April May '23 Hoofbeats magazine

to hoofbeats to win

the wh i p a training aid

diabetic drugs for horses

the calm companion

senior horses planning ahead riding the new dressage tests

Cir C ling Ba C k

fitness and joint health

the green horse: Horses and the Land

HE CAlM COMPANiON by Celine Bønnelykke with Andrew McLean

Having a calm companion horse alongside a young or nervous horse in training or while learning something new can offer many benefits.

ABETiC dRUgs FOR HORsEs by Dr Jennifer Stewart

Although exercise and diet remain the cornerstone for both management and prevention of laminitis, some encouraging results have been found with a human diabetic drug.

ACk TAlk - THE ROPE HAlTER

by Diane Bawden

Rope halters are available in various forms and can be an effective training aid when used and fitted correctly.

18: THE WHiP As A TRAiNiNg Aid

by Wendy Barker

A piece of equipment that must be used correctly to be effective when reinforcing an aid, riders need experience and skill when using a whip.

24: EqUiNE lAW - Agistment centres and the power to sell abandoned horses by Emily Purvis

The provision of agistment services does carry the potential for legal and financial risk.

26: WORkiNg EqUiTATiON by Helen Adams

President of the World Association of Working Equitation, João Ralão Duarte shares his experience on this equine sport of four phases.

sCiA HEAlTH by Dr Raquel Butler

As understanding of fascia health and function has grown in recent years it’s allowed horse owners to learn how crucial its role is in their horse’s training and mobility.

isCOVER dRiViNg by Tracy Weaver-Sayer

The oldest of all the competitive equestrian sports, carriage driving is a fun activity that can be enjoyed by everyone.

ORsEMANsHiP - aiding horse and rider by Tanja Kraus

Embraced by horse owners across multiple disciplines, the principles of horsemanship offer many benefits to the horse and the rider.

34: AUTUMN ON THE PROPERTY - chores to prepare for winter. by Rhiannon Brown.

36: BUildiNg THAT dREAM

sTURE by Teele Worrell

38: siMPlE FEEd BUdgET by Belinda Taylor

40: sO YOU WANT TO UsE HERBs? by Country Park Herbs

A National Riding, Training and Horse Care Magazine . . . . incorporating The Green Horse -sustainable horsekeeping.

Building the Dream Pasture

The Calm Companion

Riding the New Dressage Tests

EdiTORiAl:

Don’t you just love Autumn! Plenty of warm, sunny days for riding, ideal conditions for undertaking or completing chores around the property and lots of shows and events now the competition side of things is well underway. Whatever you’re up to with your horse most of you will at some stage take photos of them, something that’s so easy to do given we’re all armed with a camera in our pocket. The article on Senior Horses mentions how helpful photos can be when monitoring for changes in our ageing equines, and helps us keep track of their condition when subtle changes could otherwise be missed. Hoofbeats is always on the look-out for photos to illustrate the many topics featured in the magazine so next time you capture that memorable or unique moment drop us a line at enquiries@hoofbeats.com.au.

HIP OPERATION - When joining the ranks of those who needed a new hip I was a 'scaredy cat' so went back through the articles written by Deidre Rennick in 2019. A nurse, Deidre was the Project Lead in the development of the resource for general practice nurses “Osteoarthritis Nurse Clinics: A Resource for Primary Health Care Nurses”. Her series of articles was aimed directly at horse riders and gave us all a great deal of knowledge on what to expect and how to prepare for this operation. The series started in June/July 2019 with Hip Pain - Tips for Rider Comfort and was followed by Riding With a New Hip in the Aug/Sept 19 issue, with the final in the series covering Rehab before Riding in the Oct/Nov 19 issue. These articles certainly helped me prepare for the operation, recover from it and start to prepare for a long awaited return to riding.

We are making the series available to anyone considering a hip operation in the future. Simply email enquiries@hoofbeats. com.au and we can send PDF's of these articles to you with our compliments.

These are just some of the great articles aimed at all aspects of horse and riding care, management and training that Hoofbeats has covered over the past 43 years. We thank Deidre, who is now operating Warrnambool Equine, a feed and saddlery store in Victoria, for her very insightful series and recommend reading of these articles to anyone. The Hoofbeats Team

MANAGiNG EdiToR: Sandy Hannan

AdvERTiSiNG: Tracy Weaver-Sayer

GRApHiCS Michelle Quinn, Jacqueline Anderson

produced by HoofbEAT publiCATioNS eslie Road, Wandi, 6167 h: (08) 9397 0506 fax: (08) 9397 0200

NTACT

Office/accounts: enquiries@hoofbeats.com.au

Ads: ads@hoofbeats.com.au

Editorial: editorial@hoofbeats.com.au

hoofbeats.com.au MEDIA

Equine

OWER - improve Your Equestrian

by Mel Macaulay

As a very physical activity horse riding requires the rider to develop and maintain strong and supple muscles, which will benefit your body and riding performance.

d RidER ANd HANdlER

by Shannen Galavin

Three Queensland riders share their experiences competing in their State’s disability events, an opportunity that was made possible by the determination of one woman.

54: CiRCliNg BACk - Fitness and Joint Health in Horses by Kentucky Equine Research

Horses in training are often worked in circles, an activity that can have an impact on the health of their bones and joints, especially when they’re young.

58: sENiOR HORsEs - Planning ahead

With horses living into their late twenties and even longer the responsibility for their health and wellbeing often extends well beyond their riding days, giving owners time to treasure their golden years.

60: RidiNg THE NEW dREssAgE TEsT CHANgEsby Elizabeth Tollarzo.

it's a learning curve for riders as they assess the changes in Equestrian Australia's new dressage tests for preparatory to Advanced levels, which were released on the 1st of January 2023.

62: sCENT HORsE CliNiCs NOW iN AUsTRAliA

Horses scenting ability was highlighted in the Hoofbeats December/January issue, with clinics in Australia now giving horse owners the opportunity to tap into their horse’s air scenting skills.

REgUlAR FEATUREs :

63: HORsE FRONT - NEWs

65: sUBsCRiBE go in the draw to win one of two Weatherbeeta ComfiTec premier free ii detach-A-Neck Medium rugs.

To subscribe go to: www.hoofbeats.com.au

COVER PHOTO

A calm horse is often used alongside young or nervous horses when riding or training, a process that can help create a less stressful situation for both horse and handler and aid the learning process.

Circling Back- fitness and joint health

Muscle Power

The Calm Companion

Ethologist Andrew McLean (VIC) discusses the use of a calm horse companion, how it can increase the learning process and create a less stressful situation for you and your horse and avoid setbacks in your training.

Studies done on horses’ stress levels when other horses are present are not to be argued with; the presence of another horse decreases the horses’ heart rate.

But what exactly happens, why and how can we use this in our everyday training?

Will all horses need a calm companion?

Dr Andrew McLean:

Andrew McLean is a clinical and forensic ethologist with specialist academic areas in animal cognition, equine learning, training and welfare science. He has dedicated the past couple of decades to teaching evidence-based horse training and management in workshops across Australia, Western Europe as well as the USA, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand. Andrew founded and directed the Australian Equine Behaviour Centre in 1995 and is currently the CEO of Equitation Science International. He is a Patron of Pony Club Australia and as a former Director, he has instigated a revolutionary syllabus that leads the world in equestrian education for young riders. Andrew has himself enjoyed a decorated equestrian sport career and has represented Australia in three-day eventing and competed in State and National titles in FEI dressage, eventing and showjumping.

The answer is yes and no. Horses naturally live in social groups, and having other horses around and being able to copy behaviour in new situations, is natural to all horses. But inexperienced, young, or nervous horses (naive horses) will show greater results from using a calm companion in a specific situation.

Before starting training it is important to understand that underlying issues can be present if you have a particularly nervous horse. If this horse has previously done many of the tasks you are asking then nervousness can also be a sign of pain, so have your horse checked by a vet and have an ulcer scope performed. When all pain related issues can be ruled out, you are ready to start the training.

by Celine Bønnelykke

Selecting a companion?

When selecting a companion horse Andrew points out that a nervous horse beside a young horse is not a great combination.

“Select a very experienced horse with a lot of confidence. If the calm companion is relatively inexperienced, there is the chance that it can become affected by the nervous horse - so the exercise can work the opposite way. The calmer the companion, the bigger difference it will make to the naive horse and better results will be achieved.

Why do horses get nervous?

By nature horses are social, flight animals. They thrive in a group setting with other horses and in predictable situations where they feel safe. When they are taken out of one or several of these situations then fear can be triggered.

Andrew commented that we, as humans, have to remember that the horse’s brain does not comprehend logic like the human brain does.

We might think a certain situation makes sense or that the horse should not react in a scared or nervous way, but some of the things we ask of our horses are very unnatural to the horse and can trigger certain flight responses, which makes the

The benefits of using a calm companion as a tool for better training

with Andrew McLean

horse react in what humans consider an ‘unreasonable’ manner

Recent equine science has proven that nine out of 10 ‘reactions’ occur from the gut to the brain and just one from the brain to the gut. This tells us that if the horse’s gut isn’t functioning 100 percent, these responses and therefore reactions may be more extreme than usual. Gut health is crucial for a balanced and relaxed horse.

What is fear behaviour?

“We really only see fear in our horses when it is at a reasonably high level. In that sense a lot of fear and fearful behaviour is quite concealed in the horse because it has evolved as a prey animal so it does not show fear or even some levels of pain to predators,” says Andrew. Fear can be measured in heart rate levels, heart rate variability and cortisol measurements (from a blood test). Previous research has shown that these levels can be high, without the horse showing visible sign of fear or stress to the untrained eye.

Andrew points out that it is essential to recognise and know the facial signs of stress in horses.

The THREE coping mechanisms for all animals:

Fight: On rare occasions, horses will choose to fight or be aggressive if they perceive they are in a dangerous situation.

Flight: Most horses resolve to flight mode when they perceive a situation as potentially dangerous. As horse people, we can quite often recognise this behaviour as when the horse is having a hard time standing still and the only thing preventing it from escaping is a leadrope, halter, reins, fence etc.

Apathetic: The horse can be showing or feel ing no interest, enthusiasm, or concern. Their response to signals can be stalling and not re sponding or it can have the opposite effect and become more reactive and be frightened and shy of things that previously did not affect it. The apathetic horse is more commonly known as a ‘shut-down’ horse.

“The term ‘naughty’ is often used for these horses, when they are simply trying to cope with the situation,” said Andrew.

Besides the facial expression, the muscle tone will increase, the horse will be more anxious and faster in its movements and often have a hollow back, raised head and choppy movements. Andrew comments, “Often people will only see the behaviour that is there before them and they will attribute the fear to something immediate, whereas often fearful behaviour is built up over time because of the horse’s insecurity.”

“Horses are very, very, very social species”

Horses are social creatures and they often use the presence of other horses to relax and calm down. A specific study investigated how the social activities between horses directly lowers heart rate

by scratching each other’s withers. The handler can use this evidence and instead of patting the horse with a flat, hard hand they can scratch the horse. “Stroking at the back of the wither, we know this reduces their heart rate by up to 10 beats per minute. Studies have shown that the same reduction happens when people do it to horses.”

Due to facts like these Andrew underlines the importance of horses being able to physically touch and interact every day, “The horse maintains its mental security by touch and if they can’t touch another horse they can’t maintain it. It is not enough in a stable setting to just see another horse, they really need to touch. I think removing the top bars of partitions of stables is a really good idea.”

nEuTRAl vs ACTion

inner brow raiser

Nostril dilator

‘Ear flicker’/ Ear rotator

Tongue show

upper lid raiser and eye white increase

For a well-balanced horse, turnout with other horses is essential, ideally every day.

So, what does science say?

When horses are trained with high levels of fear present, it can have negative associations to the specific situation and negative effects on training, performance, health and welfare.

A study in 2008 showed that: “Horses paired with a calm companion horse showed less fear-related behaviour and had a lower heart rate. Fascinatingly, these results were consistent when the subject horses were tested by themselves, and those that had been paired with a calm companion had less fear-response when faced with the same stimuli.”

“The more insecurity, the more the horse is desperately going to need a partner. But when the horse is really secure, it is less likely to need another partner all the time. You become part of the horse’s social group, just like the goat, but of course, it still needs other horses wherever possible. But good training means that the horse will be very calm with you and this helps create some social bond.”

More research is needed to conclude whether there is a difference in gender, breed, habitat and so on.

Vets, farrier and other appointments

Especially the first time this can be helpful for the handler, the farrier and the naive horse. Again, gradually increase the distance between the horses and it will eventually become secure enough to not need a companion.

About weaning off the calm companion Andrew says, “It’s not always successful and it’s not always easy to do, because they create such strong social bonds. But in most cases a gradual process is essential for success and in addition the use of positive reinforcement (for example target training gradually away from other horses) can also be of assistance here.”

At a competition

Competitions can be stressful for both horse and rider. Practise this before even going away to a competition. Separate the horses at home and then do the same at the competition. Have the companion horse stand at the ringside for the first few rides. Then move the companion further and further away. Remember

A very recent study investigated whether goats could qualify as companions for horses. Again results were clear about the fact that horses benefit from companionship. If you house a horse with a goat for a longer period of time, the amount of stereotypical behaviour - such as crib biting and box walking - is decreased. Andrew points out that this reveals evidence that horses benefit from a social partner, but to be aware that probably not all abnormal behaviours would be cured, as goats are not horses and therefore it is not quite aligned to their psyche. But a goat is still better than nothing. Ponies are brilliant companions for many horses.

(From: Christensen et al., Equine Vet J 40 (2008) 46-50. All rights reserved to Wiley Online Library.)

Can we predict the future?

Science-based equine research, new ideas, concepts and innovative products are emerging all towards bettering our horse’s welfare. Andrew is certain that every horse owner wants the best for their horse and the equestrian world is currently changing as owners, handlers and trainers are all becoming more curious and more enlightened as science is discovering more and more factbased knowledge.

“The market is changing, people are becoming more aware and many want their horses to be in social conditions, so I think we need to start modifying our architecture of the way we keep horses to enable social contact.”

You can use this research to strive towards good training and creating a strong bond with your horse. Aim to become a secure and calm figure for your horse, fulfilling some of that social need. Having another horse around in different training situations will most definitely calm the naive horse and utilise its learning potential.

Be aware that using a calm companion cannot be a stand-alone solution, but an overall assessment of whether the horse is happy and contented needs to be in place before starting any kind of training. As Andrew explains, all horses need access to forage, exercise, social interactions and receive clear communication in their training.

Top lEVEl HoRSES nEEd A FRiEnd Too

Olympian showjumper Katie Laurie and her homebred half Thoroughbred Django II, is a great example of top-level horses still in need of a companion horse.

Katie and Django overcame many of his challenges at home on the farm and she says, “We rode out over the farm, through

EVERydAy TRAining

rivers there. He was a proper Australian farm horse there for a little bit. And I think that helped him too.”

Together they have taken on the World Championships in Herning, Denmark in 2022 amongst many other international competitions, but Katie notes, “All we have to do is keep him calm,” this also means he will join his friend next to the ring, as Django can’t be left alone.

A common problem is that science-based research can be difficult to comprehend for the regular horse owner, therefore there can be a gap between connecting science with the horse handlers.

TRAil Riding

“Start the naive horse out by following another horse really close ly, the further apart you are from the other horse the more stressful it is and the less your horse learns,” explains Andrew. “Over time, start allowing the naive horse to be the one that goes in front. It’s all a matter of shaping it, so it is just a gradual ‘weaning’ process where the distance increases until your horse is finally not need ing a companion horse on trail rides.”

Practising a leapfrog exercise can be useful. You ride in front on

Andrew reveals a great tip for all horse-enthusiasts, “One of the effects that I have found useful and I started having them made; is mirrors. Plastic-coated mirrors are better than glass, as they can’t shatter. Having them in the float and in the stable, can give the horse some calming effect. There was a study back in 2005 from Lincoln University showing a 77% reduction in abnormal and stress behaviours, when horses were given a mirror in their stable. Even a visual picture of a horse will make a difference.”

Besides utilising another horse, using positive reinforcement such as treats or pats in the float, and making it a nice place to be, is a huge help, says Andrew. You can start a process of positive reinforcement together with the calm companion. It will create focus and distraction from other competing stimuli. This goes for every training aspect, but especially float training as you cannot gradually create distance between two horses.

Jump TRAining

“Floating with another horse is a really valuable exercise because floating is so scary when you think of it from the horse’s perspective.

They haven’t evolved to go inside ‘dark caves on wheels’ that rattle and move. But they are so good at habituation that they do learn quickly and there is certainly a great advantage in having another horse there for the first few trips,” comments Andrew.

“It is useful to introduce the horses to jumping with another horse,” said Andrew, who went on to explain that one of his friends worked for Olympic eventer Bruce Davidson who uses this approach for all his young horses when he trains them for cross country; they just all follow each other jumping. “It is just such an easy way to do things,” says Andrew. He also emphasises that we need to remember horses are wired differently than humans and the horse simply builds confidence by following another and will later be confident enough to jump alone.

Photo Equestrian Federation Australia

Leapfrog exercise

Diabetic Drugs for Horses

Exercise, limiting diet and a compound from the bark of the apple tree.

by Dr Jennifer H Stewart

EMS is not ‘just’ LAMINITIS, it is health changes in the whole horse

Even though laminitis is one of most serious and widespread diseases of horses all over the world, our options for managing this crippling condition have been limited to diet and exercise.

And, although these remain the cornerstone and underpin both prevention and management, some really encouraging results have been found with a human diabetic drug – one of the family of drugs that has been developed from a natural compound in the bark of apple trees.

manage the condition and researchers searching to understand the complex causes of the disease and help us find solutions.

Endocrinopathic laminitis (also known as equine metabolic syndrome – EMS) is the most common form of laminitis and has a recurrence rate of 34.1%. But EMS isn’t just laminitis! There are health changes in the whole horse – including increased fat in the belly and around the kidneys, fatty infiltration of the pancreas and high blood pressure, cholesterol and insulin.

The benefit of lowering insulin concentrations in horses is a reduced risk of laminitis.

In susceptible horses, feeds high in carbohydrates (sugar and starch or NSC (non-structural carbohydrate)) raise blood glucose and insulin to toxic levels. Variously described as ‘insulin-resistance’ (IR), insulin-dysregulation’ (ID) or reduced insulin-sensitivity (IS), affected horses are unable to regulate their blood insulin and glucose levels – ie they are intolerant or ‘allergic’ to sugar. An allergy or intolerance occurs when substances in the environment - that are generally regarded as safe – cause a reaction. Allergens in people include nuts, bees, dust mites, pets, pollen, insects, ticks, moulds, foods and some medications.

