Nongqai, Vol 9 No 12 by Hennie Heymans

NONGQAI: VOLUME 9 NO 12 Table of Contents ADMINISTRATION | ADMINISTRASIE ........................................................................................... 7 Publisher | Uitgewer .................................................................................................................. 7 Contact Details | Kontakbesonderhede ..................................................................................... 7 Aim | Doel .................................................................................................................................. 8 Policy | Beleid ............................................................................................................................ 8 Welcome | Welkom.................................................................................................................... 8 •

11 November 2018 @ 11:00: SAP who died in Rhodesia were remembered................... 10

ELEKTRONIESE BEDIENING: KOOT SWANEPOEL .................................................................. 11 Dink goed voor jy iets sê. ........................................................................................................ 11 The Greatest Rescue Mission the World has known… ........................................................... 11 FRONT COVER | VOORBLAD ..................................................................................................... 12 Lt.-Gen. Christiaan Ludolph de Wet du Toit: Lt.Col. William Marshall ..................................... 12 VISIT OUR WEBSITE | BESOEK ONS WEBWERF ..................................................................... 16 WEB PAGES | WEB BLADSYE.................................................................................................. 16 Justitia ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Benevolence............................................................................................................................ 16 Nongqai ................................................................................................................................... 16 Historical.................................................................................................................................. 16

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UCT: CENTRE OF CRIMINOLOGY .............................................................................................. 16 Nico Moolman .............................................................................................................................. 18 •

Dankie Generaal: Op die Spoor van ‘n oorlogspeurder .................................................... 18

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Ek ontvang die Honoris Crux ............................................................................................ 19

POLICE HISTORY | POLISIE GESKIEDENIS .............................................................................. 19 World War Two: South African Police Battalions: Part Two: Captain (SAN) Charles Ross (SA Navy Retired). ......................................................................................................................... 20 •

Ancona War Cemetery: Italy ............................................................................................. 20

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Arezzo War Cemetery: Italy .............................................................................................. 21

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Bari War Cemetery: Italy ................................................................................................... 22

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Berlin 1939 – 1945 War Cemetery: Germany ................................................................... 23

Boek oor Moord op Olof Palme: Lede van SAP (V) word genoem .......................................... 24 Roll of Honour: SAP in Rhodesia: We will Remember them!................................................... 25 SWAPO: Photos from the other side of the Border: Former Detachment Commander C Kantewa .................................................................................................................................. 26 Comments: Jim Hooper ........................................................................................................... 28 Comments by Helmoed Romer Heitman ................................................................................. 29 A Biography: Jim Hooper: Nongqai’s Special Correspondent ................................................. 30 Koevoet: A Day in the Veld: Jim Hooper ................................................................................. 31 Voor SAP-Tin in die Noorde van SWA was: Gawie Botha....................................................... 38 Kolonel Dolf Odendal: Wes-Kaap: 1993: Brig. Fanie Bouwer.................................................. 39 •

Kommentaar ..................................................................................................................... 42

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Medalje: Bekamping van Binnelandse Onrus en Onluste? ............................................... 42

Port Elizabeth of Yore: The Cape Mounted Police: Dean McCleland ...................................... 43 •

The incipient local constabulary ............................................................................................................. 44

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The Field Cornetcy ................................................................................................................................... 44

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Cape Mounted Police .............................................................................................................................. 45

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Port Elizabeth’s response ....................................................................................................................... 45

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Complaints................................................................................................................................................. 45

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A stampede of resignations .................................................................................................................... 48

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Revised operational regulations ............................................................................................................. 49

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Revised uniform ........................................................................................................................................ 50

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Maligned by Councillor John Mackay .................................................................................................... 51

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Consolidation of Forces ........................................................................................................................... 51

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Assessment ............................................................................................................................................... 52

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Source ........................................................................................................................................................ 52

SA Police Graves: Pretoria ...................................................................................................... 52 •

Introduction by Brig. Heymans .......................................................................................... 52

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Rebecca Street Graveyard: Pretoria West: Capt. (SAN – Ret) Charles Ross: SA Legion 52

BSAP: Dave Wilson ................................................................................................................. 56 Sasolburg: Kol. JJ van Rooyen ............................................................................................... 56 1959 – 1994: SAP Sasolburg: Stasiebevelvoerders ................................................................ 57 •

1959 PJ Greyling; 1962 JH Fourie .................................................................................... 57

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1969 JP Prinsloo; 1973 PJ Putter ..................................................................................... 57

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1974 WFW Vorster; 1979 JH Burger ................................................................................ 58

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1980 GC Smith; 1985 GE Moorcroft; 1990 JA Visagie ..................................................... 58

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1993 – 2007 Kol. JJ van Rooyen ...................................................................................... 59

Sasolburg ................................................................................................................................ 59 •

1975: Konstabel JJ van Rooyen (Berede Afd.) ................................................................. 60

1902: Police Ladybrand: Orange River Colony (1902 - 1910) ................................................. 61 1938: SAP Berede: Pretoria Skou: Nico Moolman .................................................................. 61 A Policeman’s Tragic Death: No. 18063, Constable Floris Johannes Visser van Aarde: Capt. Andre van Ellinckhuyzen (SAPS) ............................................................................................ 62 SA RAILWAYS POLICE | SA SPOORWEGPOLISIE ................................................................... 67 Bloutrein: Lidsay Bridge........................................................................................................... 67 Head-Const PC Nienaber: Facebook: South African Railways Police / Suid Afrikaanse Spoorwegpolisie: Allan Nienaber ............................................................................................. 67 •

1923: Rex vs Cooley & Desward: Good work: Constable PC Nienaber............................ 68

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1932: Mr. PC Nienaber: Testimonial by System Inspector: Police .................................... 69

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1935: English Test: Investigating Sergeant PC Nienaber ................................................. 70

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1936: English Test: Investigating Sergeant PC Nienaber ................................................. 71

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1937 Investigating Sergeant PC Nienaber ........................................................................ 72

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19xx: Head-Constable PC Nienaber: Post Commander Ladysmith .................................. 73

Maj. Loekie Jordaan ................................................................................................................ 74 MILITARY HISTORY | KRYGSGESKIEDENIS ............................................................................. 77 Lest we forget: John Kane-Berman ......................................................................................... 77 Komops (Kommunikasie Operasies) en die Media tydens die Grensoorlog: Brig.-Genl. As Kleynhans................................................................................................................................ 78 Page 4 of 175

1930’s: UVM: Artillerie: Nico Moolman .................................................................................... 79 1938: UVM: Drommajoor: SDB (SSB): Nico Moolman ............................................................ 80 SDB: Papa Brits ...................................................................................................................... 81 Lt. Col. Christian Ernst Gerhardus (Papa) Brits, ...................................................................... 81 1933: Special Service Battalion ............................................................................................... 82 SDB [SSB]: Orkes op Parade .................................................................................................. 83 The Teacher and Astronomer from Paulpietersburg: Capt. Andre van Ellinckhuyzen (SAPS) 84 Fokus van die week: Uit die geskiedenis: Johanna van der Merwe: Pieter Swart ................... 88 POLICE & THE PRESS | POLISIE EN DIE PERS ........................................................................ 90 Solidarity to announce action to be taken against SAPS’s corrupt and unlawful NSF Project . 94 “WE WILL REMEMBER THEM”: CAPT. CHARLES ROSS (SAN – RTD.) ................................. 95 South Africans Commonwealth War Casualties Buried Across the World – Part Nine ............ 95 •

Malta (Capuccini) Naval Cemetery: Malta ......................................................................... 96

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Sidon War Cemetery: Lebanon ......................................................................................... 97

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Tripoli (Victoria) Naval Cemetery: Libya ............................................................................ 98

ANGLO BOER WAR | ANGLO BOERE-OORLOG ...................................................................... 99 Van Reenenspas: Boere brandwagte: Nico Moolman ............................................................. 99 Britse blokhuis: Nico Moolman .............................................................................................. 100 THE OBSERVATION POST: PETER DICKENS ......................................................................... 100 A Colonel who single-handedly rushed machine gun posts; Harry Greenwood VC .............. 100 SPIOENMEESTERS .................................................................................................................... 110 Infiltrasie-agente: Henning van Aswegen .............................................................................. 110 •

Gerard Ludi ..................................................................................................................... 113

1907: Rosettenville Police Station ......................................................................................... 114 RSA INTELLIGENCE | SA INLIGTING ....................................................................................... 115 RS167: Licenced to kill? Facts and Fiction: The assassination of Olaf Palme: Lt.Col. CM Williamson, SOE. .................................................................................................................. 115 •

Statement by RS 167 ...................................................................................................... 116

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Annexure “A” ................................................................................................................... 117

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Annexure “B” ................................................................................................................... 125 Page 5 of 175

RS 167: The Stockholm-bomb .............................................................................................. 127 Reaksie: Genl. JV van der Merwe op die Palme-saak .......................................................... 129 IGI probes Gigaba video hack .............................................................................................. 130 News24 | 29 October 2018 .................................................................................................... 130 Inspector-General of Intelligence probes Gigaba video hack ................................................ 130 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE | REGSPLEGING ................................................................... 131 Know your Rights as a complainant at a Police Station......................................................... 131 Assessore: Danie Marais....................................................................................................... 131 POLICE: INTERNATIONAL ........................................................................................................ 132 UK ................................................................................................................................................ 132 'The most British thing ever!' Policeman knocks on the door of 10 Downing Street so Larry the Cat can be let in .................................................................................................................... 132 • Relevance: 'Is there anything more British than this policeman knocking on Number 10 to let the cat in?' ........................................................................................................................ 135 DEFENCE: INTERNATIONAL .................................................................................................... 136 •

End of WW1 ......................................................................................................................... 136 Countdown to the end of carnage: Minute by heart stopping minute, the final 24 hours of the Great War revealed as the last life-shattering bullets carried on flying amid nerve-shredding peace talks until the guns finally fell silent ............................................................................. 136

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Beginning WW1: Ghana ...................................................................................................... 146 The soldier who fired the first British shot in 1914: Prince Charles and Camilla pay tribute to Ghanian World War I hero who opened fire on German-led police in Togo .......................... 146 •

Beginning of the war against Germany: Gold Coast vs Togoland ................................... 146

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Beginning of the war in Southern Africa .......................................................................... 147

Russia ......................................................................................................................................... 147 •

Russia's only aircraft carrier is damaged when floating dock securing it SINKS ............. 147

My Visit to Russia: September 2019: William Marshall ......................................................... 148

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Duitswes-Afrika .......................................................................................................................... 165 • Lt.-genl. Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha, moontlik die eerste rassemoordenaar in die twintigste eeu (1904 te Duits-Suidwes): Saamgestel deur Philip Malherbe ........................... 165 INTELLIGENCE: INTERNATIONAL ........................................................................................... 168 Iran's intelligence service is accused of attempted attack on 'individuals' in Denmark as man is arrested ................................................................................................................................. 168 LETTERS | BRIEWE ................................................................................................................... 168 Military Despatches ............................................................................................................... 169 NONGQAI vol 9 nr 11 ............................................................................................................ 169 Film oor Genl.-maj. (ds.) Doempie Cloete: André Pretorius .................................................. 170 Bets Botha: Lotsgebonde: Fritz Joubert Duquesne ............................................................... 172 INDEMNITY & © | VRYWARING & ©.......................................................................................... 175 End / Slot ............................................................................................................................... 175 ADMINISTRATION | ADMINISTRASIE

Publisher | Uitgewer The Nongqai is compiled by Hennie Heymans (HBH) a retired Brigadier of the late South African Police Force and this e-magazine is published on ISSUU. Hennie lives in Pretoria, ZA. He is passionate about our police-, military- and national security history and holds a MA-degree in National Strategic Studies. Any opinions expressed by him, are entirely his own. Die Nongqai word saamgestel deur Hennie Heymans (HBH), 'n afgetrede brigadier van die voormalige Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiemag en hierdie e-tydskrif word op ISSUU gepubliseer. Hennie woon in Pretoria, ZA. Hy is passievol oor ons polisie-, militêre- en nasionale veiligheidsgeskiedenis en het 'n MA-graad in Nasionale Strategiese Studies verwerf. Enige menings wat hy uitspreek, is uitsluitlik sy eie. Contact Details | Kontakbesonderhede

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Aim | Doel Our goal is to collect and record our national security history for publication in the Nongqai for future generations.

Onthou, skryf u storie, soms kan ons net op u geskrewe weergawe terugval want dit is al wat daar is. Deel u SAP- en SAW-fotoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s met ons!

Ons doel is om die nasionale veiligheidsgeskiedenis in die Nongqai aan te teken en so vir die nageslagte bewaar. Policy | Beleid We publish the articles and stories as we receive them from our correspondents; we only correct the spelling mistakes. It's important to publish the stories in the form and context as we receive them from our correspondents. Policemen and defence personnel have their own language. We are not a scientific or literary journal. We only work with historical building blocks. Ons gebruik die artikels en stories soos ons dit van ons korrespondente ontvang; ons maak slegs die spelfoute reg. Dis belangrik om die stories te bewaar in die vorm en in die konteks soos ons dit ontvang. Lede van die veiligheidsmagte het hul eie taal en ons moet dit ook so aanteken. Ons is nie â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;n letterkundige of wetenskaplike joernaal nie. Ons werk slegs met die boustene van geskiedenis. Welcome | Welkom A word of hearty welcome to this Christmas-issue! Interesting and worthwhile hobby Recording the South African history of police, defence and intelligence history is an interesting hobby and full-time occupation! Something I have noticed over the years are the fact that Englishspeaking South Africans (and former South Africans) are proud about their heritage and their history. That does not mean they were all good National Party supporters, no, they are people interested in their heritage and their history and they are making a detailed study of it. I have found that Afrikaners have become more subdued about their history and heritage. Why should we care about our history and heritage? We are certainly going to be judged on what we did, how we performed, how we built and saved to make South Africa great especially in the period after WW2. The statistics are there for all to see. We all lived frugal, our parents were poor and the South African Police as a department was also frugal in its outlook â&#x20AC;&#x201C; remember when you fired a round? You had to account for that round! If you look back at the lack of equipment, we had we after all performed very well. We have to save some of the past, we have to know where we come from in order to decide to take the best route to the future. We have to record history without malice. SAPS Helicopter and KFC The media is in a frenzy about the SAPS pilot who stopped for a pitstop and some KFC. Well let me tell you a story: My father, Sgt. AF Heymans, (left) and other policemen were sent from Durban under the command of Major Jerry van der Merwe to Page 8 of 175

Pondoland during the revolt of the 1960/1. My father performed detached duties in Mt. Ayliff. During the December 1960 – January 1961 school holidays he hired a house. The occupants of the house went on holiday and we lived there in the beautiful rustic area of Mt Ayliff. Many days I went with my father and his colleagues on patrol; more to show a police presence than anything else. One day I spent in town when a SAAF-chopper landed. Great excitement in Mt. Ayliff. All went to “look”. Out got men with red tabs and they bought “something” in the “Off Sales”. Anyway, when my Father and his men came back from patrol he asked if everything was “quiet”. I told him soldiers with red bands around their caps and red tabs on their uniforms in a chopper landed at the Mt. Ayliff Hotel. He slightly got bleak – WO’s, NCO’s and Constables in those days were always weary of officers. I told him they bought “something” at the off sales. Only later did I find out it was for “snake bite.” So today if a pilot buys a piece of chicken everybody goes in an uproar. When that pilot spends hours in the air, nobody cares. I have flown many hours in police and air force choppers, pilots are also people – in fact they are dedicated officers who work irregular hours! We patrolled the railway lines in Soweto many days from 0400 and again in the evening during peak time. So next time a pilot stops for a meal, do go into a frenzy! It only proves the police are everywhere and also human and part of our community. KFC on the other hand should compensate the SAPS for the good, free countrywide advertisement that they got from this exercise. The Nongqai and Police History I must confess that I really try to make each Nongqai the best edition! And in this regard, I must thank our correspondents all over the globe. People ask me why do I waste my time? Well to begin with I learnt the Bible from my mother and I learnt to read the Nongqai while sitting on my father’s knee. I would have loved to begin a second career and that would have been as a lecturer in strategic studies (or history which I never did at university). I did however, complete Economic History 1 and found it so all absorbing; especially the history of Europe during the Middle Ages. But in the new South Africa after retirement I could find no job! I also would have loved to be a “special” in the police archive – there is so much history in the museum and in the national archive to discover. I feel all our police history sources should be brought together so that one could find a comprehensible, coherent picture of our police history. There should be a formal subject called “police history” – I wrote various police promotion exams, attended many courses but nobody ever said to me: “Do a task on Bulhoek, Witsieshoek, Cato Manor or Sharpeville.” Police history is so important, I have seen in my time, that even generals do not know the corporate history of the South African Police and our antecedent police forces. 11 November 1918 On the 11th of November 1918 at 11:00 the Great War came to an end. I have just listened to a recording of the guns booming loudly and as the seconds marched on, at 11:00 the guns became

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quiet. A second or two past 11:00 one could hear birds chirping.1That says a lot about nature. Poor birds – but God even looks after his birds.

Source.2

• 11 November 2018 @ 11:00: SAP who died in Rhodesia were remembered Extract from SITREP No 4: November 2018: Adrian Hagget “Of particular honour this year, was representation by the SAP who laid a wreath on behalf of their 39 members who paid the ultimate sacrifice on Rhodesian soil during the bush-war. And the SAP sent the “big-guns”. Lt Gen Andre Beukes (right) and Brig Hennie Heymans rose to the occasion. Hennie lost two personal friends, listed on the SAP (Rhodesia) RoH, whom he honoured and remembered with pride. Thank you gentlemen and we hope to see you both again”.

The moment the guns fell silent: Eerie WW1 recording captures exact second the chaos of war stopped dead... to be replaced by beautiful birdsong - https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6366499/WW1-recording-capturessecond-chaos-war-stopped-dead.html 2 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6366499/WW1-recording-captures-second-chaos-war-stoppeddead.html

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ELEKTRONIESE BEDIENING: KOOT SWANEPOEL

Dink goed voor jy iets sê. " 'n Regverdige mens dink voor hy antwoord; goddelose mense sê net slegte dinge” - Spreuke 15 vers 28. Soms is daar woorde wat jy graag wil hoor en soms is daar goed wat maar liewers kon gebly het. Dink goed voor jy iets sê! ‘n Onderwyseres het vir haar graad 5 klas opdrag gegee om ‘n opstel te skryf oor hulle persoonlike helde. Een meisie het haar opstel huis toe gebring en dit aan haar ouers gewys. Haar pa was heeltemal verbaas dat sy hom as held gekies het. “Hoekom het jy my gekies?” het hy trots gevra. Die meisie het geantwoord: “Omdat ek nie Leonardo DiCaprio kon spel nie.” Soms is daar goed wat jy liewers nie wil hoor nie! ‘n Paar jaar gelede was daar ‘n ondersoek waarin gevra is: “Watter sin sou jy baie graag wou hoor iemand vir jou sê?” Kan jy raai wat is die eerste ding wat mense graag wou hoor? Jy is reg. “Ek is lief vir jou!” Die tweede een was: “Jy is vergewe.” Die derde een was eintlik 'n verrassing: “Die kos is reg!” Om oor na te dink! Moet nooit die tien belangrikste woorde van enige verhouding vergeet nie: “Lief vir jou. Jy is spesiaal. Vergewe my. Jy’s vergewe!” Soos Jesus Goeie woorde is Jesus-woorde wat ander opbou sowel as vir jouself.

