PART II
Political and electoral systems that exclude disadvantaged groups of the population reduce those groups’ ability to influence government actions through “normal” political channels and open the door to the emergence of contentious politics and social movements. Geographical segregation increases the exposure of disadvantaged groups to crime and violence, both because the rich retreat into gated communities with private security and because the disadvantaged lack the social, economic, and political resources needed to access the preventive and corrective forces of the judicial system and the police. It is hoped that these examples will help other researchers and the policy community deepen the understanding of the societal traits that shape social exclusion, its determinants, and its dynamics.
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