The Kids Rule! Guide to… Medieval Castles

Supports the

THEZINE A NG A M GY OU R O F MBERS! E M

Key Stage 2 Curriculum

THE Kids RuLe! GUIDE TO…

in A dayife… theElleanor Meet tfor t at on de M r Castle Dove

Draw the e! g drawbrid uide Follow our g a g to drawin stle medieval ca

could you run a castle?

Take our fun quiz to see if you’ve got what it takes

Butcher, baker, horseshoe maker Meet the medieval residents of Goodrich Castle

SiegE thE dAy

Play our game to see if you can be the first to build a trebuchet and destroy the defences of Carlisle Castle in Cumbria!

BUILD A CASTLE! • BLOODY BATTLES! INSIDE • LOLS! • SIEGE DIARY COMPETITION!

It’s knight time!

H G hI MiGhTY AND

l e al com Wel ds and lor ies! lad

s still ere created, many castle w ey th r te af s ar ye of rs.

Hundreds the nation or their owne nd fe de to ilt bu e er w stand where they ney into medieval England… ur jo ur yo rt sta to ps ga e Fill in th

Medieval castles were built to be so strong that many are still standing hundreds of years later. After conquering England in 1066, the built the first -and-bailey castles to control their kingdom.

These consisted of wooden forts on top of a mound of earth called a motte, with a courtyard, or , surrounded by a protective fence and ditch. As castle design improved, they were later replaced with larger fortresses. Castles protected the surrounding areas and people who lived within their walls, with many battles fought for control of them. Castles were often surrounded and attacked in like those at Carlisle Castle in 1315 (see page 8) and Kenilworth Castle in 1266 (see page 14). But castles weren’t just fortresses. Kings, lords and other important people lived in castles with their families and , alongside soldiers, craftsmen and peasants.

MISSING WO

RDS

Motte Sieges Servants

Normans Bailey

Answers (in order): 1 Normans. 2 Motte.

3 Bailey. 4 Sieges. 5 Servants

What’s inside?

Here’s what you can find in this issue of Kids Rule!

02

s 5 thingt to spo

e objects Can you find these fiv is issue? th of s hiding in the page

Lance

Urinal pot

A day in the life of a noblewoman’s daughter at Dover Castle in 1265 Page 4

Helmet armour

Meet the medieval residents of Goodrich Castle in Herefordshire Page 6

Boar’s he on a platad e

Pillory

Play our game to see if you can lay siege to Carlisle Castle in Cumbria Page 8

How to draw...

a medieval castle Follow our step-bystep guide to drawing Rochester Castle’s keep!

LO

How o L! the ften did in thkeing stay ca Every stle? knighfort t!

STEP

2

Add in the detail of the crenellations on top of the towers.

STEP

3

Draw in the different sections that can be seen on the front of the keep.

STEP

1

STEP

4

Break down the castle’s keep into shapes like this, to give you a basic outline.

Now add windows, the door and the angled roof section at the side.

Our illustrator Wesley Robins at Rochester Castle!

STEP

5

Draw in texture for the bricks and place some flags on top of the towers.

STEP

6

To give the castle a 3D look, use the side of your pencil to add shadows.

STEP

7

Finally, colour in your castle using coloured pencils or felt-tip pens.

Discover the story of Warkworth Castle and Hermitage in Northumberland Page 10

Look inside… Stokesay Castle in Shropshire and make a mini model Page 12

Learn about the siege of Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire in 1266 Page 14

Complete our quiz to see if you could run a medieval castle Page 16

200713

It’s the fort that counts!

03

A day in the life Meet Eleanor de Montfort, a noble girl living at Dover Castle in Kent in 1265

The family move around a lot of castles and Eleanor has only just arrived at Dover. She loves exploring the massive castle but gets lost and is sometimes late for her daily lessons.

Amen Oh no, which way is it now?

It’s a very scary time for Eleanor. Her dad and brother are off fighting a war against her uncle, King Henry III. She spends an hour in the morning in church, praying for her family.

E… l… e…

Most children her age can’t read and write, but Eleanor has a tutor to prepare her for life as a noblewoman. She has a lovely book of prayer from her mother, called a breviary, to help her learn how to read and write and to understand church services.