The Greatest Rescue Mission the World has known… Christmas represents the greatest rescue mission the world has ever known. That the story of our Saviour, who descended from the presence of angels to the filth of a stable, whose life from swaddling clothes to the folded garments in an empty tomb, was all unfolded for us through His unconditional Love. God, Christ, the Holy Spirit, the Bible, the Church, Your Family The Christmas message begins at the cradle, a cross and a crown. On that first Christmas night, the Bible tells us about the angel coming to those fearful shepherds and saying, “Fear not, I bring you good news” (Cf. Luke 2:10). Second, there’s the cross. Christmas, to have meaning, cannot be separated from the cross. The angel said at the birth of Jesus, “He will save His people from their sins” (Matthew 1:21). Jesus Himself said, speaking just before His death, “For this cause was I born” (John 18:37). He was the only person in history who was born with the purpose of dying. The Apostle Paul, years later said, “Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners” (1 Timothy 1:15). God is saying to sinful man, “I love you. I love you so much I gave my Son.” But He’s saying more than that. He’s saying, “I can forgive you, because of what Page 11 of 175

He did on the cross.” And this is good news this Christmas! At the cradle, He was in the stall of an animal. At the cross, He wore a crown of thorns. This is the promise of Christmas. This is our hope. This is the Christmas star that lights our darkness. This is the assurance that a new day is coming, through the Messiah, whose name is called by Isaiah the prophet, “Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace” (Isaiah 9:6) – Rev. Charisse le Roux. FRONT COVER | VOORBLAD

Lt.-Gen. Christiaan Ludolph de Wet du Toit: Lt.Col. William Marshall Christiaan Ludolph de Wet du Toit3 was born on 23 September 1901 on the farm Tweeforntein which is situated in the Blaauklippen valley near the Helderberg in Stellenbosch, Western Cape Province. He attended a small farm school in the area and was in constant conflict with the teachers due to him refusing to speak English. Each weekend he had to learn a half of page of English verse to avoid hiding on Monday morning. Later he attended the Boys High School in Stellenbosch and went to the University of Stellenbosch under the tutorship of Paul Roos. After being interviewed by Gen Andries Brink and Gen W.E.C. Tanner in the Castle in Cape Town he was accepted as a student on the first combined Military and Civilian Officers course for the Permanent Force. He reported for duty on 04 August 1924 at the Military College at Roberts’ Heights. After completing the course, a further years training took place in the SAAF as a pilot and an appointment (short term – 3 years) followed. After this term he served in the Justice Department for two years, here he made a start studying for the degree LLB. On 01 April 1928 het again returned to the Permanent Force as in an appointment as 2nd Lt in the 1st SA Field Battery. He continued his studies and obtained the degree LLB. A stint in the United Kingdom followed where he took part in vehicle testing for the Artillery and also attended various exercise during the British Armies conversion from the horse to the motor vehicle. Promoted to Captain he was appointed as the commander of 2 SA Field Battery. In 1935 he was again sent to England to attend a Command and Staff Course. Here he also attended training on the ship HMS Wale Island which the UDF later purchased for coastal defence, this ship has equipped with two 15-inch guns. He was also instrumental in the testing of the Oswald Pirow and Indian Bush Cars during exercises held in the Leydsdorp-area. Not being a fan of these vehicles, he did his utmost to prove that the concept was old and outdated. Du Toit was also present at the ad hoc event where the name change was decided for Robert’s Heights to Voortrekkerhoogte during the unveiling of the corner stone of the Voortrekker Monument during 1938. He took part in the East African campaign as a member of the 1 SA Brigade, later he was to be transferred to 1 SA Division in North Africa. He was appointed and responsible for the artillery defence of Mersa Matruh. Hy took part in the invasion of Cyrenaica as an artillery commander.

http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/688

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During 1948 he was appointed as Chief of Land Forces, this was to include the Chairmanship of a board looking into the resurrection of the Commando system for the rural areas. This would eventually lead to the approval of a plan and the reorganisation of the Commando’s. On 16 March 1950 he was appointed as follow up to General Beyers in the post of Chief of the General Staff. During this period the Defence Resource Board, Defence Production Office and a factory for the production of small arms were all formed. During the early 1950’s the Coastal Artillery Corps would be incorporated into the SA Navy. They would then be converted to a Marine Corps. Also, during this period, the UDF became part of the UN and volunteered 2 Squadron SAAF for duty in the Korean war. General De Toit was also instrumental in the promulgation of the Defence Act No 44 of 1957, this act would serve the SADF for many years to come. Very little is known about his life after retirement. He passed away at the age of 81 on 14 August 1982.4 Awards and Decorations • Distinguished Service Order (DSO) – for his skilful handling of the rear-guard action during the withdrawal of 1 SA Div. from Gazala (14/5 June 1942) • Union Medal • 1939–1945 Star • Africa Star with N. Africa 1942-43 Clasp • War Medal 1939-1945 with Oak Leaf • Africa Service Medal (WWII)

He had a son who was a police officer. I met him and he told me his father was Gen. Matie du Toit – HBH.

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VISIT OUR WEBSITE | BESOEK ONS WEBWERF WEB PAGES | WEB BLADSYE

Justitia Benevolence Nongqai Historical Webmaster Webmeester Glenn Elsden glenn.elsden@gmail.co m http://www.samirror.com

ALL PRESS RELEASES ISSUED BY THE FOUNDATION FOR EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW ARE PUBLISHED ON THE WEB SITE.

ALLE PERSVERKLARINGS UITGEREIK DEUR DIE STIGTING VIR GELYKHEID VOOR DIE REG WORD OP DIE WEBWERF GEPUBLISEER.

UCT: CENTRE OF CRIMINOLOGY Please see letter incorporated into this issue.

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Nico Moolman • Dankie Generaal: Op die Spoor van ‘n oorlogspeurder

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• Ek ontvang die Honoris Crux My gene het lank voor my denke gereageer toe ek hom eien. Aan die arm van brigadier Hennie Heymans het die skraal man met die sagte blou oë die aura van die oomblik binne gevloei. Oë wat gesien het waar ander net kyk. Voor die ingang, op die stoep, van Die Erfenis Stigting, by die Voortrekkermonument, op 16 Desember 2015 was dit. Simbolies, net na die son op die sarkofaag skrefies-loer weer gespel het aan Die Gelofte. Die Gelofte van Sarel Cilliers te Bloedrivier. Binne ’n nano-sekonde het my wese binne-siels gesalueer, geglimlag en die uitgestrekte kalm handdruk in die onthoukluis van my denke gefossileer. “Dankie vir wat jy vir die Afrikaner beteken meneer,” was die voorsitter van die Krygsraad se woorde aan my. Dit is wat my held vir my gesê het. Die man wat ’n weermag tot oorwinning gelei het. Sy vaderland se bewaker. Vir ewig sou my Honoris Crux my erfporsie bly. Ek het Generaal Jannie Geldenhuys se boek vir hom geteken en kon met trots voorin skryf: “Om te onthou is om vandag jou gisters te kan saam vat môre toe.” Al wat ek kon uiter was…”Dankie, Generaal” Dit dan die titel van my boek. My boek wat opslae maak oor die mooi daarin. Mooi foto’s en mooi verhale. Opgedra aan my helde…My Generaals… Verkrygbaar by alle goeie winkels en afsetpunte. ’n Beperkte getekende aantal kopieë kan by my bestel word @ R410 wat Postnet/Koerier koste insluit. By epos : lingloi@telkomsa.net Ook The Boer Whore @ R310

POLICE HISTORY | POLISIE GESKIEDENIS

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World War Two: South African Police Battalions: Part Two: Captain (SAN) Charles Ross (SA Navy Retired). A number of South African Police Battalions participated in World War Two. Those who died during the war are commemorated in numerous war memorials and cemeteries. This article will cover those that are commemorated on the memorials and cemeteries as indicated. â&#x20AC;˘

Ancona War Cemetery: Italy

On 3 September 1943 the Allies invaded the Italian mainland, the invasion coinciding with an armistice made with the Italians who then re-entered the war on the Allied side. Following the fall of Rome to the Allies in June 1944, the German retreat became ordered and successive stands were made on a series of defensive positions known as the Trasimene, Arezzo, Arno and Gothic Lines. The cemetery at Ancona reflects the Allied progress up the Adriatic coast in August and September 1944. The cemetery site was chosen in September and graves were brought in from a wide area round about, extending from Pescara, 80 kilometres farther south, to Pesaro, over 48 kilometres north of Ancona. They include those of casualties from the first attacks on the eastern sector of the German defensive Gothic Line, near Fano and Pesaro, at the end of August and early in September. Ancona itself had been taken by the Poles on 18 July 1944 and, being little touched by the war, served as the main port for supplies for the attack on the Gothic Line and for the final break through the following spring at Argenta. Ancona War Cemetery contains 1,019 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War. South African Police Battalion buried in this cemetery are:

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➢ Sergeant B. A. Barnard5 who died on 8 December 1943. Died as a POW, whilst being loaded onto railway wagons to be transported to Germany, the rail yards at Aquila were bombed by USAF B-25 bombers. About 200 POWs were killed, all who were trapped in locked cattle cars. ➢ Sergeant B. Beer6 who died 8 December 1943. Died as a POW, whilst being loaded onto railway wagons to be transported to Germany, the rail yards at Aquila were bombed by USAF B-25 bombers. About 200 POWs were killed, all who were trapped in locked cattle cars. •

Arezzo War Cemetery: Italy

On 3 September 1943 the Allies invaded the Italian mainland, the invasion coinciding with an armistice made with the Italians who then re-entered the war on the Allied side. Progress through southern Italy was rapid despite stiff resistance, but the advance was checked for some months at the German winter defensive position known as the Gustav Line. The line eventually fell in May 1944 and as the Germans withdrew, Rome was taken by the Allies on 3 June. The Germans made a stand in front of Arezzo early in July 1944 and there was fierce fighting before the town was taken on 16 July by the 6th Armoured Division with the aid of the 2nd New Zealand Division. The site for this cemetery was selected in November 1944, and graves were brought into it from the surrounding area. Both the 4th and the 8th Indian Divisions were involved in the fighting in this region, and Plots VIIIX in the cemetery contain Indian graves. Arezzo War Cemetery contains 1,266 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War.

5 6

No record – HBH. No. 19774[M] - SAP 196795 – HBH.

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➢ Private J. P. K. Bester7 of the South African Police Battalion who died on 12 December 1942 as a POW is buried in this cemetery. •

Bari War Cemetery: Italy

On 3 September 1943 the Allied invasion of the Italian mainland began with landing in the south near Reggio and, a few days later, in the Gulf of Salerno. The invasion coincided with an armistice made with the Italians who then re-entered the war on the Allied side. Allied objectives were to draw German troops from the Russian front and more particularly from France, where an offensive was planned for the following year. The site of Bari War Cemetery was chosen in November 1943. There was no serious fighting in the vicinity of the town, which was the Army Group headquarters during the early stages of the Italian campaign, but it continued to be an important supply base and hospital centre, with the 98th General

No. 16249[M] – SAP 198039 – HBH.

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Hospital stationed there from October 1943 until the end of the war. At various times, six other general hospitals were stationed at Trani and Barletta, about 48 km away. Besides garrison and hospital burials, the cemetery contains graves brought in from a wide area of south-eastern Italy, from the 'heel' right up to the 'spur'. Here too are buried men who died in two disastrous explosions in the harbour at Bari, when ammunition ships exploded in December 1943 (during a German air raid) and April 1945. Bari War Cemetery contains 2,128 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War, 170 of them unidentified. There are also some non-war burials and war graves of other nationalities. The cemetery also contains 85 First World War burials, brought in from Brindisi Communal Cemetery in 1981. Most of these burials are of officers and men of the Adriatic drifter fleet which had close associations with Brindisi during the First World War. ➢ Sergeant P. J. Van Dyk8 of the South African Police Battalion who died on 18 November 1942 as a POW is buried in this cemetery. • Berlin 1939 – 1945 War Cemetery: Germany The site of Berlin 1939-45 War Cemetery was selected by the British Occupation Authorities and Commission officials jointly in 1945, soon after hostilities ceased. Graves were brought to the cemetery from the Berlin area and from eastern Germany. The great majority of those buried here,

No. 14725[M] – SAP 196840 – HBH.

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approximately 80 per cent of the total, were airmen who were lost in the air raids over Berlin and the towns in eastern Germany. The remainder were men who died as prisoners of war, some of them in the forced march into Germany from camps in Poland, in front of the advancing Russians. The cemetery contains 3,595 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War, 397 of them unidentified. There are also 6 Non-Commonwealth Foreign National burials and in addition there are 265 post war graves of men of the British Occupation Forces or their dependants, or of members of the Control Commission. Leipzig, Konigsberg, Iena, Dresden, Halle, Rostock, Teltow, Wismar, Mittenwalde, Neuburxdorf, Magdeburg, Grunberg, Doberitz, Buchholz, Halberstadt, Blankenburg, Gotha, Tannenburg, Potsdam, Weder, Tessau, Stralsund, Schweren, Munsdorf, Brandenburg and Schonwalde. The following members of the South African Police Battalion are commemorated on a special memorial in this cemetery: ➢ Lance Corporal J. Cloete9 who died as a POW, during an allied air attack on Germany on 27 February 1945. ➢ Private L. R. Gold10 who died as a POW, during an allied air attack on Germany on 27 February 1945. ➢ Private R. P. du Preez11 who died as a POW, during an allied air attack on Germany on 27 February 1945. ➢ Private J. J. G. van der Merwe12 who died as a POW, during an allied air attack on Germany on 27 February 1945. • Information from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Casualty Data Base.

Boek oor Moord op Olof Palme: Lede van SAP (V) word genoem

Stieg Larssons erfenis: Zijn jacht op de moordenaar van Olof Palme deur Jan Stocklassa. Kollegas genoem is onder andere Vick McPherson, Craig Williamson, Riaan Stander en Eugene de Kock. •

Sal bly wees indien iemand die boek vir ons sal resenseer.

No. 15640[F] – SAP 196317 – HBH. No. 12794[F] – SAP 196019 – HBH. 11 No. 19560[M] – SAP 195892 – HBH. 12 No. 16295[M] - SAP 195703 – HBH. 9

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Roll of Honour: SAP in Rhodesia: We will Remember them!

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SWAPO: Photos from the other side of the Border: Former Detachment Commander C Kantewa Mr. Chris Kantewa sent Nongqai the photos in a spirit of reconciliation: 1. A damaged Casspir 2. A damaged Casspir 3. Angolans and Cubans 4. SWAPO fire power

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Page 27 of 175

A war trophy! Mr. Sam Nujoma examining a captured Casspir. A police member allegedly stole a Casspir and went over to SWAPO with the vehicle.

Comments: Jim Hooper Nongqai asked Jim Hooper for comment Hennie -- It's a good bet that these snaps appeared in SWAPO's propaganda magazine The Combatant and were photo-copied by your Swapo contact. The magazine was known for wildly exaggerated claims of success against SWAPOLTIN, SADF and the SAAF. One of the shots has a "Kassinga" tag, perhaps suggesting it was destroyed or captured during Operation Reindeer. Complete nonsense. The fighting there involved only elements of 44 Parachute Rgt and the SAAF. The SADF's 61 Mech launched a diversionary op but never penetrated more than 20km north of the border. I'm not sufficiently knowledgeable to know if an SADF Casspir was lost during any of the big crossborder operations. What doesn't make sense is the photo of two dismounted turrets with twin .30 Brownings and a .50 Browning. One might logically think the guns would have been pulled and taken back to Namibia rather than left in situ. The intact Casspir being inspected by Sam Nujoma is likewise a puzzle. That said, after I left Oshakati, March 1987, a SWO with a grudge got drunk one night, drove a Casspir across the border and surrendered to FAPLA. I can't remember if it belonged to Koevoet or the Security Branch base at Ohangwena. Because there are no team letters on the rear door, I'm guessing it came from the latter. Page 28 of 175

Comments by Helmoed Romer Heitman Jim also asked Helmoed Romer Heitman for comments: Hello Jim, The two MG mountings could come from any one of a number of vehicles, although the twin 30 calibre is most likely from a Casspir. If it was abandoned for Fapla to capture, I am not aware of Swapo having captured any vehicles, I would assume it was during a major clash with no time to recover the machineguns, which suggests one of the late 1988 clashes in the shallow area opposite Owambo where 101 Battalion clashed with Cubans and Fapla a couple of times and on at least one occasion lost some Casspirs to tanks and had to pull out fast. I have heard that they went back with some 106s lashed to the top of Casspirs and shot out a couple of T-55s, but have not been able to confirm that. The next pic shows a Casspir that seems to have been modified, which could have been a command or signals vehicle. 101 Battalion and the liaison teams working with Unita used Casspirs during the 1987/88 campaign in the southeast of Angola and I think they did lose a coupe. This could be from there. But 101 Bn also lost a couple to tanks they bumped into opposite central Owambo in late 1988, so it could be from there too. But the damage does suggest a mine strike with too little time to repair and recover the vehicles, and that baffles me for now, as there were no occasions that I can recall when vehicles were left behind in such a reasonable state â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the SADF almost always owned the battlefield after the fights. southeast. The third pic will not open. The intact Casspir being inspected is interesting. I do not recall an intact vehicle being left behind at any stage, but it would seem to be so â&#x20AC;&#x201C; unless it was the one you refer to, or unless it was taken after independence, bearing in mind that some SWATF Casspirs stayed in Namibia for the new army. The Kassinga tag is, as you say, nonsense. Not only were there no SADF vehicles at Cassinga, I am pretty sure there were no Casspirs in the southern part of the operation either, only Ratels, Elands and perhaps Buffels. But I will be seeing General Dippenaar next week and will confirm that with him. The next pic of the totally destroyed Casspir suggests that it was one that was not worth recovering and was blown up. Early in the war the SADF generally recovered everything, but in the late period some vehicles were blown up and left. The final pic seems to be of a Cuban or Russian advisor with Fapla troops. I will send the pix to a couple of friends who were involved in the 1987/88 fighting to see if they have ideas. And in closing, it is good you sent this. I am in Pretoria these days and had intended to look up Hennie but never made it, so this is a good reminder to get my rear in gear. I will get back to you with any info I can glean. Regards, Helmoed

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A Biography: Jim Hooper: Nongqaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Special Correspondent Jim Hooper was embedded with Koevoet for almost six months, during which he shot more than 250 rolls of 35mm film. He has assembled number of photo essays which will appear exclusively in the next few issues of Nongqai. He hopes they will remind Ops K veterans of what they lived through, and give a wider audience a taste of how the unit operated in the Ovamboland bushveld.

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Koevoet: A Day in the Veld: Jim Hooper

1. Morning parade is taken by Zulu Alpha and Zulu Mike’s black and white co-team leaders. Within minutes, the men will be in their assigned cars to begin the day’s hunt.

2. The morning dew will soon evaporate off the guns on Marius Brand’s Casspir. Page 31 of 175

3. Skim Schutte seats the ammunition belt and ensures that the feed tray on his .50 cal. Browning is working smoothly.

4. A team stops alongside a kraal to ask the headman if he has seen or heard about any SWAPO insurgents. But even if he has information, heâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s likely to deny it for fear of being murdered by the freedom fighters.

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5. Trackers on the ground and others in the cars examine the ground for spoor left by insurgents. It is a slow and laborious process; days can pass with nothing found.

6. Skim Schutte, Dean Viljoen and Brand pin down their position on the map and discuss which direction to take the search. Page 33 of 175

7. The men on the ground are always flanked and protected by the firepower in the Casspirs. The man on the left carries a radio and Brand checks that his own radio is receiving. So that the entire team is aware of any developments all cars are on the same frequency.