An intolerance of sugar, where carbohydrates raise blood glucose and insulin to dangerous levels, has recently been recognised in humans and domestic animals. Management is based firstly on preventing a rise in blood glucose levels by limiting exposure to carbohydrates and second, by increasing glucose excretion in the urine.

Traditional drugs and feed supplements for treating EMS (above and beyond exercise and dietary change) include metformin, levothyroxine and a resveratrol + amino acid blend. However, new drugs are now available.

Developed from a natural compound in the bark of apple trees, these drugs (known as ‘sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors’ (SGCT2i) or ‘gliflozins’) one of which is ertugliflozin, reduce blood glucose levels by increasing the amount of glucose excreted in the urine. This class of drugs is approved for use with diet and exercise to lower blood sugar in humans with type 2 diabetes (the medical equivalent of EMS see Figure 1.). These medicines increase glucose excretion in the urine. Several studies over the last five years have shown them to be effective in reducing blood glucose (and hence insulin) levels in horses where diet and exercise have failed. Ertugliflozin may be prescribed by your veterinarian as a second line of treatment. Ertugliflozin is not a quick and simple remedy for treating EMS and laminitis but may be helpful - especially for horses that don’t respond to diet and exercise changes (called weight-loss resistance) or when these changes are not possible.

tHe fIrST LINE of TrEATMENTDIET AND ExErcISE

The first goal of managing overweight horses and ponies, or those with insulin issues is to reduce blood glucose (and hence the amount of insulin released) through diet and exercise.

DIET – Firstly, it’s important to know the sugar (called ESC or WSC on feed bags) and starch for each feed. The sum of the starch + sugar is called non-structural carbohydrates = NSC. It is the NSC (total starch + sugar) that affects blood glucose and insulin levels. Compared to other animals, horses are especially sensitive to small changes in the amount of carbs in their diet – and horses with sugar intolerance (insulin dysregulation or EMS) have a lower threshold for NSC – in fact they are 17 times more sensitive to carbs than normal horses – meaning that a lower amount of NSC produces exaggerated blood glucose and insulin levels.

WHAT’S IN THE BAG

To prevent blood glucose from rising to dangerous levels, we need to know the amount of NSC in different horse feeds and which ones are ‘safest’ – and that means paying careful attention to the feedbag labels. Labels can impart other information about feeds

that can be confusing as shown in table 1. The information on the bag will help you select feeds that are appropriate. With all the feed products and supplements available today, selecting the right products for an individual horse requires a complete understanding of what’s in the bag.

Diet restrictions and exercise are still the main aspectsofreducinginsulin concentrates.

Figure 1. Shared effects of metabolic syndrome in the horse and human. Created with BioRender.com Courtesy https://avmajournals. avma.org/view/journals/ajvr/84/2/ajvr.22.11.0194.xml.

Because high blood insulin is the major cause of laminitis in EMS or as a complication of PPID, reducing insulin concentrations is crucial. The mainstays of treatment – diet restriction and exercise

INGREDIENTS THAT FlAG cAuTIoN

Barley * average starch 60% sugar 3% = 63% NSC

Bran/pollard (wheat) * average starch 23% sugar 7% = 30% NSC

Cereal by-products * include bran, pollard, wheat middlings and mill-run = >30% NSC

Cereal co-products * generally corn or wheat meal, hominy feed, bran and pollard =30% NSG

Corn * approximately 73% starch and 2% sugar=75% NSG

Millmix * contains wheat pollard and bran = >30% NSC

Millrun * contains bran and pollard = >30% NSC

Molasses * average 65% sugar = 65% NSC

Wheat * average starch = 70% sugar 3% = 73% NSC

Rice bran (fibre , 4%) * average starch = 42% sugar 4% = 46% NSC

INGREDIENTS or WHAT'S IN THE FEEDwhat the words actually mean.

Grain-free No official definition, generally means no whole grains but could still include grain-byproducts such as bran and pollard, millrun etc which are high in NSC

Hominy meal Ground corn meal ~ 38-45% NSC

Low GI Glycaemic index (GI) is determined by fasting the horse overnight then collecting blood samples before and again 1, 2 and 3 hours after feeding to measure ACTH, glucose and insulin. If this hasn’t been done, the feed cannot be claimed to be ‘low GI’ - check with the maunufacturer that the research has been done on their feed. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC9889680/pdf/JVIM-37-302.pdf https://web.archive.org/ web/20190222221947id_/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3d7d/ 5697df47bdbc435d0deab6699143877bb1c5.pdf

Low sugar It is the sugar + starch that is important so if the % starch or total NSC are not also given, it could be unsafe

Low starch It is the starch + sugar that is important so if the % sugar or total NSC are not also given, it could be unsafe

Micronised The feed is ‘cooked’ making it more digestible and dramatically increasing the availability of glucose - which can cause a profound increase in glucose and the glycaemic response.

Extruded Extruded feeds may also not be a good choice for horses with metabolic syndrome. Extrusion increases starch digestibility making it easily converted to glucose and absorbed. Easykeepers often gain too much weight on an extruded feed. Horses with metabolic issues may not be able to handle the starch and sugar content of extruded feeds. https://ivcjournal. com/extruded-horse-feeds-pros-cons/#:~:text=What%20is%20 extrusion%3F,causes%20the%20feed%20to%20expand

Nutrition analysis Needs to list sugar - which may be listed as WSC or ESC AND starch or else the total NSC <10% or it may be unsafe

Cool feed Cool feeds are described as formulated to avoid spikes of rapid energy - unless the blood glucose levels have been measured after feeding, this term is misleading - contact the manufacturer

Starch Recommended feed analysis <10%

Ideally the NSC should be analysed and several laboratories offer this. If the analyses is not available, standard values are shown in Table 2. Soaking is a simple way to reduce the NSC in hays – 60 minutes in cold water or 30 minutes in warm water reduces sugars by 30% and for 8 hours, reduces it by 50%. Soaking also results in loss of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and protein and a correctly-formulated supplement is required.

NSC levels in grass are often unknown and can exceed 30%, comparable to levels in many cereal-based manufactured feeds. Because of these risks, horses may need to be removed from pasture until your veterinarian has advised that insulin is controlled.

* Feedipaedia, Dairy One

LABELS oN fEED* BAGS - be fully informed before you purchase - if it doesn’t list starch AND sugar or NSc<10% it's probably not safe

reducesugars.

Table 2. NSC levels in common roughages.

NEW PRODUCT

Equine Clinical Nutrition

Ask your local produce store or Vet clinic to order some.

Exercise:

Exercise is not recommended for horses with acute or chronic active laminitis, and could be very dangerous in an unstable case. Once your treating veterinarian has recommended exercise, starting with short sessions on a soft surface, gradually increasing to 15 minutes trotting each day. Light exercise without diet changes are not sufficient.

feeding systems

Reduce or remove the need to feed multiple supplements (except on veterinary advice) your all-in-one nutrient dense diet and feed balancer - just add energy , fibre , salt as required

VETERINARY

THE SEcoND LINE of TrEATMENT – ErTuGLIfozIN AND vETErINAry MoNITorING

Because the changes laminitis causes in the feet are largely irreversible, research over the last five years has focussed on prevention,

High in Amino Acids, Vitamins, Minerals and Biotin

Low in Starch, Sugar, NSC and Iron

4.5 & 10kg NETT FOR ANIMAL USE ONLY

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr Jennifer Stewart CEO BVSc BSc PhD Dip BEP

Equine Veterinarian and Consultant Nutritionist.

Dr Jen Stewart is currently the only practicing equine veterinarian and clinical nutritionist in Australia with more than 40 years experience. Jen has been developing premium formulas for studs, trainers and feed companies - such as Mitavite - in Australia and around the world. Consulting to leading international studs and trainers in various countries while working on research projects and being involved in nutritional management of a variety of equine clinical conditions, including colic, tying-up, laminitis, performance problems, developmental orthopaedic diseases and post-surgery.

Jen’s vision is to provide a world best-practice in equine veterinary nutrition and to BRING SCIENCE TO YOUR FEED BIN.

Dr Jennifer Stewart www.jenquine.com Equine Veterinarians Australia www.ava.com.au

DR JENNIFER STEWART’S

Dynamic

can promote weight loss, but are not enough to improve blood insulin responses.

early intervention, identification of horses at risk and treatment. Advances in treating horses with elevated insulin have brought to us ‘ertugliflozin.

recent research* search has found that ertugliflozin

The correction of blood glucose levels is a profound development that offers hope and a future to horses with EMS-related laminitis. It is unlikely to be as effective in horses with laminitis secondary to sepsis or supporting limb overload where the underlying cause is not related to blood glucose and insulin levels.

SIDE-EffEcTS

Because ertugliflozin increases the concentration of sodium and glucose in the urine, it does have side-effects – fortunately none too serious. They do however mean that horses on treatment need to be observed and monitored.

Your veterinarian may advise any of the following:

● watch for changes in amounts of drinking and urination

● monitor changes in appetite or alertness

● feed 30 – 60g of salt/day to encourage drinking

● free access to plain water

● fortnightly urine tests with a dipstick to monitor urine glucose.

Ertugliflozinis

PrEGNANT MArES

Although pregnant mares become insulin-dysregulated at around 196 days of gestation, which increases their risk of laminitis, ertugliflozin is not recommended for pregnant or lactating mares.

Knowing your horse’s insulin status is important and your veterinarian is your best guide to the timing and frequency of testing. Identifying which horses are at risk allows preventative strategies to be put in place.

Insulin levels change with the seasons and spring and winter are the highest risk periods for EMS horses as they have a lower threshold for starch and sugar.

Further research is ongoing on the role of other hormones and sweet taste receptors in blood glucose levels and the overgrowth and disintegration of the laminae that result in changes in hoof growth and rotation/sinking of the pedal bone.

There are some excellent resources on EMS and ertugliflozin that increase our understanding of the complexity, ongoing research and new approaches.

https://www.ecirhorse.org/

Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit - School of Veterinary Science - University of Queensland (uq.edu.au)

https://www.thelaminitissite.org/

© Jennifer Stewart

All content provided in this editorial is for general use and information only and does not constitute advice or a veterinary opinion. It is not intended as specific medical advice or opinion and should not be relied on in place of consultation with your equine veterinarian

corrects blood glucose levels, reduces insulin to normal or near normal levels, reverses or reduces abnormal fat pads and eliminates laminitis pain in horses that failed to respond to diet and exercise changes.

In all horses, treatment should be stopped if feed or water intake is reduced, and your veterinarian alerted.

Some horses over five years old with high blood insulin also have PPID which your vet can test for, others with insulin dysregulation are too thin and individual assessment is needed.

not recommended forpregnantor lactatingmares.

Monitorthehorseforchangesindrinkingandurinatiion.

Tack Talk The rope HALTER

Like any tool, the rope halter is only effective as a training aid when used correctly and in the right circumstances.

The classic rope halter can be a wonderful tool to have in your tack room for training benefits and control. Traditionally thought of as ‘western halters’ their popularity has spread across all disciplines and equestrian interests as more people recognise the benefits these halters can offer, which includes just a little ‘more’ influence than a regular flat halter.

Rope halters come in various forms, including knotted, knottless and a range of materials such as polyester, marine rope, para cord and cotton. They are considered to be ‘unbreakable’, but options for breakaway clips and leather tabs that release the halter are available. With new materials, stronger buckles and clips, many flat, regular halters can now also be termed ‘unbreakable’.

SAFETY

For safety reasons any halter should be removed when a horse is turned out, but because the rope halter is extremely strong and without the ‘breakaway’ additions is ‘unbreakable’ it is particularly important that it is never left on a horse in the paddock, round yard, stable or yard.

There are many things haltersflat or rope - can catch on and it only takes one little catch to pin your horse in place, regardless of the resistance it may exert to get free, the damage it can do to itself and/or the property in the process of panicking can be devastating and even fatal.

your horse in a truck you could change this to a very breakable flat halter once the horse has been loaded. Many people do transport their horses regularly in their rope halters and have no problems but there is always that day when an accident occurs - the horse goes down, goes over the rail or the float is in an accident - and a horse secured may have an increased risk of injury. Some horse owners take halters off their horses altogether in the float/truck, but there is definitely down sides to this way of ensuring the halter isn’t caught on anything.

LEAD ROPE

Be aware that, although the clip on the lead rope is very convenient, as opposed to the permanently fixed rope lead,

the clip itself is often the weakest link. These clips are also usually quite solid and can bump the horse under the chin or around the mouth if it gets a fright or starts playing up.

The biggest problem with rope halters is not the rope halter itself, but the fact that some horse handlers

do not use it correctly.

PUTTING THE ROPE HALTER ON

As with most activities with horses there are many different methods of putting on a halter, however there are some methods that are ineffective and even dangerous. My preferred method works for the well handled, trained horse as well as the nervous or barely handled one. It is also the method I use when teaching the horse (preferably at a young age) to accept the headwear.

Step 1:

Stand on the left side of the horse near the head, facing very slightly towards the front of the horse. Facing slightly forward is so you can see the horse’s ears and easily reach its nose.

Step 2: Pat or rub the horse’s neck and nose if it requires reassurance about what you are doing. Personally I never just walk up and put on a halter without at least a small pat or stroke. At this point you could loop the lead rope around the horse’s neck. This serves two purposes, it prevents the lead rope from being inadvertently wrapped around the handler’s arm or leg and gives some control if the horse decides to move off.

Step 3: Put the long tail of the right cheek piece of the halter in your left hand. Make sure the rope is not wrapped around your arm or leg (in case of a hasty horse exiting).

Step 4: Reach under the neck with your left arm (holding the long tail), and over the neck with your right arm until you can pass the tail of the halter from left hand to right. For the nervous or new to haltering horse this can be done with plenty of rubbing in the process. For horses that are a bit shy with their heads this can be done quite a way down the neck.

Step 5: With your now free left hand catch the tie loop on the left side of the halter cheek piece. Now you have the long tail in your right hand and can control the remaining bulk of the halter with your left hand. This also means that you ‘sort of’ have the horse caught now.

Step 6: Bring your right hand, now holding the long tail, over to your side of the neck, heading a bit up the neck towards the ears as you go.

Step 7: Loop the noseband of the halter over the nose, as you pull the halter up by pulling up with your left on the tie loop and ‘fundamentally’ down with your right. Once again, for nervous or new horses this can be done slowly and carefully with lots of advances and retreats and rubs.

Step 8: Bring the tail in your right hand down to push the end through the tie loop in your left hand – from the back to the front, from the horse toward you. Make sure your fingers and hands don’t get caught up in anything here.

OPTIONS FOR SECURING

Now here is where you have options. However, with both options it is important that the actual knot ends up on the tie loop and not above it on the long tail part. By having it on the tie loop it is always easier to undo.

If it is tied above the tie loop the knot can become so tight that it will be difficult to undo. It is also preferable to have any long tail hanging/pointing towards the back of the horse, rather than towards the eye. It is only really an issue with shorter tail ends that may poke the eye.

Securing The Halter Knot

Option 1

Push the tail to the right of the tie loop, keeping it below the top of the loop. Push the end of the long tail behind the tie loop from right to left, leaving a loop/ gap on the right side, then bring the tail in front of the tie loop, from left to right, and push it through the loop/gap you have created on the right side. See the series of images showing the process.

FITTING

The noseband of the fitted halter should sit approximately half to two thirds of the way down between the bottom of the cheek and the corner of the mouth. Too high it becomes very ineffective and too low it can pull or slip into the mouth or slip off the end of the nose altogether.

The throat latch can sit just above the cheek, where the neck meets the head or can safely sit up to one third of the way down the cheek. Too tight on the throat latch causes discomfort if not outright pain and too low usually means that the noseband will also be too low.

Of course, putting on and checking if the halter fits is so much easier if your horse has its head at a level between your head and your chest (roughly) when you are fitting the halter, rather than giraffe height. Teaching this was covered in the December/ January 22/23 issue.

A rope halter allows you to apply enough pressure on a horse’s head to get its attention and gain control. The knots on a rope halter can affect the sensitive head when too much pressure is used, however like any aid, when used correctly only very slight pressure is required to be effective.

rather than the eye it also ensure that pulling the knot undone means that your hand moves away from the eye, rather than towards it.

The biggest problem is not the rope halter itself, but the fact that some horse handlers cannot use the rope halter correctly. Some are heavy-handed and keep constant pressure on the lead rope, which negates any training benefits and can be painful for the horse.

Rope halters are therefore best to be used by handlers who don’t yank the horse’s head around, don’t have a constant death-grip on the lead rope, know how the rope halter works on the horse and most

importantly, how to train the horse with minimal pressure.

In the hands of this horse handler the rope halter will become a very beneficial training aid and will result in a horse that ‘listens’ and responds to the very slight, subtle request from the halter.

T he whip

Correct use of a schooling whip is purely to improve the response a horse makes to an aid, ie for the horse to yield to momentary pressure. A whip should never be used as an instrument for punishment. In fact using a whip to inflict pain on a horse is likely to have exactly the opposite effect to the one that is desired – tension, stiffness and resistance, rather than cooperation and willingness. The rider’s seat, leg and hand are natural aids, whereas whips and spurs are artificial aids used to reinforce the natural aids.

The correct use of positive and negative reinforcement (part of operant conditioning) is an important component of training horses. If a horse ignores a forward driving aid - a nudge from the rider’s leg - the applied leg pressure can be ‘escalated’ with a stronger leg nudge. If the horse does not go sufficiently forward, a stronger nudge or a light tap with the whip can be used. An educated horse will generally respond to one light leg nudge or tap with the whip. A green horse may require repeated, escalating nudges or taps. As soon as a horse responds, the applied leg pressure should cease (be ‘removed’). Positive reinforcement when the horse performs the correct behaviour – using voice ‘Good boy’ and/or stroking and/or scratching the neck is equally valuable in training.

The principle behind using any aid – leg, hand, seat or whip - is that the pressure is removed the instant the horse responds correctly. This negative reinforcement motivates the horse to respond in the same way in future when that driving or restraining aid is applied.

whip

by Wendy Barker

The response could be yielding by moving forwards, sideways, backwards, or by slowing down or stopping. Rewarding the desired response from the horse by immediately ceasing an aid (some riders will perceive this as for instance lightening the weight in the rein) is the lynchpin in applying effective learning theory.