Eleanor spends a lot of time with her mother, also called Eleanor. Her mother is very busy looking after the castle and her whole household (more than 200 people!) during the war, but still has to teach little Eleanor how to follow in her footsteps.

Your greatgrandparents were King Henry II and Queen Eleanor, who kept a magnificent court

I like the sound of Queen Eleanor!

It’s not all about books and words. Eleanor must learn how to be a member of noble society, and so she is taught about her long line of important ancestors by her tutor.

One day you’ll have to look after everyone in our household

Gulp!

Her mother is meeting Sir John de la Haye, who is arriving to take on the duties of constable of the castle. He is visiting the castle to discuss the war and preparations at Dover. Eleanor and some other women and girls, called damsels, are gathered with her mother to receive him.

I’m pleased to find you well my lady

She knows she must learn from what her mother is saying but Eleanor is still very bored. Luckily, she is allowed to play with the young son of one of Sir John’s knights, whose name is Robert.

I would give you a tour but I keep getting lost!

We are safe behind these walls, sir Dover Castle is huge but there is a private chamber for Eleanor, her mother and the damsels to relax in after the meeting. Eleanor does some needlework while listening to the ladies talking.

Tonight they will all sit at the high table because the household, Sir John and his knights are to eat together in the hall.

Eleanor and Robert play a board game called alquerque, which is bit like draughts. Even though Robert is a little older than her, Eleanor is good and they both win three games each.

Let’s call it a draw

Not long now!

Can you do the same in wars?

Maybe I should enjoy this chicken while I can!

Everyone gathers for a feast in the evening. There is a lot of food and some entertainment by singers and musicians.

Eleanor’s mother must keep up morale in this time of trouble, even though she is building up food supplies in case the castle is besieged – she doesn’t want people to starve.

t ou ab me, e r o mo er h to . m rn ea ’s for le, go tage l To nor st heri a C a Ele over glish over D .en k/d .u w ww org

Within

these walls

Have you ever wondered what life was like inside a medieval castle? Meet the rea l-life inhabitants of Goodrich Castle in Herefords hire to find out… welcome to my castle!

Joan de Valence

Joan, the Countess of Pembroke, became the head of the household in her sixties. She had a strong personality but was also generous and welcoming.

Go od Cas rich tod tle ay

Isaac of the kitchen

Hamo the coachman

Hamo drove and maintained the coach, pulled by four or five horses, in which the countess and other ladies rode. The roads were terrible, so Hamo had to find replacement parts when the coach broke.

06

Isaac was a servant to the chief cook in Countess Joan’s household.

He was sent to Goodrich before the countess’s arrival to check the larder was well stocked. stop horsing around!

The Prioress of Aconbury

The Prioress was the head of a convent of canonesses near Hereford. She probably came from a noble family and was an honoured guest at Goodrich.

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Wh OL! postat did th h al wo e wheanve to werker r lette delivera rs to ing the cas Chai tle? n ma il!

OV TO YER OU Wou

WRITE ON CUE!

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Ralph the clerk

Roger de Inkpenne

Roger was a knight serving Aymer de Valence, the countess’s son.

He helped with the management of the many houses and castles owned by Countess Joan.

clerks Ralph was one of the and l pe cha the in working . As he was trained as a priest Ralph could read and write, ld’s recorded the househo s ter let ote wr d an e incom for the family.

Walter the farrier

Béatrice de Valence

Walter’s job was to make and fit shoes for the household’s horses. There were around 30 horses – for the countess and her family, and for carrying goods – so Walter was kept busy!

Béatrice was the wife of Countess Joan’s son, Aymer, and the daughter of a French nobleman. She spent a lot of time carrying out embroidery, though probably also hunted with falcons.

Clement the chaplain

use your loaf!

John the baker

John baked the br that was an impo ead rtant part of each mea l the castle. Bakin at g was hard and hot w ork, carried out in a small bakehouse behi nd the castle keep.

Clement was the senior priest of the countess’s household.

He and his colleagues led several services each day for the countess and her family in the castle’s two chapels.

