Introduction to Typologies L2 | Typologies and Factors
IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN
Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University
What is a Typology? Function
Form Building Typology
Architectural Typology is simply the classiďŹ cation of physical characteristics of a building. Typologies can be commonly categorised according to aspects such as Function and Form of the building 2
Typologies - Residence, Office and Retail Residence
Building typology refers of a set of buildings which have similarities in their type of function or form.
Office
Office is an interrelated system of people, process and technology which fosters spatial relationships and work.
Retail
Retail typology is any space which sells goods to the public. Stores, boutiques, markets, malls, etc are egs. 3
What are Factors? Social
Cultural
Technological
Economical
Ination
Spatial
Family
Ethics and Values
Digitization
Layout
Class
Customs
Automation
Demand / Supply
Form
Community
Religion
Information Communication
Labour force
Volume
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Significance of various Factors in Evolution of Typologies: Residence
Office
Retail
Social
Spatial
Social
Cultural
Cultural Social
Economical
Technological
Culture and Social changes mark a huge shift in the use of space and dictates the change in residence typology.
Economical
Spatial
Technological
Spatial
Technological
Economical
Cultural
In an office, technology connects work and people. It dictates communication flow, efficiency and productivity.
Retail environment mostly focuses on Economy. The goal, process and initiation, happens for economic advances 5
Introduction to Typologies L2 | Evolution of Residences
IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN
Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University
What is a Home ?
Shelter- A basic human need A shelter is a basic architectural structure or building that provides protection from the local environment. Having a place of shelter, of safety and of retreat, i.e. a home, is commonly considered a fundamental physiological human need, the foundation from which to develop higher human motivations.
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Evolution of Homes - through History
Architectural Typology is simply the classiďŹ cation of physical characteristics of a building. Typologies can be commonly categorised according to aspects such as Function and Form of the building. Shelter protects people from the weather, shields them against wild animals and insects, and provides a place to rest. The most common form of shelter would be that of housing, however shelter has evolved into many different forms, including (but not limited to) bomb shelters, bus shelters, tents, trailers and even houseboats. 8
Evolution of Homes - through History
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SigniďŹ cance of various Factors in Evolution of Typologies
Social
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL Culture and society are not the same thing. While cultures are complexes of learned behavioural patterns and perceptions, societies are a group of interacting organisms.
Cultural
They are inextricably connected because culture is created and transmitted to others in a society
Economical
Technological
Spatial
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SigniďŹ cance of various Factors in Evolution of Typologies Materials
Media
Lifestyles
Social
Family Structures
Technological
Digitaliza tion
Gender Value Systems
Human Resources
Cultural Economical
Liberalization
Mass Production
Spatial
Globalization
Industrial Revolution
Location Climate Materials
Mass- media
Commercializ ation
The New Middle Class
Topography 11
Evolution of Homes - Social Factors (Lifestyle)
A drawing room is a room in a house where visitors may be entertained, and a historical term for what would now usually be called a living room. The name is derived from the 16th-century terms withdrawing room and withdrawing chamber. A sitting room, parlor, or morning room was more often than not used for the family to spend time together. The ladies of the house might gather to sew, embroider, read, and chat. 12
Evolution of Homes - Social Factors (Family Structure)
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Evolution of Homes - Beliefs and Value System
Vastu shastra is a traditional Indian system of architecture originating in India.Texts from the Indian subcontinent describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry. Vastu Shastras incorporate traditional Hindu and Buddhist beliefs.The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns (yantra), symmetry, and directional alignments. 14
Evolution of Homes - Beliefs and Value System
The traditional homes of Kerala are based on the architectural principles of the Thatchu Shastra or the Science of Carpentry and the Vaastu shastra, the Science of Building. Houses were constructed preferably facing the East, in total harmony with the Vaastu shastra which requires the entry of a house to be located either in the East (preferable) or the North. The materials used are local, giving birth to an architecture that is very vernacular in every aspect 15
Evolution of Homes - through Gender Parity
Hawa Mahal, Jaipur The original intent of the lattice design was to allow royal ladies to observe everyday life without being seen, since they had to obey the strict rules of "purdah" Margarete SchĂźtte-Lihotzky's design of the kitchen had to solve the problem of how to build many kitchens, without allowing it to occupy too much of the total space of the apartment. On the one hand, the trend to rationalise the household was reinforced by the intention to reduce the time spent in (economically speaking) "unproductive" housework, so that women had more time for factory work. On the other hand, emancipatory efforts to improve women's status, also in the home, called for rationalisation to relieve women and enable them to pursue other interests. 16
Evolution of Homes - Mass Housing during Industrial Revolution
Crowded and filthy streets such as these were typical of the homes found in ‘slum’ areas in Cities. These were the homes of the bulk of the working classes during the Industrial Revolution. Poor people often lived in small houses in cramped streets. These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers (initially at least) and would be susceptible to damp. Conditions did improve during the 19th century as a number of public health acts were introduced covering things such as sewage, sanitation and imposing some restrictions upon the construction of homes. 17
Evolution of Homes - Spatial through Site, Climate, and Topography
Traditional Malay houses
Modern Malay houses
Malay houses are traditional dwellings, originating before the arrival of foreign or modern inuences, and constructed by the indigenous ethnic Malay of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. 18
Evolution of Homes - Spatial through Site, Climate, and Topography
The Havelis of Rajasthan and The Bhungas of Kutch. Both of these are from very close regions in India, having similar climatic and topographic conditions, yet dissimilar in expression and design.