8. Two Zulu Mike Wolf Turbos and one Zulu Foxtrot Casspir stop on the southern edge of the yati – Namibia’s northern border. As soon as the rest of their teams’ cars arrive, they’ll drive straight across the kaplyn and into Angola. Page 34 of 175

9. While the farmer in the red shirt is questioned by a constable two others chat with the manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s son. Another who remembers the feel of a plough from his boyhood, cuts furrows that will be planted with mohango, the staple crop of grain sorghum.

10. With the sun directly overhead and temperatures pushing 35C, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a stop to allow overheated engines to cool. Page 35 of 175

11.Thick bush in the eastern part of Ovamboland can limit visibility to just a few metres. Close-range contacts are always a danger. Zulu Mikeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Strandwolf logistics vehicle tucks in behind Marius Brandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Casspir. Page 36 of 175

12. As the sun sinks and shadows lengthen, finding spoor is almost impossible. It’s time to stop and make a tydlikke basis. With cars and guns facing outward, fires are soon going and kettles boiling. It’s been a long day and tomorrow will be no different. The Boer Whore: Nico Moolman

Een van die beste boeke wat ek nog ooit gelees het! – Hennie Heymans. Page 37 of 175

Voor SAP-Tin in die Noorde van SWA was: Gawie Botha

Links: Robert Brand en regs baas-storieverteller Gawie Botha van Paarl

1966 Ovamboland, Sondagoggend: Kaptein X en ek met ‘n F250 in pivaatdrag, hou by ‘n middelklas Kremetartboom stil, lieflike dag, met daardie doodse stilte! My HMK 9mm. hang om my nek voor op my bors. Beide van ons staan onder die boom en urineer. Kaptein X se HMK lê op die voorsitplek. Roomse sending het ‘n kerkie / byeenkoms gebou so 500 meter vanwaar ons is, waar hulle Sondae kerk hou, ons het ‘n afspraak met ‘n kontak, vir inligting, wat by die kerkie vir ons wag! Hier kom twee Ovambo mans aangestap, een het ‘n aktetas by hom en die ander een Bybel onder die arm, netjies met swart broek en wit hemp en baadjie, aangetrek, en swart tipe van kerkgaan skoene aan, en donker brille op, skat beide van hulle so in hul middel twintigs, hulle kom reguit na ons aangestap en groet ons vriendelik in Ovambotaal: Nowa! nowa! O wharapato! (spelling), ons groet terug, raak aan die gesels met hulle, wie, wat wanneer en waarheen, en om ‘n lang storie kort te maak, vra die jonger Ovambo, vir my in sy gebroke taal in Afrikaans of ek nie ‘n foto van hulle twee wil neem! Kaptein X sê vir my so half fluisterend : "Botha hulle dink die HMK om jou nek is ‘n kamera! Met so ‘n grinnik om sy lippe, en ek sien hoe vonkel sy oë! ,,,,,,,,,,,’n goeie begrip het net ‘n halwe woord Page 38 of 175

nodig", ek lees kaptein X onmiddellik en ek laat die twee teen die boomstam langs mekaar staan,, toe word daar darem nou "gepose" vir die foto! Ek se hulle moet "smile" druk die veiligheidsknip af na "Afrikaans", ek hoor toe al hoe begin kaptein X proes om sy lag in te hou ,,, ek vra is julle reg? ,, Hulle antwoord: "Ja Monna!",, ek druk die sneller en mik so meter bo-kant hulle koppe, teen die boomstam, hulle staan so meter van my af. Brrppp! ,, Brrpp! Brrrpp, die laaste kort sarsie se doppe hang nog in die lug ,, toe staan beide van hulle se skoene, aktetas en Bybel onder die boom, hulle hardloop so vinnig in die twee-spoor stofpad, dit lyk van agteraf asof hulle op "Scramblers ry!" Ek het darem net gedink hulle moes darem ook net weet hoe ons destyds geskrik het, as ons vuur getrek het! Kolonel Dolf Odendal: Wes-Kaap: 1993: Brig. Fanie Bouwer Dit is met effense hartseer dat ek weer aan hom dink. Hy, 'n vriend, het hier naby my in Goodwood gebly en ’n paar jaar gelede aan kanker oorlede is. So middel 1993 is ek met ongekende haas (meer daaroor onder) aangestel as Provinsiale hoof: ABS in die Wes-Kaap in die plek van hierdie uiters bekwame en gewilde offisier. Dit was ’n periode in ons geskiedenis wat ek net kan beskryf as ’n ‘mal' tyd, waar onsekerheid oor ons toekoms erg begin knaag het. Veranderinge en nuwe denke was aan die orde van die dag met die oog op 1994. Party in ons geledere, het ek my verbeel, het toe begin om eienaardige dinge te begin doen en sê, blykbaar met die hoop dat hulle meer 'aanvaarbaar' sal wees in die komende, nuwe bedeling. Partykeer het ek dit probeer verstaan; ander kere nie. Nou terug na Kolonel Odendal. Dolf Odendal was ’n operasionele onlusteoffisier par excellance. Sy gelyke het jy nie oral teëgekom nie. Hy was inderdaad ’n legende in die Kaap. Sit hom egter in 'n moeilike onlussituasie, het hy as't ware 'n persoonlikheidverandering ondergaan. Dan was hy hierdie tawwe, hardekoejawel offisier wat opdragte uitgeskreeu het en geen nonsies van niks en niemand gevat het nie. En in lewensgevaarlike situasies het hy gewoonlik heel voor gestap. Geen bang haar op sy kop gehad nie.

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Op die foto hierby kan gesien word hoe hy met sy uniform aan flarde nog steeds opdragte uitskree nadat hy in 'n handgranaataanval (die skuldige het dit vanuit 'n boom gegooi) beseer in op die hoek van NY1 en NY7 in Guguletu in 1985. Dit is geneem uit 'n video wat deur kameraman John Nomdu verfilm is. Dit was nadat 'n groep mense wat vanaf 'n begrafnis gekom in NY1 in groot groepe opgebreek, amok gemaak en ook op die polisie geskiet het. Dolf was inderdaad ’n doring in die vlees van oproermakers in die Wes-Kaap. Vir die linkses en die liberale Kaapse koerante, egter, was hy die duiwel inkarnasie. Of die duiwel homself, as jy wil. Die beeld van en persepsies oor hom as openbare figuur daardie jare in die media, het hoogty gevier. Húlle ‘feite’ wás die alpha en die omega. Page 40 of 175

Ons het egter Dolf - die ‘ware mens’ - geken. ’n Ou met ’n klein hartjie eintlik. Een wat omgegee het vir ander. Ek onthou altyd sy lekker lag, so diep uit sy maag uit. Hy was ’n móét vir enige kuier en om ’n braaivleisvuur op te kikker. Hy was eintlik ’n allemansvriend - 'n dierbare mens-mens. Maar hier is die punt wat ek eintlik wil maak. Daardie tyd wou sekere mense in die SAP begin om die beeld van die mag na 'n sagter, meer aanvaarbare een te verander. So het die Adeling Gemeeskapsverhoudinge ook toe sy ontstaan gehad. En volgens hulle het Dolf Odendal nie daarby 'ingepas' nie. Ek het geweet van hierdie lawwe argument. Dít so terloops. Om hierdie misplaaste redes is ek toe van Springbok na Kaapstad verplaas om ABS by hom oor te neem.

By my aankoms by die Provinsiale hoofkantoor in Kaapstad kom ek toe agter uit die ‘powers that be’ se gesprekke dat Dolf van ABS verwyder moes word omdat hy nie meer in die aanloop tot die nuwe SA ‘aanvaarbaar’ is nie. Hoe gek was hierdie misplaaste denke! Hy het dit ook só agter gekom. Hoekom was hy nie eerder gekoester en beskerm deur ons mense nie, is die kernvraag? Ek kry nou nog so ’n steek in my hart as ek daaraan dink, want ons het vriende geraak. Dat iemand Page 41 of 175

wat só baie vir die polisie en die staat gegee het, uiteindelik op hierdie manier (ek wou ’n lelike byvoeglike naamwoord vóór hierdie woord geplaas het) eenkant toe geskuif word, om dit sag te stel, het ten hemele geskree. En om verder sout in sy wonde te vryf, word mý aanstelling oor die hele voorblad van die Cape Argus, met groot kleurfoto en al, gepubliseer. Ek het sleg en verleë gevoel daaroor vir sy part. Wat betref die koerantartikel, weet ek dat dit voor-af gereël was met die Cape Argus om die 'veranderingsplan' maksimale dekking te kan gee. Hierdie is slegs 'n afdruk, maar dit het in kleur die hele voorblad van die koerant gedek die dag nadat ek oorgeneem het. Dolf het kort daarna met vroeë pensioen gegaan. Wat moes in sy binneste gedink het oor hoe sy loopbaan op hierdie manier ten einde gekom het? Saluut ou Vriend. Rus in Vrede.

• Kommentaar Die geskiedenis bly maar ironies. Sit en dink gerus daaroor. Kol. Odendal en mense soos hy moes juis die vrede en stabiliteit verseker om ‘n klimaat vir onderhandeling te skep. Maar in die proses van onderhandeling is juis mense soos hy wat as sogenaamde “valke” gesien is en ministers Adriaan Vlok en Magnus Malan ook as “valke” ervaar, en uitgeskuif.

• Medalje: Bekamping van Binnelandse Onrus en Onluste? Ons in die SAP het nooit ‘n medalje verwerf vir die bekamping van onrus nie. Glo my, ek praat nou die dag met kol Hein Killian wat BO van eenheid 6 was; die gewelddadigheid wat ons op die grens ervaar het is niks in vergelyking die onbeskryflike insidente wat ons binnelands ervaar het nie. Dink maar aan die bomme in restaurante, karbomme en dies meer. Persoonlik kan ek getuig dat onluste op die goudmyne geweldig gewelddadig was. Ek was vir die eerste keer blootgestel aan onluste op die goudmyne gedurende 1974 te Welkom. Jare later was ek DK op Welkom en het self weer gesien en ervaar hoe fel en wreedaardig hierdie onluste op die myne was – honderde dood! Ek het selfs ‘n moordtoneel diep onder die grond in ‘n myn bygewoon. So kan ek ook verwys na onlus op plekke soos Thabong, en woongebiede op die Oos-Rand en Vaaldriehoek en Soweto, Durban, Kaapstad en waar ookal - die land het werklik op plekke gebrand; – daar was stakings, boikotte, brandstigting, moord en doodslag – aanvalle op polisie, padversperrings, klipgooie, skote op polisie vanuit krotbuurte, dit was die dae van halssnoermoorde, emosioneel belaaide begrafnisse, “politieke” verhore. Reuse optogte waar die polisie verdwerg was. Neem mens net die kakofonie van klank in ag, was dit ‘n regte teater! Dis helikopters, sirenes, honde wat blaf, skote wat knal, mense wat dreunsing, dames wat skril skree, babas wat huil ... dit was erg en dan was daar ook die verskillende reuke! Rook van grasbrande en geboue, vuilis, traangas, menslike afval, stof winde, kruit, misweer vroegoggend en laat aand wat sig belemmer het. Neem jy ‘n drankie in die polisie klub na-ure te Protea in Soweto hoor jy hoe hulle die skote afvuur! Die polisie bygestaan deur die weermag het ‘n reuse taak gehad om wet en orde te handhaaf sodat die politici rustig kon onderhandel. Page 42 of 175

Port Elizabeth of Yore: The Cape Mounted Police: Dean McCleland

A sergeant in the Cape Mounted Police The establishment of towns witnessed the concomitant creation of an incipient constabulary albeit on a skeletal basis. This force was funded by and under the control of the local authority. At this Page 43 of 175

juncture, the rural areas did not have any police presence. In view of the increasing incidence of stock theft and other such crimes, the Government was compelled to step into the breach. In terms of the Police Act of 1873, the Government offered to establish a special Mounted Police Force whose sine qua non was to operate solely in rural areas. â&#x20AC;˘

The incipient local constabulary

At the time of the inception of the urban constabulary in the early 1820s, it compromised one solitary constable. By 1862, it had merely risen to one sergeant, seven constables and two Mfengus, besides one scavenger for the jail. What role the scavenger exactly played cannot be established. Possibly, as the name suggests, they collected discarded items for use by the jail. The duties devolved onto these ill-clad, ill-equipped and ill-trained men was beyond them. Primarily their responsibility was keeping the peace and maintaining order during the day. There was no night time police service until 1862. Even when this service was provided, they preferred to ignore areas of depravity. One such area which they avoided like the plague was Strand Street which the delinquents and persons of ill-repute frequented. â&#x20AC;˘

The Field Cornetcy

Whilst the efficiency of the urban constabulary was often called into question, one must bear in mind that the country districts only had Field Cornets and their assistants. Apart from the fact that their chief duty was to serve notices on all Burghers eligible for military service whenever the local Black tribes were restless or on the warpath, the area that they served was too extensive for them to service adequately. In terms of the regulations covering the duties of the Cornetcy, the registered burghers had elected Mr. John Holland as Field Captain of Port Elizabeth with Mr. C.T. Jones as Deputy Field Captain. The Bushy Park area had its own cornetcy with T.W. Titterton as Field Captain and George Scott Parkin as his deputy. Mr J.A. Holland held the rank of Field Commandant.

Mr J.A. Holland Page 44 of 175

•

Cape Mounted Police

What was painfully clear to all and sundry was that the rural areas were largely at the mercy of criminal elements. It was to address this need that the Police Act of 1873 was promulgated. In terms of this Act, the Government offered to establish a special Mounted Police Force whose sine qua non was to operate solely in rural areas. To be fair, it was not that Port Elizabeth rejected the “generous” offer but rather that the town was too busy growing that it failed to notice the offer being made. This is not to say that the force was not required as five years later, the Chairman of the PEDC [PE Divisional Council] petitioned the Government to establish the proposed police force. In the petition they requested a mounted force consisting of one Sergeant and four constables. Moreover, they expressed their consent to contribute one third of the costs of maintaining the squad. With abnormal alacrity the Government approved the scheme subject to the Council paying their share of the annual expense of £864 which amounted to £288. •

Port Elizabeth’s response

For some unfathomable reason, the Council abruptly changed their mind. In response to the Government’s acceptance to their proposal they courteously replied: “What we considered advisable a few months ago, we now see no reason for carrying out the proposed scheme. The Division of Port Elizabeth is one of the quietest and likely to remain the most peaceful of any Division in the Colony. Life and property are as a rule much safer in this Division than in any country district in England, as statistics will show, and as this Council are painfully aware of the strenuous efforts [that] the Government will require to meet the more pressing needs of the Colony, respectfully decline to proceed with the matter at present.” By 1878, the Council made yet another volte face when the Port Elizabeth Divisional Council Mounted Police [PEDCMP] was formally established, comprising one Sergeant and four Constables or Troopers. The Council supplied them with mounts, equipment, a revolver and uniforms for which £3 was deducted from their pay every month. Regulations for their conduct were drawn up and submitted to the Magistrate, Mr. Wylde, for the requisite approval. •

Complaints

The men continually patrolled from farm to farm obtaining signatures from the farmers as proof of their performing their duties. At regular intervals they had to report to headquarters for report back purposes. Requests and complaints to the Council was all the rage in those days. The following letter was received by the Council from one of their first recruits: Gentlemen, We, the undersigned members of the Divisional Council Police, respectfully ask if a light uniform for summer wear can be supplied to us. Our present uniform being very warm and also far too heavy for duty in the warm weather, we respectfully suggest that a light uniform be allowed. As owing to the expense of housekeeping, forage for horses etc., we are quite unable on our very limited income to supply the means of purchasing the said uniforms ourselves. Hoping you will grant our request, We remain, Gentlemen, Your obedient servants, Troup J.W. Cousins Hillyer Henry Wiblin Jan. 13th, 1879. Page 45 of 175

Cape Mounted Policeman

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George Fletcher of the Grahamstown or Alexanderia Mounted Police in 1912. The family moved from Alexander to Grahamstown where he was the Station Commander. He left Ireland during the Page 47 of 175

potato famine as a very young man and made his way to SA. His first wife died during the flu epidemic here in SA. They had 2 children. Later he married Glenda Hammond’s gran, who was the eldest of an additional 5 siblings. He was a Boer sympathiser and was anti-Royalist (but then he was Irish) The request for the issuance of a summer uniform was favourably considered subject to the several provisos. (1) Provided that they had completed twelve months in the Force and (2) they had signed for a further years’ service. Encouraged by their success, they now went for the jugular: their paltry salaries and perks. Shortly after the initial letter, the following letter was sent. Gentlemen, We, the undersigned, respectfully beg to apply for an increase in salary. The pay now received by us is £16 per month for the Sergeant, and £13 for the men. From this, the Government deducts £3 monthly for equipment, and the keep of the horse amounts to at least £4 a month, leaving a balance of £9 for the Sergeant and £7 for the Privates, out of which we have to pay £3 per month for house rent and to maintain our families. The uniform [that] we are now wearing is almost unfit for use and will soon require replacing. Hoping [that] you will take this into your favourable consideration. We have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your obedient servants, Peter Troup, Sergeant John W. Cousins Tom Dorrington Alfred Cousins Henry Wiblin 10th March 1879. •

A stampede of resignations

As the saying goes, lightning does not strike in the same place twice. Similarly, this request was not received favourably by the Council. In all likelihood, it was this refusal to comply that precipitated an exodus from the service. The first person to request being released was Tom Dorrington. Even though the grounds that he provided for his release were that he was “uncomfortable” in his work, he then candidly provided the real reason by stating that he had a large family and wished to return to his trade where men were badly needed and where he could treble his paltry pay. That begs the question why he remained in service after he was compelled to complete his years’ service. In fact, he later rose to the rank of Sergeant on this supposedly paltry pay.

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The next to leave were Troopers Cousins and Hillyer who, upon their discharge, requested for six guineas in exchange for their revolvers which were of no use to them. Next on the list to complain was Trooper Wiblin who had ten years’ experience in the Imperial Army but now had a large family to support. He requested that the Council replace his horse which he had be forced to shoot on account of it suffering from an incurable disease. On presentation of a detailed schedule of expenses amounting to £60 incurred over the preceding six months, he took receipt of a new horse courtesy of the Council. The Police Unit was now at the crossroads. After two years of being in existence, the Council was seriously of the opinion that the unit should be disbanded. After a lengthy debate, the Council decided to maintain the unit for an additional year. Little did the Council realise that the remuneration of these members was in reality a pittance but they persisted in the salary policy. •

Revised operational regulations

The Council imposed additional regulations with which the Mounted Police had to comply: •

Each constable must keep a Duty Book in the Police Station and to enter his name therein, the hour going on and the hour going off duty, and if attending the Police Court, in what case and how detained

•

The Officer in charge to sign such a book every night, certifying that the Constable was on duty at the locations mentioned by them and dates

•

A Route Book to be in possession of every Constable when on duty for the purposes of obtaining signatures in ink only from farmers that they visit on their patrol.

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The Council should not have been surprised if none of the men had not been aggrieved by the new regulations albeit well-intended. It was Sergeant Tom Dorrington who strenuously protested against them claiming that they were absurd and the present rules had served them well. •

Revised uniform

In 1883, the Government issued a Circular stating that the Divisional Council Police would henceforth be dressed in a black uniform consisting of the following: •

A plain brown helmet, with strap, and a white linen cover.