Reacting in the correct way to the whip is a learned response for a horse, not a genetically inherited response.

Whip used as an inside rein, asking the shoulder to move out.ng industry.

... a training aid T he

right way, then it will be more willing to respond in that way in future.

Horses that have been abused with a whip in the past will often respond in the wrong way - tightening their back and stiffening joints when the goal will normally be to ask the horse to become more supple and elastic. Most horses can be re-educated to a whip after a whip has been misused on them, it is a process that can take a great deal of time and patience but it should never have to occur. Desensitising an over reactive horse to a whip quietly from the ground can help a horse to accept the whip when it is ridden.

T IMIN g IS CRITICAL TO ge T TH e RI g HT R e ACTION

The whip is often used to refine the speed and quality of reaction in a horse. Experienced riders, after using an initial natural aidlike a leg or seat aid to ask the horse to go more actively forward, will, if the reaction from the horse is poor or slow, follow it within 1-2 seconds with a reinforcing aid (a quicker stronger nudge with the rider’s lower leg/heel, or one or more taps behind the rider’s leg with a whip), so their horse connects the two .

It takes experience for a rider on a horse to be quick enough to make the judgment instinctively and apply the stronger leg aid or tap with the whip to reinforce the aid within that short window of two seconds.

Skill with a whip is really just a matter of practice, the best way to feel comfortable with a whip is to start to practise carrying one. Once a rider has sufficient balance and coordination to ride with independent hands, it is time to start to carry a short (jumping) whip, and to carry it equally often in the left hand and the right. With a little experience, a rider can replace the short whip with a longer schooling whip.

Like a seat belt in a car, a whip carried by a rider should become ‘a part of the furniture’ for both horse and rider, so it’s best done every time a horse is

REGULATIONS AND WHIP USE REGULATIONS AND WHIP USE

Under equestrian Australia (eA) and the Pony Club Association of Australia rules riders can be sanctioned for misuse of a whip on a horse (e.g. an eA Yellow Card).

The equestrian Australia (eA) and FeI Dressage Rule Books specify that when a rider is on a horse, a whip in its entirety can be no longer than 1.20m. When a rider is on a pony, a whip in its entirety can be no longer than 1m. At International FeI Dressage events, whips are not allowed in tests for ablebodied riders, however they are allowed in the practice arena. Whips are allowed in tests for Para equestrian riders at International FeI Dressage. At eA State and National Championships whips are allowed only up to Advanced, but at other dressage events, whips are allowed up to to grand Prix level in Australia.

In the racing industry some controls are now in place, but unlike Norway where whips have been banned in racing for decades, a jockey in Australia is allowed to use a whip every stride in the last 100 metres of a race. Critics of Australia’s rules on whips in racing argue this goes against well accepted learning theory on training horses and other animals, where an animal must be given an opportunity to react before an aid is repeated or increased.

When race horses cannot respond to the whip because they are too fatigued, they are being whipped for galloping as fast as they can. This defies the logic of operant conditioning in learning theory.

Defenders of the racing rule claim that horses have tougher skin and feel pain less than humans. Professor  Paul Mcgreevy  from the University of  Sydney School of Veterinary Science and his colleagues have completely debunked

this argument. After 10 years of research, they found that horses have not only evolved to feel as much pain when whipped as a human would, but that there is “no compelling reason to whip horses in races at all” (Mcgreevy).

Professor  Mcgreevy  found “no significant difference” between humans and horses in the concentration of nerve endings in the outer layers of skin, nor any difference in thickness of this skin layer. “This was not surprising, as horses, like humans, need robust

Whips use has been restricted in the racing industry.

yet sensitive skin to respond to touch, say, from flying insects or other horses,” reevy.

Images of horse (A) and human (B) skin, showing comparable epidermal

A tap behind the rider’s leg with a whip as a reinforcing aid should follow within 1-2 seconds of the aid.

Generally people prefer to carry the whip in their dominant hand - for most people their right hand. Experienced trainers will vouch for the fact that skill with the whip in either hand is essential. Many horses bend readily to the right, these horses tend to bulge through the left shoulder, and fall out on the right rein.

Experienced breakers will tell you horses that spin will spin predominantly to the left, and experienced jumpers will tell you most horses are likely to run out to the left if an obstacle has similar material either side of the fence. Carrying a whip in the right hand will not help in any of the above situations, in fact, it may even increase the likelihood that the situation will arise!

Riders need to practise, so they are equally skilled at carrying a whip in either hand. Deciding on which hand to carry a whip in depends on the situation.

Horses are generally inclined to move away from a whip, so when safety may be an issue, riders should bear in mind that a whip in the correct hand can help if something happens suddenly.

Riding on a road verge or along a ditch, it may be wise to carry the whip on the ‘road’ or ‘ditch’ side of the horse, so it jumps away from the whip, and away from the road or ditch.

Riding a spooky horse in an arena, the whip is generally best kept in the inside hand so the horse is deterred from spooking away from the edge of the arena to the inside.

Riding a horse into an indoor arena to compete in a dressage arena, when it is unaccustomed to the arena, it is often wise to carry the whip in the inside hand to keep the horse from jumping into the arena before the bell is rung.

Riding a ‘green’ horse that is likely to fall out on a corner or circle and canter on the wrong lead, it can help to carry the whip in the outside hand (and perhaps tap gently on the horse’s shoulder) to help the horse to be straighter so it achieves the correct lead.

Riding a more experienced horse, the whip is often carried in the inside hand to help to activate the inside hind leg.

WHIP TIPS

If a horse has difficulty getting the correct leading leg in a canter transition, holding the whip near its shoulder in the outside hand often helps to keep the horse straighter, and therefore more balanced, leading to greater success at cantering on the correct lead

Riding along the wall of an indoor arena, if the kickboards are not sloped away at the top, riders often like to carry their whips in the inside hand so the whip does not scrape the kickboards, distract the horse, and wear the tassel off the whip!

H

Because vision in horses allows them to see objects in a pathway about 45 degrees behind them on either side, it is important that the whip is held so it is outside their line of sight unless the rider intends the horse to see it.

This can explain why inexperienced riders often believe their horse is frightened of a whip. If their thumbs ‘fall down’ towards each other, and their hands are unsteady, the whip will come into their horse’s line of sight and will be moving. Seeing a waving whip out of the corner of its eye can easily cause a horse to become distressed. Often, when a more experienced rider carries a whip steadily inside the line of sight, the same horse will relax, and demonstrate that it is the sight of the whip rather than the feel of it that is unsettling to many horses.

Holding a jumping whip at a competition – plaiting elastic round the middle finger and in a figure 8 over the handle of the whip.

If a rider does not wish to change their whip from one hand to the other in the course of a cross-country or showjumping round, it is possible to secure the whip to a middle finger so it cannot be dropped, even if the hand is momentarily completely open.

Use the same cue when riding or handling a horse from the ground. e.g. If you want it to move its quarters to put a rug on or hose its other side, instead of pushing its haunches away with both hands, nudge it with the butt of the whip where your heel would nudge it to step sideways.

How NOT to carry whip - hand position causes whip to come into the horse’s line of vision. See diagram page 23.

Depending on the training issue, the whip can be applied on many parts of the horse including on the shoulder.

Model Mia Tollarzo. Photo by Vicki Yeates.

C HOOSIN g A WHIP

At the Spanish Riding School the riders continue in the tradition that stretches back 450 years, they use a piece of birch as a schooling aid. each winter, the riders from the school go out and select a number of new pieces of birch, while the birch has no leaves. Most modern whips are made of fibreglass, and vary enormously in quality. High quality whips are rarely cheap.

Ideally, a whip should be light and very balanced in the rider’s hand, so that it does not interfere with the way the rider carries their hand, or uses the rein. It should taper from the handle, and should be sufficiently fine in diameter that it is balanced in the rider’s hand with minimal effort from the muscles in the rider’s hand.

A well-crafted whip flexes to an extent when applied, but is stable unless the rider wishes it to move. Some over flexible whips ‘swish around’ when the rider intends the whip to be still and steady, this can be very unsettling for a sensitive horse.

A whip that is made of thick fibreglass will often be heavy. Heavy whips can slow down the speed at which a rider can apply the whip, and can also cause the whip to be applied more firmly than the rider intended, through the weight and the momentum this causes once the whip moves. A thick whip can act more like a ‘bat’ than like a whip.

H ANDL e

Like many aspects of whips, handles are very much a matter of personal preference. For riders who have a relaxed grip on the reins, a handle with a knob on the end and a grip handle covered with rubber or similar material along the handle can be essential, so the whip does not slip out of their hand. Those who have a very firm grip on the reins, may prefer a leather handle without a knob on the end.

COLOUR

While diamentes and colourful whips have their attractions, some horses, and many judges, can be distracted by a sparkly or bright coloured whip. For competition, a black whip with a black tassle is most discreet in the dressage arena, rather than a whip which advertises that a training tool is required in a competition. Some horses are more likely to over-react

to a white tassel or white shaft on a whip, if they see it move out of the corner of their eye, so choose the colour carefully.

C HOOSIN g TH e SP e CIFICATIONS

Whips come in a variety of lengths and designs. Smaller riders with small hands may find a shorter whip easier to manage. Whips with a flap on the end - some horses accept a tickle or a tap with a flap better than they accept the same aid from a whip with a tassel. A large, heavy flap, often upsets the balance of the whip, so choose a whip that has a small light flap on it.

S TORIN g A WHIP

A good whip will last a long time if it is stored properly. It should be stored standing on the handle end, rather than on the tassel end, to preserve the join where the tassel meets the fibreglass.

Whips should be stored out of the sun as far as possible, sun makes fibreglass brittle, and capable of splintering and breaking. When packed in a vehicle for a competition, whips are best stored on a flat surface where they cannot be broken if gear is dropped on them after activities like tacking up and untacking a horse.

We’re thrilled to introduce our latest creation.

Exclusive to Geoff Taylor Jewellers and The Cambridge Collection, our ‘Unisex’ satin finished cuff bangle now available for purchase.

Crafted from solid sterling silver, this unique design is exclusive to our range. Gold and silver combinations will also be offered. Our skilled artisans use sturdy rolled metal for durability and cast interchangeable pieces. Please specify your size when placing an order on our website. Our fittings range from small, medium and large to fit any wrist – NZD $575 www.gtjewellers.co.nz.

Whip holders make it easy to protect against accidents.

Photo by Vicki Yeates.

H OW STRON g SHOULD TH e WHIP AID B e?

Whips can be used in graduated degrees of strength. The strength of the whip aid can be measured in increments as small as a decimal fraction out of 10. The lightest aid could be described as starting at .05 out of 10 (a gentle rub or caress), and perhaps occasionally the aid might go up to a high number out of 10. Experienced trainers always start with a subtle ‘caress’ with the whip before going to a stronger application. Correct training with a whip has the goal of training the horse to respond so well to the light application of the seat or leg that there will ultimately

gently ticking or tapping just behind the rider’s leg should improve its response.

Most trainers probably use the whip behind the leg to back up the reaction to a forward driving aid near the girth, or to a sideways driving aid where the leg aid is a hand’s width further back from the girth. Once the horse has more education and strength, many trainers like to tap the whip on the horse’s croup to encourage it to lower its haunches and carry more weight behind to improve its uphill balance by flexing the joints of the hind legs, (stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern) to a greater degree.

Horses have a high concentration of sub-cutaneous nerve-endings close to the girth. Further back from the girth area, the number of nerve-endings under the skin becomes fewer and fewer, so using the whip immediately behind the rider’s leg to improve the ‘go forward response’ makes sense. Using the whip much further back, near the flank can ‘offend’ many horses, particularly if the whip is not used in a subtle way. It may in fact have the opposite effect, and may make the horse stall and kick, rather than respond by going forward.

Thanks to Mia Tollarzo for modelling.

Photos by Vicki Yeates.

Kee PIN g TH e WHIP OUT OF A HORS e’S VISUAL FI e LD

Because a horse’s eyes are situated on each side of its head, it can see in all directions apart from the yellow areas– its blind spots. Horses that are ‘whip-shy’ generally become anxious only when they see the tail of the whip moving in their field of vision.

If a horse reacts badly to the sight of the whip, the rider must keep the whip fairly still, and pointing almost vertically towards the ground, rather than pointing ‘out’ from the rider’s leg. This way the whip stays in the horse’s blind spot, out of its line of vision.

APPLY TH e WHIP

When the horse does not respond well enough to a forward driving or sideways driving leg aid, the whip is best applied quickly and directly behind the leg to reinforce the leg aid. Inexperienced riders often inadvertently take the whip hand backwards to apply the whip. This means the horse receives an unintended ’bend’ or ‘stop’ cue from the backwards action on the rein, just as the whip is applied to ask it to ‘Go forward’. These two opposite cues must be avoided at all costs, since they confuse, upset or densensitise

Instead, when riders apply the whip, they should take their hand a little wider, with the handle of the whip well away from the horse, but keeping the whip tassel close to the horse. The tap of the whip comes from the wrist. This will allow the rider to use the whip discreetly, rather than unintentionally hitting the horse. Depending on the size of the rider’s legs, the whip may have to be at an angle of up to 45 degrees to the horse to keep the tick or tap with the whip behind the calf subtle.

The best whip training is to apply the lightest whip aid that achieves the result. The result is an appropriate response. Often it is enough to tap the middle of the whip on the horse’s shoulder, in preference to using the tassel end, which can ‘sting’ the horse more.

Either the middle of the whip or the tassel end can be used as follows:gently laid against the horse, touches, rubs, vibrates or taps the horse before any stronger degree with the tassel end of the whip is applied.

Depending on the training issue, the whip can be used on many parts of the horse to encourage the horse to yield to momentary pressure. When riding, it can be applied behind the rider’s lower leg, on the shoulder, on the croup, on the chest (if the horse is trained to rein back and refuses), or on the hock. When working the horse in hand, the whip can be applied on all of these places, and many more - on the horse’s knee, forearm, fetlock, pastern, abdomen, chest etc. There are times when a horse does not yield or move away from pressure well, eg Early in training leg yield, if the horse is not willing to yield its shoulders and its hips to the natural aids, it can be useful to gently tap the whip alternatively on the shoulder then behind the rider’s leg, then on the shoulder then behind the rider’s leg, in the rhythm of the steps. This will encourage it to step away from the whip in a forward and sideways fashion.

About the author

Wendy Barker

(BA, M. Commerce, Dip Ed, Grad Dip HRM)

Wendy is an EA Level 2 Coach, EA Coach Educator and has trained and competed five horses to success to FEI level Dressage. She is also an FEI

4*PE Dressage Judge, A Level Dressage Judge and Judge Educator. A full time coach, she coaches across several Australian states, as well as internationally. Wendy judges online tests for British Dressage and holds regular evening sessions for riders, coaches and judges on equestrian topics.

Binocular visionuses both eyes to see

Monocular vision uses one eye to see

Monocular vision uses one eye to see

For in-hand work, some skilled trainers use a long, light piece of dried bamboo to tap very lightly every step in rhythm on alternate legs to encourage more activity and lift.

Using the whip much further back, near the flank can ‘offend’ many horses, particularly if the whip is not used in a subtle way.

L aW Equine

agistment centres not only provide a safe and comfortable home for our equine companions, but they also bring horse enthusiasts together to share in the joy of ownership.

The provision of such a valuable service to our equestrian community does not come without legal and financial risks. In particular, the heartbreaking reality of unpaid agistment fees and abandoned horses can take a significant toll on small business owners.

The expenses of ongoing care can quickly add up, and the legal complexities of ownership can be difficult to navigate.

WHAT cAN THE AGISTMENT cENTrE Do WITH AN ABANDoNED HorSE?

Can they legally sell the horse? The answer to that question depends on a number of things, including the state the agistment centre is in and the contract with the client.

Each Australian state and territory has its own legislation that deals with abandoned property. The scope of the legislation and provisions vary between states, but in general, it operates to give business owners the power to sell abandoned property after a certain period of time if the owner has not claimed it or paid fees that are owed.

In Western Australia, the Disposal of Uncollected Goods Act 1970

Agistment centres

and the Power to Sell Abandoned Horses

Agistment centres give horse enthusiasts the opportunity to meet other equestrians and share their love of horses.

Horse ownership would not be possible for many without the service that agistment centres provide.

Providing such an important service to the horse industry does come with risks, including unpaid agistment fees and abandoned horses.

adthe ability to recover the costs of ongoing care and maintenance from the owner.

If the owner does not respond, another notice in a prescribed form must be served on the owner and also published in a newspaper and Government Gazette. The agistment centre must then wait for one more month before taking further action to allow the owner time to respond. For horses valued at more than $3,500, an agistment centre would need to apply to the Magistrates Court for an order to sell or dispose of the horse and attend a hearing. For horses valued at less than $3,500, the agistment centre may attempt to sell the horse at a public auction after completing all required steps.

While the legislation provides a useful mechanism for businesses that find themselves in sudden trouble, it is a lengthy and procedurally complex process.

THErE IS ANoTHEr WAy To ADDrESS THIS PoTENTIAL ProBLEM.

An agistment agreement can be drafted to include a contractual lien and power of sale to reduce the time spent agonising over abandoned horses.

Equine lawyers are familiar with drafting agistment agreements and can provide advice on how to best structure the debt recovery process, including how much notice should be given to the horse owner before taking steps to enforce a contractual lien and power of sale. It’s very important that these clauses are drafted carefully and in accordance with the law for them to be effective, but they can be useful mechanisms to streamline the process when an agistment centre operator is confronted with the problem of an abandoned horse. An equine lawyer will also be able to provide guidance on how agistment agreement termination provisions and payment clauses can minimise the impact of late payments and bad debts.

In all cases, the power to sell property should be exercised with extreme caution and under the guidance of a lawyer. The consequences of selling someone else’s property without a proper legal basis to do so can be serious.

Agistment centres can reduce the risk and impact of abandoned horses by investing in a well drafted agreement to protect the business and the horses. It could make the difference between months of stress or an even greener pasture.

*Information is general and not legal advice. You should seek legal advice in relation to a particular matter that you or your business may have.

About the Author: Emily Purvis

PURE Equine Law specialises in providing legal services to equestrian businesses and professionals. With deep knowledge of the equine industry, founder Emily Purvis provides clients with contracts and advice to protect against legal risks, streamline operations and implement best practices.

