a person from living their life. [ The Yale philosopher Shelly Kagan examined fear of death in a 2007 Yale open course[21] by examining the following questions: Is fear of death a reasonable appropriate response? What conditions are required and what are appropriate conditions for feeling fear of death? What is meant by fear, and how much fear is appropriate? According to Kagan for fear in general to make sense, three conditions should be met: 1. the object of fear needs to be "something bad" 2. there needs to be a non-negligible chance that the bad state of affairs will happen 3. there needs to be some uncertainty about the bad state of affairs The amount of fear should be appropriate to the size of "the bad". If the three conditions are not met, fear is an inappropriate emotion. He argues, that death does not meet the first two criteria, even if death is a "deprivation of good things" and even if one believes in a painful afterlife. Because death is certain, it also does not meet the third criterion, but he grants that the unpredictability of when one dies may be cause to a sense of fear.[21] In a 2003 study of 167 women and 121 men, aged 65â&#x20AC;&#x201C;87, low self-efficacy predicted fear of the unknown after death and fear of dying for women and men better than demographics, social support, and physical health. Fear of death was measured by a "Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale" which included the 8 subscales Fear of Dying, Fear of the Dead, Fear of Being Destroyed, Fear for

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Significant Others, Fear of the Unknown, Fear of Conscious Death, Fear for the Body After Death, and Fear of Premature Death. In hierarchical multiple regression analysis the most potent predictors of death fears were low "spiritual health efficacy", defined as beliefs relating to one's perceived ability to generate spiritually based faith and inner strength, and low "instrumental efficacy", defined as beliefs relating to one's perceived ability to manage activities of daily living. [20] Psychologists have tested the hypotheses that fear of death motivates religious commitment, and that assurances about an afterlife alleviate the fear; however, empirical research on this topic has been equivocal Religiosity can be related to fear of death when the afterlife is portrayed as time of punishment. "Intrinsic religiosity", as opposed to mere "formal religious involvement", has been found to be negatively correlated with death anxiety.[20] In a 1976 study of people of various Christian denominations, those who were most firm in their faith, who attended religious services weekly, were the least afraid of dying. The survey found a negative correlation between fear of death and "religious concern". In a 2006 study of white, Christian men and women the hypothesis was tested that traditional, church-centered religiousness and de-institutionalized spiritual seeking are ways of approaching fear of death in old age. Both religiousness and spirituality were related to positive psychosocial functioning, but only church-centered religiousness protected subjects against the fear of death.

Fear of the unknown See also: Xenophobia and Neophobia Fear of the unknown or irrational fear is caused by negative thinking (worry) which arises from anxiety accompanied with a subjective sense of apprehension or dread. Irrational fear shares a common neural pathway with other fears, a pathway that engages the nervous system to mobilize bodily resources in the face of danger or threat. Many people are scared of the "unknown". The irrational fear can branch out to many areas such as the hereafter, the next ten years or even tomorrow. Chronic irrational fear has deleterious effects since the elicitor stimulus is commonly absent or perceived from delusions. Such fear can create comorbidity with the anxiety disorder umbrella.[25] Being scared may cause people to experience anticipatory fear of what may lie ahead rather than planning and evaluating for the same. For example, "continuation of scholarly education" is perceived by many educators as a risk that may cause them fear and stress, [26] and they would rather teach things they've been taught than go and do research. That can lead to habits such as laziness and procrastination. The ambiguity of situations that tend to be uncertain and unpredictable can cause anxiety in addition to other psychological and physical problems in some populations; especially those who engage it constantly, for example, in war-ridden places or in places of conflict, terrorism, abuse, etc. Poor parenting that instills fear can also debilitate a child's psyche development or personality. For example, parents tell their children not to talk to strangers in order to protect them. In school they would be motivated to not show fear in talking with strangers, but to be assertive and also aware of the risks and the environment in which it takes place. Ambiguous and mixed messages like this can affect their self-esteem and self-confidence. Researchers say talking to strangers isn't something to be thwarted but allowed in a parent's presence if required.[27] Developing a sense of equanimity to handle various situations is often

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. advocated as an antidote to irrational fear and as an essential skill by a number of ancient philosophies. Fear of the unknown (FOTU) "may be a, or possibly the, fundamental fear". [28]

