The Kids Rule! Guide to Victorian England by English Heritage

T MA HE FOR GYAOZINE MEMBEUNG RS!

THE Kids RuLe! GUIDE TO…

TALES FROM THE MILL

ia Vic tor r t e b l A d an kit p u dress- E! D I S IN

Meet bobbin boy Edward Mashiter

Interview

Get cooking with Mrs Crocombe

Mad SCIENCE

Experiment with brilliant biologist Charles Darwin

Quiz time Could you cut it as a gard en apprentice ?

Party At thE pAlace How Queen Victoria and Prince Albert liked to spend their holidays (and birthdays) at Osborne on the Isle of Wight

INSIDE • LOLS! • PARLOUR GAMES!

• COOL POSTER! • THE BRITISH EMPIRE!

Please sir, I want some more!

s u o i r victo

VICTORIANS

Queen Victoria’s reign saw her rule the waves and a vast empire, while changes closer to home helped to shape Britain as we know it today he Victorian era was named after Queen Victoria, who ruled the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for over 60 years. She was crowned in 1837, when she was just 18, and by the time she died in 1901, Britain had become the most powerful country in the world. The British Empire stretched from Canada to New Zealand, and was so big it was described as ‘the empire on which the sun never sets’.

PALACES AND POVERTY When she wasn’t busy ruling a quarter of the globe, Victoria enjoyed spending time at Osborne, her holiday home on the Isle of Wight, where she liked to escape with her husband, Prince Albert, and their nine children (see page 6). However, while the queen enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle at her royal palaces, many of her subjects in Britain lived in poverty. During her reign, many people worked in mines, factories and mills such as Stott Park Bobbin Mill (page 4), or as domestic staff, such as servants, cooks or gardeners (page 12), for wealthy families living at big country houses like Audley End in Essex (page 10) or Brodsworth Hall in Yorkshire (page 14).

Timeline of the Victorians How Queen Victoria helped to make Britain great!

02

Victoria’s rule also saw a boom in the fields of literature, the arts and sciences.

One of the most famous scientists during this period was biologist Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species.

Many of his observations were based on his studies of nature around the world, as well as the experiments he conducted in the gardens of his family home, Down House in Kent (page 13).

Despite the successes of Victoria’s reign, the queen also faced many challenges. Due to the threat of invasion by the French and Germans, she expanded the army and navy, and built defensive forts such as Fort Brockhurst and Landguard Fort around England’s coast. Sadly, the death of her beloved husband Albert in 1861 devastated the queen, who then wore black in mourning for the next 40 years.

1837

1839

Victoria becomes queen at 18. She gives birth to the first of her and Albert’s nine children in 1840.

Charles Dickens’ book Oliver Twist, about a poor orphan boy living in London, is published.

1859 Charles Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species is published, revealing his theory of evolution.

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Why L! Charwas les D disapickens point ed?

He Expehad Grea ctati t ons!

1860 Nurse Florence Nightingale lays the foundations for modern care at her school at St Thomas’s Hospital.

Win a cool goody bag!

Design a card for Queen Victoria’s 200th birthday for your chance to win!

This year is the 200th anniversary of Queen Victoria’s birth on 24 May 1819, and we would like you to design a birthday card to help us celebrate. Once you’ve designed your card, send us a photo for your chance to win. We’ve got a goody bag from the English Heritage shop worth £100 for the reader who designs the most impressive card. To enter, go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids.

Terms and conditions The closing date and time for entries is midnight on 20 June 2019.

The promoter is English Heritage. If you are under 13 you need permission from your parent/ guardian before entering the competition. One winner will receive a goody bag from our online shop worth £100. All entries submitted may be featured on the English Heritage website, social media channels and in printed publications. If you do not consent to your entry being published, state this when sending in your entry. For full terms and conditions go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids.

t We asked you to design the front meee cover of a Stuart newpaper, and here h t RS are the creations of our top reporters…

E n WIN !

R INNE

W

RU

NN UP ER!

