E Waste

Page 1

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and
the
Environment >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Andrew
Millar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

e-Waste

Introduc)on There
are
many
areas
in
which
the
issue
of
 e‐waste
can
be
confronted.

Legisla4on
has
 been
created
to
try
and
resolve
the
problem
 of
exported
e‐waste,
however
despite
the
 WEEE
ini4a4ve,
waste
electrical
goods
are
 con4nuously
being
exported
to
developing
 countries
such
as
India,
China,
West
Africa
 and
Pakistan
for
unscrupulous
recycling
 schemes.
 Throughout
the
lecture
we
shall
be
looking
 into
the
various
damaging
social
and
 environmental
factors
of
our
con4nued
 consump4on
of
electronic
goods.

Legisla)on It
is
argued
that
the
WEEE
direc4ve
‐
put
 in
place
to
stop
this
atrocity
occurring
–
is
 actually
encouraging
companies
to
send
 waste
abroad
under
the
pretence
that
is
 going
to
be
“recycled”.

Normally
this
is
 done
under
the
false
guise
that
the
goods
 are
fully
opera4onal,
and
will
be
donated
to
 schools
and
hospitals.

However
the
Bri4sh
 Environmental
Agency
does
not
have
the
 resources
to
carry
out
required
checks. In
2007,
the
UK
enacted
the
WEEE
 direc4ve,
in
a
bid
to
raise
the
‘recovery’
 rates
of
e‐waste
going
to
landfill,
from
 15%
to
75%
today.

In
theory,
generated
 e‐waste
was
meant
to
be
recycled
in
local
 electronic
waste
recycling
facili4es
with
 specific
paperwork
checks
to
ensure
ethical
 prac4ce.

However
in
2008
the
Environmental
Agency
 only
received
reports
on
the
fate
of
just
 15,000
tons
of
commercial
e‐waste
–
just
 5%
of
the
total. Clearly
the
direc4ve
isn’t
working,
with
 only
one
third
of
e‐waste
being
treated
 according
to
the
rules
of
the
direc4ve,
 which
is
constantly
being
undermined
by
 UK
government,
who
aim
to
“reduce
the
 administra)ve
burdens
on
business
by
 simplifying
data
repor)ng
requirements”.

“Member
states
are
 required
to
collect
 informa4on
on
an
annual
 basis
on
the
quan44es
 &
categories
of
electrical
 &
electronic
equipment
 placed
on
the
market,
 collected,
re‐used,
 recycled
&
recovered…
 &
on
collected
waste
 exported”

Poli)cal
 Poli4cians
are
currently
tou4ng
‘waste’
as
a
 high
priority
ini4a4ve,
and
are
arguing
that,
 with
long
term
planning,
‘green’
policies
 can
get
us
out
of
the
current
recession.

 Lord
Mandelson
recently
argued
at
the
 Policy
Network
that
“mainstream
climate
 change
poli)cs
obviously
can’t
be
totally
 an)‐poli)cs,
an)
business,
or
an)
growth”
 con4nuing
to
argue
that
we
have
900,000
 people
in
the
UK
working
in
the
‘green’
 sector.

“A
posi4ve
poli4cs
of
 climate
change
depends
 on
us
deciding
that
 poli4cs
works,
that
it
is
 how
we
focus
collec4vely
 on
a
different
future...
 mainstream
climate
change
 poli4cs
obviously
can’t
be
 totally
an4
poli4cs,
an4
 business,
an4
growth...

 We
can’t
just
throw
green
 slime
at
a
problem”

Number
Crunching The
United
Kingdom
produces
over
a
million
 tons
of
e‐waste
yearly
–
equivalent
to
the
 weight
of
2400
jumbo
jets
–
in
which
an
 es4mated
13%
s4ll
goes
to
landfill,
despite
 the
WEEE
legisla4on,
“around
two
thirds
 of
heavy
metals
in
landfill
come
from
 computers
or
mobile
phones”.

 
 Approximately
33%
of
e‐waste
gets
treated
 according
to
legisla4on,
with
the
rest
–
 an
es4mated
54%
‐
poten4ally
going
to
 unscrupulous
recyclers.