Mechanism Often laboratory studies with rats are conducted to examine the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear responses.[29] In 2004, researchers conditioned rats (Rattus norvegicus) to fear a certain stimulus, through electric shock.[30] The researchers were able to then cause an extinction of this conditioned fear, to a point that no medications or drugs were able to further aid in the extinction process. However the rats did show signs of avoidance learning, not fear, but simply avoiding the area that brought pain to the test rats. The avoidance learning of rats is seen as a conditioned response, and therefore the behavior can be unconditioned, as supported by the earlier research. Species-specific defense reactions (SSDRs) or avoidance learning in nature is the specific tendency to avoid certain threats or stimuli, it is how animals survive in the wild. Humans and animals both share these species-specific defense reactions, such as the flight-or-fight, which also include pseudo-aggression, fake or intimidating aggression and freeze response to threats, which is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. These SSDRs are learned very quickly through social interactions between others of the same species, other species, and interaction with the environment.[31] These acquired sets of reactions or responses are not easily forgotten. The animal that survives is the animal that already knows what to fear and how to avoid this threat. An example in humans is the reaction to the sight of a snake, many jump backwards before cognitively realizing what they are jumping away from, and in some cases it is a stick rather than a snake. As with many functions of the brain, there are various regions of the brain involved in deciphering fear in humans and other nonhuman species.[32] The amygdala communicates both directions between the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, the sensory cortex, the hippocampus, thalamus, septum, and the brainstem. The amygdala plays an important role in SSDR, such as the ventral amygdalofugal, which is essential for associative learning, and SSDRs are learned through interaction with the environment and others of the same species. An emotional response is created only after the signals have been relayed between the different regions of the brain, and activating the sympathetic nervous systems; which controls the flight, fight, freeze, fright, and faint response.[33][34] Often a damaged amygdala can cause impairment in the recognition of fear (like the human case of patient S.M.).[35] This impairment can cause different species to lack the sensation of fear, and often can become overly confident, confronting larger peers, or walking up to predatory creatures. Robert C. Bolles (1970), a researcher at University of Washington, wanted to understand speciesspecific defense reactions and avoidance learning among animals, but found that the theories of avoidance learning and the tools that were used to measure this tendency were out of touch with the natural world.[36] He theorized the species-specific defense reaction (SSDR).[37] There are three forms of SSDRs: flight, fight (pseudo-aggression), or freeze. Even domesticated animals have SSDRs, and in those moments it is seen that animals revert to atavistic standards and become "wild" again. Dr. Bolles states that responses are often dependent on the reinforcement of a safety signal, and not the aversive conditioned stimuli. This safety signal can be a source of feedback or even stimulus

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. change. Intrinsic feedback or information coming from within, muscle twitches, increased heart rate, are seen to be more important in SSDRs than extrinsic feedback, stimuli that comes from the external environment. Dr. Bolles found that most creatures have some intrinsic set of fears, to help assure survival of the species. Rats will run away from any shocking event, and pigeons will flap their wings harder when threatened. The wing flapping in pigeons and the scattered running of rats are considered species-specific defense reactions or behaviors. Bolles believed that SSDRs are conditioned through Pavlovian conditioning, and not operant conditioning; SSDRs arise from the association between the environmental stimuli and adverse events.[38] Michael S. Fanselow conducted an experiment, to test some specific defense reactions, he observed that rats in two different shock situations responded differently, based on instinct or defensive topography, rather than contextual information.[39] Species-specific defense responses are created out of fear, and are essential for survival. [40] Rats that lack the gene stathmin show no avoidance learning, or a lack of fear, and will often walk directly up to cats and be eaten.[41] Animals use these SSDRs to continue living, to help increase their chance of fitness, by surviving long enough to procreate. Humans and animals alike have created fear to know what should be avoided, and this fear can be learned through association with others in the community, or learned through personal experience with a creature, species, or situations that should be avoided. SSDRs are an evolutionary adaptation that has been seen in many species throughout the world including rats, chimpanzees, prairie dogs, and even humans, an adaptation created to help individual creatures survive in a hostile world. Fear learning changes across the lifetime due to natural developmental changes in the brain. [42] [43] This includes changes in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala.[44]

Neurocircuit in mammals See also: Fear processing in the brain 

The thalamus collects sensory data from the senses



Sensory cortex receives data from the thalamus and interprets it



Sensory cortex organizes information for dissemination to the hypothalamus (fight or flight), amygdalae (fear), hippocampus (memory)