Emily is also passionate about empowering the equestrian community through legal education and preventing disputes by making contracts more accessible via the PURE Equine online store.

See www.pureequine.com.au or follow

PURE Equine Law on Facebook for more.

EASYCARE DOWNUNDER

Australia’s largest stockists of Equine Hoof Protection

applied with superGlue!

easyshoe Versa Grip octo

A versatile urethane glue on shoe for performance riding, trail and rehabilitation. Dramatically reduces concussion on hard surfaces, yet offers maximum durability and longevity while lasting a six week trim cycle.

Can be re-used for up to 2-3 trim cycles.

With our team’s background in equine health, particularly the equine hoof, and a qualified Equine Podiotherapist contact us for help finding the right riding and therapy hoof products for your horse.

Phone 02 4457 3022

www.easycaredownunder.com.au

easyboot cloud

The Easyboot Cloud is a therapeutic hoof boot system designed to give comfort and support to horses with thin soles, abscesses, founder, laminitis, support whilst travelling, recovery after workouts or stalling on hard surfaces. Comes with elevated EVA wedge pad.

Working Equitation

The sport for everyone

JOÃO RALÃO DUARTE is the Secretary of the Lusitano Breeders Association and President of the World Association of Working Equitation. As an inspector for the Lusitano breed, he travels around the world every two years assessing mares and stallions for inclusion in the Lusitano Stud Book.

At the end of his latest inspections in NZ and Australia, he held a Question and Answer session with Australian National Working Equitation (WA) to share his wealth of knowledge and passion for Working Equitation.

What is Working Equitation?

The development of Working Equitation originating from field related jobs into an equine sport of four phases.

• Dressage (in a 40x20m arena). The Dressage tests are progressive and each level develops the horse’s strength and gymnastic ability, testing the rider’s technical correctness while preparing the horse and rider for the obstacle phase.

• The second phase is Ease of Handling. This is a course of obstacles demonstrating the horse’s manoeuvrability, balance, obedience, trust and braveness. Many of the obstacles are drawn directly from field tasks such as: passing through a gate, going over a bridge, jumping over a straw bale, halting next to a table to drink a glass of water (lift a jug) and negotiating a stock pen. It is judged on how fluently the horse moves around the course (navigation), as well as the style and correctness of the movements within the obstacles.

• The third phase is Speed. The course covers similar or the same obstacles as Ease of Handling but is completed at the fastest speed with no score for style or navigation.

* The fourth phase is cattle work, which involves cutting out a steer and moving it into a designated pen or yard. This is a team phase and an optional phase for some competitions. The final championship result is determined by the total of all points for the three phases and if there is a tie, the horse and rider combination

with the highest dressage score will be the winner.

At the very highest level of Working Equitation the gaits used are walk and canter, not trot. The movements are generally pirouettes, half passes and flying changes. At the lowest level (Training Division), Introductory horse and rider start with walk and trot.

Rules of the Australian National Working Equitation are clear and include horse welfare, correct equipment and navigation of obstacles. Failure to follow any of the rules results in elimination from that phase.. Failure to follow any of the rules results in disqualification for that section. Elimination in one phase does not eliminate you from the entire competition, only from that one phase. Riders can continue to compete in the remaining phases and have their scores in those phases included in the overall placings. It sometimes makes for a pleasantly surprising result.

ATTIRE

Rider attire can be either National Working Equitation, state or club attire or traditional English, traditional working western or typical breed attire. This flexibility allows for an easy transfer from other disciplines without having to change to special equipment as any type of saddle or bridle can be used (some exceptions), whether English, western, baroque or vaquero (Spanish type) or Australian Stock Horse equipment. Horse and rider combinations must wear the same attire or equipment throughout all phases. Equipment and attire may be changed for the cattle phase as long as it is approved tack.

with JOÃO RALÃO DUARTE President of the World Association of Working Equitation.

by Helen Adams

VERSATILITY

João noted that the mix of dressage, or the classical way of riding using the obstacles and cattle work, means riders can develop a very versatile horse. There are riders who don’t want to do just traditional dressage or who may be doing dressage but want to still play and be happy. Or event riders who may not want to compete but are still looking for a bit of a thrill. With their transferable skills they find they can compete at a high level in Working Equitation.

The World Association of Working Equitation (WAWE) was created in 2003 to agree on all the obstacles and establish one set of rules. There are now 21 countries involved with each country developing at different rates. Working Equitation is now recognised around the world and the future of WE as a super discipline with versatile riders, balanced horses and consistent judges looks bright.

As Working Equitation has spread; João noted that the countries with a tradition of working cattle on horseback found it easier to adapt to the Working Equitation concept.

The CULTURE of the COUNTRY

Working Equitation is unusual as a worldwide equine sport in that it specifically includes the culture of the country in which it operates. Each country can incorporate its own working horse equipment such as the bit and the saddle that they normally use in their work. He says it is important that it shows different ways of riding horses, different cultures, which is very interesting for the spectators.

In Australia, the flexibility of the sport allows easily for a transfer from other disciplines without having to change to special equipment. Generally, any type of saddle or bridle is allowed including the Australian stock saddle and bridle as well as most bitless bridles, treeless saddles, traditional English or Western saddles and bridles. Baroque and Vaquero saddlery and attire is also popular amongst Working Equitation riders.

JUDGING DIFFERENT BREEDS

João was asked how he judges the different horse breeds that are used in the sport around the world, especially with the differences in breed conformation and movement, given that they are generally not as expressive as the Iberian horses mostly used in Europe.

He commented that we cannot judge by the horses’ breed as there are all kinds of breeds that compete. He considers the balance (conformation) and the horse’s natural way of going, which is completely different for each breed. However, the movement of the horse and its gaits must still be correct. He reminds us that Working Equitation originated with a Gaucho in the field and then was brought to the arena for competition and it is in that spirit that the event should be judged - the way the movements are performed and not because of the breed.

Working Equitation is a sport where dressage, eventers and working horses can easily transition their skills where they don’t have to start at the beginning and can come into the sport at a level that acknowledges their skill and continues to build versatility, flexibility and longevity.

Recreational and Adult Riders enjoy the versatility and low impact of the sport and young horses develop confidence and calmness through the phases and levels.

There are clubs around Australia that offer monthly instructional rallies, Training Days and Competitions. All are affiliated with the national body - Australian National Working Equitation who provide administration and the rules.

www.dilutesaustralia.net

Registering all the currently known equine colour dilutions: palomino, buckskin, smoky black, cremello, perlino, smoky cream, dun, silver (taffy), champagne, pearl, mushroom and non-solid dilutes.

Congratulations to the winners at the Colourama All Colour Championships

1. Delatite Mighty Blu Denim - Supreme Champion Non-Solid Dilute over 10.2h

2. Bri Lee Nightmares Devil In Disguise - Supreme Champion Buckskin over 10.2h

3. Sierra Lodge Obsession - Supreme Champion Palomino over 10.2h

aN aSSOcIaTION OF MaNY cOLOURS

Photos by Lucky Penny Photography

FASCIA Health

Varying training to maintain your horse’s suppleness and flexibility

by Dr Raquel Butler

n recent years our understanding of the importance of fascia health and function in athletic performance has been growing specifically in relation to its crucial role in training and

Injuries, repetitive movements, stress, dehydration and emotional trauma can all affect the health of a horse’s fascia - the connective tissues that surround and support muscles, bones and the horses’s vital organs - resulting in compensations in the horse’s movement, fatigue and potential injury.

Fascia is a continuous multidimensional layer of connective tissue comprised of collagen microtubules and a fluid matrix, it surrounds and supports muscles, bones, organs, blood vessels and nerves in our horses. It is very important in transmission of information and forces throughout the body with multiple myofascial lines being identified in horses in the past few years identifying direct connections from the hindfeet to the jaw as well as a number of lines crossing the body. These connections highlight the importance of fascia in posture and motion of the horse’s body.

Repetition of movements can create fascial stiffness and inflexibility, which may lead to pain, reduced range of motion and increased injury risk. Incorporating varied and dynamic movements in the way the horse uses its body and muscles into your horse’s training promotes fascial pliability and responsiveness, therefore promoting mobility, strength and injury resilience. Maintaining healthy fascia will promote optimal bone, muscle, tendon, ligament and nerve function, allowing for smoother movements and overall reducing stress on the horse’s musculoskeletal system.

Fascia is very adaptable and responsive when healthy and will adjust and renew to meet demand. However, fascia renewal takes time and it is much preferred to maintain its health than rely on renewal.

Fascia protects an injury while it heals by restricting its flexibility—which, over time, can become ‘stuck’ due to adhesions/scar tissue, however once the injury is healed, the fascia stays ‘stuck’, which creates compensations in the horse’s movement to develop, such as difficulties bending or cantering in one direction. Bodywork can help release the stuck places for a return to flexibility.

Varying training to maintain your horse’s suppleness and flexibility

MAINTAINING HEALTHY, SUPPLE FASCIA

Research has shown that the quality of fascia is influenced by nutrition, specifically hydration, age and mobilisation.

HYDRATION

Fascia really does not like dehydration or immobility; it will become stiff, lose integrity and be more inclined to tear. Unfortunately if the fascial covering of muscle tears it does not heal due to the bulging of the muscle through the fascia (like cutting the skin of a sausage) so it is important to look after it as best we can. To address dehydration adequate salt in the horse’s diet is a must, at least 1-2 tablespoons a day and access to fresh, clean water.

LOSS OF e LASTICITY

When movement of the body is limited the collagen fibre angle in fascia is altered and leads to a loss of elasticity and adhesions. Age also influences the adaptability of fascia with increased stiffness, loss of organised structure, deterioration in collagen quality and reduced components of the fluid matrix such as hyaluronan that provide the fascia with its flexibility.

VARIATION IN TRAININ g

Variation in training is an integral way to maintain fascial health and hence musculoskeletal health of your horse regardless of whether you ride dressage, jumping, camp drafting or polo. Understanding the demands of your discipline can be beneficial when determining the types of variation, for example is there a requirement for a lot of twisting and turning, hind end strength in collection or rebound actions such as in jumping.

If properly applied, variation in training does not only benefit fascia, it has wide reaching benefits such as improving circulation, joint mobility, aiding motor control and development of correct reflexes, allowing time for recovery, reducing swelling and improving repair of all connective tissues including microtears in tendons and muscles with improved alignment. Training variation

Variation in training is a good way to maintain fascial and musculoskeletal health of your horse, regardless of discipline.

will also promote muscle balance and avoid certain muscles becoming large and overworked while others are weak and floppy or tight, this will aid in postural stability and joint support. Variety is the spice of life and psychological health of the performance horse is a vital component of training.

O V e RTRAININ g

A further benefit of variation in training is to prevent overtraining. Overtraining can result in fatigue, immune suppression, joint wear and tear, poor performance, increased injury risk and psychological challenges.

Variation in your training regime will optimise your horse’s ability to cope in different situations, promote relaxation and keep it interested, creating a more communicative willing partner.

The fundamentals of variation for fascial health are the same regardless of the discipline. Promoting fascial health will ultimately reduce fatigue and injury and enhance performance.

Those that are performed from the ground (unmounted) and involve teaching the horse to follow a food treat (bait) or track a target with its chin while keeping its feet stationary)

• m icro mo V ements

Slow and controlled, such as stepping over a pole or really slowing the gait down to deliberate individual steps

• d ynamic bouncing mo V ements

Such as gymnastic jumping

• s low and melting mo V ements

Such as massage

• r ehydration breaks

• i n-hand and ridden work

• a whole body approach

This involves onsidering anything and everything that could affect a horse’s health and looking at the whole picture for soundness and wellness in the horse

The aim is to create differing types of variation in your horse’s training and incorporating the important aspects of any training regimen for any discipline. The focus is a happy horse with good posture, balance,

FASCIA Health Considerations

creates efficiency in motion, the aim is to train the type 1 (postural and long distance) muscle fibres to reduce fatigue, improve strength and promote symmetry. Without balance there is brace. A horse in a relaxed, balanced posture will have mental relaxation and hence trainability and reduced injury risk. Things to think about are; what is the current posture of your horse and what is influencing this i.e hoof balance, fresh or old injuries etc.

– how much? Is the horse hypermobile or stiff? Do we want to promote mobility or stiffness to counteract mobility i.e thoracic sling stiffness and mobility to land a jump, lumbosacral mobility to clear the jump with the hind legs.

what needs to be strong? What discipline? Which areas of the body are important i.e jumping – hind end propulsion; dressage – the ability to collect for long periods of time; endurance – adaptability in strength to allow for

Psychological

– what does your horse enjoy as a reward for hard work? Some enjoy liberty, others enjoy being out on the trail or being ridden bridleless. Find your horse’s ‘joy’.

Open stables where horses can not only see each other but can communicate via touch can aid psychologically.

Incorporate Variation into your training

I N TH e PADDOCK

Variable feeding positions creating active stretching and alterations in position such as hanging a hay bag at differing heights, feeding on a ramp, side of a hill or over a gate. Creating obstacles in the paddock such as differing surfaces or objects such as logs to step over.

Utilising a TRACK system (tracks around the property) to promote movement and variation by having the hay bag positions, different surfaces and obstacles in the track system. (See Green Horse features in Dec/Jan and Feb/March issues).

what do you want to accomplish this year?

secure your spots in our upcoming courses now!

there is no substitute for onsite supervision. learn from instructors who are approved for veterinarian continuing education. calendar dates

EQ100: EQUINOLOGY EQUINE BODYWORKER CERTIFICATION COURSE - November 1-9, 2023 WA

EQ1100/1110: EQUINE MYOFASCIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUES LEVEL I & 2 - October 4-12, 2023 NSW

EQ1110: EQUINE MYOFASCIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUES LEVEL II - October 10-12, 2023 NSW

Courses are suitable for professionals and new students. Ideal to kickstart a career in equine health care or further your own knowledge with comprehensive hands on instruction.

P OSTUR e AND BALANC e

In-hand work is very valuable in improving posture and balance as it allows the horse to establish body control without the added weight and variable balance of a rider. To aid posture and balance it is important to utilise movements in a slow and controlled manner - this will also aid your horse’s body awareness (proprioception). Performing exercises with a focus on posture and balance three times a week is very beneficial - this may be as a separate focused session or before riding and progressing to exercises during riding. Poles can be a very useful addition but they have to be done in a slow and controlled manner with the horse acknowledging the pole otherwise the value of the exercise is not optimised.

(Initially start with 5-6 times a week, then do 3 times a week)

S TR e N g TH

Strength training can have many different meanings depending on what you want to strengthen. It is important to build either the intensity of the exercise or the number of reps but not both in one session and you should only increase every third session. When incorporating strength work the rehydration breaks are vital to allow fascia recovery time. Rehydration breaks can include getting off the horse for a few minutes and walking, allowing the horse to stand for a minute when doing ground work, incorporating stretching or some massage into the routine or allowing a stretchy forward trot or canter in a light seat.

(Start with 2-3 times a week then for less time and intensity progress to 2 times per week).

VARIATIONS OF STR e N g TH TRAININ g TO PROMOT e FASCIAL H e ALTH INCLUD e:

• Long, slow distance 45-60 minutes – easy work

• Equiband, poles, gymnastics jumping, hills

• Interval training i.e transitions, collected work alternated with a soft stretchy trot with at least a work:rest ratio of 1:3. If more anaerobic (typically exercise that is performed at a

higher intensity) then longer rest periods i.e one minute of gallop, acceleration, sharp turns, jumping followed by six minutes of rest.

F L ex IBILITY (2-3 times a week)

Dynamic mobilisation exercises - those that are performed from the ground unmounted) and involve teaching the horse to follow a food treat (bait) or track a target with its chin while keeping its feet stationary have been found to be beneficial for flexibility and core strength. Exercises such as carrot stretches with 5-15 second holds. Reps 3-5 times. No more than 30 seconds for mobility.

Lateral work - includes a range of schooling exercises during which the horse moves both forwards and sideways, while maintaining a bend through its body - this is really beneficial when performed in hand as well as ridden as the horse does not have to adapt to the rider weight, balance and positioning. Perform at a walk to promote postural strength as well.

P SYCHOLO g Y

This is the science used to train horses to make them feel safer and more secure. Keep it interesting, variation promotes stimulation and relaxation. Straightness creates balance, which creates relaxation.

• Introduce a Track system

• Liberty - work your horse loose, without ropes or reins

• Hack out - ride out of arena on tracks and trails

• Begin new exercises/skill in five minute chunks to aid learning. 1-2 repetitions is all that is required

• Keep the workouts short (20-30 minutes)

• What does the horse LOVE?

Optimising fascial health is achieved through exercise variation, rehydration breaks and regular body work, fascia is the key to body health and strength internally and externally.

Variation in training aids in fascia health, preventing overuse wear and tear, fatigue, stress and injury.

Varying exercises distributes the load across the body promoting improved flexibility, balance and strength ultimately leading to enhanced adaptability and function.

Overall the health and well-being and hence performance of your horse will improve. Add some variation into your training regime today and your horse will thank you.

A biomechanical medicine veterinarian and lecturer in Equine Science at Charles Sturt, Wagga Wagga, Raquel is passionate about equine locomotion, rehabilitation and the physiology and management of the equine athlete.

A video of exercises can be seen through accessing the link www. horseprohub.com/pl/2147604027.

Raquel has a great injury prevention and rehabilitation series along with

many others that can be accessed by joining Horse Pro Hub with the coupon DRRWEBINAR at checkout.

Email: integratedvettherapeutics@gmail.com

DR. RAquEl BuTlER

ABouT THE AuTHoR

Flexibility can include a range of lateral exercises both in the saddle and in- hand.

AUTUMNONTHEPROPERTY

A plan of action to prepare for winter

Autumn is the favourite season for many in Australia as it can be a great time for riding, outdoor activities and completing tasks around the property. The cooler conditions are the ideal prompt to start considering what should be done on the property before the arrival of colder, wet days of winter, which means the spring weed season is not far away.

PLAN OF ACTION

Get your weed plans in place. As the weather cools off and we start to have some autumn rains – walk the paddocks and see what has seeded in them. Discover what you can about the weeds that are germinating. If you’re not sure of what they are take photos and research them online with Google image search or one of the plant identifying apps.