An
es4mated
500,000
old
computers
 arrive
in
Lagos
every
month,
of
which
 approximately
25%
are
in
working
order,
 the
remainder
oWen
goes
through
the
ugly
 process
of
dirty
recycling.

At
the
same
 4me,
4
million
computers
are
discarded
in
 China
every
year,
oWen
set
for
the
same
 treatment.

Manufacturing A
study
from
the
‘WEEE
Man’
project
 revealed
that
90%
of
waste
is
generated
 at
the
material
sourcing
stage,
and
a
study
 from
the
United
Na4ons
University
in
 Tokyo,
showed
that
manufacturing
just
one
 32MB
RAM
module
requires
32
kilograms
 of
water,
1.6
kilograms
of
fossil
fuels,
700
 grams
of
gases
and
up
to
72
grams
of
 different
chemicals.

 Many
computers
begin
life
in
one
of
the
 many
manufacturing
industries
located
in
 Suzhou,
China.

A
shocking
800
buses
are
 required
in
order
to
transport
staff
to
work
 daily.

Suzhou
contains
the
manufacturing
 sites
for
companies
such
as
Logitech
and
 Asustech.

6000
Suzhou
workers
churn
 out
70
million
mice
a
year
for
Logitech
 alone.

The
Asustech
plant
manufactures
 a
staggering
60
million
motherboards
a
 year,
employing
85,000
staff,
with
1,800
 suppliers.

However
it
is
not
just
the
environmental
 issues
that
are
a
coherent
problem.

The
 nega4ve
social
impact
and
cost
of
human
 life
is
astronomical
in
some
cases.

‘Coltan’,
 a
mixture
of
Columbium
and
Tantalum,
is
 extremely
versa4le
in
manufacture,
and
 can
be
made
to
store
and
to
release
an
 electrical
charge,
deemed
as
“essen)al
to
 mobile
phones”,
and
is
the
main
reason
 their
size
is
so
heavily
reduced
today.

 Despite
the
ongoing
power
struggles
 in
Congo,
Western
mining
companies
 con4nued
extrac4ng
‘coltan’
under
the
 protec4on
of
rebel
armies
in
Congo,
despite
 the
fact
that
4
million
people
were
killed
in
 civil
war
over
these
precious
mining
lands.

Retail Dell
have
recently
imposed
a
ban
on
the
 illegal
export
of
non‐working
computers
 bearing
its
brand,
by
offering
consumers
a
 free
take
back
scheme
on
its
products.

 Retailers
already
take
back
the
target
 amount
of
4
kilograms
of
WEEE
per
head,
 and
therefore
will
not
be
able
to
cope
with
 an
increase
in
storage
demands
‐
Nigel
 Smith
‐
Bri4sh
Retail
Consor4um.

 It
is
es4mated
that
twenty
new
users
are
 connected
to
a
mobile
phone
network
 every
second,
whilst
in
2006
the
2
billionth
 mobile
phone
went
live.

This
leads
to
the
 conclusion
that
we
are
consuming
too
much
 that
can
be
handled,
returning
new
models
 before
the
previous
models
can
be
shiWed.

Fujitsu
have
recently
released
the
‘Biblo’
 laptop
on
the
Japanese
market,
mixing
corn‐ based
plas4c
with
petroleum‐based
plas4c
 material,
reducing
the
amount
of
carbon
 dioxide
emi_ed
in
manufacture
by
15%.

 Nokia
have
also
joined
in
the
rush
to
release
 their
own
‘eco’
phone,
by
unveiling
the
 Nokia
3100
Evolve,
“built
from
recycled
and
 reused
parts”.

 A
further
development
from
Nokia
is
the

 ‘Green
Plug’
–

which
automa4cally
switches
 itself
off
once
the
mobile
phone
is
fully
 charged.

Clean
and
Unscrupulous
Recycling
 Guiyu
–
a
coastal
province
of
Guangdong
–
 is
home
to
a
migrant
community
of
100,000
 workers,
which
includes
men,
women
and
 children.