The brain structures that are the center of most neurobiological events associated with fear are the two amygdalae, located behind the pituitary gland. Each amygdala is part of a circuitry of fear learning.[2] They are essential for proper adaptation to stress and specific modulation of emotional learning memory. In the presence of a threatening stimulus, the amygdalae generate the secretion of hormones that influence fear and aggression.[45] Once a response to the stimulus in the form of fear or aggression commences, the amygdalae may elicit the release of hormones into the body to put the person into a state of alertness, in which they are ready to move, run, fight, etc. This defensive response is generally referred to in physiology as the fight-or-flight response regulated by the hypothalamus, part of the limbic system.[46] Once the person is in safe mode, meaning that there are no longer any potential threats surrounding them, the amygdalae will send this information to the

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) where it is stored for similar future situations, which is known as memory consolidation.[47] Some of the hormones involved during the state of fight-or-flight include epinephrine, which regulates heart rate and metabolism as well as dilating blood vessels and air passages, norepinephrine increasing heart rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles and the release of glucose from energy stores,[48] and cortisol which increases blood sugar, increases circulating neutrophilic leukocytes, calcium amongst other things.[49] After a situation which incites fear occurs, the amygdalae and hippocampus record the event through synaptic plasticity.[50] The stimulation to the hippocampus will cause the individual to remember many details surrounding the situation.[51] Plasticity and memory formation in the amygdala are generated by activation of the neurons in the region. Experimental data supports the notion that synaptic plasticity of the neurons leading to the lateral amygdalae occurs with fear conditioning.[52] In some cases, this forms permanent fear responses such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or a phobia.[53] MRI and fMRI scans have shown that the amygdalae in individuals diagnosed with such disorders including bipolar or panic disorder are larger and wired for a higher level of fear.[54] Pathogens can suppress amygdala activity. Rats infected with the toxoplasmosis parasite become less fearful of cats, sometimes even seeking out their urine-marked areas. This behavior often leads to them being eaten by cats. The parasite then reproduces within the body of the cat. There is evidence that the parasite concentrates itself in the amygdala of infected rats. [55] In a separate experiment, rats with lesions in the amygdala did not express fear or anxiety towards unwanted stimuli. These rats pulled on levers supplying food that sometimes sent out electrical shocks. While they learned to avoid pressing on them, they did not distance themselves from these shock-inducing levers.[56] Several brain structures other than the amygdalae have also been observed to be activated when individuals are presented with fearful vs. neutral faces, namely the occipitocerebellar regions including the fusiform gyrus and the inferior parietal / superior temporal gyri.[57] Fearful eyes, brows and mouth seem to separately reproduce these brain responses.[57] Scientists from Zurich studies show that the hormone oxytocin related to stress and sex reduces activity in your brain fear center. [58] Pheromones and why fear can be contagious In threatening situations insects, aquatic organisms, birds, reptiles, and mammals emit odorant substances, initially called alarm substances, which are chemical signals now called alarm pheromones ("Schreckstoff" in German). This is to defend themselves and at the same time to inform members of the same species of danger and leads to observable behavior change like freezing, defensive behavior, or dispersion depending on circumstances and species. For example, stressed rats release odorant cues that cause other rats to move away from the source of the signal. After the discovery of pheromones in 1959, alarm pheromones were first described in 1968 in ants[59] and earthworms,[60] and four years later also found in mammals, both mice and rats.[61] Over the next two decades identification and characterization of these pheromones proceeded in all manner of insects and sea animals, including fish, but it was not until 1990 that more insight into mammalian alarm pheromones was gleaned.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Earlier, in 1985, a link between odors released by stressed rats and pain perception was discovered: unstressed rats exposed to these odors developed opioid-mediated analgesia. [62] In 1997, researchers found that bees became less responsive to pain after they had been stimulated with isoamyl acetate, a chemical smelling of banana, and a component of bee alarm pheromone. [63] The experiment also showed that the bees' fear-induced pain tolerance was mediated by an endorphine. By using the forced swimming test in rats as a model of fear-induction, the first mammalian "alarm substance" was found.[64] In 1991, this "alarm substance" was shown to fulfill criteria for pheromones: well-defined behavioral effect, species specificity, minimal influence of experience and control for nonspecific arousal. Rat activity testing with the alarm pheromone, and their preference/avoidance for odors from cylinders containing the pheromone, showed that the pheromone had very low volatility.[65] In 1993 a connection between alarm chemosignals in mice and their immune response was found. [66] Pheromone production in mice was found to be associated with or mediated by the pituitary gland in 1994.[67] In 2004, it was demonstrated that rats' alarm pheromones had different effects on the "recipient" rat (the rat perceiving the pheromone) depending which body region they were released from: Pheromone production from the face modified behavior in the recipient rat, e.g. caused sniffing or movement, whereas pheromone secreted from the rat's anal area induced autonomic nervous system stress responses, like an increase in core body temperature. [68] Further experiments showed that when a rat perceived alarm pheromones, it increased its defensive and risk assessment behavior,[69] and its acoustic startle reflex was enhanced. It was not until 2011 that a link between severe pain, neuroinflammation and alarm pheromones release in rats was found: real time RT-PCR analysis of rat brain tissues indicated that shocking the footpad of a rat increased its production of proinflammatory cytokines in deep brain structures, namely of IL-1Î˛, heteronuclear Corticotropin-releasing hormone and c-fos mRNA expressions in both the paraventricular nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and it increased stress hormone levels in plasma (corticosterone).[70] The neurocircuit for how rats perceive alarm pheromones was shown to be related to the hypothalamus, brainstem, and amygdalae, all of which are evolutionary ancient structures deep inside or in the case of the brainstem underneath the brain away from the cortex, and involved in the fight-or-flight response, as is the case in humans.[71] Alarm pheromone-induced anxiety in rats has been used to evaluate the degree to which anxiolytics can alleviate anxiety in humans. For this the change in the acoustic startle reflex of rats with alarm pheromone-induced anxiety (i.e. reduction of defensiveness) has been measured. Pretreatment of rats with one of five anxiolytics used in clinical medicine was able to reduce their anxiety: namely midazolam, phenelzine (a nonselective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor), propranolol, a nonselective beta blocker, clonidine, an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist or CP154,526, a corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist.[72] Faulty development of odor discrimination impairs the perception of pheromones and pheromonerelated behavior, like aggressive behavior and mating in male rats: The enzyme Mitogen-activated

