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ISO STANDARDS AWARENESS FOR FLUID POWER PROFESSIONALS
HISTORY OF THE
ISO 3601 SERIES OF STANDARDS FOR O-RINGS
I
n 1939, Niels A. Christensen was granted a U.S. Patent for “new and useful improvements in packings and the like for power cylinders,” which were improved packing rings made of “solid rubber or rubber composition very dense and yet possessive of great liveliness and compressibility” suitable for use as packings for fluid medium pistons (liquid or air). The improved packing ring is the modern O-ring. The principle behind the successful sealing of fluid with an O-ring is that it deforms when compressed in its groove and “it has slight freedom of movement to be worked or kneaded during the piston reciprocation in order to maintain the rubber in a live state” and acts as a barrier, resisting leakage. Christensen did not provide equations to determine the size needed for the circular cross section or the ID of the “improved packing” or for the groove. He found that the compression should not be too high as to prohibit the packing from moving, that it needed to have “slight freedom of movement to be worked to satisfy the needs of their national industries. In the 1970s, or kneaded during the piston reciprocation in order to maintain FIG.1 as companies became more international, it became obvious the rubber in a live state and to prolong its serviceable life” but that an international O-ring standard was required. not so little compression or too wide of a groove that would In 1978, ISO 3601-1 was first released. This original release allow it too much freedom of movement and “permit complete Typical O-ring of ISO 3601-1 included sizes of O-rings for General Purpose turning of the ring out upon its axis as would be caused by a configuration. applications. It was essentially DIN 3771 converted to an ISO wider groove permitting the ring to twist through 360 degrees.” Standard. This did give sizes for O-rings, but no hardware In his patent application, Christensen mentions finding dimensions to use with these seal sizes. Also by this time, that a cross section diameter of 3/16 inches worked well when AS568 O-ring sizes were being used all over the world. Of all compressed about 1/16 inch when installed in a “groove the O-ring size specifications, AS568 was (and is) the most having a flat bottom portion spaced from the cylinder wall a widely used one internationally—not DIN 3771. distance less than the normal radial dimension of the ring.” Ten years later, in 1988, the first revision of ISO 3601-1 was Proper compression (squeeze) was key in the O-ring's released. This included some new sizes for aerospace metric performance and life per Christensen; however, with no O-rings. This was followed by another revision in 2002 with clear or exact guidelines on seal fit given by Christensen, only a few changes, most of which were corrections on sizes. different philosophies of seal fit and hence O-ring and gland The major issue with these standards was that they still did not design emerged. This created the problem that there were no address those sizes listed in AS568 that were internationally used. universal standards for O-ring sizes or housings (glands). If It was not until the revision released in 2008 that the AS568 sizes, one purchased an O-ring from Sweden, it might not work in converted to metric, finally made it into this specification, replacing the equipment designed in France or even in similar equipment designed former, general-purpose-use, metric sizes from the old DIN standard. in Sweden. Because of this, it became obvious that O-ring and hardware ISO 3601-1 currently has two classes of O-rings: Class A and Class B. size standards were needed. This need was satisfied nationally by creating Class A O-rings have the same tolerances as those used in AS568, which standards for O-rings used in equipment manufactured in that specific are tighter than the tolerances for Class B O-rings, and are suitable for country. Standards such as AS568, BS 1806, DIN 3771, JIS B2401, NF T47industrial or aerospace applications when the application or the housing 501, and SMS 1586 were developed by national standards organizations 58