Local
well
water
has
been
deemed
 undrinkable
with
the
workforce
now
being
 kept
hydrated
by
water
being
trucked
in
 from
safe
water
sources.
 In
Mandoli,
India,
one
kilo
of
circuit
boards
 can
be
bought
for
between
5
and
10
rupees
 –
equa4ng
to
around
15
pence
in
the
UK.
 The
circuit
boards
then
go
through
the
 various
processes,
oWen
being
dunked
in
 acid
by
children
as
young
as
ten
to
separate
 the
copper,
which
in
turn
can
be
sold
on
for
 as
much
as
300
rupees.

In
contrast,
Sims
Recycling
Solu4ons
–
 Roseville,
CA
–
employs
approximately
60
 full
4me
staff
members
to
undergo
the
 same
process
of
recycling
e‐waste,
with
 staff
receiving
the
necessary
training
and
 protec4ve
wear,
along
with
regular
safety
 mee4ngs.

The
facility
receives
an
es4mated
 70
tons
of
e‐waste
per
day,
all
of
which
 is
dealt
with
on
site.

As
with
the
crude
 recycling
processes
in
developing
countries,
 it
is
a
lucra4ve
trade
–
the
shredder
collects
 100‐to‐400
grams
of
gold
per
ton
of
 material
shredded.

‘Ecological
Rucksack’

“Every
item
we
own
made
from
 stuff
hewn
from
the
Earth
carries
 with
it
a
‘rucksack’
of
all
the
 waste
ore
that
had
to
be
mined
to
 produce
it”

The
term
‘Ecological
Rucksack’
takes
 into
account
all
the
materials
required
 in
a
product’s
lifecycle.

This
includes
the
 material
sourcing,
product
distribu4on,
 product
consump4on,
and
post
 consump4on,
everything
is
considered

 in
its
breakdown.
 A
typical
mobile
phone
weighing
75
 grams
and
has
an
es4mated
rucksack
of
 75
kilograms,
30
kilograms
from
material
 sourcing
alone,
without
taken
into
account
 the
water
consump4on
required
in
the
 various
processes.

Hugely
significant
when
 taking
into
considera4on
that
most
mobiles
 are
discarded
in
two
years
‐
15
million
 mobiles
are
traded
in
a
year,
in
Britain
 alone. Thackera
quotes
that
“it
takes
1.7
kilograms
 of
materials
to
make
a
microchip
with
32
 megabytes
of
random
access
memory
 –
a
total
630
)mes
the
mass
of
the
final
 product”. In
addi4on,
the
average
PC
has
an
es4mated
 rucksack
of
1.5
tons,
with
one
of
ton
of
 aluminium
requiring
the
mining
of
4‐6
 tons
of
bauxite
ore,
whilst
a
ton
of
copper
 required
the
mining
of
approximately
420
 tons
of
ore
material.

In
the
Bubble
–
John
Thackera
 Thackera
uses
the
metaphor
of
the
boiling
 frog:
“If
you
drop
a
frog
into
a
pan
when
 the
water
is
boiling
it
will
leap
out;
but
 if
you
put
the
frog
in
a
pan
of
cold
water
 then
heat
it
steadily
towards
the
boiling
 point,
the
frog
‐
unaware
of
any
drama)c
 change
‐
will
just
sit
there
and
slowly
cook”.
 In
this
metaphor
we
are
clearly
the
frogs,
 completely
unaware
of
our
impending
 doom,
as
we
con4nue
to
consume
–
clearly
 we
need
a
shock
to
make
us
realise
the
hot
 we
are
we
are
in.

“If
you
drop
a
frog
into
 a
pan
when
the
water
is
 boiling
it
will
leap
out;
 but
if
you
put
the
frog
in
 a
pan
of
cold
water
then
 heat
it
steadily
towards
 the
boiling
point,
the

 frog
‐
unaware
of
any
 drama4c
change
‐
will
just
 sit
there
and
slowly
cook”

Personal
Experiments During
my
research,
various
items
of
 e‐waste
were
collected
and
dismantled,
 allowing
a
be_er
understanding
of
the
 interior
design
and
manufacture
of
the
 products,
and
therefore
demonstra4ng
 what
is
used
where
in
standard
machines,
 with
each
stage
providing
insights.