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. protein kinase 7 (MAPK7) has been implicated in regulating the development of the olfactory bulb and odor discrimination and it is highly expressed in developing rat brains, but absent in most regions of adult rat brains. Conditional deletion of the MAPK7gene in mouse neural stem cells impairs several pheromone-mediated behaviors, including aggression and mating in male mice. These behavior impairments were not caused by a reduction in the level of testosterone, by physical immobility, by heightened fear or anxiety or by depression. Using mouse urine as a natural pheromone-containing solution, it has been shown that the impairment was associated with defective detection of related pheromones, and with changes in their inborn preference for pheromones related to sexual and reproductive activities. [73] Lastly, alleviation of an acute fear response because a friendly peer (or in biological language: an affiliative conspecific) tends and befriends is called "social buffering". The term is in analogy to the 1985 "buffering" hypothesis in psychology, where social support has been proven to mitigate the negative health effects of alarm pheromone mediated distress.[74] The role of a "social pheromone" is suggested by the recent discovery that olfactory signals are responsible in mediating the "social buffering" in male rats.[75] "Social buffering" was also observed to mitigate the conditioned fear responses of honeybees. A bee colony exposed to an environment of high threat of predation did not show increased aggression and aggressive-like gene expression patterns in individual bees, but decreased aggression. That the bees did not simply habituate to threats is suggested by the fact that the disturbed colonies also decreased their foraging. [76] Biologists have proposed in 2012 that fear pheromones evolved as molecules of "keystone significance", a term coined in analogy to keystone species. Pheromones may determine species compositions and affect rates of energy and material exchange in an ecological community. Thus pheromones generate structure in a food web and play critical roles in maintaining natural systems. [77]

Fear pheromones in humans Evidence of chemosensory alarm signals in humans has emerged slowly: Although alarm pheromones have not been physically isolated and their chemical structures have not been identified in humans so far, there is evidence for their presence. Androstadienone, for example, a steroidal, endogenous odorant, is a pheromone candidate found in human sweat, axillary hair and plasma. The closely related compound androstenone is involved in communicating dominance, aggression or competition; sex hormone influences on androstenone perception in humans showed a high testosterone level related to heightened androstenone sensitivity in men, a high testosterone level related to unhappiness in response to androstenone in men, and a high estradiol level related to disliking of androstenone in women.[78] A German study from 2006 showed when anxiety-induced versus exercise-induced human sweat from a dozen people was pooled and offered to seven study participants, of five able to olfactorily distinguish exercise-induced sweat from room air, three could also distinguish exercise-induced sweat from anxiety induced sweat. The acoustic startle reflex response to a sound when sensing anxiety sweat was larger than when sensing exercise-induced sweat, as measured by electromyograph analysis of the orbital muscle, which is responsible for the eyeblink component. This showed for the first time that fear chemosignals can modulate the startle reflex in humans