•

A black cap with braid, straight peak with strap, and a white linen cover

•

Black patrol jacket, braided round edge, with four bars tubular braid with a turn in the centre and a loop at the end in front

•

Black Bedford cord riding breeches with braid down the seam

•

Black trousers with braid down the seams

•

Black boots and black cow-hide leggings, long or short

•

Black overcoats (semi-military) with strap and split for all ranks. The Sergeants and Corporals wore black chevrons edged with scarlet binding 3 bars and 2 bars. The Inspector’s cap bore the oakleaf braid and button and scroll on the crown.

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The staff compliment at this stage consisted of the following: •

Sergeant – Sergeant Troup

•

Constable – John Buckley

•

Constable – George Wynne

•

Constable – John Garner

•

Constable – Heugh Killin

Yet again, a request for a pay increase was declined. •

Maligned by Councillor John Mackay

It was Councillor Mackay who set the cat amongst the pigeons. In a regular Council meeting, he remarked that Policemen were supposed to have definite beats but this was not being adhered to in a certain location in town. Upon reading a report on this in the newspaper, Sergeant Troup was so incensed that he addressed a complaint to the Council. In his correspondence he set the matter to rights by stating that of the four locations serviced by the Divisional Police, the locations at North End known as “Jim Crow” as well as Gubb’s and Rudolph’s Locations were most critical whereas the top of Russell Road, if unmanned, would not compromise security. In disgust, upon expiration of the year’s contract Sergeant Troup resigned from the Force. In his stead, Constable John Buckley was promoted to Sergeant. With the rapid expansion of the town, a much greater number of police were required to maintain the peace. In his wisdom, Mr Wylde proposed that the compliment be increased by one Inspector and fourteen Privates. On financial grounds, this was rejected. Further unpleasantness arose when some of the Councillors aired their views concerning their perception that inefficiency and uselessness pervaded in the Force. On this occasion, 222 ratepayers took umbrage. They drafted a petition protesting against such unwarranted besmirching remarks. Furthermore, they maintained that they had been of great value at all times. In view of the negligible size of local Government Police, the petitioners were of the opinion that the Mounted Divisional Police boosted the police numbers. In 1882, the harassed Town Council was compelled to apply to the Divisional Council for the use of their men. •

Consolidation of Forces

It was six years later when Mr Cherry was transferred to the Division of Alexandria that it afforded the opportunity to place the members of both Local and Divisional police forces under one Chief Constable. In order to attract the correct calibre of individual, the Council would have to forego its parsimonious payment practice. Only once this principle was established was the post advertised. Amongst the worthy applicants was Sergeant John Buckley of the local Divisional police. At a heated meeting held in the Town Hall on the 22ndSeptember 1886, a memorial signed by all the prominent people in town recommended that Buckley be nominated for the position. After a heated debate, it was finally agreed that John Buckley be appointed at a salary of £300 10s per annum including allowances to be made up as follows: The Government to pay £110, the Town Council £127 and the Divisional Council £63 10s. After the agreement was signed by the Mayor, Sergeant Buckley was notified of his appointment as the first Inspector of the Town and Divisional Police Forces.

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Three years later, at the request of the Under Colonial Secretary, the Divisional Council Mounted Police were merged with the new Cape Police and ceased to exist as a separate unit after rendering excellent service for over ten years. •

Assessment

According to Redgrave, his Force more than met the expectations of the citizens. Yet, despite this, certain elements within the Council and outside it, were quick to denigrate it and seldom acknowledged that this underpaid, dedicated force achieved far more than what they were given credit for. •

Source

Redgrave J.J. [M.A.] A Century of Progress. The Story of the Divisional Council of Port Elizabeth. 1856 – 1956 (1956, Nasionale Koerante Beperk, Port Elizabeth).

SA Police Graves: Pretoria • Introduction by Brig. Heymans Very few policemen are aware of the fact that there are many graves of policemen (Zarp’s, SA Constabulary, Transvaal Police and SA Police in the former “Church Street West” graveyard. There is even a “Police Corner” near the old “Heroes Acre”. Many SAC graves have been vandalised and the metal crosses have been stolen. I have photographed many of these metal crosses on the ‘police graves’ in the graveyard before they were stolen. I have observed the second-hand merchants openly stealing the metal headstones in day time.)

• Rebecca Street Graveyard: Pretoria West: Capt. (SAN – Ret) Charles Ross: SA Legion Capt. Charles Ross writes as follows: Good Day Brig. On Saturday members of various veteran organisations once again placed Poppies on graves of those that gave their lives in service of their country. I was with the group that visited the Rebecca Street Cemetery where we also placed on Poppies on the graves of members of the Police. Attached are photos of some of the graves. Yours Aye Charles Ross Page 52 of 175

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On behalf of the former Commissioner op Police of the late SA Police: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Thank you for caring! â&#x20AC;&#x153;

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BSAP: Dave Wilson May Their Dear Souls Rest In Peace. From a time seared in our memory when good men, black and white, stood shoulder defending all that was right. A poem by BSAP Officer Dave Blacker sums it up beautifully:

Sasolburg: Kol. JJ van Rooyen Goeie dag Brigadier Hier is die berede foto soos beloof Ek het ook sommer soos lankal terug beloof die foto’s van die SB’s van die ontstaan van Sasolburg in 1995 tot by my aangeheg. Let asb. daarop dat die range op die foto’s party verkil met die beskrywing. Die rede hiervoor is dat van die foto’s later geneem was. My foto se beskrywing is ook nie reg nie aangesien ek dit verander het nadat ek weg is op Sasolburg. Ek was die 10de SB op Sasolburg vir die tydperk van 1993 tot 2007 en is weg as ‘n kolonel.. Na my was daar nog nie weer ‘n wit bevelvoerder nie en ek het tred verloor met die getal maar daar was min of meer elke jaar of minder ‘n nuwe bevelvoerder. Ek weet nie of hierdie iets van waarde vir u sal wees nie. Groete JJ van Rooyen Kolonel/Colonel Page 56 of 175

1959 – 1994: SAP Sasolburg: Stasiebevelvoerders • 1959 PJ Greyling; 1962 JH Fourie

• 1969 JP Prinsloo; 1973 PJ Putter

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• 1974 WFW Vorster; 1979 JH Burger

• 1980 GC Smith; 1985 GE Moorcroft; 1990 JA Visagie

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• 1993 – 2007 Kol. JJ van Rooyen “Ek was die 10de SB op Sasolburg vir die tydperk van 1993 tot 2007 en is weg as ‘n kolonel.” Die kolonel was die laaste wit SB van Sasolburg. Na hom is daar vele SB’s wat gekom en gegaan het. Ons het ongelukkig geen rekord nie. Hy is al vir jare aan my bekend. Hy die SB van Theunissen in sy jong dae - HBH

Sasolburg Sasolburg is a large industrial town within the Metsimaholo Local Municipality in the far north of the Free State province of South Africa. Sasolburg is further sub-divided into three areas: Sasolburg proper, Vaalpark (a more affluent cluster of suburbs located about 5 km north of the Sasolburg CBD) and Zamdela.Most white residents of Sasolburg speak Afrikaans as a first language, while most black people speak Sesotho as a first language. The Sasol corporation has sponsored infrastructural developments in Sasolburg, such as an Olympic size swimming pool. The town was established in 1954 to provide housing and other facilities for Sasol employees.13

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasolburg

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â&#x20AC;¢ 1975: Konstabel JJ van Rooyen (Berede Afd.)

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1902: Police Ladybrand: Orange River Colony (1902 - 1910)

Ladybrand Police Station, decorated for King Eduard Vll's coronation14, as part of the festivities in the ORC. ...Post ABW August 1902 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Nico Moolman. (Note the Sergeant on the stoep.)

1938: SAP Berede: Pretoria Skou: Nico Moolman

Nico Moolman se vader is een van die ruiters â&#x20AC;&#x201C; HBH.

The coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on 9 August 1902.

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A Policeman’s Tragic Death: No. 18063, Constable Floris Johannes Visser van Aarde: Capt. Andre van Ellinckhuyzen (SAPS) It’s the 10th of May, 1944. It is mid-Autumn and Mother Nature has un-expectedly blessed the areas of Tugela Ferry and Pomeroy with an abundance of much needed rain, just before the start of the harsh winter months. The days and evenings are now beginning to get chilly in the Tugela Valley, which is in sharp contrast with the dry warm summer conditions in that area, but a Policeman’s work can never be halted by cold weather nor by a mighty river that has come down and spilled its banks. On the morning of 10 May 1944, it is business as usual in the Van Aarde home in the small village of Tugela Ferry, on the banks of the Tugela River. Visser and Elsibie have been up since five, because of their “little bundle of joy” having woken them up with his cry for milk. Visser is getting dressed in his police uniform and Elsibie is preparing him a hot bowl of porridge and a mug of coffee, before he must leave, having to walk a distance to the Police Station, to report for duty at 07:15 sharp. Elsibie is now a house wife, having been employed as a clerk at the Post Office in Vryheid, Pomeroy and Tugela Ferry, before the arrival of baby Michiel Nicolaas van Aarde, only six months ago. Elsibie, with baby Michiel wrapped in a warm blanket in her arms, walks with Visser to the gate. They kiss, he holds her tightly and touches his baby boy on his cheek with his fingers, and with a gentle “I love you”, he walks off in the direction of town. Elsibie and her child will never hear Visser say those words again. No. 18063, Constable Floris Johannes Visser van Aarde was born in VanRhynsdorp in the Cape Province on 24 September 1917. He was the son of Michiel Nicolaas van Aarde and Anna Catharina Johanna van Aarde born Visser. Floris had an older brother named Jacobus Abraham, but he died at infancy, and there were also his five sisters, with three being older than him and the other two younger. Michiel van Aarde’s farm was mostly destroyed in a great flood, and the Van Aarde family was forced to move to the town of Malmesbury in the Western Cape. Michiel was always seen in Malmesbury wearing a black suit. He was employed with the South African Railways, after leaving the farm. Floris Johannes Visser van Aarde, grew up and was educated at Malmesbury, where after he worked as a clerk in a local store. On 8 June 1937 Van Aarde joined the South African Police in Pretoria. His still existent service record describes him as being 5 foot 6½ tall, with dark brown hair, grey eyes and weighing 125 pounds. After the completion of six months of basic training at the Police Depot in Pretoria, Van Aarde was at first stationed at Lichtenburg, Rysmierbult and Klerkskraal in the North West Province. For about three months during 1940, he was sent to guard Germans who were interned at the Andalusia Internment camp, during WW2. Andalusia is today known as Jan Kempdorp, in the Northern Cape. Then in September 1940 Van Aarde was sent to Natal where he was stationed at Pomeroy, and in that time did a short stint at Springs for about two months, and then back to Pomeroy again. From July in 1942 he was stationed at Mooi River, where after in March 1943 he was sent to Tugela Ferry. As with most of the police officers of those years, Van Aarde was a trained horseman, and the greater part of his duties were spent on horseback, attending to reported crime and patrolling the farms and rural areas. Page 62 of 175

During his time in Pomeroy, Visser meets the sweet Elsibie van der Merwe, who was a clerk in the local Post Office. Elsibie was a Vryheid girl, who grew up on her parent’s farm, Nooitgedacht near Vryheid. Elsibie is immediately drawn towards this man with the friendly personality, Cape accent and love for music and dance. They fall madly in love, and on July 14 1942, Floris Johannes Visser van Aarde, and Elsibie van der Merwe, were married in the Dutch Reformed Church (Klipkerk) in Vryheid. One child was born from the wedlock of Visser and Elsibie. Michiel Nicolaas van Aarde was born in Vryheid on Thursday, 11 November 1943. Michiel was at first educated at the Lucas Meyer Primary School in Vryheid, then Hoërskool Port Natal and then off to boarding school at Voortrekker Hoërskool, in Pietermaritzburg. Michiel Nicolaas van Aarde joined the South African Defence Force and became a career soldier, and was also a co-founder member of the Presidents Honour Guard in the years 1966 to 1968, and he retired from the military with the rank of Commandant. On his arrival at the police station, Constable Van Aarde is instructed by his Sergeant to patrol the Ngobevu area on horseback, and for that he needed to cross the Tugela River. After saddling his horse, he sets off at a gallop and later with a determination to reach the other side him and the horse waded through the strong flowing river. Later that day witnesses reported that when they were about five yards from reaching the river bank, the horse stumbled and both horse and rider disappeared under the strong flowing river current. The horse reached the bank by swimming, but the unfortunate constable never came up again. His lifeless body was recovered during that afternoon. On that fateful day Visser van Aarde left behind a young mourning wife and a small baby boy. The post mortem was conducted locally by a doctor, and thereafter his mortal remains was brought to Vryheid where on Friday 12 May 1944 he was honoured with a military funeral and laid to rest in the Vryheid Cemetery. The Vryheid Gazette of Friday, 12 May 1944, reported on that same day that “the pall-bearers and firing party consisted of policemen drawn from the Vryheid and Dundee District under the command of Sergeant Coetzee (Vryheid), Capt. Swartz (Commandant, Vryheid) and Capt. Hector (Commandant, Dundee) attended the funeral, and Lieut. J. Allen represented the N.R.V. Vryheid.” Elsibie van Aarde jealously loved her husband and sadly never shared her knowledge of him with his son. She never married again, and singlehandedly raised her only child. After her death on 18 March 1975, Elsabie van Aarde was also laid to rest in the Vryheid Cemetery. Lest we forget.

Constable Van Aarde.

Newlyweds in front of the Klipkerk in Vryheid Page 63 of 175

Constable Van Aarde and a colleague during a farm patrol.

Floris and Elsibie

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Floris van Aarde striking a pose as Elsibie takes a picture of her handsome husband in uniform

Const. Van Aarde (right) posing smartly next to a police sergeant Page 65 of 175

Vryheid Gazette 12 May 1944

Commandant Michiel Nicolaas van Aarde. Page 66 of 175

SA RAILWAYS POLICE | SA SPOORWEGPOLISIE

Bloutrein: Lidsay Bridge Die spoorwegpolisieman; foto deur Lindsay Bridge gedurende 1969 en ontvang via Mervyne Matthee .

Head-Const PC Nienaber: Facebook: South African Railways Police / Suid Afrikaanse Spoorwegpolisie: Allan Nienaber 24 Okt. om 13:20 Het op die afgekom op dokumente van my oorlede Oupa, SAS & H Polisie, Ladysmith, datum 1924 -1934. Frans Bedford-Visser: Hennie, Allan het toestemming gegee om in Nongqai te gebruik.

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â&#x20AC;¢ 1923: Rex vs Cooley & Desward: Good work: Constable PC Nienaber

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â&#x20AC;¢ 1932: Mr. PC Nienaber: Testimonial by System Inspector: Police

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â&#x20AC;¢ 1935: English Test: Investigating Sergeant PC Nienaber

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â&#x20AC;¢ 1936: English Test: Investigating Sergeant PC Nienaber

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â&#x20AC;¢ 1937 Investigating Sergeant PC Nienaber

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â&#x20AC;¢ 19xx: Head-Constable PC Nienaber: Post Commander Ladysmith

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Maj. Loekie Jordaan Gevaarlike wapens op treine: Bron onbekend

Majoor Loekie Jordaan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Cape Times

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MILITARY HISTORY | KRYGSGESKIEDENIS

Lest we forget John Kane-Berman | 28 October 2018 John Kane Berman writes on upcoming hundredth anniversary of the end of the First World War

Lest we forget: John Kane-Berman Sunday next but one, 11th November 2018, will be the hundredth anniversary of the end of what we now know as the First World War. Those who died did not know, and would scarcely have believed, that "the war to end all wars" would be followed only 21 years later by the Second World War. Today the dead of both these wars, and others, are remembered in ceremonies that have the same format in London, Johannesburg, and other parts of the world. The cenotaph in central Johannesburg is modelled on the one in London in Whitehall. Congregations are invited to recite "We will remember them" from Laurence Binyon's poem For The Fallen. Once wreaths have been laid, the Last Post is sounded by a bugler, there is a two-minute silence, and then Reveille is sounded. Red poppies, immortalised in John McCrae's poem In Flanders Fields, are sold to raise funds for veterans' organisations. McCrae was a Canadian who fought on the side of the British in South Africa in the Boer War. He wrote the poem in 1915 while working as a medical officer tending the wounded in Flanders. The British magazine The Spectator rejected it, but Punch published it and it was soon being quoted by soldiers in the horror and squalor of the trenches. The bodies of many who died were never found. It was Rudyard Kipling who wrote the words "A soldier of the Great War known unto God" that adorn the gravestones of these unknown soldiers. Kipling also chose, from the biblical book of Ecclesiasticus, the words that appear in many Commonwealth war cemeteries on Stones of Remembrance built in the shape of altars: "Their name liveth for evermore". When the Imperial (now the Commonwealth) War Graves Commission was discussing the design of the cemeteries, some people thought gravestones should vary according to rank or wealth. Although he said "Lord knows, I am no democrat", Kipling threw his weight behind those who argued for "equality of treatment" of the fallen. As a result, the gravestones of generals and privates are identical. And he wrote a verse, Equality of Sacrifice, which has these lines: A: "I was a have." B: "I was a have-not." Together: "What hast thou given which I gave not?" The couplet has a particular poignancy when one remembers South Africa's unequal treatment of her black and white soldiers, both in life and in death. According to the historian Niall Ferguson, the British and their allies suffered 5.4 million deaths during the First World War. Germany and her allies (the "central powers"), who lost the war, suffered fewer deaths, 4.1 million. The central powers, says Ferguson, were thus "at least a third better at mass slaughter". "Slaughter" seems far removed from the dignity of the Remembrance Day commemorations that will take place in honour of South African and other dead in a fortnight's time. But however, brave their sacrifice, that is what happened to them. Few could have imagined the hell on earth that awaited them as they marched gung-ho off to war, at least in the beginning. Some young men hurried to join Page 77 of 175

up, fearful that the war might be over too soon. The philosopher Bertrand Russell – who was jailed for some of his anti-war activities – wrote of his "horror" that ordinary men and women were delighted at the prospect of war. Had McCrae's poem conveyed the horror of the trenches it might never have become as popular as it did. Wilfred Owen's Anthem for Doomed Youth was closer to the mark. Even so, the British prime minister, David Lloyd George, believed that if the war were to be described in accurate language, people would insist that it be stopped. He said, "The correspondents don't write, and the censorship wouldn't pass, the truth." On the other hand, some of the soldiers home on leave discovered that nobody was particularly interested in what they had to say. And, to add to all the tragedy, the peace treaty signed at the end of the First World War was soon being criticised as having laid the foundations of the Second. https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/lest-we-forget

Komops (Kommunikasie Operasies) en die Media tydens die Grensoorlog: Brig.-Genl. As Kleynhans. Komops staflede by SWAGM HK en die operasionele Sektore in SWA het ‘n belangrike rol gespeel in die daarstelling en instandhouding van effektiewe en geloofwaardige kommunikasie tussen die SAW en media van regoor die wêreld. Komops-offisiere moes goed ingelig wees oor die RSAregering se politieke beleid en uitsprake oor SWA, asook die SAW se breë strategie en planne vir die wen van die oorlog vanaf die hoogste vlak tot op grondvlak. Komops-offisiere moes hul bevelvoerders en ander sleutelstawwe adviseer oor kommunikasie met die media, en in baie gevalle hul bevelvoerders verteenwoordig of selfs beskerm teen die media. Die geheimhouding waarin die SAW se aktiwiteite in die operasionele gebied gehul was, het joernaliste gefrustreer, en sommige van hulle het doelbewuste pogings aangewend om “agter die waarheid te kom” deur allerlei ondervragingstegnieke te gebruik en snuffel aksies uit te voer. Dit was beslis intimiderend vir nuut-aangestelde komops-offisiere om skielik omring te word met ‘n klomp joernaliste met moeilike vrae, wat mikrofone en TV kameras in jou gesig druk. Sekere joernaliste en media was die SAW goedgesind, en andere weer openlik vyandig. Komopsoffisiere het dan noodwendig die goedgesindes “benut” en “bevoordeel”, terwyl daar pogings aangewend is om die vyandiges tot ander insigte te bring of waar nodig te neutraliseer. Daar is talle staaltjies wat oor die media en die SAW in die operasionele gebied vertel kan word. Een van hierdie staaltjies het tydens Op Protea afgespeel. Die omvang van Op Protea, die direkte konfrontasie met FAPLA en die gevangeneming van ‘n Russiese soldaat, het geweldige media belangstelling uitgelok. Die oomblik toe die operasie wêreldkundig geraak het, het internasionale druk op die RSA Regering toegeneem om onmiddellik uit Angola te onttrek. Joernaliste en media spanne het alles probeer om in Angola te kom om hulself te vergewis wat werklik aan die gang was. Page 78 of 175