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Evolution of Homes - Spatial through Materials
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Evolution of Homes - through Digitalization
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Introduction to Typologies L2 | Evolution of OfďŹ ces
IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN
Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University
What is an Office ? Offices have existed in some way, shape or form throughout history as a means of a person, or body of people, to conduct official administrative business. It is based on the Roman Latin officium, which implies the execution of a task. In a way, the office can be characterized as a place to perform associated task of a specific organization. Working of an office:
The office functions like a mail is opened, read, phone calls are made and received and typed or mimeographed material is made and sent out.
The office environment is characterized as an environment where people connect, collaborate, innovate, create and document information. In all, it is an ecosystem that fosters innovation, supports work with the aid of communication.
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Evolution of Office - through History 1729
1760s
1884
1900s
Industrial revolution
East India Company Office First office was introduced.
2020
Manufacturing Processes shifted indoors giving rise to factory floor offices.
1950
1990
Introduction of Internet, world wide web, led to mobility in work.
The age of Computers which influenced office work and organisations.
European Modern Movement rise in steel and glass construction.
First 10 storied Skyscraper built. It helped in shifting offices away from factories.
1925
1904
Taylorism principle introduced in office to maximize industrial efficiency. 24
Significance of various factors in evolution of Offices Spatial
Industrial Revolution Factory Floor Offices
Modularity/ Mass production of furniture
Social
Technological
Economical
Global Recession
Computerization in offices
Changing Notions of Hierarchy
Internet, Wireless Connectivity
Rise of working women in society
Shift in notions of focus work to collaboration
Cultural
Rise of Skyscrapers Modernization
Development in Information Technology
Amongst various socio-cultural, spatial, economical factors that influenced offices, technological advances influenced the changing work patterns which in turn reflected on the spatial relationships. 25
Evolution of Office typologies due to Technological Advances 1919
Morse’s Telegraph
Telephone
Typewriter
1943
Digital Computer
Taylorist Offices(1904) for work effectiveness.
Casual Office 2000
1982
1971
Laptop
Email Floppy Disk
1985-98
Windows 1973 World wide web Google Cubicle farm(1980) Personal Computer Action Office (1969) Mobile, Xerox
Burolandscaft Office(1961)
Efficiency and Productivity have been the driving forces of change in office spaces. It was highly influenced by invention of Communication devices and Information technology which changed the way people work and interact. 26
Evolution of Office Tools 1950s v/s 2010s
The office tools shaped the seating conditions, efficiency and accuracy in work as well as communication patterns. The evolution in these tools relaxed constraints in office planning and design. 27
Taylorist Offices
Frederick Taylor, father of “scientific management,” was one of the first people to design an office space. The office was designed with striking similarity to factories for improving efficiency in work, as manufacturing shifted indoors. The work tasks involved mainly clerical work and it followed the concept of splitting tasks into small repetitive tasks. This led to an office with rigid hierarchy.
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Manual Clerical work Isolated work tasks Workers cramped in open plan Less social interactivity Vertical hierarchical structure Typewriters as office tools
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Burolandscaft and Open plan Offices
Innovations in technology along with progressions in telecommunication led to offices being discrete from factories. It redefined the concepts of work and office design.
Technological advances allowed office landscape planning- an open plan space planned to better the flow of information and data.
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Broke rigid structure of organizations. Workplace became a social affair with more teamwork.
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Herman Miller Action Office (1969)
Due to mass production of furniture and the need for an office that balanced concentration, collaboration and productivity, action office was introduced. The objective of this space was to advance movement to keep the flow of communication and movement.
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Change in office dynamics due to influx of women in the workplace after WWII Increased degree of privacY. Flexibility to personalize work environment
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Cubicle farm
The availability of cheap, but effective modular walls alongside an increased focus on proďŹ tability at the expense of working conditions are seen as the key factors behind the complete shift in ofďŹ ce design, suffered throughout the 1980. The cubicles accomodated the digital computers and storage.
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Super-economical Mindset Optimization of space Vertical hierarchy Privacy for the employees Less Distraction Limited social interactivity
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Casual Offices
The scaling down of Personal Computers and introduction of laptop in 1990s led to removal of rigid cubical closures and customized workspaces for knowledge workers was introduced.