4

A day in the life…

6

Osborne explored

8

Victorian town poster

10

What’s for dinner?

11

Interview

12

Quiz time

13

Inside Down House

14

Look inside…

15

Victorian fun and games

16

Dress-up time

Meet bobbin boy Edward Mashiter at Stott Park Bobbin Mill in Cumbria Discover the story of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert’s holiday home The next part of your mega timeline!

Join super cook Avis Crocombe as she prepares a feast at Audley End in Essex Young Members get cooking with Mrs Crocombe at Audley End in Essex Discover if you could cut it as a Victorian apprentice gardener Get experimenting at home with brilliant biologist Charles Darwin Brodsworth Hall and Gardens

More Victorian-themed activities

Use our props to disguise yourself as Queen Victoria and Prince Albert

This magazine is published on behalf of English Heritage by Immediate Media Co. www.immediate.co.uk For English Heritage Luke Whitcomb, Johanna Lovesey, Tom Dennis, Tersia Boorer, Tony Dike, Katie Kennedy, Richard Leatherdale For Immediate Media Co Group editor Matt Havercroft Senior art editor Sam Freeman Art editor Elaine Knight-Roberts Group production editor Oliver Hurley Account director Helen Johnston Account manager Joanne Robinson Director Julie Williams Editorial director Dan Linstead Design director Will Slater Contributors Steven Brindle, Andrew Hann, Emily Parker, Adam Rees Oi! s e Illustrations can e if yo u s Wesley Robins on p pot m e age 8!

Sammy Blyth, age 7

Damon Kelly, age 12

200549

WIN

R.I.P

1867 Joseph Lister details how antiseptic can be used to treat wounds, saving many lives.

1876 Queen Victoria is given the title Empress of India after it became part the British Empire in 1858.

1878 Cragside in Northumberland is the first house to be lit by electricity after Joseph Swan fits arc lamps.

1880

1901

The Elementary Education Act is passed into law and all children under 10 must be now be educated.

Queen Victoria dies, ending the Victorian era. Her oldest son, the Prince of Wales, is crowned as King Edward VII. 03

A day in the life…

Meet Edward Mashiter, a 12-year-old apprentice at Stott Park Bobbin Mill in 1865

Edward wakes up early for a 10-hour shift at the bobbin mill, where he works six days a week. Some adults at the mill have to work 12 to 18-hour days.

Only two more days until a day off on Sunday!

His clothes are tatty and he’s tired and hungry, but it’s still much better than being in Ulverston Workhouse, where he lived and worked in harsh conditions until he became an apprentice under his boss Mr Walton.

Step to it Mashiter or I’ll be sending you back!

The mill makes wooden bobbins that cotton is wound around. The mill can be dangerous with saws, drills and cutting machines. Ed starts the day stacking freshly cut wooden poles in the barn so they can dry for a year.

I’ll see you in a year!

Gulp! Yes sir, sorry sir!

Ed carries dry wooden poles into the factory so the men at the machines can start cutting them into shorter lengths on a saw to make blanks for the bobbins.

Would you like some wood?

About time!

Keep it coming boy!

That looks boring...

After a few years as an apprentice Ed will start to use the machines. He spots one with a drill that bores holes to make the bobbins.

There’s also a lot of sawdust and wood chips from the cutting machines. Ed inhales lots which makes breathing hard.

cough! wheeze!

AhH-choo!

Once each man has made 144 bobbins, called a gross, Ed collects them and takes them to the drying room.

141, 142…

Quiet Mashiter!

Is that a Gross yet?

Eh? You just made me lose count!

The floor is covered in wood chippings from the machines. There are paths leading through them but Edward slips on his way through.

Pick yourself up boy!

OoF!

Sorry MR walton!

Ed takes the larger bobbins to other apprentices, who are glueing small tops and bottoms, called flanges, on to the bobbins to hold the cotton in place.

At the end of the day it’s time to ‘knock off’ the machines and finish for the day. After his apprenticeship Ed will learn the skills to make bobbins on the machines.