So was daar ‘n Franse TV span wat ‘n paar keer gearresteer is toe hulle gepoog het om die SWA/Angola grens oor te steek. Die span was woedend – en toe is daar ‘n komops-plan bedink om hierdie span te benut! Daar is besluit om die Franse TV span in twee Puma helikopters te laai en hulle van Xangongo na Ongiva padlangs te vlieg sodat hulle kon sien hoe die SAW magte besig was om uit Angola te onttrek. Dan was die plan verder om bloot toevallig op so ‘n manier oor die brug by Xangongo te vlieg dat die TV kameras die onbeskadigde brug moes afneem – die rede hiervoor was dat ‘n Unita kompanie op pad was om die gebied wat deur die SAW verower is te “beset” en daardie nag die brug op te blaas (wat reeds deur die SA Genie voorberei is). Die plan was dat die TV span teen 15:00 reeds op pad terug na Ondangwa kon wees sodat hul materiaal nog daardie aand wêreldwyd versprei kon word, maar meer belangrik dat Unita hul eie beeldmateriaal kon voorberei oor hul besetting van die brug en Xangongo vir vrystelling in Rome gedurende die nag. En toe val daar ‘n muis in die wyn!!! Ek en die TV span was omtrent 10 minute in die lug toe een van die Pumas enjinprobleme ontwikkel en in ‘n sjona moes gaan land. Bykans ‘n uur later het ‘n ander Puma opgedaag en kon ons verder gaan – maar toe kom ons eers na 16:00 by Xangongo aan. Die Pumas was net besig om, volgens instruksies, op te lyn vir die brug toe ek sien dat die brug vol Unita troepe staan! Dit sou ons ontkenning van direkte samewerking met Unita baie verdag maak, en ons kon nie toelaat dat die Unita troepe afgeneem word terwyl die laaste SAW elemente nog uit Xangongo vertrek het nie. Ek het toe net in my kopstuk opdrag gegee vir die vlieëniers om pad te gee en weer padlangs na Ongiva te vlieg – tot groot ontsteltenis van die TV- span, maar gelukkig was die geraas met die oop deure te veel en ek het iets met my arms verduidelik! Die TV span was baie ingenome met hulle eksklusiewe storie, maar Unita se aankondiging die volgende dag het nie rêrig die hoofberigte gehaal nie, en hulle besetting van die gebied wat deur die SAW skoongemaak is, het toe ook nooit gerealiseer nie!! Ons het ten minste een vyandige TVspan vir ‘n wyle aan ons kant gehad met goeie internasionale blootstelling en bewyse dat die SAW inderdaad besig was om uit Angola te onttrek. Wat daarna gebeur het, is dalk ‘n ander storie!

1930’s: UVM: Artillerie: Nico Moolman

1930’s: 6-perd kanonwa: 13 of 18-pr snelvuur

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1938: UVM: Drommajoor: SDB (SSB): Nico Moolman

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SDB: Papa Brits

Lt. Col. Christian Ernst Gerhardus (Papa) Brits, Also Known As:

"Papa Brits", "Christian Ernest Gerhardus Brits"

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Birthdate: Birthplace:

December 29, 1902 (60) Germiston, East Rand, South Africa

Death:

May 28, 1963 (60) District Groblersdal, Transvaal, South Africa

Place of Burial:

Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa15

1933: Special Service Battalion The Special Service Battalion (SSB) is a South African military unit formed on 1 May 1933 under the patronage of Oswald Pirow, Minister of Defence. The object was to give training to youths, between the ages of 17 and 23, who, in the wake of the 1929 depression, could find no suitable employment on leaving school. Lt Col George E Brink was given the responsibility for establishing the battalion at Roberts Heights and was the first commanding officer. The SSB was established to save the youth from physical and moral degeneration caused by massive unemployment due to the Great Depression. The SSB was to teach the young men military discipline, fitness and various trades to enable them to be employed by the Department of Labour and Welfare. The SSB men received a salary of a shilling a day causing the SSB soon to be known as the "Bob a Day Battalion"[3] In 1934 detachments were also established for 100 trainees at Durban and 150 at Cape Town. Training included elementary military subjects and physical training. After a year of the young men usually found employment in government departments or with civilian employers. By 1936 the output of the SSB totalled about 2000 youths a year. In 1937 the South African Railways established at Roberts Heights a special school to prepare boys for the railways. In 1937 3788 youths passed through the ranks of the SSB. A total of 882 of them joined the Permanent Force. With the expansion of the South African Air Force in 1937 the SSB provided 248 air apprentices for special training but, with the improvement in the economic situation, the waiting list to join the battalion had dwindled to almost nil. With the outbreak of war in September 1939, members of the SSB were posted to units requiring immediate reinforcement to get on to a wartime basis. An example of this being the Coastal Artillery. In February 1940 a number of troops were transferred to the 1st and 2nd Field Force Battalions. These served with distinction in East Africa, Abyssinia and the Middle East as part of 1st South African Division. In August 1941 all members of the SSB below the age of 18 were transferred to the Youth Training Brigade. The remainder formed an infantry battalion, which was converted to an armoured car commando in 1942. In February 1943 the SSB, under Lt Col EG ('Papa') Brits, became part of the 11th SA Armoured Brigade. In March 1943 the Field Force Battalion was disbanded and other ranks and some of the officers were transferred to the SSB, thus providing a nucleus of battle-tested veterans. The unit sailed for the Middle East with the 6th SA Armoured Division in April 1943. In 1944 the division crossed the Mediterranean Sea to take part in the Italian campaign. The regiment played a prominent part in numerous actions during the campaign. In 1946, SSB was resuscitated as a Permanent Force unit and reorganised on a two-battalion basis with the 1st Battalion as an armoured unit and the 2nd Battalion infantry. The former became a

https://www.geni.com/people/Lt-Col-Papa-Brits/6000000010205551265

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training regiment in 1953 and the latter was renamed the 1 South African Infantry Battalion (1SAI) in 1951.16

SDB [SSB]: Orkes op Parade

Hier volg â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;n uiters interessante en insiggewende artikel: Punishment and prescience at Versailles John Kane-Berman | 05 November 2018. John Kane-Berman writes on the warnings that went unheeded Within a year of the armistice whose centenary will be commemorated on 11th November this year, the victorious Allied powers had imposed upon Germany the Treaty of Versailles. That its punitive terms helped to lay the foundations of the Second World War is now widely believed among historians. Fewer people predicted that outcome at the time. But among them were JC Smuts, soon to replace Louis Botha as South African prime minister, and John Maynard Keynes, the British economist. Keynes was part of the British treasury's delegation at the Versailles conference, but he resigned when he failed to get the terms of the treaty made less onerous. His book The Economic Consequences of the Peace made him a global celebrity, but it was not until the end of the Second World War that his ideas were followed with the introduction of the Marshall Plan to rebuild the devastated German and other European economies with American money. Smuts signed the treaty because he welcomed the promised destruction of Prussian militarism and the establishment of the League of Nations, and because he wanted formally to close the war. But

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Service_Battalion

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he wrote to the British prime minister, David Lloyd George, and the American president, Woodrow Wilson, warning them that "under this treaty Europe will know no peace". Among the provisions to which Smuts and Keynes objected were reparations payments demanded of Germany that they regarded as excessive. When Germany failed to meet some of her payments, the French army occupied her industrial heartland, the Ruhr, in 1923, striking a crippling blow at the German economy and uniting the German people against the entire Versailles settlement. One of the consequences of Allied policy was the hyperinflation of the early 1920s, fuelled by the printing of money. Savings were wiped out, along with faith in the Weimar Republic, while profiteers and speculators thrived. Eventually the debt was rescheduled with the help of an American loan, and the economy was somewhat stabilised until the Great Depression struck in 1929. But by then Adolf Hitler, a veteran of the First World War who had been decorated and wounded, had found his calling. He had graduated from failed artist and social dropout to racist demagogue able to whip mass meetings into a frenzy with his hate-filled message against the "November criminals" who had signed the armistice. Put on trial in 1924 for his abortive Munich beerhall putsch the previous year, he turned the courtroom into a theatre and became a national figure and a hero to many. His nine months in Landsberg prison gave him the time to write Mein Kampf, and to refine his strategy for the assumption of dictatorial power. This included co-option of the Church, business, and the army. In the election in 1928, Hitler's Nazi party won 810 000 votes and 12 seats in the Reichstag. But Hitler was able to exploit the depression (and unemployment) just as he had exploited hyperinflation. In the 1930 election the Nazis won 6.4 million votes and 107 seats, and had grown from the smallest to the second largest party in the Reichstag. In January 1933 Hitler became chancellor. His first military success was the occupation of the Rhineland in 1936. Although this was a violation of Versailles, the British and French had no stomach to act against him, partly because they had had second thoughts about the treaty. Thus emboldened, Hitler soon swallowed up Austria and Czechoslovakia, supposedly to unite with their homeland all the ethnic Germans excluded from it by Versailles. Keynes showed that Germany could afford to pay only about a quarter of the ÂŁ8000 million demanded of her. But he added that there was more at stake than "economic facts", for some defended the treaty "in the name of Justice". Wrote Keynes: "In the great events of man's history, in the unwinding of the complex fates of nations, Justice is not so simple. And if it were, nations are not authorised, by religion or by natural morals, to visit on the children of their enemies the misdoings of parents or of rulers." https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/punishment-and-prescience-at-versailles

The Teacher and Astronomer from Paulpietersburg: Capt. Andre van Ellinckhuyzen (SAPS) No. 1494 Lieutenant James Henry Attwood of the Rand Light Infantry (RLI) and former Umvoti Mounted Rifles (UMR), was born on 27 January 1913 at Paulpietersburg and was the son of Samuel Henry Attwood, born 1875, and Maria Catharina Attwood nee van Rooyen, born 1877, who were Page 84 of 175

married in the Dutch Reformed Church in Kranskop on 22 March 1909. At the time of their marriage Samuel was a Police Sergeant at Paulpietersburg. James had an elder sibling brother, who was not named. He was still born on 15 June 1910 and his fragile infant body, was probably buried on the farm Kranskop or Doornhoek in the Kranskop area, near Greytown. James Henry Attwood matriculated from Estcourt High School at the end of 1930, and after completing matric, he studied at the University of Natal in Pietermaritzburg where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Teaching. On 25 may 2017 Mr. Bruce Attwood writes: “Hi Andre, I went to Estcourt High School too and did not achieve the success my father did. There was an old teacher there named Erxleben, we called him Jerx. He had taught my father and one day in a woodwork class he asked me if I was related in any way to the late Harry Attwood. ‘Yes Sir’ I replied ‘he was my father’. Well, well, he said ‘I can see a vague resemblance of him in you but that is where it ends because you will never be a woodworker’. He was wrong. If you look up Antbear Lodge and Sycamore Avenue Tree Houses you will see some of my work. Regards Bruce”. On 12 December 1937 James Henry Attwood was married to Barbara Ina Attwood nee Bennett of Winterton in Natal, in the All Saints Anglican Church in the picturesque town of Winterton, in the Natal Drakensberg. At that time James was a “Schoolmaster” at Paulpietersburg in Natal. One child was born from their marriage, and they named him Bruce. Bruce Attwood who now lives in Howick in Natal is the retired founder of the Sycamore Tree Houses at Mooi River in Natal. Lieutenant Attwood was a member of the Astronomical Society of South Africa and in their journal of April 1938 JH Attwood’s address was given as Box 23, Paulpietersburg Natal. In his book named “Goodbye God 1999”, John Johnsson, who once was the Rector of the Treverton School, writes that Harry Attwood who was nicknamed “Harry Longlegs”, was his class teacher in grades seven and eight at Paulpietersburg School. Johnsson describes Harry Attwood as being six foot four inches tall and that he always came to school riding his Norton motor cycle. He goes on to write that Attwood was an enthusiastic cricket player and had coached them at cricket. Johnsson writes that Attwood loved astronomy and he describes how they used to visit Mr Attwood at his home at night to watch the stars and be taught about astronomy by him. Johnsson writes about how they disliked saying goodbye to Mr Attwood when he went to war and about the “shattering blow” when they learnt of his death. After James’s death Barbara was later married to Norman Lindsay. Two girls were born from that marriage namely Marian Barbara Greeves nee Lindsay who lives in Estcourt and Jean Lewis nee Lindsay who lives in Hilton, near Pietermaritzburg. Barbara Ina passed away on 25 June 1980 and was buried at the All Saints Anglican Church in Winterton, where she and James were married all those years ago. In the book Rand Light Infantry by Major BG Simpkins one can read that “the loss of Lieutenant Attwood meant the passing of a very gallant officer and of one who had achieved a reputation for the number of patrols that he had led at Bardia, Gazala and at El Alamein”. In the same book one can read that on 19 July 1942 Lt JH Attwood was wounded in battle and later in the book one will read that “shortly after breaching the wire and overcoming the outer defences the company suffered more serious losses, among them the senior and most experienced platoon commander, Lieutenant J. H. Attwood, and Sergeant J. G. Toner, who were both killed, and ………” Page 85 of 175

James Henry Attwood died on 23 October 1942 when he was killed in action, during fierce fighting, at El Alamein in Egypt, and he was buried in the El Alamein War Cemetery. The name of Lieutenant James Henry Attwood is also celebrated on a war memorial at Estcourt, at the Estcourt High School and at Greytown in Natal. Lest we Forget.

James Henry Attwood & Barbara Ina Attwood nee Bennett. Lieutenant James Henry Attwood.

All Saints Anglican Church at Winterton. James and Ina posing at the Norton motor cycle. Page 86 of 175

The original cross marking the grave of Lieutenant Attwood at El Alamein. Lieutenant Attwood's grave at El Alamein in Egypt

El Alamein: Lt. Attwood is 3rd from the left. Gen Dan Pienaar is in front. Page 87 of 175

Fokus van die week: Uit die geskiedenis: Johanna van der Merwe: Pieter Swart Daar is baie verhale van verskrikking wat in ons jong volk se geskiedenis opgeteken staan. Maar niks erger as wat die nag van 16 Februarie 1838 langs die lope van die Tugelarivier gebeur het nie. Met dit ter agtergrond wil ek graag ‘n verhaal van bittere ironie vertel: Hoe ŉ jong Voortrekkermeisie die nag van slagting in 1838 met 21 assegaaiwonde oorleef het. Net om 165 jaar later weer deur ŉ assegaai vermink te word. Haar naam is Johanna van der Merwe. Johanna was net twaalf jaar oud en was saam met haar gesin een van die splintergroepies Voortrekkers wat teen die goeie raad van ‘n leier, Gert Maritz, teen die Tugelarivier opgetrek het en langs sy lope laer opgeslaan het in afwagting van die terugkoms van Piet Retief en sy manne. Die Voortrekkers het toe nog nie geweet dat Retief-hulle reeds tien dae tevore in Umgungundlovu, stad van die Zoeloekoning, Dingaan, vermoor is nie. Van Retief se manskappe is op ŉ uiters barbaarse wyse gemartel voordat die dood hulle van hul pyn verlos het. In dié opsig was Retief sekerlik gelukkig om ŉ vinnige dood te sterf. Volgens sommige ooggetuies is ŉ assegaai van onder sy keel in sy kop ingedruk. Dingaan het daar sy impie versamel wat deur die slagting van die Retief-kommando tot groot bloeddorstigheid opgesweep was met die opdrag: Gaan slag die hoenders in hul neste... Die laatmiddag van 16 Februarie 1838 is met ŉ pragtige aanskemering begroet aan die walle van die Tugela. Dit was ŉ tipiese soel somersaand in Zoeloeland. Windstil en wolkloos. Maar donkermaan. Oral langs die rivier het die Voortrekkers, wat oor ŉ groot omgewing en in baie gevalle kilometers van mekaar versprei was, gereed gemaak vir die nag. Vure sou sekerlik oral gesellig langs die waens geknetter het met die reuk van braaivleis en geurige wild in swartpotte in die lug. En die uitbundige lag van spelende kinders. Niemand het onraad vermoed nie. Hulle het tewens verwag om Retief enige oomblik terug te verwelkom met goeie nuus oor hul nuutgevonde land. Die vure het mettertyd uitgebrand, ligte is gedoof en kinders is in sagte vere- en velkomberse toegemaak vir die nag. Stilweg het die geluide van die nagvolk die omgewing om die laers met ŉ stille rustigheid en vrede gevul. Die krieke en jakkalse. Die sagte gekreun van die beeste. Omstreeks middernag is die eerste laertjies aangeval. Almal en alles is genadeloos afgemaai. Mens en dier. Ongeborenes is lewend uit swanger vroue geslag. Vroue se borste en hakskeensenings is afgekap. Mae is oopgekloof sodat die ingewande op die grond gesleep het. Klein kinders se koppe is teen wawiele verbrysel. In een aangrypende verslag van ŉ oorlewende vrou vertel sy hoe ma’s hulle kleintjies wou versmoor deur op hulle te gaan lê omdat dit ‘te wreed sou wees” om hulle koppe teen die wawiele te laat verbrysel.