To learn more about the history of Goodrich Castle, go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/goodrich 07

SIEGE at

CARLISLE CASTLE What you need

• One dice for each • A counter in is fine) co player (a ncil pe • A pen or e th f of to tick rts as trebuchet pa em th ct lle you co ly ee • The st ion to win determinat

Y h ou th ave r so e w c re ld l i a a ie an add th a stle che rs ex er sie wa d tra – g ll h e th av ro e w !

Play our game to see if you can collect all of the pieces of the trebuchet to break through the castle defences and be the first to conquer it!

ve ha e u h Yo t ur it t! ted yo k ee llec for – tic t!

Sw co ch et lis in h r w buc you f tre of

YOU WIN!

The castle is yours!

A ha wes ve om p th c e yo roj e s olle ! Y – ur ect ton cte ou tic tr ile e d k eb s no the uch for w m et ! of f

CARLISLE CASTLE SIEGES

Carlisle Castle’s position on the border between England and Scotland made it an important stronghold, with control of the castle passing between the English and Scottish many times. The Scots besieged the town and castle seven times between 1173 and 1461. One of the most determined sieges was in 1315 by Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland, following his victory over the English at the Battle of Bannockburn the previous year. The Scots failed to take the castle though, and retreated with the loss of only two English lives. The siege of

ou !Y d mp ecte u t b oll ing Fis ve c row ur ha e th r yo tick th m fo t – ! ar uche ow n b tre it off

1461 was one of the bloodiest episodes of the Wars of the Roses, the struggle for the English throne between the Houses of Lancaster and York. A combined army of Lancastrians and Scots succeeded in taking the castle from the Yorkists. The final siege of Carlisle was in 1745, when English soldiers defeated 400 Scottish soldiers. They were stationed here during the second Jacobite rising, when Prince Charles Edward Stuart led an army into England and attempted to restore the exiled Stuarts to the throne.

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r you ine dug m s A dier with sol filled r and e s ha dwat be o o flo has t oned ! d an a go b a iss m –

O PLAY English and Scottish border is in your hands!

HOWCarTlisle Castle on the e to

The fate of be the first to lay sieg ily member to see who can Challenge a friend or fam le a trebuchet and break und the board to assemb the castle, by travelling aro win. Take turns to roll the and p kee the use to reach through the castle’s gateho Your objective is to collect board and the castle walls. dice and move around the only claim them if you can u (yo m the on et by landing all six par ts of the trebuch m). Once you have the r h par t – not by passing ove land on the space with eac s may take several (thi et uch treb r you of six par ts collected and ticked off all t time you pass it nex the use the gateho the board), you can enter of s lap claim it as your own! ha Wo to reach the castle keep and v o

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Trebuchet checklist 1

2 Yes! Y colle ou have base cted the your frame o f tre – tic buchet k your it off list!

Throwing arm

Base frame

3 Slu siege rp! Your stuck tower ge ts in – mis the mud s a tu rn!

Counterweight Boom!

You collecte have d the counte rweigh t for your tre bu tick it o chet – ff now!

4 5

Sling

Winch

6

Stone projectiles

Player 2

START HERE!

Player 1

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E D I PthRe north of

Discover how Warkworth Castle in North umberland grew from a Saxon settlement to become one of England’s finest for tresses!

PLACE WEORCA’S was a castle at

ere Long before th oman called Weorca w a , th or kw ar W ent here, e to a settlem gave her nam 737, King Ceolwulf, who In ’, donated Werceworde. a’s homestead rc eo ‘W owned e. rn fa at Lindis it to the monks

AN EARL’S ESTATE? We don’t

kn oldest part ow who built the o have been f the castle. It may Henry, son David I of Scotland, of King in the 12th century. H e Northumb was the Earl of erland – w h Warkwort h Castle si ere ts.

RTRESS FITZ’dSofFthO e 12th century,

By the en to d been given Warkwor th ha d by Henry II. ar ch Roger Fitz Ri may rt Fitz Roger, His son, Robe iest ea kwor th’s rl have built War ing its gatehouse ud buildings, incl ergus Tower. kf and the Carric

PERCY POWER BASE

In the 13th a nd there were se 14th centuries veral wars between En gland and Scotland, a nd the Crow n turned to n oble families support. In 13 fo 28 Edward II r I gave Warkw orth to the Percy family ,w becoming ve ho were ry power fu l.