Organisa)ons Charity
organiza4on
Computer
Aid
 Interna4onal
has
been
in
place
since
1998,
 and
works
in
refurbishing
old
computers
so
 they
can
be
sent
to
developing
countries
 for
legi4mate
reuse
so
far
refurbishing
over
 150,000
computers.

 Tony
Roberts
of
Computer
Aid
Interna4onal,
 believes
that
the
organiza4on
could
take
 10
4mes
the
amount
of
computers
they
 receive,
however
they
just
don’t
receive
the
 dona4ons
required
to
reach
full
capacity. In
addi4on,
another
organiza4on,
closely
 working
with
Computer
Aid
Interna4onal,
is
 Computers
for
Schools
Kenya
who
receive
 around
450
machines
each
month,
in
which
 an
es4mated
20%
of
computers
do
not
 work
–
however
fear
not
–
all
are
recycled
 on
site
ethically
and
profitably
‐
hard
drives
 sold
for
20p;
aluminium,
plas4c,
copper
sold
 for
recycling;
metal
casing
for
gu_ering.

 Computers
for
Schools
Kenya
have
so
far
 supplied
over
300
schools
with
over
7000
 computers
con4nuing
to
“work
hard
to
 ensure
there
is
no
bad
prac)ce”.

Phones
For
Africa
–
no
prizes
for
guessing
 they
provide
used
phones
to
people
in
 Africa
–
run
a
fantas4c
all
round
ethical
 business.

Phones
donated
oWen
sell
for
 double
the
phones
worth
in
the
UK.

Profit
 made
is
then
put
back
into
local
community
 projects,
including
funding
polio
vic4ms
in
 art
projects,
in
which
vic4ms
are
taught
to
 weld
scrap
pieces
of
metal
together,
and
in
 turn
create
their
own
art
projects,
crea4ng
 various
sculptures
including
wild
animals
 and
bicycles,
which
are
re‐sold
over
the
 internet
for
a
4dy
sum
of
cash.

Footprint
Products My
proposal
was
to
create
30
kilograms
 worth
of
materials
into
many
pieces
of
the
 original
product
‐
a
mobile
phone.

 The
idea
of
doing
this
shall
display
the
 amount
of
material
needed
to
be
mined
to
 create
one
mobile
phone.

The
concept
shall
 be
displayed
in
my
final
year
show,
with
 the
individual
concrete
phones
being
given
 away,
providing
a
take
away
memento
to
 visitors
‐
the
goal
being
to
give
away
the
150
 mobile
phones,
with
the
purpose
of
saving
 4500
kilograms
of
material
being
mined,
in
 the
crea4on
of
mobile
phones.

Further
Proposal Further
development
in
the
project
would
 involve
the
representa4on
of
various
 products,
for
instance
computers
requiring
 1.5
tons
of
material
sourced. I
am
generally
pleased
with
the
project
and
 its
outcomes.

To
try
and
inspire
people
is
 a
very
difficult
task,
however,
if
achieved,
it
 is
very
rewarding,
and
can
in
turn
can
have
 a
knock
on
effect
and
inspire
others.

This
I
 shall
fully
be
able
to
evaluate
further
once
 the
exhibi4on
begins.



 If
I
could
receive
funding,
firstly
I
would
 like
to
represent
various
other
products
 and
their
footprints
in
the
same
manner,
 crea4ng
an
exhibi4on
almost
in
the
style

 of
the
terra‐co_a
army.

Contact

For
further
informa4on,
or
to
request
a
 copy
of
the
presenta4on,
email:

hi@andrew‐millar.com Alterna4vely,
visit
 www.andrew‐millar.com
 for
more
works

‘Than‐Q’!

Bibliography Ar)cles h_p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/5107642.stm
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(accessed
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calling
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(accessed
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(accessed
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20/06/09) Recession
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a
financial
incen4ve
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(accessed
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 environmental
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h_p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/ documentary_archive/6214888.stm
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Books

Organisa)ons

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M.
&
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N.
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DanWatch
 www.danwatch.dk

Kellet,
T.
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Friends
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‘P.M’,
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h_p://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6740000/newsid_6743700/6743741. stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=6743741&bbcws=1 BBC
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