When can I start on the machines sir?

Heh, heh!

Stick to it lads!

Grrr!

When you learn to stop bothering me!

y rked b Ed wo t Park e r e h Stot er w Discov g a visit to .englishin w n w n w t pla ark Mill a stottp Bobbin ge.org.uk/ herita

ROYAL

RETREAT When she wasn’t busy ruling the British Empire, Queen Victoria loved to escape to Osborne on the Isle of Wight, where she spent time with her husband Prince Albert and their nine children

THEN

NOW

G UP PICKINGAIN A BAR r t bought the

e and Alb r £28,000 fo Vic toria 5 in 184 was estate y). This a d o e t m 3 u , b t th (over £ bargain herself a d e r e it consid ay for rse. ad to p h rivy Pu n P e e e h t qu m o r oney f with m

Go big or go hom e!

BUILDING A PALACE

Old Osborne House was too small so Vic toria and Alb ert employed London builde r Thomas Cubitt to demolis h it and build a family home and state-of-the-ar t palace.

PIRATION S IN N IA L ITA nse an Italia

rt cho e Prince Albe ouse as th n for the h d e d in style desig m nt re ss the Sole ’s rt e lb views acro A les.

Bay of Nap ig w d him of the Lu or sor Profess artistic advi e interior. th n g si e ed d Gruner help

TOP TECHNOLOGY

The new house used the latest technology, with fireproofing throughout, a par tial central heating system and piped hot water for baths and showers.

WORKI NG FRO M

As we HOME ll as b home , Osbo eing a famil rne w y work as a p for th lace o e que she sp f en. M ent ho ost da urs loo ys officia k in g thro l pape ugh rs, an meetin d host gs in t ing he Co uncil R oom.

AY BIRTHDTIONS A CELEBR sually

er t u and Alb ia at r o t Vic thdays heir bir r t’s e lb spent t f ter A a , t u b e queen Osborn 61, the 18 in h t ea ir thday early d d her b e t a r . b ele e again never c Osborn t a y a on 24 M

PLAY

TIME Osborne’s gardens were the perfec t p laygroun d for the nine roya l children . At the Swiss Cott age, Prin ce Albert created a miniature world for them inclu ding gard en plots, a fort an d small m enagerie .

FAMILY RETREAT

Osborne was Victoria and Albert’s favourite royal residence due to its secluded location, allowing them to spend time out of the public gaze. They spent around three months there every year.

HAPPY BIRTHDAY VICTORIA & ALBERT! This year it is 200 years since the birth of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, who both celebrated their birthdays at Osborne, and we’re celebrating with a new exhibition and trail highlighting a selection of their birthday presents. Here are some of those on display…

STATUE OF QUEEN VICTORIA

BY JOHN GIBSON This 1.5m-high marble statue of the queen was given by Victoria to Prince Albert on his 30th birthday on 26 August 1849. Victoria thought it made her look like a Roman Empress!

MAHARAJA DULEEP SINGH BY FRANZ XAVER WINTERHALTER Duleep Singh, the Maharaja of the Punjab, was exiled to Britain aged 16 in 1849 and became friends with the queen.

This painting was given to Albert by Victoria on his 35th birthday in 1854.

MAURICE BY JOHN WILLIAM BOTTOMLEY Maurice, a St Bernard, was one of Prince Albert’s favourite dogs. This painting was given to Victoria

by Albert on her 40th birthday on 24 May 1859.

THE SLEEPING SPINNER

BY JULIUS TROSCHEL This sculpture shows a young girl who has fallen asleep while spinning. It was given by Albert to Victoria on her 29th birthday, 24 May 1848.

Royal Collection Trust/Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2019

LOL

!

What h appene d when Q Victoriaueen was caught g She hadambling? a ro flush! yal

Turn to page 3 to take part in our competition to design a 200th birthday card for Queen Victoria!

7

$ COLLECT

ALL 12 POSTERS!

New industries powered by steam have moved into town.

