16th Amendment

16th Amendment: Fraud not new to controlling Americans

In 1913 America was a free country. Then a band of powerful bankers achieved their fathers’ and great grandfathers’ goal. America has never been the same. Soon the world will not be the same.

With Woodrow Wilson as President of the United States, powerful bankers such as JP Morgan, Paul Warburg, and John D. Rockefeller achieved their long-term goal of taking control of the American government. They convinced Secretary of State Philander Knox to lie to the American people and tell them that the 16th Amendment (the income tax law) had been legally ratified by the states when it was not. Then bankers knew that this tax would ultimately end up in their pockets. Because of this fraud, the American people were led to believe that there was now a tax on their labor. Congress and the President were completely aware of the fraud, and it was even cited in a 2003 court case.

“If you…examined (The 16th Amendment) carefully, you would find that a sufficient number of states never ratified that amendment.” – U.S. District Court Judge James C. Fox 2003.

That same year, the bankers committed their second and by far most diabolical fraud ever perpetrated on the American people by bribing Senators to pass the Federal Reserve Act without the required Constitutional Amendment. They did this during Christmas vacation when many Senators were home celebrating the holidays with their families. The bankers understood that whoever issued the money for America would control the government. The bankers won and the American people lost because most politicians will sell their soul for a dollar.

“Give me control of a nation’s money supply, and I care not who makes its laws.” – Mayer Rothschild, Private Banker.

With the creation of the Federal Reserve, the government now had to borrow money from them and pay interest to finance the government. This forced the American people to lower their standard of living and pay a graduated income tax to the government just so the governments could give the bankers more profits. President Wilson later regretted signing into law the Federal Reserve Act as it turned a great industrial nation into a system of credit.

Bill Benson's findings, published in "The Law That Never Was," make a convincing case that the 16th amendment was not legally ratified, and that Secretary of State Philander Knox was not merely in error, but committed fraud when he declared it ratified in February 1913. What follows is a summary of some of the major findings for many of the states, showing that their ratifications were not legal and should not have been counted.

The 16th amendment had been sent out in 1909 to the state governors for ratification by the state legislatures after having been passed by Congress. There were 48 states at that time, and threefourths, or 36, of them were required to give their approval in order for it to be ratified. The process took almost the whole term of the Taft administration, from 1909 to 1913.

Knox had received responses from 42 states when he declared the 16th amendment ratified on February 25, 1913, just a few days before leaving office to make way for the administration of Woodrow Wilson. Knox acknowledged that four of those states (Utah, Conn, R.I. and N.H.) had rejected it, and he counted 38 states as having approved it. We will now examine some of the key evidence Bill Benson found regarding the approval of the amendment in many of those states. (Continued on page 7)

In Kentucky, the legislature acted on the amendment without even having received it from the governor (the governor of each state was to transmit the proposed amendment to the state legislature). The version of the amendment that the Kentucky legislature made up and acted upon omitted the words "on income" from the text, so they weren't even voting on an income tax. When they straightened that out (with the help of the governor), the Kentucky senate rejected the amendment. Yet Philander Knox counted Kentucky as approving it. tution or laws in its approval process, then that state's approval would have to be thrown out. That gets us past the "presumptive conclusion" argument, which says that the actions of an executive official cannot be judged by a court and admits that Knox could be wrong.

If we subtract Kentucky and Oklahoma from the 38 approvals above, the count of valid approvals falls to 36, the exact number needed for ratification. If any more states can be shown to have had invalid approvals, the 16th amendment must be regarded as null and void.

In Oklahoma, the legislature changed the wording of the amendment so that its meaning was virtually the opposite of what was intended by Congress, and this was the version they sent back to Knox. Yet Knox counted Oklahoma as approving it, despite a memo from his chief legal counsel, Reuben Clark, that states were not allowed to change it in any way.

Attorneys who have studied the subject have agreed that Kentucky and Oklahoma should not have been counted as approvals by Philander Knox, and, moreover, if any state could be shown to have violated its own state constiThe state constitution of Tennessee prohibited the state legislature from acting on any proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution sent by Congress until after the next election of state legislators. The intent, of course, is to give the proposed amendment a chance to become an issue in the state legislative elections so that the people can have a voice in determining the outcome. It also provides a cooling off period to reduce the tendency to approve an idea just because it happens to be the moment's trend. You've probably already guessed that the Tennessee legislature did not hold off on voting for the amendment until after the next election, and you'd (Continued on page 18)

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