By identifying the weeds you are dealing with, how they grow and whether they are a bulb or

EQUIPMENT CHECK

Autumn is a great time to go through all the equipment so it is ready to use when needed. Drag out the sprayer that has been sitting in the shed for the last six months. Clean it out with water and give things a test run, before you need it. There is nothing more annoying than when you are about to start a job and the handpump starts leaking. Make sure all the parts are working – particularly checking the seals. This will give you enough time to order parts or replacement equipment before you need it.

FENCE CHECK

Walking the fence line should be done often, but especially before the onset of winter when storms can bring down branches and trees. Ensure your fences are cleared of possible tree damage, secure and check all gates are in good working order with any repairs required

The last couple of years has seen supply issues across a range of equipment and materials so keeping a few spare parts on hand could be a good idea as the last thing you want is an injury to a horse caused by damaged fencing that could have been prevented. Trees on the property should be checked for loose branches and those removed before winter

CHECK BOGGY AREAS

If your paddocks have areas that are prone to waterlogging, for example around high traffic areas like gates, laneways, troughs and feeding areas, now is the time to build up these areas. Products like crushed gravel and coarse sand can help allow for drainage and reduce

Crushed gravel in the yards and areas where horses congregate can minimise the muddy areas once the rains start.

the likelihood of these spots turning into muddy and unsightly areas in winter. Purpose designed products like geotextiles and matting can offer long-lasting and durable solutions so consider researching these types of products if boggy areas pose a potential safety hazard and other fixes do not solve the issue. Prolonged exposure to mud can increase the risk of health issues for your horses.

WINTER CONDITIONS

Winter conditions can add to the workload around stables and shelters so be sure to check for any signs of cracks or damage in your infrastructure that could lead to leaks or dampness, especially around feed storage areas as feed and hay that gets wet can spoil very quickly. If the stables and shelters have gutters it’s important that these and downpipes are checked that they are not overflowing or running-off into yards, and give the gutters a good clean out as leaves can block pipes and lead to flooding.

TRACK YOUR PROPERTY’S PROGRESS

Take regular photos of your property as there is nothing more rewarding and inspiring than seeing progress and how the property looks each season as the many projects you do are completed. In summer our properties are generally looking at their worst, particularly in drier parts of Australia but having a photographic history will inspire you to continue to manage and continue with the improvement projects.

While the weather is still on our side, get out there and work out what your priority projects are going to be this autumn and winter.

Building that pasture dream

Part

four:

What is Equestrian Landcare

by Teele

Worrell

Pasture Establishment

By starting the property management journey with property planning, weed control and getting to know your soil, a landholder is perfectly placed to establish a diverse and productive pasture.

Often though, landholders rush into establishing a pasture and fight against limitations in the soil, weed competition and incorrect placement of paddocks. There’s nothing better than seeing your horses grazing amongst a beautiful healthy pasture. Establishing pastures takes time and requires some intensive management, especially early on in the process but will be worth it long term. A landholder may decide to establish pasture across their property in stages so it doesn’t become overwhelming.

Having a sacrificial area for your horses to hang out in while the pasture is becoming established will be crucial.

When landholders ask me “What pasture species will grow well on my property?” the first thing I tell them is to go have a chat with the staff at your local stockfeeds or farm store. Local stores will be stocking pasture mixes that grow well in your area. You don’t have to reinvent the wheel, and starting with a generalised equine mix that has been proven locally will increase the success of your pasture establishment.

Establishing pasture is a long process and starting with the premium equine mix

you’ve found online could turn out to be an expensive mistake. Building for diversity is the key, although you may start with the local proven option there is nothing stopping you adding in those special designer mixes of grass species at a later date.

Having a diverse pasture has many advantages. Your horse will have access to a larger range of vitamins and minerals through the variety of grasses, the pasture

these species will often complement each other. For instance, subterranean clovers have supporting bacteria that convert nitrogen into a plant-friendly usable product for grasses to use.

If you get confused when people talk about perennial or annual pasture don’t worry you are not alone. Annual pasture species complete their growth cycle in a single season whereas perennials continue to grow.

PREVIOUS ARTICLES IN THIS SERIES. Part 1 (What is Equine Landcare - Oct Nov 22) and 2 (Property Planning – Dec Jan 22/23) of Teele’s series on Landcare are available on the Hoofbeats website – inside Hoofbeats - The Green Horse. Scroll down the page for previous articles.

• Control any weeds that are present.

• Sow the seeds via cultivation - loosening and breaking up (tilling) the soil - or direct seeding. If you’re planning on sowing the seeds via cultivation it pays to cultivate the soil six weeks before sowing so you can decrease the amount of weeds that will germinate when the soil is disturbed and will compete with your grass species.

• Direct seeding involves the sowing of seeds directly into the soil to achieve germination. It can be achieved mechanically or by hand and is a great option when adding seed to pastures that are already present.

• Keep livestock off pasture until grass is 10 cm - 15 cm high. This is where your sacrificial area will come in handy.

• Allow light grazing only after the grass has reached an adequate height and can survive the pluck test. The Pluck Test - pluck the grass and if the root comes

out you need to wait longer, if the grass breaks off it’s ready to be lightly grazed.

• Light grazing or mowing will encourage the grass to spread out but monitor your new pasture and remove livestock before it gets damaged.

• Stop the mowing or light grazing when your pasture species sets seed and allow it to produce free pasture seeds for your property.

• Once the seeds have set and fallen continue to allow light grazing for at least the first 18 months until the pasture has matured.

About the Author: Teele Worrell

As a landcare officer Teele Worrell spent years delivering events for horse owners, educating them on sustainable land management techniques tailored to the challenges of One presentation, appropriately titled ‘Protecting your land from the ones you love’, went through themes of equine

Once you have decided on your grass species mix use the steps below to start creating that beautiful pasture.

Light grazing or mowing encourages grass to spread.

Create your own diverse grass species pasture.

Simple Feed Budget

by Belinda Taylor

Although most horse owners are nervous at the prospect of creating a budget, a few quick calculations can give you the power to compare prices and alternatives that can reduce your horses’ feed costs, without impacting on their health and wellbeing.

With rising prices hitting our pockets at every turn, now is a great time to look at feed budgeting. A feed budget is an assessment of the type, amount and price of the feeds you are using to meet your horse’s nutritional requirements. Usually when I mention the word budget, most horse owners want to stick their fingers in their ears and sing “la la laaa”. But in today’s economic environment, it pays to know what you need and shop around to find the best prices.

The budget can be as technical or as simple as you like. On the technical side of things, you can work with an equine nutritionist,

to get a fairly precise list of the number of kilograms of each feed component you need to feed per day. Multiply it by the number of days in the year and then divide it by the bag/roll/bale size and “Voila”! You have produced a list of the amount of feed you need annually to keep your horse in tip top condition. Using this list you can then price up each feed type and know what it is costing you per year.

On the simpler side, just jotting down how much basic feed you are buying each week/fortnight and working those numbers forward into an annual amount can give you a place to start from.

SAMPLE BUDGET

Using two Warmbloods as a rough example the following budget shows options for saving potentially thousands over the year.

The two Warmbloods are being fed 1.2 metre (four foot) meadow hay rolls ad lib with a small hard feed each day. They are grazed during the day on pasture, based on ground cover and pasture availability.

H Ay

• 1 x 1.2 metre meadow roll per week over summer/autumn = 25

• 1 x 1.2 metre meadow roll per fortnight winter/spring = 12

TOTAL = 37

H ARD FEED

1 x 20kg bag of Maxisoy per week = 52 1 x 25kg of flaked lupins per week = 52

A quick budget based on current prices tells me my annual feed bill (give or take, as rainfall and pasture growth will determine how much grazing time they get and this will vary hay intake)

37 x1.2 metre meadow hay rolls

@$135/roll = $4995

52 bags of Maxisoy

@ $40/bag = $2080

52 bags of Flaked Lupins

@ $25/bag = $1300

TOTAL COST = $8375/year or an average of $161/week

Now THAT I HAv E A R o UGH co ST

o F M y c URRENT FEED S ySTEM, I c AN START co MPARING PRI c ES AND ALTERNATI v ES.

If I was to swap to 1.2 metre oaten rolls @$100/roll, I will save myself $1295/year.

If I was to swap from Maxisoy to lupin fibre, I could save myself another $520/ year.

If I was to swap from flaked lupins to whole lupins and soak instead, I could save myself another $260/year.

So just through some basic substitution, I can save myself over $2000. If I was looking to further improve the bottom line, I could then look at what discounts may be available if I was to buy in bulk

or direct from the farmer. If you have friends that all feed the same thing, you may find ordering by the pallet can offer you a discount.

Feed budgeting can sometimes be an eye opening exercise, when you work out just how much your horses can cost you to feed, but a few quick calculations can give you the power to understand all the options and alternatives that can save you money in the long run and help manage increasing cost pressures.

Belinda Taylor from Hoof Hearted Hoof Care, is a pasture guru and property planning consultant with a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture and is certified in Natural Hoof Care.

DiscoverDriving

It’s also an activity contemplated by horse owners looking for a way to work their horse, or spend time with it without actually riding. It’s ideal for those who may not be able to, or would prefer not to ride but would still like to get their competition fix.

Participants range in age from young children up to those in their eighties, and the type of ponies and horses used in carriage driving range from the smallest of breeds, think Miniatures, Shetlands, Welsh Ponies, Cobs and Australian Ponies, to the very largest of breeds, like Friesians, Cleveland Bays, crossbreds and Clydesdales.

Pleasure or competition

Carriage driving can be for pleasure or for competition, which gives participants the option of selecting a carriage to suit their driving requirements from the many different styles and types.

Within the sport there are a number of different disciplines, each having their own challenges and requirements of the horses and handlers.

Competition Driving is what many may associate with the sport; elegantly dressed drivers with their beautifully presented horses or ponies pulling traditional-looking carriages. HRH Prince Philip was among driving enthusiasts who devised Combined Driving event (CED) rules in the early 1970s. The sport of four-in-hand driving took off in Australia in the 1980s with our six time FEI World Champion Four-in-Hand Driving and current ten time FEI World Cup Indoor Driving Champion, Boyd Exell, winning his first Australian Pairs Championship at 16 years of age.

Getting Started

By Tracy Weaver-Sayer

Equestrian sports have always been popular, with horse owners able to choose from a variety of disciplines and activities that best suit their interests and capabilities, and that of their horses.

The article Change of Rein - the art of changing riding disciplines in the Hoofbeats February/March 2023 issue highlighted considerations for riders when trying a new equestrian discipline and the benefits of challenging yourself in a new equestrian sport.

Carriage Driving is the oldest competitive equestrian sport. It’s an appealing activity as it’s one that can be enjoyed at just about any age, and just about any breed of horse or pony has the potential to make a suitable driving horse.

A sport that can be enjoyed by the whole family, carriage driving is sometimes considered for a pony that has been outgrown by a young rider. It can also be suited to an older horse as it does not involve carrying weight directly, and it can be a helpful step when training a younger horse to accustom them to wearing tack and responding to the driving aids.

As Secretary of the WA Harness Driving Society Margaret Langan is passionate about carriage driving, a sport she took an interest in in the late 70s, going on to compete and judge across Australia. She suggests that all that is needed to get involved in driving is an interest in horses, explaining that many driving clubs across the country now run Come and Try Days, which are ideal for anyone who might like to give driving a try in a safe and controlled setting.

While those who have ridden will have an understanding of rein handling and can therefore find the transition to driving easier than a non-rider, driving is different to riding, so even if you haven’t ridden before that is no disadvantage. Some riders find that having no legs and seat on their horse and being so far from the horse’s head, creates a feeling of insecurity from what they’re accustomed to. The connection with the carriage horse while driving is your voice, rein and whip.

Come and Try Days

A session or two at a Come and Try Day offers the ideal opportunity to learn about driving and the chance to speak to experienced people about what’s involved. Getting to know those involved in driving can help with enquiries about lessons and what constitutes a suitable horse or pony that you can move on with.

Margaret explains the importance of getting advice before going out and buying anything, “You need to find a suitable horse/pony and then buy the vehicle and harness to suit and fit. Many novices buy an unbroken animal. They think they can learn together, and ‘how hard can it be?’. Ask yourself if you would buy an unbroken horse to learn to ride on, NO! It’s important to get something

experienced to start off with and then you can move on. It’s like a ridden horse, if you start with something too powerful it is hard to gain confidence, and you see so many people lose confidence and move away from riding and driving because of this.”

Vehicle

When it comes to a vehicle, Margaret suggests starting off with a basic one, “It may not look flash but it will start you off. Authentic vehicles with wooden wheels require much more care and need to be sound, and some won’t be. The balance of a two-wheeled vehicle with the horse or pony is important as it reflects how much weight goes onto the horse’s back, and like the importance of the saddle to a ridden horse’s comfort, the ‘fit’ of the vehicle for the harness horse is equally as important for comfort and safety.”

While there are different vehicles for different disciplines a jogger/ work cart would be suitable for a beginner and would cost around $500 upwards. Unless you are doing a turnout class - which you may not as a beginner - your vehicle and harness are not judged in show driving as long as they are safe and well fitted.

If you become hooked on driving and plan to start competing, a show vehicle for the ring can cost anywhere from $1000 to $10,000 upwards.

For Combined Driving events you can use one vehicle but you can also have two, with a presentation vehicle that you use for cones and dressage, and a marathon vehicle that takes on the ‘cross-country’, with prices ranging from $4000-$10,000.

The Driving Disciplines

Driven DressAge - Like riding dressage but in a larger arena where you are judged on the freedom, regularity of pace, harmony, impulsion, suppleness, lightness, ease of movement and correct bending of horses and ponies on the move.

CombineD Driving - An exhilarating sport that involves a single horse, team of horses or other multiple combinations e.g. a tandem that pull their driver and groom in a carriage. one groom rides with single horses and pairs, and two grooms ride with fourin-hand teams. Competitions span three days and include three unique events: dressage, marathon, and obstacle driving. it is in this sport that Australia’s boyd exell has excelled, winning more titles than any other driver in history along with a host of awards and honoured with the order of Australia medal in recognition of his services to equestrian sport, in particular four-in-hand carriage driving.

shoW Driving - often termed harness classes, these events can be seen at most agricultural and royal shows and are often divided into light and heavy horse sections.and judged according to the way they perform at different paces in their individual workouts.

PLeAsure AnD enDurAnCe Driving - A Pleasure drive can be simply a drive down a country lane, rail trails, a picnic or campfire shared with like minded company held on one day, a weekend or even for a week in public reserves or private property. A great way to see the countryside, socialise, swap tips and educate a horse. other activities which you can enjoy include good old fashioned fun days where club members get together for a great social event.

Harness

Once you have the vehicle then you need to purchase suitable harness to suit that vehicle and your horse. Prices for harness can vary greatly, so depending on your budget you could find something for as little as $500 up to $5000, with a synthetic harness, which is probably best for someone starting out. “A cheaper leather harness can present problems so seek advice that what you’re looking to buy is safe. Zilco are a good source for harness and although it could be a bit more expensive, it will last forever. Second hand sets can be available but do seek advice on

Transport

Once you’re set up and ready to go with your own vehicle and harness there’s the consideration of how to transport vehicle and horse off the property. A ute or truck will be required with some vehicles able to fit into the front of a larger angle float, which a lot of people now use. Some find it easier to take two cars to events, one with the float and one with the vehicle, so consideration to transport will be required when getting started in driving and moving on to attending lessons, clinics and events.

Carriage driving is an equestrian activity that is fun and can be enjoyed competitively or recreationally at any age, and at a pace that suits you. It allows the driver to develop a strong bond with the horse through their voice, the reins and whip. And with so many ways to get involved and desire for a challenge catered for, perhaps sitting on a seat, rather than a saddle could open up a whole new world of opportunities and experiences for equestrians and their horses and ponies.

With the greatest athlete in the international driving sport an Australian, who knows where Driving could take you!

having grown considerably over the years with a mix of two and four wheeled vehicles in her collection of viceroys, sydney brass sulkies and Dressage/Combined Driving carriages. Diane agrees wholeheartedly with the sentiment she heard when she started out, that ‘driving is the most fun you can have sitting down’.

“Driving is perfect for someone that is not as physically able to ride, maybe through age, weight or wear and tear, as driving is not as physically demanding on the body. i’m 63 and there are people driving into their seventies, there is no barrier on age or physicality to transfer your riding skills to driving.”

The Most Fun You Can Have Sitting Down

-

how Diane boardman Discovered Driving

When Diane boardman from victoria was young she had an injury that prompted her Doctor to advise her to give up riding, advice she refused to heed for about 15 years, until physically she knew she could no longer go on with the riding she loved so much.

When a friend suggested driving as a way for her to maintain her equestrian interests without actually riding, it saw Diane taking up the offer of a drive, a trip she recalls as one where the conversation steered towards all the things that can go wrong when driving. Despite the ‘horror stories’ Diane enjoyed

it immensely and was hooked, promptly organising the sale of her saddle and making, in her own words, “the best decision i ever made!”

That was in 1997 and with the proceeds from the saddle Diane purchased a pony and carriage so she could learn to drive. she’s not looked back and today Diane has achieved much success, and tremendous enjoyment from the sport. she has twelve ponies broken in to harness and enjoys show carriage, dressage and combined driving, her collection of carriages (and winner’s sashes)

Her advice is to do as she did, find someone experienced and have lessons, as while the horror stories she heard all those years ago did not put her off she points out that it is important to know that things can go wrong and, like all horse sports, it can be dangerous, so it’s important to start out with an experienced driver and pony/horse.

A member of victoria’s Longwood Carriage Driving Club, Diane highlights the social aspect of the sport, explaining that carriage driving is not usually undertaken on your own. “You do require help on the ground and it’s something you can enjoy with a friend or your husband/partner.”

While Diane enjoys the competition side of the sport she pointed out that the majority of drivers do simply drive for pleasure, enjoying a drive around their local suburb like she did all those years ago.

World Champion BOYD EXELL competing

It’s interesting to read reports we receive from our customers, making for some noteworthy reading. Is it time to change to a simpler approach? We will let you be the judge and decide for yourself.

“I have been feeding and grooming my horses with NRG products for quite some time and believe they contributed to the condition of my gelding ‘Elliott’, assisting him to win Paint Bred Supreme Gelding at the WAPHA State Championships. Elliott went on to win HI POINT Paint Bred Gelding for the 2020/2021 season. I can positively attribute his performance and condition to NRG Apple Cider Vinegar with Garlic. Elliott has never been in better condition since including NRG Apple Cider Vinegar with Garlic in his diet and I will continue to use it in the future!”