10

HIGHS AND HOTSPUR

became The 4th Lord Percy rland. be um rth Earl of No ilt the bu To celebrate, he nour ho e Th r. we Great To e earl was shor t-lived: th Hotspur and his son Harry against n joined a rebellio ich wh y, rch na the mo hs. ended in their deat

Salvation station

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Not far from the castle is the hermitage – a secret chapel carved out of the cliffside!

L! What h when appen lost t the kniged he ca ht He wa stle? de-m oat-se d!

Among the trees of the riverbank, about 500 metres from Warkworth Castle, is the Hermitage. It’s a chapel cut into a cliff, with the remains of a house for the chaplain or priest who worked here.

It may have been built at the same time as the castle’s Great Tower.

The priest here took services at the request of the earl, probably to pray for the souls of family members. It’s a very peaceful place.

RUIN, WRECKAGE, RENEWAL

or th By the 1550s, Warkw ough th y, wa d ba was in a here ed liv ll sti s rcy Pe e th y and occasionally. Deca ge ma da e at er lib de ies, followed for centur kes of Du rcy Pe e th re fo be paired re nd rla be Northum y. ur it in the 19th cent

anyo n my f e seen eath er dust er?

Henry, rega Hotspur’s son, became Earl d Warkwor th an nd in 1416. His rla a of Nor thumbe me involved in successors beca ne between thro battle for the the epresented by (r ns ia tr as se).

Lanc ro te hi (w Yorkists red rose) and Harry r u Hotsp

r

te as nc La rose

Yor ksh rose ire

HEAR ME ROAR

The 4th ea rl, Henry Perc also called y, made th e lion the heraldic sy Percy family mbol of the . symbol can A carving of be seen on th walls of Wa rkworth Ca e stle today (see above).

Historic England, Getty Images

T FLOWER FIGH ined

11

Look inside…

Stokesay Castle

en like at this grand, for tified Discover what life would have be shire in the 13th century medieval manor house in Shrop 5

THEN

3 1

2

4

6

NOW

1

Bold and beautiful

The South Tower was created to look imposing and imitated the towers of great castles of the age. But rather than being built for defence, it was actually a luxurious living space.

2

Pies, porkers & pottage

The food was cooked in large fireplaces in the kitchen. Here the castle’s cooks prepared pies shaped like fish, roasted pigs on spits and made a porridge-like dish called pottage.

12

3

Solar powered

The Solar was one of the fanciest rooms in the castle.

Here, Laurence of Ludlow, who owned and built Stokesay, could recieve important guests for a cup of wine or a game of backgammon.

4

Party central

The Great Hall was important for the social life of the castle.

It was used to honour guests and celebrate festivals with feasts accompanied by music. It was heated by a large fire on a stone.

5

Room for more

The North Tower didn’t look like a fortified castle tower, as its top floor was bigger than those below. It was near the kitchen, so it might have been where a steward lived.

6

What’s that whiff?

The moat gave the castle some protection but its main purpose was to help flush away toilet waste. To stop it getting smelly, water from a pond flowed through it to clear it out. Phew!

Discover more about Stokesay Castle at www.english-heritage.org.uk/stokesay

Historic England

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13

ROYAL RUMBLE

It’s 1266 and supporters of the rebel barons, who are at war with Henry III, have gathered at Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire to defend themselves against the king’s army. But who will win?

REBELS’ REVOLT

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OL D aboiud you ! who t the hear a g the ave u rmy The siege?p on y a kncalled ight it

In the mid-1260s En gla divided by a civil wa nd was r between Henry III and rebel barons. The rebels’ leader, Simon de Montfort, had just died in ba ttle. His suppor ters massed inside Kenilworth Castle and pledged to fight on.

S THE ARMIFE FACE OF the

nths for It took mo to gather y king’s arm to attack re and prepa e king tried h T . le st ls, the ca n the rebe to frighte otiate with g then to ne either side n them, but e way. would giv

king and h is eldest so Edward led n th eir army.

Edward’s si ege to the castle, wer reached destroyed b but it was e could climb fore soldiers over the w Stones fired all. trebuchets from opposing were descri bed as ‘clashing in the air’.