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. without emotional mediation; fear chemosignals primed the recipient's "defensive behavior" prior to the subjects' conscious attention on the acoustic startle reflex level. [79] In analogy to the social buffering of rats and honeybees in response to chemosignals, induction of empathy by "smelling anxiety" of another person has been found in humans.[80] A study from 2013 provided brain imaging evidence that human responses to fear chemosignals may be gender-specific. Researchers collected alarm-induced sweat and exercise-induced sweat from donors extracted it, pooled it and presented it to 16 unrelated people undergoing functional brain MRI. While stress-induced sweat from males produced a comparably strong emotional response in both females and males, stress-induced sweat from females produced a markedly stronger arousal in women than in men. Statistical tests pinpointed this gender-specificity to the right amygdala and strongest in the superficial nuclei. Since no significant differences were found in the olfactory bulb, the response to female fear-induced signals is likely based on processing the meaning, i.e. on the emotional level, rather than the strength of chemosensory cues from each gender, i.e. the perceptual level.[81] An approach-avoidance task was set up where volunteers seeing either an angry or a happy cartoon face on a computer screen pushed away or pulled toward them a joystick as fast as possible. Volunteers smelling anandrostadienone, masked with clove oil scent responded faster, especially to angry faces, than those smelling clove oil only, which was interpreted as anandrostadienone-related activation of the fear system.[82] A potential mechanism of action is, that androstadienone alters the "emotional face processing". Androstadienone is known to influence activity of the fusiform gyrus which is relevant for face recognition.

Management

Pharmaceutical A drug treatment for fear conditioning and phobias via the amygdalae is the use of glucocorticoids. [83] In one study, glucocorticoid receptors in the central nuclei of the amygdalae were disrupted in order to better understand the mechanisms of fear and fear conditioning. The glucocorticoid receptors were inhibited using lentiviral vectors containing Cre-recombinase injected into mice. Results showed that disruption of the glucocorticoid receptors prevented conditioned fear behavior. The mice were subjected to auditory cues which caused them to freeze normally. However, a reduction of freezing was observed in the mice that had inhibited glucocorticoid receptors. [84]

Psychology Cognitive behavioral therapy has been successful in helping people overcome their fear. Because fear is more complex than just forgetting or deleting memories, an active and successful approach involves people repeatedly confronting their fears. By confronting their fears in a safe manner a person can suppress the "fear-triggering memories" or stimuli. [85] Exposure therapy has known to have helped up to 90% of people with specific phobias to significantly decrease their fear over time.[47][85]

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Another psychological treatment is systematic desensitization, which is a type of behavior therapy used to completely remove the fear or produce a disgusted response to this fear and replace it. The replacement that occurs will be relaxation and will occur through conditioning. Through conditioning treatments, muscle tensioning will lessen and deep breathing techniques will aid in de-tensioning.

Other Treatments There are other methods for treating or coping with one's fear, such as writing down rational thoughts regarding fears. Journal entries are a healthy method of expressing one's fears without compromising safety or causing uncertainty. Another suggestion is a fear ladder. To create a fear ladder, one must write down all of their fears and core them on a scale of one to ten. Next, the person addresses their phobia, starting with the lowest number. Finding solace in religion is another method to cope with one's fear. Having something to answer your questions regarding your fears, such as, what happens after death or if there is an afterlife, can help mitigate one's fear of death because there is no room for uncertainty as their questions are answered. Religion offers a method of being able to understand and make sense of one's fears rather than ignore them.[86]

Death The fear of the end of life and its existence is in other words the fear of death. The fear of death ritualized the lives of our ancestors. These rituals were designed to reduce that fear; they helped collect the cultural ideas that we now have in the present. These rituals also helped preserve the cultural ideas. The results and methods of human existence had been changing at the same time that social formation was changing. When people are faced with their own thoughts of death, they either accept that they are dying or will die because they have lived a full life or they will experience fear. A theory was developed in response to this, which is called the Terror Management Theory. The theory states that a person's cultural worldviews (religion, values, etc.) will mitigate the terror associated with the fear of death through avoidance. To help manage their terror, they find solace in their death-denying beliefs, such as their religion. Another way people cope with their death related fears is pushing any thoughts of death into the future or by avoiding these thoughts all together through distractions. [87] Although there are methods for one coping with the terror associated with their fear of death, not everyone suffers from these same uncertainties. People who have lived a full life, typically do not fear death because they believe that they have lived their life to the fullest.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. .