Lexy Kimberley, WA

GIVE NATURAL A GO ANd jOIN ThE hAppy bANd Of UsERs

“I was a long-term user of NRG Products, long before the lovely Boyce asked me to join their team. I love the fact that their products are not only for our horses looks on the outside, but they also have natural feed additives to keep them healthy on the inside. Apple Cider Vinegar with Garlic is definitely one of my favourite products as it is fantastic for lubrication of joints, creates good gut health, but also has the added bonus of keeping the bugs away from the inside, where worms may develop. On the outside, the mozzies and other bities don’t seem to like the taste!”

Liz Keating, Lifestyle Performance Horses

UNPASTEURISED & UNFILTERED

Unpasteurised, Unfiltered and Naturally Fermented, NRG Apple Cider Vinegar contains the mother, still active, ensuring optimal health benefits.

• Contains important minerals suitable for horses, other animals and birds.

• May play a role in nerve and muscle function

• Has a role in general metabolism and nerve function

• Has a role in normal growth and maintenance of bones, teeth and muscle function

• Believed to assist in balancing the acid/alkaline pH levels

With all the rising living costs, environmental considerations and health-conscious decisions we feel pressured to make, perhaps you are considering a more natural, cost-effective supplement option?

Ev Lagoon Photography

Rebecca DeVries Photography

Horsemanship Horsemanship

How does it aid the horse and the rider?

by Tanja Kraus,

Over the years Tanja has successfully competed in dressage, western events and showing as well as in the Cowboy Dressage World Finals and Top Hand events in the uSA.

In the race to ranch competition - that gives riders 100 days to retrain their off-the--track racehorse - Tanja and her Thoroughbred Ginger Coops placed a creditable 5th overall. In this series she shares some of her insights into what to expect when training a horse for western, be it a Thoroughbred or another breed, most of the principles are the same.

“When Pat Parelli came to Australia in the 1980s he set down a challenge that he would give $500 to anyone who brought a horse to him that he couldn’t ride. He says he never had to pay out, but came close a couple of times! So he really set the scene from the beginning that he (and horsemanship) could help even the horses that had been ‘written off’ by some experienced

A lot of horsemen were attracted to these events, with people wanting to know what Pat knew and also wanting to learn from him. Initially, the people attracted to horsemanship and the Pat Parelli clinics were cowboys or ‘western’ horsemen/women. He was teaching riders and handlers to understand the horse and to try and work with a horse and its natural instincts, its natural flight and its natural concern or ‘spookiness’. Many of these horsemen who were already experienced in their own right began introducing the Parelli system into their teaching and training. As the popularity of Parelli grew - and particularly once the term ‘Natural Horsemanship’ was being widely used - a large market developed for this training within the mature female riding community, who were suddenly learning management skills that allowed them to control and ride their horses.

The result of this ‘boom’ of mostly mature female riders being attracted and participating in Natural Horsemanship was that it developed a reputation for being for those who didn’t ride much but were into ‘rope twirling’, blue tarps and ‘big green balls’ and it was not generally recognised in the early days as a beneficial skill for the ‘serious horse rider’.

It’s probably important to note here that Pat Parelli did initially actively discourage participation from competing, and the idea that it was for ‘weekend warriors’ really was solidified in the wider horse community.

The fantastically ironic aspect here is that many of these ‘weekend warriors’ were loading up their horses, heading out to clinics, camps, trails or bush riding and having the time of their lives with their now responsive horses but were still considered ‘lesser’ horsewomen, even by those who couldn’t get their horse on a float!

Consequently, the Natural Horsemanship went from a pursuit of experienced horsemen and rapidly gained a ‘weekend warrior’ label. And it pretty much stayed there, thriving in its own right, for the better part of one to two decades, being considered more for the ‘hobby’ horse owner and not for the serious competitor.

In more recent times, as horse owners widened their understanding of the importance of working with the horse and using horse psychology in their riding and training, Natural Horsemanship gained acceptance and is considered to be ‘horsemanship’ and has become a more mainstream pursuit. Now we see many ‘big name’ competitors, across multiple disciplines embracing horsemanship as part of their training regimen.

Before discussing horsemanship and how it’s going to help your performance horse we should first take a look at a modern definition of horsemanship in Australia.

TAN j A Kr Au S - a clinician with a passion for training horses using horsemanship philosophies to develop a partnership between the horse and rider, which has resulted in many riders from different disciplines finding a better connection with their horse.

photos by Fiona Grace

Benefits of horsemanship principles

Some of the benefits of incorporating horsemanship principles and training for your performance horses include;

• Trust: One of the first principles of horsemanship is building the relationship between you and your horse. When you invest in building relationships based on trust and you’ve got a horse that trusts you, it will go the ‘extra mile’ for you even in times of uncertainty. In those moments in a competition when a horse does become uncertain, the horse is willingly guided by you, without force, to continue. Basically, the partnership/relationship gets to a level of understanding where the horse is thinking “you’re asking me to do it and I’m a bit worried but okay I’ll do it because you’re asking me to.” That’s Trust.

• Emotional Regulation: Part of the process in horsemanship is teaching our horses to control or regulate their emotions. This helps to reduce stress while we are at a competition or riding the trail. Our horses travel well, float-load well, adjust to a new environment quickly. This means your horse isn’t suffering with unnecessary stress, and is not wasting energy that you need for the competition. Less stress also translates to effective conversion of feed to energy, and optimum hydration while you are away from home.

• Physical Health and wellbeing: Biomechanics is something that we do focus on in horsemanship. It’s not something that was widely talked about with horsemanship or natural horsemanship. In our more modern horsemanship philosophy biomechanics is something that we do focus on and, to have a healthy horse that is functionally moving well means that they are going to have better nutrition conversion, less downtime with injury or soreness and a longer ridden career.

• Mental soundness: A significant focus in horsemanship training is the horse’s mental soundness and capabilities. We assess their living environment and how it is impacting their mental state (positively or negatively), their individual learning capabilities in order to present training to them in the most effective and efficient way. Optimising their home environment, and training schedule leads to a happy athlete that is able to come to work, do their job and experience fewer incidents of stress related issues like ulcers, behavioural issues, stereotypical behaviours.

• Adaptability: Horses that are mentally and emotionally balanced tend to cope with adverse situations quite well. We have all been to a competition where it pours with rain, it is uncomfortably hot, or there may be a plague of flies or biting insects! In horsemanship we spend a lot of time working with the horse’s ability to self-regulate and control their emotions in a range of environmental conditions. When we are faced with unexpected conditions or unexpected stimulants then our horses are prepared to emotionally control themselves. This could be something as simple as adverse weather where many horses fight to turn their backs to the rain or the stress or playing up from the presence of a horse in another ring or nearby. Horsemanship empowers the horse to not need to involve itself in situations like that.

• Cross training: Horsemanship training in itself offers a physically and mentally stimulating lesson for your horse. Cross training is embraced by great horse trainers and human athletes alike, because it is simply beneficial. What better way to do some cross training with your performance horse than with some horsemanship techniques that are also going to enhance your performance.

Horsemanship for the rider

Enough about the horse, how does horsemanship help the rider? Peace of mind! Nothing beats the peace of mind you have when you have a horse that you know is your trusted partner, one that you know how it’s going to react to situations and one that you know if it gets stressed it is going to look to you for guidance. Every ounce of energy we spend stressing about whether our horse is going to get on the trailer to get to the competition, whether it is going get on the trailer at the end of the competition to go home or what incidents are going to happen during the day that sets it off at the competition, is energy that could be better spent planning for our performance in the show ring.

Another element for the rider is the personal confidence that comes from the teachings of horsemanship.

Riders are equipped with an extensive ‘tool kit’ for use in multiple and varying situations, from their horse spooking at the judge’s table, to running away from that pony in the ring next door! They have the tools and knowhow to keep themselves and and their horse safe in multiple situations.

As a competitive rider across both English and Western disciplines, I can genuinely say that since incorporating horsemanship training, my competition experience is now a fun and enjoyable one - for both me and my horse.”

A happy athlete translates to a horse that is easy to train, enjoys its job, remains sound and converts feed well. All of which saves you money on physical treatments, calming supplements and horse feed.

The horsemanship trained horse learns to ‘trust’ its rider despite rain storms, thunder or other distractions.

muscle PoWer

Strength t raining to i mprove Your e que S trian p erformance

by mel macaulay

When it comes to horse riding, we’ve all heard that it is important to have a strong core, however strength for equestrians encompasses so much more. horse riding requires the rider to have strong and supple muscles throughout their body, moving and working in harmony both within themselves and in unison with the movements of their horse.

But what exactly is muscle strength for equestrians, and how can we improve it to become stronger and more balanced, coordinated and confident riders?

What is muscle strength?

Muscle strength is the ability to apply force against an object or resistance. It is the amount of force that our muscles can generate and sustain to maintain balance and posture as our body works to counteract the active forces it is subject to by the horse’s movements.

muscles are for movement and for stability

Some joints require stability, whilst other joints require mobility, or movement. Muscles provide movement to joints; for instance, your hips need to move with the horse’s movement. Your hips move in three directions - forwards/backwards, up/down and circumduction (the circular movement of a body part, such as a balland-socket joint). Hips that are stiff result in blocking the horse’s movement and

lack the capacity to assist in absorbing the forces from the horse’s back, creating a cycle where the rider bumps on the horse’s back and the horse stiffens its back in response. A reduction in pelvic mobility can also increase the risk of lower back pain as we age. On the other hand, research has shown that riders who have good muscle strength - enabling them to ride with pelvic control and mobility - have less conflict behaviours in their horses.

Muscles also provide stability to the joints. For example, muscles support the vertebrae in your spine to maintain an upright riding posture where your head, rib cage and pelvis are in alignment, and your body moves fluidly with the horse rather than becoming static and stiff, or floppy, or having rounded shoulders.

steady hands

Your shoulder girdle (the set of bones in the skeleton that connects to the arm on each side) is much more mobile than your hip joint. During seated horse riding your

shoulder girdle takes more of a stabilising role as it stabilises your arms and hands providing an even contact through the reins. Instability in your shoulder girdle and upper back can create unsteady hands and slumped rounded shoulders, which can result in the horse bracing against the bit and becoming heavy on the forehand.

Rounded shoulders stem from a lack of upper back strength where the muscles surrounding the scapula (shoulder blades) are unable to support and stabilise the upper body. This also leads to an inability to actively engage the core, therefore the rider braces or grips to maintain balance.

More importantly, if you are jumping or riding in a two-point seat, shoulder girdle, upper back and core muscle strength is essential to support the weight of your outstretched arms so your hands can smoothly reach with the horse’s neck and retract without becoming unbalanced causing unnecessary gripping or interfering with the horse.

absorbing footfalls

Muscles also assist the joint to absorb ground reaction forces that comes with every footfall of the horse. If any of the rider’s joints are stiff or locked, the

joint will be unable to absorb the forces resulting in unwanted rider instability such as a swinging lower leg, unstable hands or bouncing in the saddle.

It is important to note that tight, stiff muscles are usually weak muscles that tend to create blocked joints, leading to a rider who compensates by gripping, and uncontrolled, inefficient movements patterns. This is not the same as strong, well-balanced muscles. Muscles move by contracting and relaxing in a coordinated movement pattern. When a muscle contracts, it shortens which causes it to generate force and move the body in a particular manner. When a muscle relaxes, it lengthens, which allows the joint to move in the opposite direction. For instance, think of your knee joint when you rise trot, the knee joint opens and closes with every stride, therefore your quadriceps (front thigh muscle) and hamstrings (back thigh muscle) co-contract in rhythm to perform this movement. This happens repeatedly with every footfall of the horse; hence it is important that riders train their muscle strength endurance to enable them to maintain the correct posture and fluidity of movement for the entire ride without fatigue.

Some equestrian sports also require training more explosive strength movements, such as jumping or polocrosse, where the rider’s posture quickly changes for a jump, or sudden change of direction at speed where the riders muscles are required to quickly compensate for the horse’s changing centre of gravity. This is where specificity of equestrian exercises is important.

Any exercise is beneficial, however exercises that are specifically suited to the requirements of your equestrian sport provide greater improvement.

individual imbalances

Whilst riders aim for symmetry (the same on both sides), we all have some muscular imbalances and compensatory habits. These could come from previous injury, incorrect posture or simple repetitive daily movement patterns such as sitting at the computer, or carrying your handbag on the same shoulder.

A sprained ankle or arthritic knee can alter your walking gait and create a muscular imbalance in your legs. This in turn can alter your ability to provide clear, consistent leg aids, and it can also

alter your straightness and stability in the saddle. Strength training where you work each leg individually is not only beneficial to identify and correct these imbalances, but it assists in improving body awareness.

Increasing muscle strength is essential for all equestrians – it assists the joint to correctly align, creating joint mobility and stability, where every joint can move fluidly with all joints working together in unison, supporting the rider to be balanced and supple, move with efficient motor patterns and increase rider confidence and safety.

Furthermore, by increasing rider strength, riders can provide clearer more direct communication to their horse, increase riding harmony and positively impact equine welfare.

To develop strong muscles, target muscles that are used for riding and most importantly pay attention to correct form and technique, ensuring that all muscles are working together in harmony. Try the following exercises that are designed to develop strong and stable muscles, assisting you to improve your riding and transform your horse. Continued

You could do these exercises in the gym or challenge yourself and fill a couple of buckets with feed and use a mounting block or sturdy stool. Initially aim to complete one or two sets of each exercise two times each week, building up to three sets. Remember to listen to your body, to practice with good body awareness and most of all

position’. Bring alternating knees into your chest, aiming to engage your core and keep your hips and shoulders stable. Easiest option is your hands in the highest position, progressively increase the intensity by moving your hands onto the lower steps of the mounting block. Do 15 – 20

step. Step up to stand tall with your left knee elevated and hips are even and square. Slowly lower to the beginning position. Do 10 – 15 repetitions on the right leg, then repeat on your left leg.

Level 1. (above) Place your hands on the mounting block, with feet underneath your hips and knees slightly bent, softening through your lower back. Keeping hips, back and shoulders stable, tap each shoulder with the opposite hand, alternating each side. To increase the difficulty, use the lower step of the block with your body in a ‘plank position’. Do 8 – 12 times each side.

Level 2. (below) Begin in a full plank position on your hands and feet on the ground. Aim to keep your hips, back and shoulders still as you tap each shoulder, alternating each time. Do 8 – 12 times each side.

With your left hand supporting your body on the highest part of the mounting block, hinge at the hips with a slight bend in your knees. Engage your core and press your chest down so your back is in neutral alignment. Hold a weighted bucket in your right hand, keep your elbows in towards your side as you lift the bucket to bring your hand to your ribcage, squeezing shoulder blades together. Gently lower the bucket to the start position. Do 10 – 15 repetitions on

author: mel macaulay

Equestrian biomechanics coach and registered Exercise Scientist, Mel Macaulay from Strong Stable Seat has a unique ability to understand the challenge of personal posture issues and how they affect the horse and rider combination. With a background in sports performance, rehabilitation, weight loss and assisting people create healthy lifestyles, Mel utilises a holistic approach for a lasting, well rounded outcome. Through

Stand with correct posture, holding a weighted bucket in each hand. Level 1. Keeping your right leg straight, hinge at the hips to tap your right foot backwards on the ground, and return to upright position with feet at hip width apart. Do 8 – 12 repetitions on the right leg, then repeat on the left side. Level 2. Keeping your right leg straight, hinge at the hips to elevate your right leg behind, ensuring a neutral spine bring your body down as your leg lifts. Return your leg to the start position. Do 8 – 12 repetitions on the right leg, then repeat on the left side.

Sports for horse riders with a classifiable physical or visual impairment are firmly entrenched under the umbrella of the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI).

Avenues of training, coaching and competing are available for those wanting to compete in the FEI recognised Olympic sport of Para-Dressage, which has been included in the Paralympic Games since 1996. The FEI also recognises Para-Driving, while Para-Jumping and Para-Reining are gaining momentum in Europe, USA and UK.

disabled Ride R and handle R classes

by Shannen Galavin

A Queensland based advocate for equality in the equestrian show ring, Marilyn Stocks introduced a grand plan in 2018 that would see disability classes brought into the Queensland agricultural show circuit.

It was a plan that would see many dreams turned into realities, with lifelong budding equestrians finally stepping into the ring, after years (and even lifetimes) spent sitting on the sidelines as spectators.

For Marilyn, there was no grand ‘light bulb’ moment when she happened upon the idea of introducing disability classes into the agricultural show circuit.

“There’s really nothing exciting about how I came up with the idea,” Marilyn

Riding for Disabled groups around Australia also provide opportunity for those with a disability to enjoy safe, healthy, therapeutic activities.

While these events all cater well to those aiming for the higher level competition or the theraputic riding, the disabled classes at Queensland agricultural shows opens up a wider option for many who may just like to be involved and show their horses.

MarilynStocks

Therapeutic riding (above) and Olympic Para-Equestrian Emma Booth (right).

never in the ring they yearned to be in as there were no classes specifically catering to the disabled handler/rider. She knew, with absolute conviction, that there was an entire group of people out there who were not being catered for and possibly wouldn’t be if someone didn’t step-up and set something in motion.

So Marilyn decided she’d be the one to step up and began collecting all the information required in order to present a solid case that the show societies couldn’t refuse. It was a long haul, and not an easy fight for an individual entity with an idea… but perseverance has paid off and Marilyn’s concept has won-over many of the organisers.

Despite this success, the introduction of these classes was not without some significant challenges. Although she initially thought it would be a relatively easy feat,

Marilyn met with some resistance, with some organisers saying that people with disabilities

‘didn’t belong in the show rings’ and that they were concerned their presence posed duty of care risks.

“People with disabilities are no different to you or me,” Marilyn affirmed. “We know the risks when getting on a horse, as do they. Point out a show where you don’t see an able-bodied person fall off. At the end of the day, disabled handlers/riders complete a waiver form as you or I do, and they compete no differently.”

In her passionate endeavours to advocate for others, Marilyn wanted to see all disabilities represented in the ring - not just disabilities that tick certain boxes. These classes allow people with all kinds of disabilities, regardless if you can see them or not.

It’s about teaching people to accommodate everyone. There will always be the narrow-minded people, but hopefully with agricultural shows getting behind this, it encourages more riders and handlers and overall, more acceptance from everyone.”

The true reward for Marilyn’s work is not in dollars or cents. There are no grand accolades or recognitions for her many hours of research and dedicated work. The true reward is in the ring at the show … where those who have watched from the sidelines now get to be involved and showing in the ring.