Henry III

LIFE UNDER SIEGE

ering Kenilworth was shelt th their wi ng alo n me 00 1,2 They had wives and children. ment to endure bombard and , es gin en ge from sie army watch as the king’s Inside prepared to attack. s scarce wa d foo e, stl ca the came ill. and many people be

ADMITTING DEFEAT

On 14 Dece m the exhau ber 1266, st surrendere ed rebels d unexpecte and Henry dly allowe d them to le ave. But violence fl a around th red up again e country.

Peace was only se another si cured after ege in Lon don.

Can you imagine what life was like during the siege? Have a go at writing a diary about about the siege of Kenilworth and enter our competition (see facing page) for your chance to win a goody bag worth £100!

14

Historic England; Getty Images

THE KING ATTACKS The

I’m king the of t h cas tle! e

YOU diD it!

Ooh tap , top estr ies!

Last issue we challenged you to create your own Norman tapestry. Here are the winning entries!

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Jasper, age 8

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COMPETITION

Write a siege diary!

Enter our competition for your chance to win a brilliant £100 goody bag!

Tobias, age 6

British Library

NER RUN P U

Now you've read about the siege of Kenilworth Castle, we want you to imagine that you were there in 1266. Have a go at writing a one page diary entry, explaining what the experience of attacking the castle, or being under attack, would have been like.

Go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids to find out more and enter. We’ve got a goody bag worth £100 for our favourite!

Terms and conditions The closing date and time for entries is midnight on 4 April 2021. For full terms and conditions, go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids

This magazine is published on behalf of English Heritage by Immediate Media Co. www.immediate.co.uk For English Heritage Luke Whitcomb, Johanna Lovesey, Tom Dennis, Tony Dike, Richard Leatherdale, Tom Moriarty, Fran Gibbons For Immediate Media Co Group editor Matt Havercroft, Group production editor Oliver Hurley, Senior art editor Sam Freeman, Art editor Elaine Knight-Roberts, Account director Esther Procee, Account manager Joanne Robinson, Director Julie Williams, Editorial director Dan Linstead, Design director Will Slater Contributors Jeremy Ashbee, Paul Pattison, William Wyeth, Adam Rees Illustrations Wesley Robins

15

easy It’s not w! o you kn

COULD YOU RUN A

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L! Wh of caht kind proteeese cas cts Moat tles? zare lla!

Find out if you’ve got what it takes to run and maintain one of England’s formidable fortresses!

A Tie him to a post in the courtyard?

B Chain him to a wall in the dungeon with leg irons?

C Take his wallet and mobile, and tie his shoelaces together?

2

You have to arrange the Great Hall for dinner. Do you…

A Arrange long tables, with people sat in order of age and importance?

B Have lots of round tables, and arrange people so they’re always next to someone new?

C Arrange people on tables by their occupation?

3

At night, after the gates have been closed, do you…

A Settle down to oil the crossbows?

B Switch on the fairy lights on the battlements?

C Send two sergeants on their rounds to check that the watchmen aren’t sleeping?

16

4

Oh no! The castle toilet is getting smelly again! Do you…

A Order the ‘gong scourer’ to dig the poo out of the pit?

B Spray it with air freshener and leave the window open?

C Leave a bowl of lavender to ward off the plague?

5

Supplies in the stores are looking a bit low. Do you…

A Drive the waggon down to the supermarket and fill three shopping trolleys?

B Order the labourers to plant more beans and cabbages?

C Go to the market and order 100 salted pigs, 200 sacks of grain and 100 barrels of salted fish?

6

At sunset, the castle gates have to be closed. Do you…

A Shake the doormat, put the cat out and pop the kettle on?

B Order the drawbridge to be raised, the gates closed and barred, and the watchmen to go on duty?

C Light torches outside so visitors can see where they are?

Answers 1B, 2A, 3C, 4A, 5C, 6B, 7C, 8C

1

The king orders you to keep a prisoner securely.

Do you…

7

You need to raise the portcullis.

Do you…

A Lift it and put a stick under it?

B Put a new battery in the remote control?

C Order your men to wind it up and put strong bars through it to hold it in the ‘up’ position?

8

One of your watchmen wounds another with the point of his sword.

Do you…

A Order them to fight a duel with blunted weapons?

B Send him on a one-day anger management course?

C Fine him 10 shillings?

how many did you get right?

Castle Rule-ometer