The population has also grown as people have moved from the countryside. Living conditions are not great for the workers though.

Over to you!

• How are the goods transported?

• How have the fashions changed?

• What are the children doing?

• How are the streets illuminated?

• Would you like to live here?

Collect them all!

This is the 10th of 12 posters you can collect to make a mega timeline of English history. You can find the other nine at www. english-heritage.org.uk/kids

What’s for dinner?

LOL!

How do you makepaple Victorianvear? turno Push it downhill!

Lord and Lady Braybrooke are holding a grand dinner party at Audley End. Look what their cook, Mrs Crocombe, is preparing for dinner in the kitchen!

The family usually stayed at Audley End during the autumn and winter for the shooting season and often had visitors. Sometimes there were as many as 15 to 20 guests. Dinners could be fancy affairs with several courses, each served with wine from the house cellar

1. Rabbit soup

4. Turbot with lobster sauce

Soups were always served at the start of dinner in the 1880s, and rabbit soup was a firm favourite as rabbits would have been readily available from the estate throughout the year.

Turbot was an expensive fish that was a traditional favourite for country house dinner parties.

The diced lobster was boiled then puréed by being pushed through a sieve to produce a smooth sauce.

2. Roast pheasant

5. Almond and potato pudding

Lord Braybrooke raised silver and golden pheasants on the estate, looked after by a team of gamekeepers, and held regular shooting parties, so pheasant was often served at the dinner table.

This mashed potato dish flavoured with almonds, lemon and nutmeg would have been served as a side dish. After baking for 40 minutes it was served on a plate, garnished with chopped almonds.

3. Gâteau de pommes

6. Cheese seftons

Moulded fruit dishes were very popular. The apples were boiled up with sugar, water and lemon juice until they became a thick purée. This was then poured into moulds and left to set overnight.

These were a type of cheese straw, served at the end of the meal. The version in Mrs Crocombe’s cookbook combined puff pastry and cheese-butter mix.

2

1

3

Make Mrs C Queen Droprocombe’s Biscuits!

10

6

5

4

Have a go at following the Audley End cook’s instructions to make this delicious sweet treat. Go to www.englishheritage.org.uk/kids to download the recipe!

Interview with...

E B M O C O R C MRS and Jack to We sent young Members Ollie its famous cook Audley End in Essex to meet

id Q What dria say to o t Vic ostrich? the not We areus! em

Q&A

You must be Master Ollie and Master Jack.

You both look well-mannered and I hope your shoes are clean. I’m Mrs Crocombe and I’m the cook at Audley End.

Jack: Is it hard work?

We have to cook for Lord and Lady Braybrooke and all their guests, as well as all the servants.

And the servants don’t eat the same dishes as Lord and Lady Braybrooke, so we do have to make a lot of food.

Ollie: Are you the only one who works here?

I’m in charge but there are four of us here.

Myself, then Mary-Ann my first kitchen maid, Sylvia my second kitchen maid and Ally Chase who works in the scullery, mostly washing-up.

Wa the tch To w video inter atch th ef vi Croc ew with ull om M www be, go t rs herit .english o age.o /kids rg.uk

Jack: How does the food get to Lord Braybrooke’s table?

That is the job of the footmen and Mr Lincoln the butler. I make the food in the kitchen and then it leaves through the hatch just by the door. The dining table is on the other side of the house and upstairs, so the footmen have to move very quickly. Mr Lincoln and I have to be very organised.

Louisa Williams at Louisa French Photography

LOL! ueen

Ollie: Where do you and the other servants eat?

Most of the servants eat in the servants’ hall but I sit with the housekeeper Mrs Warwick and the butler Mr Lincoln on a different table.

Mealtimes are the only times we get to see the other servants. Even the family and usually the guests don’t come into the kitchens.

11

quiz TIME

Could you make it as a

N ?

VICTOGRAIA RDENer

APPRENTICE

Take our quiz to see if you could have cut it in a 19th-century English country garden

1

What skills do you have in addition to gardening?