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Ons kan ons voorstel dat klein Johanna en die mense van die Van der Merwe-laer eers wakker geword het toe die bloeddorstige menigte op hulle was: Die krete van die aanvallers; vroue en kinders wat histeries gil en skree; hier en daar ŉ skoot. Kan ŉ mens jou werklik hierdie klanke van afgryslike angs en doodstryd voorstel? Daar is meer as een weergawe oor presies wat met klein Johanna gebeur het. ŉ Kleinkind van haar het jare later vertel sy het saam met ander vroue onder ŉ wa probeer skuil en is daar uitgesleep en het onder ŉ assegaaireën deurgeloop. ŉ Stuk assegaailem het in haar rugwerwels afgebreek. Volgens ŉ ander weergawe het Johanna, ŉ maatjie met die naam Betta de Beer en nog ŉ jong meisie in die chaos daarin geslaag om te ontvlug. Hulle het in ŉ doringboom geklim om so te ontkom. Teen skemeroggend het daar steeds van die Zoeloes rondgemaal. Een het naby die boom verbygeloop en gesien hoe bloed uit die takke drup... Die ander twee meisies is uit die boom gesleep. Johanna het stewig in ŉ mik vasgehaak en die Zoeloe het tevergeefs aan haar langs bos bruin hare gepluk om haar uit die mik los te kry. Toe hy dit nie kon regkry nie, is sy herhaaldelik met assegaaie gesteek en vir dood daar gelos waar sy later gevind is toe aasvoëls om die boom begin draai het. Oor hierdie gebeure het C. Louis Leipoldt die volgende aangrypende gedig geskryf: Die Koperkapel Die koperkapel kom uit sy gat En sluip die randjie rond: “Dit het gereën; die veld is nat, En nat is die rooi-geel grond.” Die meerkat kom, en sy ogies blink, En hy staan orent en wag. En die stokou ystervark sê: “Ek dink Die reën kom weer vannag.” Maar die geitjie piep: “Dis glad nie reën! Dis kollerig, swart en rooi: Kom jy sulke reën in jou lewe teen – So glad, so styf, so mooi?” En die wyse steenuil waag sy woord: “Dis bloed, dis mensebloed! Dis die lewensbloed wat hierdie oord Se bossie-wortels voed!” Johanna het herstel, maar sy is erg kreupel gelaat. Sy is later getroud met Hendrik Delport en die egpaar het ŉ groot gesin gehad. Sy is op 15 Januarie 1888 op 62-jarige ouderdom oorlede. Om haar nagedagtenis te herdenk het die vorige regering ŉ Daphnéklas-duikboot na haar vernoem. Die SAS Johanna van der Merwe. In 2003 het die ANC-regering besluit om die duikboot te hernoem. Die nuwe naam: Assegaai...17

VF+-nuusbrief 592

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POLICE & THE PRESS | POLISIE EN DIE PERS

Ahmed Timol: The questionable case against Joao Rodrigues Jeremy Gordin | 06 November 2018 Jeremy Gordin asks whether the NPA has sufficient evidence to bring a prosecution, let alone secure a conviction

It’s fair to say that in the popular imagination the “former apartheid cop” Joao Rodrigues – actually he was an admin clerk – has come to be regarded as the embodiment of the brutality of the Security Police during the apartheid-era and the impunity with which they long operated. Rodrigues, you will recall, was the clerk attached to the Security Branch (SB) in Pretoria, who went to (then) John Vorster Square police station carrying some documents, on the afternoon of October 27, 1971. This was the day on which detainee Ahmed Timol fell, jumped or was thrown to his death. Or, rather, since October 2017, neither I nor anyone should write “fell, jumped or was thrown to his death”: for in his findings of October 2017, Judge Billy Mothle, who presided over the reopened inquest into Timol’s death, reversed the original 1971 inquest finding that Timol had committed suicide and ruled instead that he had been murdered. A police photographer's picture of Rodrigues at the scene taken on the evening of 27 October 1971

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Rodrigues, who resigned from the police in 1972 and subsequently pursued a career as a journalist and writer, was duly charged with Timol’s murder by the National Prosecuting Authority on 18 September 2018. This was framed in the media as the culmination of a long fight for justice by the Timol family, who have enjoyed (at least, relatively recently) the support of South Africa’s leading human rights organisations in this endeavour. The overwhelming public sentiment has been that the quest for justice for the Timol family should not be further delayed, and the trial should proceed as soon as possible. As Judge Ramarumo Monama commented at Rodrigues’ first appearance: “If the matter is 47 years old, it needs to be attended to as quickly as possible.” As a result, Rodrigues’ subsequent application for a stay of prosecution on the basis that his basic constitutional rights were being violated has received what can only be termed as an underwhelming and indifferent response. This might well be a serious mistake on the part of the body politic, not to mention the media because the application is a serious one, drawn up by a serious lawyer (Adv. Jaap Cilliers SC), and it raises some very serious issues. First, a general observation. In any criminal case – and especially in a high-profile murder trial where those accused know they will be spending the rest of their lives in jail, should they be convicted – there is obviously a great deal of punishment involved just in the process. The toll this takes on the accused is obviously further exacerbated if they are both elderly and ailing. As a result, in properly functioning and humane legal systems, prosecutions are only brought where there is compelling prima facie evidence of guilt. In other words, the “probably innocent” are never put on trial, not even for the most heinous crimes, for which the public are crying out for a show of retribution. In his affidavit in support of the application, Rodrigues notes that he is almost 80 years’ old and in poor health. He says he suffers from diabetes, has a heart condition which requires a pacemaker, has to use a crutch to walk due to knee and hip problems, becomes tired easily, and has a fading memory. The prospect of travelling every day from Pretoria to Johannesburg to a trial expected to last for months is daunting for him. Second, it is important here to step back and make a few observations about the second inquest. From the time of his death, Timol’s parents insisted that their son would not have taken his own life. Their nephew Imtiaz Cajee later sought to vindicate this belief, and was joined in this effort by the Legal Resources Centre and the Foundation for Human Rights. At the second inquest the Timol family’s legal team chose not to make a case that this was a case of induced suicide (for which there was compelling evidence) but rather outright murder. Two of the main obstacles standing in the way of making this case were firstly the original autopsy evidence and secondly Rodrigues’ eyewitness testimony. The forensic evidence was incontrovertible that Timol had died as the result of a fall from a great height. Moreover, although there were superficial injuries – bruises and abrasions – dating from an assault at the time of his arrest some days before, any broken bones or fractures would have had to have been incurred either through the impact of the fall or within a few hours beforehand. Rodrigues testified at both the first and second inquest that he had travelled to John Vorster Square from Pretoria to bring security branch interrogators Captains Johannes Zacharias van Niekerk and Johannes Hendrik Gloy (both now dead) their salary cheques18 and a file. He had arrived at 3.30pm and then gone to room 1026 where Timol was allegedly writing a statement in the presence of the two interrogators. At around 3.48pm Gloy and Van Niekerk had left the room to check up on some information, and before Rodrigues could stop him Timol had made for the window, opened it, and propelled himself out and to his death ten floors below. At the second inquest the Timol family’s lawyers presented a very different version of events. This was that the night before his death Ahmed Timol had been horrifically tortured and beaten and, in the process, incurred severe physical injuries that left him “incapacitated, unable to move and talk, and close to death, most probably in a comatose state.” Rather than calling in a doctor to examine him, the Security Police had decided to cover-up what they had done, pushing him off the roof or out of a tenth-floor window instead. This they had done in the morning not the afternoon – according 18

Commissioned officers received monthly warrant vouchers (skatkisorders) – HBH.

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to the recollections of three witnesses, none of whom testified at the first inquest, and who were “led” at the second inquest by the family’s legal representatives. Rodrigues had arrived later, and as part of an elaborate cover-up, pretended to have seen Timol fall when he had, acting out his shock and surprise to a number of other witnesses. This new time-line seems deeply implausible; at the very least, one presumes that the late Isie Maisels QC and George Bizos, the family’s legal representatives at the first inquest, would not have missed such an obvious “time glitch”. But it had various advantages for the case the family was trying to make the second time around. For one thing it meant that Rodrigues’ account could be dismissed outright. As Advocate Varney noted in his final arguments to the inquest: “... if this Court finds that the fall did take place in the morning, then there is no need to carefully test [Rodrigues’] version of what transpired in room 1026, since it automatically follows that it must be all false.” All this was accepted by Judge Mothle. But the “difficulty” is that, although this solved one problem for the family (“Timol was indeed murdered”), it created a problem with pinning the crime on the last living person involved in any way, namely Rodrigues. This version effectively removed Rodrigues from the scene of the crime, given that according to all prior versions he had arrived at the scene in the afternoon. He could conceivably be prosecuted for being part of a cover-up (though it would appear a statute of limitations has kicked in – see below). But one can’t prosecute someone for committing a murder committed while he wasn’t there, and in which he played no prior role. All of which is to say that the National Directorate of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) seems to have made a right royal cock-up, or series of them, in the process of charging Rodrigues with (i) murder and (ii) defeating/or obstructing the administration of justice – and evidence of the mess emerges from Rodrigues’ application, brought 13 days ago, for a permanent stay of prosecution as well as an order prohibiting future criminal proceedings against him. As noted, the police claimed at the time of the first inquest in 1972 that Timol had been left by Van Niekerk and Gloy in room 1026 – with Rodrigues merely “keeping an eye” on Timol because the two interrogators had to step out together. Then, according to Rodrigues, Timol suddenly stood up, evaded him, and jumped out of the window, plummeting to his death. As noted above, these claims were not accepted by Mothle in his inquest findings of October 2017. Now then, the murder charge alleges that Rodrigues, in “common purpose” with Van Niekerk and Gloy, “unlawfully and intentionally” killed Timol on October 27, 1971. The second charge (“defeating justice”) relates to Rodrigues having allegedly furnished false information to the members of SAPS and/or the court from October 2016-October 2017 i.e., just prior to, and at, the reopened inquest. Let’s begin with the murder charge. As Rodrigues points out in his application to the Pretoria high court: “After considering the vast body of evidential material, [Judge Mothle] put before the Court a very detailed and lengthy judgment consisting of 129 typed pages ... on the 12th of October 2017.” Here are three of Judge Mothle’s findings. (i) “On 27 October 1972, Timol’s interrogation was conducted by Gloy and Van Niekerk. At the time Timol fell, he was under the care of at least Gloy and Van Niekerk.” (ii) “Three independent witnesses put the time of Timol’s fall as mid-morning on 27 October 1971. ... This Court accepts that Timol fell in the mid-morning and Rodrigues, if ever he was in room 1026 later in the afternoon, was brought there to legitimise the cover-up narrative”. (iii) “Rodrigues, on his own version, participated in the cover-up to conceal the crime of murder as an accessory after the fact of that murder, and went on to commit perjury by presenting contradictory evidence ... A recommendation is made to have him investigated and prosecuted for these offences” (my interpolation and emphasis). So: what’s with the murder charge? The judge, we read, suggested Rodrigues be investigated and prosecuted for “covering-up” and perjury – and he gets charged with murder. Has the NDPP completely lost the plot? Not entirely, it seems. Initially, in an “earlier” version of the indictment, the state indicated it would rely on section 257 of the Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) of 1977, then opted not to rely on this section – that its mention had been a “typographical error”. As Rodrigues notes in his papers, an offence created in terms of section 257 of the CPA, even if committed, has “prescribed” in terms of section 18 of the CPA. (The charge should read – as it does now in the “corrected” indictment – “Murder, read with section 51(1) of the CPA, 51 of 1977”). Page 92 of 175

But this “typo” has greater significance. Judge Mothle found that Rodrigues was not involved in the death of Timol but that his involvement related to the “later” (ex post facto) creation of a false version of Timol’s death. But the NDPP realised that the offence with which Rodrigues could have been charged, had prescribed. So, it appears, the decision was taken to couple him to a murder charge – apparently in the hope that if this failed, he would nonetheless be snagged on the second charge. But here is just one policy directive issued in terms of section 21 of the NPA Act: “Prosecutors should therefore not formulate more charges than are necessary just to encourage an accused person to plead guilty to some of the charges. Similarly, a more serious charge should not be proceeded with as part of a strategy to obtain a guilty plea on a less serious one”. We soldier on. On being charged on September 18, 2018, Rodrigues was served with a charge sheet and a summary of substantial facts. The only new “facts” (since 1971/2), Rodrigues contends, was recent medical evidence from pathologists (who’d neither seen Timol’s body nor where or how it had landed) and untested evidence on the probable trajectory of “the body falling from the 10th floor and/or roof of the building”. Rodrigues’ attorneys requested further particulars. This was the reply from the state: “The State has provided all documentation and exhibits in its possession.” I.e., there is no new evidence since the reopened inquest of last year. Among the questions the State would not answer in requests from Rodrigues for “further particulars” were some of the following. Given the allegations on the charge sheet that Rodrigues had tortured and assaulted Timol and pushed him from the window, Rodrigues asked: “What acts of assault and/or torture did I allegedly commit?” “When did I allegedly participate in these acts of torture and assault?” “What injuries to the deceased did I allegedly cause?” The State responded: “As to how the assault on the deceased occurred, it is a matter of evidence and will be addressed by oral evidence including medical and other expert evidence.” Readers, who are also TV viewers, might recall one of the arguments made by colourful senator Lindsey Graham (a lawyer by training) at the Senate Judiciary Committee’s hearing into Christine Blasey Ford’s allegation that Brett Kavanaugh had sexually assaulted her thirty-six years previously on an unknown date and at an unknown location: “I have a lot of sympathy for what Dr. Ford’s gone through,” Graham remarked, “but the allegations did not hold up. She can file a complaint in Maryland, a criminal complaint that will not get out of the batter’s box. If you’re accused of a crime in this country, you have to be put on notice of when it happened and where it happened and there has to be some corroboration. So, this complaint will never get legs in the legal system ...” As Rodrigues remarks in his papers: “A finding will be based on whether there is prima facie evidence implicating a person as being responsible for the death of the deceased. The findings of the Court in the inquest is therefore significant ... [because it] found that there was not even prima facie evidence implicating me in the murder....\\ I am advised ... that it is inherently unfair ... to charge me on a count of murder after the lapse of more than 47 years and under the circumstances where a High Court, after a detailed investigation and evaluation of all relevant evidence ... found that I was not involved in or even present at the time of the murder of the deceased”. Rodrigues also discusses the time lapse. The murder of Ahmed Timol was investigated by the TRC in 1996. Why, if there clearly existed a prima facie case against him, were criminal proceedings not instituted against him then? Rodrigues also points out that there does exist a “significant and material dispute” about how Timol fell to his death. But “almost everyone” involved in the interrogation of Timol has died. “It seems to me that the decision to charge me ... is not based on the case they have against me but on the fact that I am one of the few persons involved ... that still is alive”. Rodrigues also notes that he has never done anything to evade justice or cause a delay in any proceedings. He presented himself willingly at the reopened inquest. Finally, Rodrigues concludes that the delay in sorting out the truth about the death of Ahmed Timol “was not caused by resource limitations and/or so-called systemic delay. At the very least the cause for the delay and the prejudice caused are clearly the culpable and reckless activity on the part of the National Director of Prosecutions.” Page 93 of 175

Earlier in his papers, Rodrigues had noted that Imtiaz Cajee, Timol’s nephew, who worked for years to have the inquest reopened, had testified that at a time when Gloy and Van Niekerk were still alive, he had learned from then NDPP Vusi Pikoli and the head of the Priority Crimes Litigation Unit, Anton Ackermann, that issues such as the murder of Timol were not priorities at all as far as those in the VIP seats were concerned. But this is another story, is it not? https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/ahmed-timol-the-questionable-case-against-joao-rod I found this a very good article and was prompted to find out who Jeremy Gordin is: “Jeremy Gordin, the 2007 Mondi Shanduka South African Journalist of the Year, is the Director of the Investigative Journalism Workshop's Justice Project at Wits University. Gordin has a string of awards to his name, having also won Mondi Shanduka awards in 2003 and 2004. Gordin writes a column for Politicsweb and served as Associate Editor of The Sunday Independent, The Sunday Tribune and The Sunday Argus for three years. From 2003 - 2005 he was Acting Editor of the Independent News Network and Group Special Writer. He has co-authored two books of investigative journalism, The Infernal Tower (1996) and A Long Night's Damage (1998) but is widely known for the biography that he completed last year on the life and times of President Jacob Zuma entitled Zuma: A Biography. Born in Pretoria 1952, Gordin studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel and UNISA. He is married with two children.” 19

Action to be taken against SAPS’s unlawful NSF Project – Solidarity. Dirk Hermann | 06 November 2018. Union says there is an unlawful hijacking of senior positions going on within the police service.

Solidarity to announce action to be taken against SAPS’s corrupt and unlawful NSF Project 6 November 2018 At a press conference on Wednesday 7 November Solidarity will announce the steps it will take on behalf of its members in the South African Police Service (SAPS) to have the implementation of the controversial project for members of the non-statutory forces (NSF) revised. The aim of this project is to promote approximately 600 former freedom fighters in great secrecy. This action follows after Solidarity earlier served court papers on the SAPS to review the project it intended to implement through a secret human resource project. 19

http://www.jonathanball.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4078&Itemid=6

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According to Solidarity Chief Executive Dirk Hermann, the SAPS has until today (Tuesday 6 November) to respond to Solidarity’s court papers. “If they do not respond by the deadline Solidarity will announce full-scale legal action against the SAPS,” Hermann confirmed. According to Hermann, the NSF project was developed in great secrecy, and in essence, it sets out to appoint so-called NSF members, who are said to have been MK and APLA members, and to create major career leaps for them in the SAPS. “For example, some of those leaps include planned promotions from the rank of sergeant to the rank of brigadier – a leap involving five ranks,” Hermann said. “This is nothing but an unlawful hijacking of senior positions within the SAPS. Despite two urgent court applications, resulting in court orders in our favour to gain access to information about the project, we still do not have all the answers. What we do know is that an unlawful and irrational decision was made to promote at least 628 NSF members to senior ranks that had been reserved without those positions having been advertised or without such positions even existing or having been approved. The 628 NSF members constitute 0,4% of the total of 150 000 SAPS members. At the moment, 2 000 promotional vacancies are available and in filling them preference would be given to the 628 NSF members. This group of 0,4% will thus take up 30% of the available promotional positions in the SAPS,” Hermann said. According to Hermann, the NSF project has been approved all the way up to the highest level, but it is shrouded in secrecy because of the reckless promotion of NSF members who do not meet the basic requirements. “In certain cases, those persons cannot even read and write properly,” Hermann explained. Members of the media are invited to attend the press conference on the announcement of the action Solidarity intends to take. Issued by Dirk Hermann, Executive Officer, Solidarity, 6 November 2018 https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/action-to-be-taken-against-sapss-unlawful-nsf-proj “WE WILL REMEMBER THEM”: CAPT. CHARLES ROSS (SAN – RTD.)

South Africans Commonwealth War Casualties Buried Across the World – Part Nine Captain (SAN) Charles Ross (SA Navy Retired) South Africans participated in almost every theatre of war during both the First and Second World Wars. According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Casualty Data Base 7 290 (includes 607 unknown) First World War casualties and 9 986 (includes 84 unknown) Second World War casualties are buried in 1 207 cemeteries while 2 959 First World War and 2 005 Second World War casualties are commemorated on 48 memorials. This does not include the 1 750 members of the South African Native Labour Corps and the 306 from the South African Book of Remembrance whose names are in the process of being added to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission’s Casualty Data Base. With South Africans having served far and wide it is not surprising that you would find single or small group graves in cemeteries across the world. Here are some of those cemeteries where one or a very small group of South Africans are buried.

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â&#x20AC;˘ Malta (Capuccini) Naval Cemetery: Malta From the spring of 1915, the hospitals and convalescent depots established on the islands of Malta and Gozo dealt with over 135,000 sick and wounded, chiefly from the campaigns in Gallipoli and Salonika, although increased submarine activity in the Mediterranean meant that fewer hospital ships were sent to the island from May 1917. During the Second World War, Malta's position in the Mediterranean was of enormous Allied strategic importance. Heavily fortified, the island was never invaded, but was subjected to continual bombardment and blockade between Italy's entry into the war in June 1940 and the Axis defeat at El Alamein in November 1942. At the height of Axis attempts to break Malta's resistance in April 1942, the island and her people were awarded the George Cross by King George VI. Malta's defence relied upon a combined operation in which the contributions made by the three branches of the armed forces and Merchant Navy were equally crucial. Although heavily pressed in defence, offensive raids launched from the island by air and sea had a crippling effect on the Axis lines of communication with North Africa, and played a vital part in the eventual Allied success there. Malta (Capuccini) Naval Cemetery, which once belonged to the Admiralty, is divided into two sections, Protestant and Roman Catholic. Most of the 351 Commonwealth burials of the First World War form a triangular plot in the Protestant section, the rest are scattered elsewhere. Among those buried in the cemetery are 44 men from HMS "Egmont", the Depot ship at Malta, and 22 who died

when HMS "Russell" was sunk by a mine off Malta in April 1916.