At this stage it appears other state agricultural societies have not followed the lead of Queensland and introduced Disabled classes for riders and handlers in their shows, however when contacted, most were interested in the concept.

Perhaps each state will need to find their own passionate ‘Marilyn Stocks’ advocate before we see a truly national opportunity for disabled riders and handlers to compete at shows in all states.

For Melissa, her great love of showing always ran true and deep. She yearned to be in the ring … but she struggled greatly finding her place in the open rings. Living with an intellectual disability, fibromyalgia and debilitating anxiety, Melissa is no stranger to overcoming obstacles in her lifetime.

In 2019 she found a Facebook post made by Marilyn Stocks, promoting a new range of disability classes in the agricultural show circuit. The rest, as they say, is history. “It encouraged me to keep trying, and to have a go at competing. These classes are absolutely amazing. To have the support of Marilyn, other competitors and the judges and stewards, is absolutely fantastic. Without these classes, I would never have achieved my lifelong dreams of riding at a Royal Show.”

Having tragically and unexpectedly lost her sister in December 2021, Melissa credits these disability classes with giving her an opportunity to have made some precious memories with her beloved sister that she otherwise may never have had the chance to make. Riding her sister’s one-eyed chestnut Thoroughbred, she remembers fondly her time in the disability classes… with her sister cheering her on from the sidelines as her greatest support. Through these classes, Melissa has had the opportunity to make memories to treasure for a lifetime, and a chance to savour a moment that was once out of reach and was only enjoyed from the spectators’ stands.

Melissa Turner and her TB, Vodashow

Competitors who are now showing

Thirteen year old Beau Catalano has Prader-Willi Syndrome, one of just 300 in Australia with this medical condition. Throughout his young life, Beau has known a lot of isolation, is frequently housebound and subject to the social exclusion that is all too common for those living with disabilities.

Despite always having a grand love of horses, there have been significant blockades for Beau, with limited access to classes and competitions that were willing to accommodate and include him.

Through the power of Facebook, his mum, Ros, stumbled across a post by Marilyn, advertising for up and coming disability classes. Ros couldn’t believe it. Nothing like this had ever been available before. What Ros discovered was equal parts exciting and heartwarming… someone had actually started a competitive ring that Beau could finally participate in.

Beau competed at his first ever show, in the disability rings at the Marburg Show with his beloved pony, Lucky. His exuberant joy at finally being in that ring was priceless. Beau then went on to take home the Champion sash at the Brisbane Ekka, proudly addressing the throngs of spectators over the microphone.

Ros recalls this as being one of their utmost greatest moments together, made possible only by Marilyn and her drive to open up the ring to include people who are all too often excluded.

“These classes have given Beau a growth in his self esteem, confidence and improved speech, by Beau talking and interacting with so many people at the different shows we go to. It followed with Beau becoming more socially interactive in our community.”

Ros holds these disability classes in the highest regard,

Mikaela Galavin

and her Quarter Horse mare Delphine’s Delilah.

For 22-year old Mikaela Galavin from Bribie Island (Qld), living with autism has meant being excluded. She has come to expect exclusion throughout her life. As a child, this came in the form of social events such as birthday parties or sleepovers. This sense of exclusion has continued into her adulthood, as certain things lay just beyond her reach… horse shows included.

Held back by the isolation and crippling anxiety that is so familiar for those on the spectrum, Mikaela resigned herself to forever being a spectator at the equestrian ring, sitting quietly in the spectators stands… she never thought she’d be a competitor. Not in this lifetime...that is until she happened upon a Facebook post for the Beaudesert Show Society, advertising disability classes. She hadn’t heard of these classes, but figured it was her grand chance to be out in the ring for the very first time. Mikaela lived two and a half hours away from Beaudesert and didn’t own a horse float, but she let none of this stop her in her grand endeavour to compete.

On the day of the show, as competitors were called to gather for the disability classes, the energy was incredible. Competitors began swarming forward, many with a support person in tow, but all evidently overwhelmed with pride to be in that ring.

First-time competitor Mikaela never dreamt she’d ever be welcomed as a competitor and it was thanks to Marilyn Stocks that Mikaela achieved a lifelong dream that day. Her hands were shaking as she held the lead of her Quarter Horse mare Delphine’s Delilah and stood to be judged. There was a moment of total elation and then utter sobs as the judge awarded Mikaela a trophy and a red second-place sash. Mikaela wept in the ring - tears of joy and acceptance, tears of belonging and jubilation. What for someone looking on may have been a simple ribbon and a small placing in a local agricultural show, for Mikaela it was the realisation of a lifelong dream.

The classes were made possible through the dedication and advocacy of a woman who saw a gap and fought hard to fill it, inspiring many generations of equestrians who can now leave the spectators’ stands and join the ring…. where they are welcomed.

For more information on the events you can view Disability Riding Classes in our ag shows on facebook.

https://www.facebook.com/groups/1085398961822693

Marilyn Stocks, Beau and Ros Catalano at Brisbane’s Ekka show.

Consideration should be given to circle size and speed of travel when working young horses as frequent circular exercise may lead to bone and joint abnormalities, even at slow speeds.

CirCling BACK

Joint injuries, lameness, and joint disease, such as osteoarthritis, remain among the most important causes of lost training days, decreased performance, and early retirement from competition.

Most horse owners know that they can’t take an idle horse out of the paddock and have it negotiate a course of show jumps, or complete an all-day trail ride without a period of conditioning. Those who try to short-cut the necessary buildup of fitness often end up with horses that are sour at best and lame at worst. To get the best results and avoid the possibility of serious injuries, horses should be trained in a program that asks for gradual improvement, guided by the specific fitness response of each horse.

The training must overload the current level of fitness. This means that the trainer must ask the horse to do more work than it is used to doing, in order to increase ability. This overload must be significant enough to produce an effect in which the body responds by building muscle strength, increasing cardiovascular fitness, and augmenting respiratory efficiency.

Another principle of training is that the workload must continue to increase as fitness is built. As the horse reaches better condition, the exercise must be made more difficult or be carried out faster or for a longer period of time.

by Kentucky Equine research

Training should also be specific to the discipline toward which the horse is being pointed. While the earliest training steps might be the same for horses in all disciplines, eventually jumpers, endurance horses and barrel-racing mounts will be asked to perform different types of exercise in their training regimen. This specific conditioning will allow horses to gain strength and agility in ways that are most helpful for their particular performance demands.

WOrKING ON THE CIrCLE

Regardless of discipline, young horses in training frequently work in circles, either on lunge or long lines, under saddle, or in round yards. During these exercises, horses typically lean into the centre of the circle to maintain balance. As a result, the strains placed on the inside limbs are different from those withstood by the outside limbs.

Protecting equine joints starts early in life by ensuring a balanced diet, adequate weight-bearing exercise, and minimal musculoskeletal trauma. Offering joint supplements prior to injury also helps protect joints, and feeding those same supplements in the face of wear and tear or injury can also help slow the progression of osteoarthritis.

“Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of lameness and loss of function in athletic horses. Currently, there is no cure for osteoarthritis. While many treatment options exist, no technique effectively returns damaged cartilage to its original state. Instead, owners and veterinarians manage discomfort with symptommodifying drugs, such as corticosteroids and anti-inflammatories, and oral joint health supplements,” said Katie Young, Ph.D., a nutritionist for Kentucky Equine Research.

Considering how commonly young horses are asked to work in circles, researchers recently examined whether this type of exercise leads to asymmetry of the forelimbs. In addition, markers of cartilage metabolism were also assessed.

Calves have been used in previous studies as skeletal models of juvenile horses, so this study used 24 nine-week-old calves. Calves were exercised in small 12-metre circles, larger 20-metre circles, or on a straight line on a treadmill. The calves ambulated slowly, walking at a rate of only 1.1-1.5 metres/second, starting at five minutes per day and increasing five minutes weekly until reaching 30 minutes per day over the seven-week study.

After 49 days the forelegs of the calves were subjected to computed tomography (CT). These scans revealed that the outside forelegs had a greater diameter than the inside forelegs when the calves were walked in small circles.

“This increased diameter represents bone adaptation to stress placed on the limbs while exercising in a circle. The difference in diameters supports the theory that exercising in small circles results in uneven stresses on the inside versus outside of the limbs,” explained Katie.

In addition, the veterinary research team found an increased level of metabolism, or turnover, in cartilage harvested from the outside

“Therefore, even at slow speeds, circular exercise can negatively affect bone and joint health. These changes may be even more pronounced at higher speeds and workloads, such as those experienced by young horses in training,” Katie said.

These findings suggest that frequent circular exercise of young horses may lead to bone and joint abnormalities that can affect the horse’s long-term health and soundness.

“Even at slow speeds, circular exercise can negatively affect bone and joint health. These changes may be even more pronounced at higher speeds and workloads, such as those experienced by young horses in training.”

Katie Young, Ph.D., nutritionist Kentucky Equine Research.

uneven forces on joints and bones may lead to a higher rate of injury and precipitate the

Horse owners should consider circle size and speed of travel when working young horses in circles.

These data may also prompt additional research into the best type of work for training horses.

PRODUCT NEWS

News from the market place

In addition, the practice of guarding against the development of issues by administering oral joint health supplements may benefit young animals prior to joint trauma and inflammation.

Oral joint health supplements containing glucosamine, and hyaluronic acid, may be helpful in supporting horses at risk of osteoarthritis.

According to Katie Young, “Studies show that these ingredients help decrease inflammation through multiple pathways and may provide molecular precursors to cartilage cells to support building new, healthy cartilage in arthritic joints.”

As a result, contaminated products that do not contain the type or amount of ingredient that is listed on the label abound and are of no benefit to horses suffering from or at risk of osteoarthritis.

Kentucky Equine Research is an international equine nutrition, research and consultation company serving horse owners and the feed industry. The company’s goals are to advance the industry’s knowledge of equine nutrition and exercise physiology, apply that knowledge to produce healthier, more athletic horses, and support the nutritional care of all horses throughout their life. he team at Kentucky Equine Research is here to help!

For more information contact a qualified nutrition advisor on 1800 772 198 advice@ker.com www.ker.com

LighTWEighT, FLExibLE hORSE ShOE

LighTWEighT, FLExibLE hORSE ShOE

Product: Versa grip OCTO

Description: A versatile urethane glue on shoe for performance riding, trail and rehabilitation, the Versa Grip Octo features an aggressive tread pattern with no metal for the lightest weight, flexible and most cost efficient option. Weighing 30% less than iron shoes, With an adjustable breakover, for those that want to enjoy the benefits of a barefoot horse without having to apply and remove a boot each time you ride, it’s as easy as 1, 2 , 3; simply find your size, reduce the length of the shoe with a grinder if needed then apply the Easyshoe Octo using Maxi-cure glue (Superglue). It will last a six week trim cycle and is manufactured with the latest in polyurethane technology, the EasyShoe dramatically reduces concussion on hard surfaces, yet offers maximum durability and longevity. The open sole design assures complete breathability of the sole and frog and can be re-used for up to 2-3 trim cycles on average. The EasyShoe Versa shoes have already excelled on the flat track and in the endurance, dressage, and sport horse disciplines. It may also be used to help offset chronic symptoms of thin hoof walls, sensitive heels, quarter cracks, and slow hoof growth. Available

ThE giRTh WiTh SPaCE

ThE giRTh WiTh SPaCE TO MOVE

Product: Free Space girth from WOW™

Description: With an innovative patented design the new Free Space Girth from WOW™ Saddles has an Active Cushion Sternum Plate that has two parts. The outer is a reinforced plate that will not give under girth tension. This is spaced away from the horse by the Active Cushion, which holds the Sternum Plate away from the horse’s rib cage. The Sternum Plate makes the girth straps bridge the pectoral muscles and it is this lack of pressure that is the key to allowing the horse to engage by the use of an unimpeded rectus abdominus and better leg retraction due to the ascending pectoral muscles not being squashed.

Available in three versions, the Free Space Dressage Girth up to 32” in length and two long versions thereafter. Each are available in normal and slim sternums, while the Free Space Long Version has girth sleeves included, which have been designed to stop pinching. Free Space Girths are available in black or brown vegan leather with buckle guards, straps, girth sleeves and sternum plates can able to be purchased separately.

Availability: wowsaddlesaustralia.com.au, ph: Julia Mclean 0412 472 946.

EWELLERy DESigNS FOR EqUESTRiaNS

EWELLERy DESigNS FOR EqUESTRiaNS

Product: Equestrian Sterling Silver Unisex Cuff bangle

Description: One of New Zealand’s leading jewellery brands, Geoff Taylor Jewellers have refreshed their collection of equestrian jewellery with new customisable braided leather bracelets, snaffle bit bangle and rings, stirrup pendants and horseshoe nail earrings. Celebrating the magical connection between human and horse, the new Unisex satin finished Cuff Bangle is exclusive to the range, the unique design crafted by skilled artisans from solid sterling silver with gold and silver combinations also offered. Using sturdy rolled metal for durability and cast interchangeable pieces, the Cuff is suitable for any sized wrist with fittings ranging from small, medium and large.

Priced at NZD $575, Geoff Taylor Jewellers offer fast and convenient shipping to Australia and around the world. Available from gtjewellers.co.nz

Altering circle size and speed during training may lead to improved joint and bone health over the long haul.

When choosing oral joint health supplements for horses, be certain to choose quality nutritional supplements, as not all products are manufactured in accordance with sound manufacturing practices.

Reprinted courtesy of Kentucky Equine Research. Visit ker.com for the latest in equine nutrition and management, and subscribe to Equinews to receive these articles directly.

SENIOR HORSES

SENIOR HORSES

It’s important to consider planning for the years ahead for our senior horses, given the average horse’s lifespan is between 25-30 years. and many can (and do) live even longer thanks to improved nutrition and healthcare.

The role horses play in our lives has changed considerably over time as horse owners have increasingly recognised and cherished the close relationship that can be formed with a horse. This has seen the way we interact and care for them developing into something very special, and many owners consider their horse a part of their family, taking their responsibilities to them very seriously. As horse owners know, owning a horse is a huge commitment, financially and time wise, and horses depend on their owner for everything. This responsibility does not end when a horse is injured or ages beyond competing, or using it for what it was initially purchased for. Providing a horse a forever home is a big commitment. While some horse owners part with a horse they’re no longer using in its late teens or early twenties, many wouldn’t dream of parting with their older horse and provide for it for life.

MONITO r ING OLD HO r SE HEALTH

It is up to us to monitor our older horse’s health to ensure it can continue to thrive. When we’re seeing it every day it can sometimes be difficult to pick up on gradual changes so it’s important to check its health and wellbeing carefully and to keep your horse’s best interests and quality of life in mind. It can be helpful keeping an eye on its condition with photos as looking back over old photos and videos can sometimes help with an objective look at its current condition. So, while treasured photos are so important for us to help with preserving our memories, they can also be an invaluable tool to help with identifying changes in our horse’s condition.

EXT r A TLC

Older horses do require extra TLC so it’s important to ensure they continue to receive a healthy diet with enough roughage

and calories to meet their needs, have suitable protection from the weather, especially as older horses can not regulate their temperature as well as they could when they were younger, and they are kept up to date with regular visits from the farrier, dentist and vet. Some horses will age better than others and ponies can live up to ten years longer than horses, so be aware of conditions that can affect them as they age. These can include Cushing’s disease, laminitis, equine metabolic syndrome, respiratory conditions, cancers, colic, dental disease and lameness. Older horses benefit from some activity and while regular exercise can be limited by their health, inactivity can precipitate their decline. As a herd animal older horses, like all horses, do best with company, so a companion that they get along with is ideal.

With the right care (and budgeting) we can continue to enjoy riding and spending time with our horses into their twenties and in some cases their thirties. Like us, horses vary from individual to individual and there are no hard and fast rules as to the ‘best way’ to manage the ageing process other than being proactive and attentive to their care.

P OSITI v E W ELFA r E D ECISION

When it comes to making decisions as they near the end of their golden years sometimes it can be quite clear cut if there are signs of trouble, while other times tough decisions might need to be made. Euthanasia can be considered a positive welfare decision and something some people contemplate and plan in advance given the emotional attachment and personal relationship we have with our horses. It can help to have plans already in place when the time comes that the quality of life is seriously diminishing. In the meantime however enjoy the rewarding experiences that come from caring for your older horse and cherish the time you have with it.

It was when reflecting on the journey travelled between her own horses and how they had impacted her life that equine photographer rachel Flynn created her Senior Horse Project, her opportunity for fellow horse lovers to document their horses’ lives with beautiful fine art photography that they can cherish forever.

“The Senior Horse Project is about acknowledging and thanking the wise and regal Senior Horse and capturing their portrait so that their owners can remember not only the memories and journey they shared, but also their beauty in art as well. Their eventual passing, no matter how imminent leaves a hole in our lives that can be impossible to fill. The importance of their life is often overlooked by those who simply do not know.”

Find out about the rachel Flynn Equine Photography Senior Horse Project at https://www.equinephotographybyrachelflynn.com/2022/12/22/capturing-a-legacy/

THE SENIOR HORSE PROjEcT THE SENIOR HORSE PROjEcT

: Clint, a 21 year old Oldenburg stallion at Manola Mendez Dressage

Phot by rachel Flynn

new Dressage Test changes - 2023 Ridingthe

Equestrian Australia released new dressage tests for Preparatory to Advanced levels on the 1st of january 2023. This process is usually done every four yearswith the new tests replacing those from 2019 (FEI tests were updated in 2022). Many of the tests have minor or no changes to them whilst a few have been extensively reworked, meaning it is very important to go carefully over the new tests to ensure you don’t miss any changes or mix the old tests with the new when competing. With some of the changes it will be fairly easy for riders to start on ‘cruise control’ and ride the ‘old’ movements instead of the new ones.

Proposed changes are thoroughly examined before they are released, with many trainers, coaches, judges and riders from the uS Equestrian Federation and Dressage Federation all partaking in the analysing and rewriting. As a result, dressage riders should find that the wording and terminology used is more consistent and easier to understand, as well as assisting the progression through the levels.

Dressage tests are designed to show the horse’s training is progressing steadily and correctly in a logical sequence whilst allowing the horse to develop healthy postural muscles and topline and increasing the rider’s knowledge and skills. There are three tests in every level up to FEI, which allow riders to start at the first one and when they are confident and fulfilling the requirements they can try test 2 and then test 3 and this will indicate their readiness - or not - for moving up to the next level.