A Reading and writing B Geometry, geology, surveying C None

2

In the summer the working day could start at 4am to cut the grass. Do you: A Force yourself out of bed B Enjoy the fresh early morning light C Pretend that you forgot

3

5

Eager to explore

6

What would you use for watering the awardwinning cabbages?

Plant collectors from Britain travelled all over the world looking for new trees and plants to grow. Where would you go to look for new plants today and what might they look like?

C

A

Where do you want to live?

4

You only get paid three shillings a week. You are asked to water the plants on a Sunday for no extra pay. Do you:

B

7

After a long day in the garden do you:

Hit the books and spend more time in the garden.

Try recording your daily tasks to remember what needs doing.

Advances in glass technology meant that greenhouses became bigger and better, growing exotic fruit and vegetables more easily, including pineapples! What cool fruit and vegetables would you grow in your greenhouse?

8

What would you wear for a hard day’s work in the garden?

How did you get on?

Mostly A: more experience needed

Gleaming glass

A Record your day's tasks in a diary B Read a book on gardening C Go to sleep

A Water them as quickly as possible so you can get back to your day off B Water the plants thoroughly, they need it!

C Enjoy your day off with a trip to the seaside

Getty; Alamy

Put your Victorian gardening skills to the test with these challenges

A Upset but hope that one day it will be you B Pleased that you won even if you don’t get the credit C Annoyed – you deserved it!

A On a cottage on the estate shared with two other gardeners B In a shed in the kitchen garden sharing a room with six other gardeners C In your own home with your family

12

ch Take the allenge

The head gardener takes credit for your work at the local flower show. Are you:

Mostly B: you’re hired!

A

You are ready to study hard, work 12-hour days and start your career in gardening. Next stop head gardener!

B

Mostly C: career change?

It doesn’t look like gardening is the career for you – have you ever considered being a butler?

C

Formal flowers The fashion was for gardens planted in patterns with brightly coloured flowers, to be admired from the windows above.

What colours and patterns would you choose? Have a go at designing your own dream garden.

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Darwin’s domain

hair today, gone tomorrow

Ch Da arle rw s in

Victorian scientist Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution through experiments he conducted at Down House in Kent HOME EXPERIMENTS

E A FAMILY HOM

was Darwin’s Down House ars. He lived ye home for 40 ath 42 until his de here from 18 ma.

Em ife w s hi in 1882, with ough children, alth They had 10 od. ho ild ch in three died

STARTING AN EVOLUTION

Darwin wrote the infl uential On the Origin of Speci es in 1858–59. It put forwa rd the idea that species of an imals and plants evolved ov er time.

He used the surrounding landscape as a laboratory.

Darwin made observations of the nature he saw around him at Down House. His daily walks were important as thinking time too.

GENIUS AT WORK

Darwin was a genius but he needed help from lots of people to develop his ideas. His thoughts were controversial, especially the idea that humans, apes and monkeys are related.

DIY DARWIN

NATURAL CUR IO

SITY Darwin loved his garden. H carried out ob e experiments servations and in his greenh ouse to see how pl ants compete and adapt to changing circumstance s.

N FAMILY FfuUn as well.

wn was Life at Do nd Emma Darwin Charles a y family life with pp had a ha ren. They played d d il h c ir e th nd playe d books a mmon. a re a music, g e back games lik

Three of the experiments Darwin conducted at Down House to try yourself FEED ME NOW!

GROW YOUR OWN JUNGLE

SEED SAILORS

Try growing cape sundews at home – these small carnivorous (meat-eating) plants will fit on a windowsill but they eat almost anything.

Try feeding them pieces of meat, cheese, hair or even toenail clippings!

A terrarium is a glass container with plants inside.

Try making your own and watch how the plants grow towards the light and compete for space.

Darwin wanted to see if seeds could cross oceans. Try soaking cress seeds in jars of salty water for different lengths of time. Plant them in compost with seeds that have not been soaked for comparison. How do the salty seeds do?