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Inspired Communication, Collaboration Digital era reflected homely offices Flexible work patterns Flatter hierarchy structure Allowed wider networking
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Activity Based Working
Multiple work environments
Hot desking
ABW is designed for employees to use the space on their terms. Advances in wireless communication, laptops, digitalization made work mobile and allowed exibility which increased productivity and efďŹ ciency in work.
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Remote working Flat hierarchy Choice of work environment More collaborative spaces Iterative learning Sensory experiences
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Technology inuencing socialising and collaborative spaces
Interactive screens as a medium communicate and connect for work.
to
Technology facilitating mobility and exibility in work.
VR Technology in Breakout area
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Introduction to Typologies L2 | Evolution of Retail
IR 2613: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN
Tutor: Amal Shah | Sem 3 | Monsoon 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University
What is Retail ?
Retailing Process:
The meaning of Retail is the sale of different goods and services to customers with the intention to make a proďŹ t. Retail includes selling through different channels, so items purchased in store and those purchased online both apply. The deďŹ nition of retail is expansive enough that it includes the traveling merchants of antiquity all the way to sprawling shopping malls, big-box stores and ecommerce platforms.
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Retail Typology - Types
Big Box stores
High-street store
Concept store
Mom & Pop store
Department store
Shopping centre / mall
General store
Supermarket
Bazaar
Pop up stores
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Evolution of Retail - through History Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Over the centuries, retail shops were transformed from little more than "rude booths" to the sophisticated shopping malls that we know today.
The ancient Greeks did it in the agora; the Romans did it in the forum; Persians did it in the bazaar (“the place of prices�); and Arabs and Berbers did it in the labyrinthine souk. 38
Evolution of Retail - through History Mom and Pops 1700s
1800s
2007
Charge cards (credit cards) 1900s
E - commerce
Social media Present
Department stores arrive
Big Box 1990
1950
Shopping malls 1960
1950
Right from Mom and Pops stores in the 1700s, the Typology of Retail has evolved largely. The increasing production of goods and products led to increasing size of the Retail environment. Many factors like Industrialization, Mass production, Digitization plays a signiďŹ cant role in the Retail evolution. 39
Evolution of Retail - through History
By the 17th century, provincial shopkeepers were active in almost every English market town. These shopkeepers sold general merchandise
The department store emerged in the mid to late 19th century, and reshaped shopping habits with concepts of service and luxury
In the post-war period, a planned, shopping complex with an indoor plaza, statues, planting schemes and car-parking was developed 40
Significance of Factors leading to evolution of Retail: Social
Industrialization
Mass production
Techno logical
Cultural
Economical
Spatial
Modernization Global Inflation
Commercialization
Consumer attention
Digitization
Social media presence
For the Retail environment, Economic factors played a significant role in its evolution. Retail and Trade having a direct link with Economy, led to Retail Evolution through various Parameters like Global Inflation, Commercialization, Modernization 41
Economic Factors in Evolution of Retail: Industrialization
Industrialization was a revolutionary period. Many industries like Textile, cotton, Food and Beverage, developed in this period, making the availability of goods and product much easier and cheaper than before
Mass production
Mass production in the Industries led to the concept of department stores and supermarkets from small Mom and Pops because of the largely available quantities of products. 42
Economic Factors in Evolution of Retail: Global Ination
The impact of ination on the trading of retailers shows itself in various ways: in the rise of independent retailer strength, in polarisation of store sizes and in the targeting of marketing efforts.
Commercialization
Earlier, the retail which used to happen at a very small scale bounded to a small street store, started to be commercialized. This gave rise to the big and global brands in all over the Retail industry world - wide 43
Economic Factors in Evolution of Retail: Modernization
Modernization here refers to Cultural Modernization as well as Technological Modernization which had a direct impact on Economy. Cultural modernization increased demand of certain products while Technological increased the supply
Entrepreneurship
Over the time, with the help of Commercialization and Modernization, the retail industry grew on a large scale giving many Entrepreneurship opportunities to people. This increased employments and hence, the global economy 44
Technological Factors in Evolution of Retail: Digitization
Digital money, Credit/debit cards, online payments, etc. changed the retail industry significantly. Because of digitization, malls and supermarkets can work efficiently, and E - commerce is increasing day by day
E - commerce
Ecommerce offers low financial cost including selling internationally, retargeting customers, personalization of the buying experience, etc. The convenience of Ecommerce is making it grow with the rapid speed in today’s world 45
Spatial Factors in Evolution of Retail: Consumer Flow
One of the most important factor on which the Spatial planning of a retail space is based is Customer ow. Customer attention leads to design spatial layouts to increase efďŹ ciency, luxury and convenience of customers
Strategic store layouts
Shopping behavior have been studied by anthropologists,, interior designers, brand managers, searching for the perfect outer-layers of a store layout to optimize the retail spaces 46
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