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Most of the 694 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War are also in the Protestant section in a plot near the entrance, but there is another group in the Roman Catholic section. The rest are scattered. The Commission also cares for 1,445 non-war burials in the cemetery, and 137 war graves of other nationalities. South Africans buried in the cemetery are all from the South African Air Force, Lieutenant T. T. Goulding, 12 Squadron, who died on 23 July 1943, Lieutenant S. J. Handley who died on 18 August 1943, Lieutenant R. A. E. W. Simpson, 21 Squadron, who died on 18 August 1943, Flight Sergeant F. R. Childe, 21 Squadron, who died on 23 July 1943, Flight Sergeant V. P. Roberts, 21 Squadron, who died 18 August 1943 and Flight Sergeant K.O. Shepperson, 21 Squadron, who died on 18 August 1943. â&#x20AC;˘ Sidon War Cemetery: Lebanon Sidon War Cemetery was opened in 1943 by units of His Majesty's Forces occupying the Lebanon after the 1941 campaign. It was originally used for the burial of men who died while serving with the occupation force, but subsequently the graves of a number of the casualties of the 1941 campaign were moved into the cemetery from other burial grounds or from isolated positions in the vicinity.

The cemetery now contains 176 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War and nine war graves of other nationalities. It was designed by G. Vey.

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South African buried in this cemetery are Corporal W. J. Mosaleng, Cape Corps, who died on 13 November 1942, Private J. Classen, Cape Corps, who died on 13 September 1942, Private Mathengana, Native Military Corps, who died on 13 December 1943, Private M. Mohloka, Native Military Corps, who died on 03 May 1943, Sapper G. A. Mizon, South African Engineer Corps, who died on 21 September 1943 and Corporal C. A. C. Ohlsen, South African Engineer Corps, who died on 17 February 1943. Also buried in the cemetery are 16 members of the African Pioneer Corps (HCT). 8 from the Bechuanaland (Botswana) Company, 7 from the Basuto (Lesotho) Company and 1 from the Swaziland Company. â&#x20AC;˘ Tripoli (Victoria) Naval Cemetery: Libya Tripoli (Victoria) Naval Cemetery originated in 1893, as a result of the collision between HMS Victoria and HMS Camperdown, off the coast of Tripoli on 22nd June 1893, which lead to the loss of HMS Victoria. Lebanon was at that time part of the Ottoman Empire and the piece of ground occupied by the cemetery was given by the Turkish Government as a burial place for some of the 358-crew lost in this incident. A sailor from HMS Ramilies, who died in 1895, is also buried there. In 1922 Syria and the Lebanon became French mandated territory and after the fall of France in 1940, the two countries, under the control of the Vichy French, were a potential base for the Axis powers. The Germans infiltrated Syria in May 1941 posing a threat to the Suez Canal and the Allied positions in the Middle East. In an attempt to neutralise this threat, the Allies, including a contingent of Free French forces, advanced into both countries from Palestine on 8 June 1941. The campaign lasted until 11 July, when the Vichy French asked for an armistice. Subsequently the French Mandate was superseded by an agreement which made Lebanon an independent state from 1 January 1944. The cemetery contains the graves of 87 Commonwealth soldiers and airmen who lost their lives during the 1941 campaign in Syria and the Lebanon. There are also 12 Polish and Greek war graves within the cemetery, and 7 non-war naval burials. Only Private S. Hartnick, Cape Corps, who died on 27 October 1944 is buried in this cemetery. Also buried in the cemetery are 4 members of the African Pioneer Corps (HCT), 2 each from the Basutoland and Bechuanaland Companies.

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Story for the South African Legion of Military Veterans by Lgr Charles Ross based on information from the Commonwealth War Graves Commissionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Casualty Data Base and photos by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

ANGLO BOER WAR | ANGLO BOERE-OORLOG

Van Reenenspas: Boere brandwagte: Nico Moolman

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Britse blokhuis: Nico Moolman

Kan dit die blokhuis in Warmbad wees? THE OBSERVATION POST: PETER DICKENS

https://samilhistory.com

A Colonel who single-handedly rushed machine gun posts; Harry Greenwood VC Honouring South African World War 1 heroes who have won the Victoria Cross for Valour, the 'VC', the highest British decoration for bravery. When it comes to Victoria Crosses, the British government (and VC Trust) recognises 'South African' Victoria Crosses as those VC decorations won by South Africans in South Africa's own Armed Forces (pre-Republic) or recipients from other countries who won the VC whilst under South African Command, or recipients born in South Africa, or those recipients who made South Africa their home prior to the start of the war.

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As to the last definition, this officer's 'South African' VC is something else, as a senior officer, a Lieutenant Colonel (Lt Col.), he led from the front single handily taking out machine gun nests and setting a supreme example of bravery and leadership to his men - and he did this time and again. His story dispenses with a typical myth surrounding WW1, that the officers sat behind the lines in safety and comfort as their men 'went over the top' and chewed through lead and barbed wire fighting in the blood and mud on the western front. The opposite is in fact true, British and Commonwealth commissioned officers, senior and junior, fought and died in their droves advancing on German defences side by side with their men. In fact, your chances of surviving the war were significantly less if you were an officer. This is the story of one of these officers, Lt Col. Harry Greenwood VC, DSO & Bar, OBE, MC. Background

Lt Col. Harry Greenwood VC, DSO & Bar, OBE, MC. Henry “Harry” Greenwood (1881-1948) was born on 25th November 1881 in Victoria Barracks, Windsor Castle, England, where his father was serving with the Grenadier Guards. He was the eldest of nine children born to Charles Greenwood of Nottingham and Margaret Abernethy, who hailed from County Tipperary, Ireland. He enlisted in the British Army in 1899 to take part in the 2ndAnglo Boer War 1899-1902 (The 'South African War), arriving in South Africa from January 1900. After the Boer war ended, he returned to the United Kingdom demobilised and then headed straight back to South Africa to make a new life, whilst in South Africa he put his military skills to use and he joined the South African Constabulary. At the outbreak of the First World War, he returned to the United Kingdom and re-enlisted in the Army as a Reservist officer joining the King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. Western Front Harry Greenwood was to serve in the front-lines on the Western Front literally from the outbreak of the war to the end of it. In his time, he took part in just about every offensive The Kings Own Yorkshire Light Infantry took part in - from the Battle for Loos to the final battles in 1918 and along the way he was wounded three times - missing the odd offensive to recover, he was mentioned in dispatches three times and he also managed to pick up a number of gallantry decorations including amongst others - the Victoria Cross.

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Men of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry fuse Stokes trench mortar shells near Wieltjie, 1 October 1917. MC His string of remarkable acts of bravery began when he was awarded the Military Cross (MC) in January 1916, recognising his gallant actions on 26th September 1915 during the Battle of Loos (25 September â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8 October 1915) near Hill 70, Loos, France. DSO His MC was followed up with higher acclaim - the DSO (Distinguished Service Order). In July 1918, he was awarded his DSO for devotion to duty during two heavy attacks by the German on The Kings Own Yorkshire Light Infantry's positions. The enemy attack was made under cover of mist and it was repulsed by the British, however a hostile enemy machine-gun detachment succeeded in getting within 50 yards of the British line causing significant carnage and sending machine gunners, officers and men into cover.

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Harry Greenwood's battalion was by this stage very short of machine gunners owing to casualties, Harry Greenwood, along with a Non-Commissioned Officer rushed out from their defences with total disregard to the incoming enemy fire, he found a fellow British officer and some men hiding in a hollow with a heavy machine-gun, Greenwood then ordered them to carry it back to his lines, being all the time under intense fire. The gun was then used on the enemy to very great effect. Bar to his DSO Harry Greenwood DSO, MC was to win the Distinguished Service Order again (Bar to his first DSO), again taking on enemy machine gun nests. His Bar to his DSO (London Gazette, 2nd December 1918) was for conspicuous gallantry during an attack. Although ill, Greenwood refused to leave his battalion and led the first line to the attack. During the attack, when capturing he first objective he was injured by a shell burst. Carrying the injury, he elected to continue and take the second objective of the attack. On reaching the second objective he re-organised his battalion along with another battalion, and took up a defensive position from which he beat off two enemy counter-attacks. He continued to hold his ground until relieved. The very next day, the British advance was held up by very heavy machine-gun fire, he made a daring individual reconnaissance of the enemy positions, spotting a weakness he returned and then inspired his men by successfully leading them around the enemy's flank.

Battle of Tardenois. Men of the 2nd Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (62nd Division) examining a captured German Maxim 08/15 (Spandau) machine gun with French and Italian officers. Bois de Reims, 24 July 1918. French officer's regimental markings were obscured by the military censor. Page 103 of 175

Victoria Cross Over two days of fighting from 23rd to 24th October 1918, Lt Col. Harry Greenwood was to win the Victoria Cross. His battalion was to advance eastwards towards Ovillers in northern France - the target was Dukes Wood. Early in the morning of 23rd the Harry Greenwood's Battalion advance was stalled by an enemy machine gun post which had not been mopped up by the advancing unit on the Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry - 9th. battalion's right flank, and the battalion started taking heavy casualties from the German machine gunners. At this point Harry Greenwood decided enough was enough and he jumped up and single-handed rushed the German machine gun post which was firing at point-blank range, he then proceeded to kill all four of the machine gun's crew. With the machine gun, out nest of the way the advance was back on again, Harry Greenwood's battalion arrived at the village of Ovillers where they encountered yet another enemy machine gun post at the entrance of the village, which again held up the advance. Once again Lt Col. Harry Greenwood rushed the machine gun, with two of his men this time, and they proceeded to kill all the gun's crew.

Battle of Tardenois. Sentry of the 2/4th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry looking out for the enemy in the Bois de Reims. Note corpses of dead horses on the road.

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On reaching the objective, Dukes Wood, Harry's 9th Battalion King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry had lost contact with the two units advancing on their left and right flank. Lt Col. Greenwood and 250 of him men found themselves isolated and surrounded by enemy machine gun posts of significant strength. The Germans, upon seeing the Lt Col. Harry Greenwood's force almost isolated counter attacked on the right flank and succeeded to getting within 40 yards of Harry's battalion's position before the attack was broken up by the besieged British. Lt Col. Greenwood then inspired his men, who were now well in advance of their own covering artillery barrage, to push through and take the final objective - they swept forward cheering as they went and took German positions in Dukes Wood. In taking the German defences they captured 150 prisoners, 8 machine guns and one field gun. Not resting on their laurels of Victory for too long, the very next day the 9th Battalion King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry was back in the thick of it, and so to Lt Col Harry Greenwood - there's more to his Victoria Cross than the 23rd October 1918. On the 24th October, the 9th Battalion King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry were given the objective of taking a 'Green line' south of Poix Du Nord. Once gain as the Battalion advanced they were held up withering fire from enemy inter-crossing 'wired' machine gun posts positioned along a ridge. Lt Col. Greenwood decided to do a personal reconnaissance and he discovered that a part of the ridge that was held by one enemy machine gun only. Again, he demonstrates unbelievable bravery when he once again rushes this machine gun nest single-handedly and kills all the gun's crew, so close and perilous was this individual charge that they were firing at him at a range of just 20 yards. Lt Col. Greenwood then advances his men into this gap he now created by disabling the machine gun nest. The whole flank of machine gun posts on the ridge was turned and the British advance proceeded through Poix Du Norn, with Lt Col Greenwood's Battalion sweeping aside a further line of machine gun posts that were encountered just north of the town.

Men of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, cleaning up a captured German trench at Bois de Reims during the battle of Tardenois, 23 July 1918. Page 105 of 175

Upon finally reaching their objective, the Battalion came under intense enemy machine gun and artillery fire. The Battalion started to take heavy casualties and their line position and line 'wavered' under the intense enemy counter-attack. However, Harry Greenwood was going to hold his ground and in full view of the enemy and under withering enemy machine gun fire he jumped up and walked up and down his line, encouraging his men to hold their line and beat off the counter-attack which they subsequently did. During the afternoon of the 24th October, Harry's Battalion was given another objective on Grand Gay Farm Road, and once again his advanced was hampered by heavy machine gun posts not cleared up by Battalions advancing on his battalion's flanks. He pushed his men to take their objective and silence the machine guns in front of him and then swung the battalion to the right flank to take the machine guns allocated as the objective of his flanking battalion - thus securing his objective and that of the right flank for the Division. Citation For his example set during the two days fighting Lt Col. Greenwood’s utter contempt for danger, bravery and inspiring leadership won him the Victoria Cross. London Gazette, 26th December 1918. Lt Col. Henry (Harry) Greenwood VC, King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, Ovillers, France 1918. When the advance of his battalion on the 23rd October was checked, and many casualties caused by an enemy machine-gun post, Lieutenant Colonel Greenwood single-handed rushed the post and killed the crew. At the entrance to the village of Ovillers, accompanied by two battalion runners, he again rushed a machine-gun post and killed the occupants. On reaching the objective west of Duke’s Wood his command was almost surrounded by hostile machine-gun posts, and the enemy at once attacked his isolated force. The attack was repulsed and, led by Lieutenant Colonel Greenwood, his troops swept forward and captured the last objective, with 150 prisoners, 8 machine-guns and one field gun. During the attack on the Green Line south of Poix Du Nord, on 24th October, he again displayed the greatest gallantry in rushing a machine-gun post, and he showed conspicuously good leadership in the handling of his command in the face of heavy fire. He inspired his men in the highest degree, with the result that the objective was captured, and, in spite of heavy casualties, the line was held. During the further advance on Grand Gay Farm Road, on the afternoon of 24th October, the skilful and bold handling of his battalion was productive of most important results, not only on securing the flank of his brigade, but also in safeguarding the flank of the division. His valour and leading during 2 days of fighting were beyond all praise. Second World War Harry Greenwood was invested with the Victoria Cross, and the Bar to his DSO, by King George V at Buckingham Palace on the 8th May 1919. In 1919, Lt. Col. Greenwood retired from the Army, having been wounded in action three and mentioned in despatches three times, and resumed his career as a company director, however when World War 2 broke out their was still more soldering Page 106 of 175

in this Anglo Boer War, First World War veteran and he but served with the Pioneer Corps during the Second World War.

Harry Greenwood after receiving his Victoria Cross, and the Bar to his DSO from King George V at Buckingham Palace on the 8th May 1919. For his service in the Second World War, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1944. Page 107 of 175

Remembrance Harry Greenwood died in his house at 77 Home Park Road, in Wimbledon, South London on 5th May 1948, and was buried in Putney Vale Cemetery. Because of his history in South Africa prior to World War 1 and the specifications surrounding the Victoria Cross, Harry Greenwood's VC is shared by both the United Kingdom and South Africa. In 2013, in order to correctly address South Africa's Victoria Cross winners, as the issue of South African VC winners in British Regiments had taken a back seat whilst the Afrikaner Nationalists were in power. It was bad enough for the Nationalists to recognise VC winners, but worse still to recognise those South Africans winning it in British units - so in all - of all the South African VC's won in World War 1 and World War 2, the government of the day at the time would only recognise 4 recipients, that is, only those who served in South African Regiments/Units - out of a total of 20 South African VC winners in all. To clear up the matter, and honour VC winners of South African heritage or those who had made South Africa their home prior to the war, The Victoria Cross Trust and the UK government approached South African Agency of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission to confirm the number of South Africans that were awarded the Victoria Cross during World War One. To correct the matter, the British then officially listed all recognised South African Victoria Cross winners on a special VC commemoration plaque which they shipped to South Africa. The plaque was unveiled by the British High Commission at a ceremony in Cape Town in late 2014 at the Cape Town Castle, where it is proudly still accessible to the public - and it includes the name of Lt Col Harry Greenwood VC. In the United Kingdom, Harry Greenwood VC is recognised with a Blue Plaque at his place of birth, it's located in Windsor at the Victoria Barracks in Sheet Street and reads "Lt. Col. Harry Greenwood VC DSO OBE MC 1881-1948 Born in Victoria Barracks Awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery at Ovillers, France in 1918 serving with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry". Even more recently in the United Kingdom, special Victoria Cross plaques honouring recipients at their places of birth have been installed in ceremonies all over the country in the lead up to the centenary of World War 1. They are unveiled in public spaces by the respective councils on the day that the VC was won exactly 100 years. Harry Greenwood's ceremony took place a couple of weeks ago, his Victoria Cross Page 108 of 175

citation was read out by Colonel Dan Reeve MC, late of the Rifles. Then the vice-Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire Jeffery Branch unveiled the stone. Harry Greenwood's great-nephew Michael Greenwood read out a list of names of members of his ancestor's battalion who died over those two days in 1918. He described his great-uncle as someone who never stayed behind as his men went over the top but went with them, doing his best to protect them.

The Great-Great-Grandaughter Clara Levacy of WW1 VC Winner Harry Greenwood honours him in Bachelors Acre, Windsor - Picture: Mike Swift. At a small ceremony held in Doncaster on the 17th July 2002, the family of Lieutenant Colonel Harry Greenwood donated his Victoria Cross medal group to the Regimental Museum of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in Doncaster. His medal group consisting of the VC, DSO and Bar, OBE, MC, Queens South Africa Medal 18991902 with four clasps, Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s South Africa Medal 1902 with two clasps, 1914-15 Star, British War Medal 1914-20, Victory Medal 1914-19 with Mentioned in Despatches oakleaf, Defence Medal 1939-45, War Medal 1939-45, King George V Silver Jubilee Medal 1935 and King George VI Coronation Medal 1937.