Discover more at www.english-heritage.org.uk/downhouse

13

Look inside…

Brodsworth Hall This grand country house in Yorkshire was built in the 1860s for the Thellusson family and remains almost exactly the same as when it was built

THE

N

NOW

1

The entrance hall

The columned porch was wide enough for a carriage to drive through it, so the Thellussons and their guests could reach the entrance hall without getting wet if it was raining.

2

The dining room

The dining room has a huge table. The Thellussons displayed their best paintings and silver here. The last family member to live here, Sylvia Grant Dalton, sometimes ate here on her own.

3

The billiard room

The billiard room has a massive table for playing billiards – a version of snooker.

It was mainly designed for men to use, with long sofas against the walls and paintings of horses.

14

4

LO

The drawing room

This was used mostly by the women of the family, who would entertain visitors here and sit here after dinner. The walls are lined with red silk – a very expensive substitute for wallpaper.

5

L! W Queenhy did alw yVictoria s an ua mbrehave She re lla? for yeigned ars!

The bedrooms

The bedrooms were comfortably furnished, with massive beds and wardrobes. The house originally didn’t have baths or washbasins, so the servants had to bring jugs full of hot water.

6

The servants’ wing

About 15 servants worked in the house, including a butler, a housekeeper, a cook, four housemaids, three kitchen maids and a valet. Other servants worked outside in the gardens.

Discover more about Brodsworth Hall at www.english-heritage.org.uk/brodsworth

N A I R O T VInC& games fu

More Victorianthemed puzzles, crafts, challenges and jokes

MAKE A VICTORIAN SPINNER Thaumatropes were popular with Victorian children, as they could make a moving picture in their hands – it was the closest they got to a video on a phone. Here’s how to make your own.

1 Cut out a circular piece of paper.

2 On one side draw a picture, such as a person holding a balloon.

3 On the other draw a slightly different picture, such as the same person with the balloon floating away.

4 Poke a hole on each side and thread string or elastic bands through them.

5 Spin the disc and the optical illusion will show the person letting go of the balloon.

6 Experiment with different pictures and see what animations you can make.

!

LOLwas y Why ne

ODd jObs

chim te the eep lark? sw r wo fo ver He oept! sw

ian these strange Victor See if you can match riptions jobs with their desc poo llected dog o C r

Toshe

Pure finder

Resurrec tionist ers Answhe t t a m of bot topage e th

Stole bodies from graves gs from Collected ra nk the riverba

Mudlark

Searched for valuables in sewers

Make a

silhouette drawing

How to draw a friend’s face the

Victorian way

Drawing someone’s shadow was a popular way to have a por trait done in Victorian times. Put a piece of paper on the wall and point a torch at the paper by resting it on a chair or table.

Stand side-on between the light and the wall so the shadow of your face is on the paper. Then get someone to draw the outline of your face and neck. You can then colour your head in black.

IN OUR DEFENCE

Which two of these forts were built by the Victorians?

Old Sarum

Fort Brockhurt

Richborough Roman Fort

Landguard Fort

ANSWERS ODD JOBS: Tosher – searched for valuables in sewers. Pure finder – collected dog poo. Resurrectionist – stole bodies from graves. Mudlark – collected rags from the riverbank. IN OUR DEFENCE: Fort Brockhurst and Landguard Fort were built by the Victorians

INSTANT dress-up

KIT

Be treated like royalty and transform yourself into Queen Victoria or Prince Albert!

Become royalty for a day with this Queen Vic toria mask and sceptre!

STEP 1

www.english Go to -heritage.org .u to get star ted

k/kids

STEP 2

Follow the instructions to download your printable disguises. Print out the templates and glue each of the pages on to card before cutting them out

STEP 3

At tach string or elastic to your mask, top hat or ’tache.

STEP 4

photo. Ask a grown-up Strike a pose and take a fie using to share your Vic torian sel ishHeritage ngl @E tag and p shi #EHmember

Calling all princes!

For all you young gents we’ve got a terrific top hat and an amazing moustache to transform you into Prince Albert!