Why should tests be changed?

riding the same tests all the time makes for horses and riders to anticipate and not pay attention as much as they should, leading to losing marks as the horse doesn’t wait for the rider’s aids and starts to perform the test ‘by itself’. As well, the riders may even lose their way as they take it for granted that they know the test!

After tests have been used for a few years, judges may notice certain movements just were not being ridden well or were tempting incorrect training to be able to perform the required section - it is these observations which are then put forward to improve the tests in the future at the four-yearly overhauls.

EquiDirectory recently released the new 2023 eDressage Test Diagram booklet for every dressage lover, owner and rider to view. They have reported over 3500 downloads of the eDressage Diagram booklet with many riders preferring to learn visually - finding this format easier to remember the new tests rather than just reading the pattern. They hosted a recent webinar with Montfrans from the ‘rider’s Coach’, who is a highly experienced level 2 dressage

by Elizabeth Tollarzo

focused on the immediate changes but also touched on how to ride the tests from a training perspective and the expectations of the judge. This made the webinar very informative for riders and coaches who use dressage tests to improve their training, looking for motivation whilst also building confidence around the test riding itself.

READING THE NEW TESTS CAREFULLY

jacqui was very clear in the importance of reading the test sheets carefully - the movements at the top of the test sheet show what is being introduced for each test. These are the necessary requirements to be able to perform the test satisfactorily and it is these that will help the riders ensure they are able to perform the required movements. The ‘purpose’ is on the top of each test sheet - these are the areas often overlooked as the riders just focus on the numbered movements - “I don’t know that these are read as much as they could be’,” said jacqui, “but it tells you the goal - it’s indicating that the horse must demonstrate the correct basics.”

jacqui went on to say “the judge’s expectation and the marks they award, in turn give you as the rider or your riders if you’re a coach, feedback around their readiness for the next level, and that’s really very different, to simply being able to navigate the pattern.

“So again, looking at the eDressage Diagram book, it’s quite cool because the test diagrams on the bottom of the test sheet help with orientation of your circles in each size arena.” This, jacqui said, is useful in the preparatory tests where 40 by 20 arenas could be used. “Prep and Prelim are really for young or inexperienced horses.”

The discussion touched on how to ride the tests from a training perspective and the expectations of the judges.

The tests - Preparatory to Advanced

Preparatory Tests - these have all been reworked but one of the main points is to look closely at the tests and read the purpose! The purpose is to “introduce the rider and/or the horse to the sport of dressage, confirming that they are beginning to develop an understanding of correct dressage basis. The horse should be ridden freely forward in a steady tempo and a clear rhythm, accepting contact with the bit and an understanding of test accuracy and geometry should be demonstrated.”

It then lists what the test introduces, such as free walk, medium walk, working trot rising, 20-metre circle and halts through the walk. This follows with instructions, which helps the rider, trainer, coach and judge know what is expected. By reading the purpose, introduces and instructions on the top of the test and then looking at the numbered moments - and the description of what to perform as well as the directive ideas, which are showing what the judge is looking for within the required movement - gives the rider the insight of how they are actually able to successfully ride the test.

Preliminary tests have a minor change in number 1, no change to test 2 itself but there is wording changes in the directives regarding the overtrack in the walk (showing the importance of correct paces and basics), but in test 3 the serpentine has been changed to a 10 metre loop to X. As jacqui said “interestingly, the tests with the significant changes from what I’m hearing are actually a bit easier to learn for riders than the tests with minor ones - so do take care to note the small changes!”

Novice Tests - in the first Novice test, they removed the lengthening of the stride at the canter whilst the second test changed the turn before the leg yield sections to focus on rider preparation and horse straightness before the sideways movement. Test number three is a new test with changes to the directives, with this aiming to test the horse and rider’s readiness for elementary.  jacqui stated “you know, all of these reasons we do a test, isn’t just to steer the horse through the test”… “It’s there to build the horse’s confidence, to build a rider’s confidence and understanding”.. “the horse needs to show that they are on the bit, whereas previously the verbiage was accepting the contact, now it’s very much the horse needs to be on the bit”.

Elementary tests - these start with the removal of the simple change, being replaced with a canter-to-trot transition and then to walk but keeping the walk-to-canter transitions in the first test. Test number two has been reworked so it is basically a new test. However in test three, there is no actual changes to the pattern itself - just using different terminology from “shorten the walk’ to “collect”.

A note on elementary from jacqui is “there seems to be a trend where riders are being encouraged to skip elementary, and I know why this happens”yes when a horse is starting to learn flying changes suddenly it is almost impossible to do anything else and counter canter near impossible! “Foundational requirements as you continue to move through to Advanced so anything you skip now is just going to have a compounding effect down the track”...

“So if you hear yourself saying, I’m going to skip a level, you need to ask yourself, well, what is it that’s so difficult … why am I avoiding it and what should I be doing about it?”

Medium Tests - there are no real changes to the patterns in the Medium level but again the verbiage or directives - changing from ‘shortened’ to ‘collected walk’ to try and encourage riders to keep the purity of the walk and not slow down trying to shorten the strides. As well as this, jacqui’s main comment on the medium level was “the flying changes are a really, really important foundation”… “showing that both horse and rider understand the preparation, understand the aid and then can show the balance after the change as well”. The addition of coefficients for the flying changes starts with test 1.

Advanced tests - these start with number 1 being totally reworked so this is a new test, number two a change in having extended canter before the quarter pirouettes and the coefficients have moved. Number three test is also a new test - having removed the half 10-metre circles and placing the counter canter after the half pirouettes with the flying change to help prepare horses

training programs, it’s going to highlight where you might need to address some things in your training, video your test”.. put the same type of pressure and expectation in place, wear the same boots, have the same saddle cloth and bridle you know.”

TAKE HOME NOTES

Finally, some important notes from jacqui to take home - “read the purpose, confirm the purpose, it’s not just the pattern, it’s the basics, again, the directives, understand them and you’ll know what the judges are looking for.”  EquiDirectory, an online horse business directory and marketplace, is the creator of the eDressage test diagram booklet for Preparatory to Advanced tests. This eDressage test booklet is available for only $15.99 and shows three different ways of reading the tests, one as a visual diagram of the test, the second written as caller notes and the third is the official EA test form making this a very useful and informative document to have on your phone, tablet or computer.  You will also get free access to the webinar with jacqui when you download the eDresasge test booklet. Download yours from www. equidirectory.net and click on the store.

“At home put the same type of pressure and expectation in place, wear the same boots, have the same saddle cloth and bridle you know, and ride a test each week.”

Scent H now in Australia

The December January 22/23 feature on ‘Sniffer Horses’ - the powerful scenting ability of horses - created mixed reactions from readers, from those who thought this was an opportunity to introduce something new into their equestrian training to those who laughed and felt it was something for the ‘eccentric horse owner’ only.

While the initial contacts for the article were in the USA, it is interesting to note that Australia is now hosting clinics so people can gain a better understanding of this new equestrian activity.

It is interesting to note that those bringing the first clinics to Australia have a wealth of experience in both mounted police work and dog handling and have actually been involved with the Air Scenting activity and training scent horses for many years.

The facebook site for Scent Horses Australia shows not only horses but a cow, a sheep and other animals being trained to follow a scent.

Top and centre: Horses finding the scent trail.

successfully trained a Morgan horse by the name of the Red Bluff Andre, to find an odour amongst articles, open areas and on people. Fast forward to February 2023, when Heather Swan, at Dark Horse Farm, Yackandandah, Victoria, provided Cortney and Dee with the opportunity to run the first two Scent Horses Australia Clinics on her 100-acre farm.

Dee Horwood and Cortney McCarthy first met 20 yers ago when they joined the Northern Territory Police Force. Dee eventually took a position in the Dog Operations Unit (DOU), which involved her competing a three month drug detection course in Canberra, with Australian Border Force. Dee’s passion for training dogs continued to grow, which saw her complete Patrol Dog courses with both the Northern Territory and New Zealand Police Forces and a Therapy Dog training course. Dee is currently the only female Police dog handler to serve in the history of the Northern Territory Police Force’s Dog Operations Unit.

Cortney’s career involved the Northern Territory Police Force’s Mounted Unit, and it was only a matter of time before she became the Officer in Charge of the unit. In 2011, Cortney travelled to Canada to spend two weeks riding with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Musical Ride. During her time there, Texan Border Patrol members introduced her to ‘Sniffer Horses’. After ensuring that the Texans weren’t just making fun of the laid-back Aussie, she soon realised the true potential of what she had just been taught.

Upon returning to Australia Dee and Cortney combined their skillsets and soon realised that they complemented one another throughout the development of this pilot project where they

The workshops taught the participants how to tap into the horse’s wonderful sense of smell and teach them to locate scented articles. There is a long list of benefits for doing scent detection with horses, which includes (but not limited to), developing environmental enrichment, decreasing fear and aggression in response to new and unknown stimuli, decreasing overacting and sensitivity, decrease frustration, decreasing in the chance of developing shutdown, learned helplessness, depression and lethargy, overcome boredom, increase concentration and/or simply to have another way to communicate and have fun with your horse.

Deb and Cortney found it fantastic to see the course participants learning to activate and identify their horse’s seeking system (the system which is strongly connected to the release of the feel-good chemical called dopamine). As the handler engages the horse’s seeking system, by conducting scent detection exercises, the horse’s dopamine levels rise as too do handler’s.

It is an exciting opportunity to participate in a different equine activity; to be in on the ground floor and to see what the future holds for the future of Scent Horses Australia.

To submit expressions of interest for Scent Horses Australia Clinics in a region near you, email scenthorsesaustralia@gmail.com

Left: Dee Horwood and Cortney McCarthy

Photos by Heather Swan, Dark Horse Farm

totilAs Froz

Paul Schockemöhle has won won his case against Kees Visser, the previous owner of dressage stallion Totilas, to hold exclusive breeding rights with any frozen semen from the stallion. The case hinged on whether buying Totilas in 2010 for €9.5m (approx AU$15.1million) – in a verbal agreement – included exclusive breeding rights. Paul Schockemöhle had been standing Totilas at stud since 2011. It was reported in Eurodressage that when he bought the stallion he charged 8,000 euro (approx $12,800) per covering. In 2020 the stud fee was 2,800 euro, Totilas dying from colic in December 2020. Kees Visser retained frozen semen in the sales transaction for Totilas and announced the sale of the semen he held via a third party after the stallion’s death.

Schockemöhle believed he owned the exclusive breeding rights to the stallion, and therefore also the 244 semen straws which Visser had in storage. A Dutch court ruled in favour of Schockemöhle in March, considering him the rightful owner of Totilas with the exclusive right to sell the semen.

HorsE FoUnD AlivE 21 DAys AFtEr EArtHqUAkE

Twenty-one days after a devastating earthquake rocked Turkey in February a horse was found alive in the rubble of a building in the city of Adiyaman, an area located near the Syrian border and one that suffered considerable damage. In clips shared to social media volunteers were shown teaming up to rescue the horse, eventually freeing it after several hours and leading it to safety. The earthquake killed more than 55,500 people in Turkey and Syria and displaced millions, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in history.

AUstrAliA 6tH in nAtions CUp

Australia has finished in sixth place at the Wellington International Nations Cup CSIO4. Eleven nations came forward to contest the prestigious event, which took place in Wellington, Florida. Australia was represented by Lauren Balcomb riding Verdini d’Houtveld, David Cameron riding Oaks Come By Chance, Thaisa Erwin riding Vanturo and Matt Williams riding ABC Quantum Cruise.

The Australian team started the competition strong, qualifying for round two in promising form. Matt Williams and ABC Quantum Cruise had a challenging first round, retiring from the first round, which made them Australia’s drop score. However, Lauren Balcomb and Verdini d’Houtveld delivered a sensational clear round and under time boosting Australia up the leaderboard. Many nations, including Australia, faced challenges in round two as the competition was jumped under floodlights in front of a full house and an electric atmosphere.

EA High Performance Jumping Manager, Todd Hinde, said:“It was two rounds of tough competition tonight and our team showed some great performances with new young horses that are stepping up to this Nations Cup level.”

The final Nations Cup standings were as follows: 1st - Canada; 2nd - Brazil; 3rd – Ireland; 4th - Mexico; 5th – United States of America; 6th – Australia; 7th – Great Britain.

FinEs AFtEr DEAtH oF polo poniEs

The operator of the Spirit of Tasmania ferry has been ordered to pay a $75,000 fine after 16 polo ponies were found dead in their trailer after travelling on the ferry in January 2018.

Former Australian Polo captain Andrew Williams, who pleaded guilty to 17 counts of breaching animal welfare laws in July 2022, was also fined $15,000 in Burnie Magistrates Court in March. Magistrate Leanne Topfer said TT-Line was strictly liable for checking on the welfare of the ponies and “it simply did nothing to comply with that requirement”. Commenting upon Williams’s early guilty plea, she noted the lengthy delays in the case were not his doing, however she found the trailer the 49-year-old was using to transport the ponies had “inadequate size, allocation and placement of ventilation” and that he failed in his duty to the horses. This outcome is not the end of this long running case with further court action pending, with TTLine lodging an appeal against the guilty finding in the Supreme Court of Tasmania before being sentenced for it, while Williams has launched a civil action against TT-Line in the Supreme Court of Victoria.

EqUinology’s nEW instrUCtors

prison tiME For WoMAn sEntEnCED

For CrUElty oFFEnCEs

Equinology, INC has offered courses in Australia since 1994 and New Zealand since 2002, with two new instructors recently joining the team. Dr. Raquel Butler will take over teaching the signature EQ100: Equinology© Equine Body Worker Certification Course for Equinology’s CEO, Debranne Pattillo, MEEBW. Dr. Butler (who Hoofbeats readers will be familiar with as she’s written many articles for the magazine) is scheduled to lead her first course with Debranne at the Western Australia EQ100 presentation in November 2023.

Dr.Butler graduated with a Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc) from Melbourne University in 2004, working in mixed practice in Australia and overseas for eight years before branching into Integrated Veterinary Therapeutics. She holds numerous qualifications, such as an Equine Muscle Release Therapy (EMRT) practitioner and a Graduate Diploma in Animal Biomechanical Medicine encompassing chiropractic and osteopathic and rehabilitation techniques. Targeting her teaching skill by earning a Bachelor of Science (Hons) in 2022 and a Graduate Certificate in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education in 2020, she has studied many therapies, including CranioSacral, Equinology Approach, Masterson Method, Acupuncture Oriented Energetics, Myofascial Acupuncture and is currently completing a Graduate Diploma in Animal Acupuncture. Raquel teaches clinics covering equine anatomy, biomechanics, postural development and Vetkin taping, and has spent over five years teaching subjects relating to equine disease, injury, rehabilitation, locomotion and exercise physiology for the Bachelor Equine Science Program at Charles Sturt University, and Equinology plans to implement more courses aimed at Dr. Butler’s vast repertoire.

Megan Kanz MEEBW, BSc (Equine Studies), has worked with Equinology for many years, her relationship with Equinology and bodywork beginning in England in 2002. She brought Equinology to South Africa in 2004. After emigrating to New Zealand in 2010 she continued teaching for Equinology in NZ and flew to South Africa to teach.

Megan has taught the EQ100: Equinology® Equine Body Worker Certification and EQ400: Equine Stretching courses. She has brought many specialist lecturers, veterinarians, and physical therapists to SA for the first time. She enjoys the EQ900 Equine Anatomy Discovery Workshop (Clay and Hands-On) and is natural to take over the presentation of this course for Debranne Pattillo. She will be co-teaching with Debranne at the Nov. 13-19 course in South Australia.

Equinology’s CEO Debranne Pattillo will continue to teach the EQ103 Advanced Equine Body Work and Introduction to Spinal Mobilisation with Dr. Nicole Rombach. The dates for Australia and New Zealand are available at www.equinologyaustralia.com and www.equinologynz.com.

After being convicted of animal cruelty offences and failing to comply with a court order restricting her ownership of horses, Janice Louise Denny from Tantawangalo, NSW, was sentenced to 15 months in prison, with a non-parole period of six months in March 2023. She was also ordered to pay $452,623 in animal care costs to the RSPCA, $23,288 in court costs and disqualified from owning a horse or pony for ten years. The ABC reported that the Bega Local Court Magistrate Doug Dick told the court that Denny had a long history of animal cruelty and had caused a grey pony mare “unpardonable suffering”. In 2021 she was found guilty of neglecting more than 40 horses in her care, convicted in November 2021 of six charges, including being in charge of an animal and failing to provide vet treatment, and failing to provide proper and sufficient food to an animal. Described by the magistrate in 2021 as a “repeat offender”, the offences took place at properties in Tantawangalo, Candelo and Wolumla in 2020, impacting 43 horses.

AniMAl EMErgEnCy ConFErEnCE

The Animal Emergency Incident Management ANZ will be holding their annual conference in NSW the 5th and 6th May. With the theme, Not if, but when: preparing for your next animal emergency incident, the program addresses scaling up from individual animal incidents to natural disasters, the role of vets on the scene, racing and equestrian sports settings, and practical sessions on incident management and rescue techniques including the use of slings, lifts and bow-loaders. The conference is for officials, competition organisers and supporting vets who may be responsible for incident response at events. Details are available at www.aeimanz.org/conferencemay2023

tACkling WorM rEsistAnCE

With wormer resistance posing a threat to horse health and the equine industry a world-first new pan-industry group has been formed to tackle the problem. Termed CANTER to communicate the urgency of its crusade, it brings together the widest reaches of the sector, including experts in the field across prescribers, diagnostic providers, pharmaceutical companies, trade organisations, technical experts, horse owners, charities, and policy makers. All recognise the critical consequences of antiparasitic resistance and the need for coordinated action to slow the development and maintain the efficacy of the limited treatments. The aim for CANTER is to support a consistent approach to parasite control across the equine community and to become a ‘single source of truth’ on issues related to antiparasitic resistance in equines, in an area that has traditionally seen some mixed messaging.

Evidence-based guidance and information on sustainable, responsible, and practical strategies for parasite control in equines will be available. A research arm has been formed to identify knowledge gaps and opportunities and a communication strategy is being developed to disseminate this information.

Anthelmintic resistance represents a huge threat to equine health and welfare, and the adoption of a diagnostic-led approach to parasite control and a reduction in the use of anthelmintics is needed. “If horse owners don’t make these changes now, it will be too late.”