Religion See also: Fear of God, Religious paranoia, and Category:Religion and death Religions are filled with different fears that humans have had throughout many centuries. The fears aren't just metaphysical (including the problems of life and death) but are also moral. Death is seen as a boundary to another world. That world would always be different depending on how each individual lived their lives. The origins of this intangible fear are not found in the present world. In a sense we can assume that fear was a big influence on things such as morality. This assumption, however, flies in the face of concepts such as moral absolutism and moral universalism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; which would hold that our morals are rooted in either the divine or natural laws of the universe, and would not be generated by any human feeling, thought or emotion. From a theological perspective, the word "fear" encompasses more than simple fear. Robert B. Strimple says that fear includes the "... convergence of awe, reverence, adoration...". [88] Some translations of the Bible, such as the New International Version, sometimes replace the word "fear" with "reverence". Fear in religion can be seen throughout the years, however, the most prominent example would be The Crusades. Pope Urban II allowed for Christian mercenary troops to be sent on a mission in order to recover the Holy Lands from the Muslims. However, the message was misinterpreted and as a result, innocent people were slaughtered. Although the Crusades were meant to stay between the Muslims and the Christians, the hate spread onto the Jewish culture. Jewish people who feared for their lives, gave into the forced conversion of Christianity because they believed this would secure their safety. Other Jewish people feared betraying their God by conceding to a conversion, and instead, secured their own fate, which was death. It can also be argued that Christians feared their religion not being the primary religion, and this is why they committed mass murder. [89]

Manipulation Further information: Culture of fear, Fear mongering, Fear appeal, Psychological warfare, Tactics of terrorism Â§ Fear, and List of causes of death by rate Fear may be politically and culturally manipulated to persuade citizenry of ideas which would otherwise be widely rejected or dissuade citizenry from ideas which would otherwise be widely supported. In contexts of disasters, nation-states manage the fear not only to provide their citizens with an explanation about the event or blaming some minorities, but also to adjust their previous beliefs. Fear can alter how a person thinks or reacts to situations because fear has the power to inhibit one's rational way of thinking. As a result, people who do not experience fear, are able to use fear as a tool to manipulate others. People who are experiencing fear, seek preservation through safety and can

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. be manipulated by a person who is there to provide that safety that is being sought after. "When we're afraid, a manipulator can talk us out of the truth we see right in front of us. Words become more real than reality"[90] By this, a manipulator is able to use our fear to manipulate us out the truth and instead make us believe and trust in their truth. Politicians are notorious for using fear to manipulate the people into supporting their will. Through keywords and key phrases such as, "it is for your safety," or "it is for the safety of this country," politicians invoke fear within people that their safety is at stake, and people will ultimately follow in line in order for their safety to be restored.

Fiction and mythology See also: Dystopia ยง In society, and Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction ยง In society Fear is found and reflected in mythology and folklore as well as in works of fiction such as novels and films. Works of dystopian and (post)apocalyptic fiction convey the fears and anxieties of societies. [91][92] The fear of the world's end is about as old as civilization itself.[93] In a 1967 study Frank Kermode suggests that the failure of religious prophecies led to a shift in how society apprehends this ancient mode.[94] Scientific and critical thought supplanting religious and mythical thought as well as a public emancipation may be the cause of eschatology becoming replaced by more realistic scenarios. Such might constructively provoke discussion and steps to be taken to prevent depicted catastrophes. The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was is a German fairy tale dealing with the topic of not knowing fear. Many stories also include characters who fear the antagonist of the plot. One important characteristic of historical and mythical heroes across cultures is to be fearless in the face of big and often lethal enemies.[citation needed]

Athletics In the world of athletics fear is often used as a means of motivation to not fail. [95] This situation involves using fear in a way that increases the chances of a positive outcome. In this case the fear that is being created is initially a cognitive state to the receiver. [96] This initial state is what generates the first response of the athlete, this response generates a possibility of fight or flight reaction by the athlete (receiver), which in turn will increase or decrease the possibility of success or failure in the certain situation for the athlete.[97] The amount of time that the athlete has to determine this decision is small but it is still enough time for the receiver to make a determination through cognition. [98] Even though the decision is made quickly, the decision is determined through past events that have been experienced by the athlete.[99] The results of these past events will determine how the athlete will make his cognitive decision in the split second that he or she has. [95] Fear of failure as described above has been studied frequently in the field of sport psychology. Many scholars have tried to determine how often fear of failure is triggered within athletes. As well as what personalities of athletes most often choose to use this type of motivation. Studies have also been conducted to determine the success rate of this method of motivation.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. Murray's Exploration in Personal (1938) was one of the first studies that actually identified fear of failure as an actual motive to avoid failure or to achieve success. His studies suggested that inavoidance, the need to avoid failure, was found in many college-aged men during the time of his research in 1938.[100] This was a monumental finding in the field of psychology because it allowed other researchers to better clarify how fear of failure can actually be a determinant of creating achievement goals as well as how it could be used in the actual act of achievement. [101] In the context of sport, a model was created by R.S. Lazarus in 1991 that uses the cognitivemotivational-relational theory of emotion.[102] It holds that Fear of Failure results when beliefs or cognitive schemas about aversive consequences of failing are activated by situations in which failure is possible. These belief systems predispose the individual to make appraisals of threat and experience the state anxiety that is associated with Fear of Failure in evaluative situations. Another study was done in 2001 by Conroy, Poczwardowski, and Henschen that created five aversive consequences of failing that have been repeated over time. The five categories include (a) experiencing shame and embarrassment, (b) devaluing one's self-estimate, (c) having an uncertain future, (d) important others losing interest, (e) upsetting important others. [95] These five categories can help one infer the possibility of an individual to associate failure with one of these threat categories, which will lead them to experiencing fear of failure. In summary, the two studies that were done above created a more precise definition of fear of failure, which is "a dispositional tendency to experience apprehension and anxiety in evaluative situations because individuals have learned that failure is associated with aversive consequences". [101]

Inability to experience fear People who have damage to their amygdalae, which can be caused by a rare genetic disease known as Urbachâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Wiethe disease, are unable to experience fear. The disease destroys both amygdalate in late childhood. Since the discovery of the disease, there have only been 400 recorded cases. This is not debilitating; however, a lack of fear can allow someone to get into a dangerous situation they otherwise would have avoided. For example, people who possess a lack of fear would approach a known venomous snake while those who possess fear, would typically try to avoid it. Fear is an important aspect of a human being's development.[103] Another possibility of a lack of fear could be Antisocial Personality Disorder or more commonly known as sociopathic, which is a mental health condition where people often manipulate others. People who suffer from this disorder lack a physiological response and are capable of lying or not experiencing fear. When a person is approached by something they fear or has a phobia, the body will react in a way that conveys this fear. For example, a person who possesses Arachnophobia, or a fear of spiders, would experience a physical response such as, nausea, dizziness, or even shaking when approached by a spider. However, a person with Antisocial Personality Disorder lacks this capability and would not activate their "fight or flight" response to such fear. They also show a disregard for the safety of others, and may intentionally harm them or allow harm to come to them. [104]

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER Greatness Is All About Focus. HOW TO ACTIVATE MY TOMORROW GREANESS Because small key will unlock a great treasury.  Do the needful.  Communication is the key to business. Speak well and good English.  Keep good relationship. Relationship is the mutual understandings between two people. It is good interaction between two people.  Always stay positive  Be focus  Train hard win easily  No train no gain  Be creative and innovative.  Learn new things  Be educated  Always learn new things  Be a man of decision  Be of good attitude because good attitude bring lock at time. Breakthrough is about good attitude.  Respect yourself and others.  Be faithful, Be a man of principle and open mind.  Stop looking for unnecessary excuses in like. Plan, do and always activate your plan to reality.  Help people and give harm to less privilege.  Stand out in the crowed. Used you wisdom knowledge and understanding to make money.  Get your hand dirty, dirty is fats  Procrastination is the enemy of progress.  Have Clear objective  Don’t fear  Dress well  Equipped yourself with adequate information about life issued  Listing is profitable. Very intelligent people always listening to other people’s ideas It will help you. My future ii rich, my tomorrow is greater.

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MY TOMORROW IS GREATER

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