Story Researched and Written by Peter Dickens Related work and Links Page 109 of 175

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Reginald Hayward VC “Superhuman powers of endurance and courage” Reginald Hayward VC • William F. Faulds VC Taking gallantry at Delville Wood to a whole new level; William Faulds VC MC • Sherwood Kelly VC “…. a Herculean of Irish-South African origin with a quite remarkable disregard for danger”. • Percy Hansen VC One Lucky Charm wins the Victoria Cross; Percy Hansen VC, DSO, MC • Andrew Beauchamp-Proctor VC ‘Proccy’ – South Africa’s ‘Bravest of the Brave’ • William Hewitt VC “There’s fifteen in there Sir, and they’ve all had it” destroying a German Pillbox single-handedly – William Hewitt VC • Clement Robertson VC Under deadly fire he directed his tanks to their objective … on foot! Clement Robertson VC • Oswald Reid VC “Bravery in the face of desperate circumstances” Oswald Reid VC References Large extracts published with the kind permission of The VC and the GC, The Complete History, published by Methuen and The VC and GC Association in 2013. with sincere thanks to Charles Ross from The South African Legion. Additional Reference and extracts – The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross and George Cross – on-line. Images copyright Imperial War Museum where indicated. The recommendation by Brigade commander C V Edwards for Temporary Major (acting Lt-Colonel) Harry Greenwood DSO, MC. Mike Swift and Francis Batt from the Royal Borough Observer. SPIOENMEESTERS

Aktuele Suid-Afrikaanse spioenasieverhale en gevallestudies – ware verhale uit Suid-Afrika se ryk en interessante intelligensiegeskiedenis. Lees in Spioenmeesters oor die maniere en metodes wat Suid-Afrika se statutêre intelligensiedienste aangewend het om geselekteerde intelligensieteikens te infiltreer, spioene in teiken-organisasies te werf en riskante infiltrasiepogings van stapel te stuur. Die gevallestudies sluit die volgende in: Die Taal wat Spioene Praat, Twee Boere-spioene pak mekaar in Oos-Afrika, Die beste spioen van alle tye – Richard Sorge, Kaptein Frederick (Fritz) Joubert Dequesne, Johannes van der Walt, Die Lang Generaal, Gerard Ludi, Yuriy Loginov (Edmund Trinka), Die Valk en die Sneeuman, Professor Hugh Hambleton – die KGB spioen, Die Spioen wat Afrikaans kon praat – Alexei Kozlov, Operasie Daisy, Arthur McGiven, Dieter Gerhardt, Die Sekretaresse, Agent 1912, Agnesia Sadler – die meisie van Pretoria, Operasie Vula, Infiltrasie-agente.

https://spioenmeesters.wordpress.com

Infiltrasie-agente: Henning van Aswegen Die intelligensiedienste van die voormalige Sowjet Unie, met inbegrip van Rusland, het in die sestiger-, sewentiger- en tagtigerjare, infiltrasie-agente, ook slaper- of diep-penetrasie-agente genoem, in Westerse lande geplaas met die doel om inligting in te samel en klandestiene ondersteuning aan ander agente en spioene te gee. Slaper-agente word deur intelligensiedienste Page 110 of 175

gebruik om langtermyn en strategiese spioenasiedoelwitte te bereik. Die agent word vir ŉ lang periode onder dekking in ŉ vyandiggesinde land geplaas en later, wanneer die tyd en omstandighede reg is, geaktiveer. ŉ Slaper-agent kan ŉ lid van ŉ intelligensiediens wees, óf ŉ spioen wat deur ŉ intelligensiediens gewerf en opgelei is om ŉ spesiale taak te verrig of inligting oor ŉ bepaalde onderwerp, byvoorbeeld daardie land se kernkragontwikkeling, in te samel. Slaper-agente gebruik vals name of skuilname om hulle ware identiteit te verberg en om ŉ ander persoonlikheid aan te neem. Hy of sy meng en word deel van die plaaslike gemeenskap, gaan universiteit toe, gaan kerk toe, kry ŉ werk, trou, ensomeer. Elke aksie, optrede, aktiwiteit en plan wat die slaper-agent uitvoer, is daarop gemik om sy dekking en werklike identiteit te verstewig en te verdiep, sodat hy of sy later werklike, oorspronklike identiteitsdokumente en paspoorte kan bekom. Terwyl die slaper-agent onder diep dekking besig is om ŉ intelligensieteiken te infiltreer, ontvang hy opdragte via klandestiene kommunikasiekanale wat voor sy ontplooiing deur sy hanteerders in plek gestel is.20 Slaper-agente word al vir bykans ŉ eeu lank deur intelligensiedienste gebruik om ŉ vyandiggesinde land binne te dring en te infiltreer. In 1927 het die gebruik van langtermyn slaper-agente skerp in die Britse pers onder die soeklig gekom toe die Special Branch die kantore van ARCOS, ŉ BritsRussiese handelshuis in Londen, deursoek het. Die Special Branch in Londen het agtergekom dat al die Russiese handelsverteenwoordigers wat vir ARCOS werk, inderwaarheid Russiese spioene, spioenmeesters en agente was.21 Tydens die Koue Oorlog tussen die Sowjet-Unie en Westerse lande, het die Tsjeggo-Slowaakse intelligensiediens honderde slaper-agente na die Weste gestuur, met die opdrag dat hulle vir politieke en ekonomiese poste in Westerse regerings- en staatsdepartemente moes aansoek doen.22 Baie van hierdie agente het daarin geslaag om Westerse regeringsdepartemente te infiltreer, waar hulle later goed geposisioneer was om kommunistiese denkwyses en ideologie te bevorder, wel op ŉ slinkse en subtiele manier omdat hulle ware identiteit nie aan hul werkgewers bekend was nie. Tot vandag toe gebruik die Russiese intelligensiediens “residente” in hul ambassades om spioenasiebedrywighede teen ŉ gasheerland (die land of streek waar die ambassade geleë is), te koördineer en bestuur. Die resident is aan die hoof van die KGB23 of SVR24 komponent of sel in die Russiese ambassade en verantwoordelik vir alle spioenasie en teenspioenasie-bedrywighede van die sel. Die resident beheer sy spioenasienetwerke deur middel van ŉ groep hanteerders, projekhanteerders, spioenmeesters en kontroleurs, wat in kontak is met infiltrasie- en penetrasieagente, ondersteuningsagente, uitskakels (persone wat as tussengangers optree) en slaper-agente. Die netwerk hanteerders reis dan in die gasheerland rond waar hulle spioene en agente ontmoet, met hulle skakel deur middel van persoonlike ontmoetings, betaal geld aan hulle en tref reëlings vir toekomstige ontmoetings. Die agente word intensief opgelei in klandestiene kommunikasiemetodiek (kanale) en maniere om kontak te maak, sonder dat die teenspioenasiediens van die gasheerland agterkom waarmee hulle besig is. Spioenasie is in baie lande met die dood strafbaar en daarom is spioene, en hul hanteerders, uiters versigtig met die wyse waarop hulle te werk gaan.25

Deriabin, P. & Gibney, F. 1959. The Secret World, KGB. Ballantine Books, New York. Pincher, C. 1981. Their trade is treachery. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, London. 22 Bittman, L. 1981. The Deception Game. Ballantine Books. New York, NY. 23 Russiese buitelandse intelligensiediens, soortgelyk aan die CIA, Britse SIS of Duitse BND. 24 SVR, nuwe naam van die KGB sedert 6 November 1991, Russiese siviele, buitelandse intelligensiediens. Die KGB het in twee outonome dienste verdeel, die buitelandse SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service) en binnelandse FSB (Federal Security Service). 25 Wright, P. 1987. Spycatcher. Heinemann, Australia. 20 21

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Uitskakels is intelligensie terminologie vir persone wat as tussengangers tussen ŉ agenthanteerder en ŉ spioen optree. ŉ Lewendige uitskakel is dus ŉ persoon, byvoorbeeld ŉ koerantverkoper of ŉ loodgieter, wat ongesiens en stilletjies kontak met spioene kan maak om verslae van hulle te ontvang of geld te oorhandig. ŉ Dooie uitskakel is ŉ wegsteekplek, byvoorbeeld in ŉ telefoonhokkie of die toilet van ŉ hotel, vir geld of mikrofilm of foto’s wat van ŉ agent aan sy hanteerder gestuur word. Al hierdie bogenoemde werksmetodes is in die middel-negentigerjare deur die Nasionale Intelligensiediens (NI) (later die Suid-Afrikaanse Geheime Diens), gebruik om ŉ infiltrasie-agent in Parys, Frankryk, te werf wat mettertyd ŉ hooggeplaaste staatsamptenaar in ŉ Afrika-land se regering geword het. As student aan die beroemde Sorbonne, was die agent ŉ uitblinker, een van die slimste en briljantste jong tegnoloë wat nog ooit deur sy land opgelewer is. Sy talente en gawes was duidelik vir almal wat met hom in aanraking gekom het, so ook ŉ intelligensiebeampte wat onder vlak diplomatieke dekking in die Suid-Afrikaanse ambassade in Washington en later Parys gewerk het. Die student is ná deeglike beplanning en ’n periode van subtiele beïnvloeding, genader en as agent gewerf. Hy het ingestem om inligting teen betaling aan NI te verskaf, hoofsaaklik omdat hy ŉ student was en geld skaars. Die werksverhouding tussen die werwer (agent-hanteerder) en die agent was besonder goed en het deur baie jare voortgeduur en gedy, totdat die briljante student later in ŉ hoë pos in sy eie regering aangestel is. Die langtermyn intelligensie-operasie om die student as infiltrasie-agent te werf, en dan geduldig te wag totdat hy in ŉ goeie posisie is om kwaliteit intelligensie-inligting te produseer, was dus suksesvol. Dekkingsorganisasies, frontorganisasies en frontgroepe Die Britse en Amerikaanse intelligensiediens gebruik graag valsvlag- of dekkingsorganisasies en beurskemas by universiteite om potensiële spioene te identifiseer. Sulke ‘kandidaat spioene’ word ná hulle studentedae, leiersfigure in hul land van herkoms en word dan geheraktiveer om as spioene op te tree. Dekkingsorganisasies (somtyds frontorganisasies of frontgroepe genoem, afhangende hulle struktuur en funksies), se doel is om te mislei en om ŉ ware identiteit te verberg. Die aktiwiteit agentwerwing en –hantering, word sonder uitsondering deur ŉ derde party, soos ŉ intelligensiediens, beheer en kontroleer. ŉ Praktiese voorbeeld van ’n effektiewe frontorganisasie is die Oxford Group, later bekend as Moral Rearmament en vandag genoem Initiatives for Peace. In 1981 het die Britte, nadat Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe aan bewind gekom het, ŉ inisiatief, bekend as 'Mugabe's Peace Initiative Towards South Africa' van stapel gestuur. Die Britse buitelandse intelligensiediens, SIS26, wou die klimaat toets om te kyk of Suid-Afrika se Nasionale Party lesse geleer het uit Zimbabwe se skikking en bereid sou wees om in die geheim in gesprek te tree met die ANC. Die inisiatief het niks met Mugabe te doen gehad nie, maar die oorsprong was die Britse intelligensiediens. Suid-Afrika se Nasionale Intelligensiediens het omvattende ondersoeke en verskeie gevallestudies gedoen. Hiermee is bevind dat beide die Britse en Amerikaanse intelligensiediens die Moral Rearmament Movement (MRA) as dekking gebruik om ŉ skikking in voormalige Britse kolonies te inisieer. MRA was dus ŉ dekkingsorganisasie wat die belange van die Britse Statebond en SIS bevorder het. Die Amerikaanse skrywer Miles Copeland erken ruiterlik dat die CIA27 die MRA as frontorganisasie gebruik het om politici, veral in Afrika, te beïnvloed.28 Ander voorbeelde van hierdie tipe intelligensie-operasies is USSALEP29, die Fulbright-studiebeurse, die Abe Bailey-beurse, ens. Die doel van hierdie soort akademiese frontgroepe is om jong, onervare SIS, Secret Intelligence Service, voorheen MI6. Central Intelligence Agency, Amerika se buitelandse intelligensiediens. 28 Copeland, M. 1975. The Real Spy World. Sphere Books Limited, London. Sien ook Copeland, The Game Player. 29 United States South Africa Leadership Exchange Programme. 26 27

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maar belowende rekrute te identifiseer vir werwing deur ŉ intelligensiediens, as’t ware die hand binne in die handskoen. Die rekruut weet dus nie vir wie hy werklik werk nie of wie so vriendelik is om sy (of haar) studiegelde te betaal nie. Die rekruut gaan studeer dan, salig onwetend, in Amerika of in Brittanje of Rusland, moontlik in ŉ politiek-wetenskaplike rigting, en skryf sommer vroeg-vroeg weeklikse verslae vir sy mentors oor allerlei sake om hom/haar gewoond te maak aan ’n rol van verslagdoener. So ŉ rekruut word deur ŉ intelligensiediens as ŉ onwetende of onbewuste agent beskou – hy of sy werk deur middel van die frontgroep vir ŉ intelligensiediens, maar weet nie daarvan nie en voer dus onwetend die intelligensiediens se opdragte en versoeke vir inligting, uit.

• Gerard Ludi Gerard Ludi is in Suid-Afrika se intelligensiegeskiedenis die beste voorbeeld van ŉ suksesvolle infiltrasie-agent. Ludi was só effektief as agent dat sy optrede en inligting wat hy aan sy spioenmeesters gegee het, direk tot die ondergang van die leier van die Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party, Abram (Bram) Fischer, gelei het. Gerard Ludi was ŉ lid van die veiligheidstak30 van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie en het reeds vroeg in sy loopbaan tekens getoon dat hy ŉ uitnemende spioen kon wees. Ludi se bogemiddelde intellek en indrukwekkende vermoë om blitsvinnig van taal, kultuur, ingesteldheid en politieke siening te verwissel, het hom toegerus om sonder moeite die rol van verkleurmannetjie in linksgesinde politieke kringe te vertolk. Ludi is in November 1960 deur die Veiligheidspolisie gewerf en die kode Q-018 is aan hom toegeken. ŉ Kollega van Ludi, John Brooks, wat gelyklopend met Ludi ook die SAKP infiltreer het, was Agent Q-019. Ludi het homself as ŉ politieke joernalis voorgedoen en sy aanleg vir skryfwerk het hom ŉ pos by die linksgesinde koerant, die Rand Daily Mail in Johannesburg, besorg. Ludi se opdrag van sy hanteerders en onmiddellike doel, was om die Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party te infiltreer, om vriende met die leierskap van die organisasie en lede te maak en sodoende inligting te bekom wat vir die staat van belang was. In die laat sestigerjare was die stryd teen kommunisme ŉ kernfokus van die Nasionale Party se binnelandse veiligheidsbeleid. Die SAKP en sy bloedbroer, die ANC, het hulself kort tevore tot die gewelddadige omverwerping van die staatsbestel in SuidAfrika verbind en daarom was hulle direkte teenstanders en teikens van die regering. Teen 1963 was Ludi goed geplaas binne die ANC/SAKP en van die inligting wat hy aan sy spioenmeesters deurgegee het, het gelei tot die inhegtenisname van talle SAKP- en ANC-lede by Rivonia, net buite Johannesburg. Ludi het kontak gehad met terroris John Harris en saam met hom in die South African Non Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC) gewerk, terwyl hy deurentyd inligting ingesamel en rapporteer het. Harris het op 24 Julie 1964 ŉ gewetenlose moord gepleeg deur ŉ bom op die Johannesburgse stasie te plant wat tot die dood van ’n 77-jarige voetganger, Ethel Rhys gelei het en 23 pendelaars, insluitende haar twaalfjarige kleindogter Glynnis Burley, permanent vermink het. Ludi het daarin geslaag het om ŉ lid te word van die Sentrale Komitee van die Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party, wat in 1950 tot verbanne organisasie verklaar is en waarvan die advokaat Bram Fischer die Algemene Sekretaris was. In sy verslae aan sy spioenmeesters, het Ludi dikwels verwys na die noue band tussen Joe Slovo, eens die Sekretaris Generaal van die SAKP en Nelson Mandela, leier van die ANC en later president van Suid-Afrika.31 Slovo, ŉ Jood wat in Lithuanië Hy was in werklikheid lid van Republikeinse Intelligensiediens (RI), ‘n geheime onderafdeling van die ou veiligheidspolisie van genl. HJ van den Bergh. RI was onder die direkte bevel van “mnr.” (majoor) MCW Geldenhuys wat vanuit die “Withuis” in Johannesburg geopereer het. In 1969 het RI die kern van die ou Buro vir Staatsveiligheid (BSV) geword – HBH. 30

De Villiers, HMM. 1964. Rivonia, Operasie Mayibuye. Afrikaanse Pers Boekhandel, Johannesburg.

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gebore is, was dekades lank een van Mandela se beste vriende in die SAKP, ANC en Umkhonto we Sizwe, die ANC se militêre vleuel. Ludi het benewens beriggewing oor bande en kontak tussen SAKP-sellede, ongesiens en subtiel bandopnames van elke vergadering wat die Sentrale Komitee gehou het, gemaak. Die oudiobande is dan aan sy hanteerder in die veiligheidspolisie oorhandig.32 Sodoende kon die veiligheidstak van die SAP ’n volledige dossier oor die topstruktuur van die SAKP saamstel en hul elke beweging, telefoonoproep, vergadering en beplande terroriste-aanval notuleer. Ludi was een van die binnekring van die SAKP en die inligting wat hy verskaf het, het direk tot die geslepe Bram Fischer se inhegtenisname (November 1965) en skuldigbevinding in Maart 1966, gelei. Ludi het in 1965 op verrassende wyse teen Fischer tydens sy hoogverraadsaak in Johannesburg getuig, ‘n meesterskuif wat, volgens een getuie, Fischer se gelaatstrekke permanent van grys na strakwit verander het. Fischer is in April 1975 in Bloemfontein oorlede en sy Nemesis, Gerard Ludi, het later ’n boek The Communistisation of the ANC, oor sy spioenasiebedrywighede en ondervindinge gepubliseer.33

1907: Rosettenville Police Station

Thank you to our correspondent in Vietnam who found this photo and shared it with the Nongqai.

SAUK program Rekenskap. 8 Junie 1977. Onderhoud met die sekretaris van veiligheidsinligting, genl. HJ van den Bergh. 33

Clingman, S. 1998. Bram Fischer, Afrikaner Revolutionary. David Philip Publishers.

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RSA INTELLIGENCE | SA INLIGTING

RS167: Licenced to kill? Facts and Fiction: The assassination of Olaf Palme: Lt.Col. CM Williamson, SOE. I have been interviewed again recently about the Palme assassination. The only new (to me) allegation linking me to the killing was, I was told, that the former military intelligence officer, Maj. Gen. Tienie Groenewald, had said that James 'Ant' White was the shooter. White was working for me in MI DCC in 1986. I was spurred to dig into past records in order find anything to support my non-involvement in the killing. 1. I found that Tienie Groenewald had made a similar allegation about SA responsibility for the Samora Machel plane crash, (in connection with which I had also been named) which he later retracted. 2. My wife found medical records of hospital visits relating to her threatened miscarriage in February 1986. She was pregnant with our first child after 12 years of marriage, we were very concerned and I was with her during that time. 3. I found record of a US political/business delegation which visited SA from 2nd to 16th March 1986. I was integrally involved from early February with the arrangements for the delegation and I have original copies of messages on the 26th and 27th February, between me in Pretoria/Johannesburg and the offices of President Botha and Foreign Minister Pik Botha in Cape Town regarding the delegationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reception at a dinner in Johannesburg on 3rd March, which I cohosted. I attach some US visit documents. Some names have been redacted. In the telex to Minister Botha and his deputy, there is a typo where I refer to a telex from the President's office as dated 26th March when it was obviously 26th February, as the context and date on the telex shows. The visit of the Howard Phillips delegation was extremely important to me as it was, in many ways, the foundation for the intelligence and political influence operation in the US and the 'West' in general which I was involved in developing. Incidentally, there is a seriously brilliant book on SA in the 70'-90's which has just come out. Apartheid Guns and Money by Hennie Van Vuuren. Get it. I regard it as the first really serious study of what we were actually up to and with whom. Its far more interesting than conspiracy theories.

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• Statement by RS 167 As most of those who read Nongqai know, the former SA government with me as the instrument, have, over years, been accused of the assassination of the Swedish Prime Minister Olaf Palme on the evening of 28 February 1986. A new book, repeating this allegation, is soon to be published. This book is based on the notes of an investigation into the assassination done by the famous Swedish, now deceased, author Stig Larsson. (The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo etc etc). The author of the forthcoming book, Jan Stocklassa visited me in SA together with Nicholas Schmidle of the iconic 'New Yorker's magazine. Initially I agreed to meet Stocklassa mainly because I was interested to meet Schmidle because of his book 'To Live Or To Perish Forever: Two Tumultuous Years in Pakistan' and his famous article on the killing of Osama Bin Laden. Schmidle is an expert observer of the Taliban and the Pakistan/Afghanistan situation with close US military ties through his father, a US Marines Lt-Gen. The original documents that I have given Nongqai are the same as those that I gave Stocklassa and Schmidle. They show clearly that I was in Pretoria on 28 February 1986 and not in Stockholm. On 27 February at 16:37 I was in telex communication from Pretoria with Foreign Minister Pik Botha's office as instructed by Dr Roux in President PW Botha's office. I was at that time back undercover. I was supposed to have resigned from the SAP and to have gone into business. In fact, I was a Lt.Col. in the SADF Chief of Staff Intelligence Directorate of Covert Collection and was in charge of operations for the international desk - 'ander lande'. At that time, I was organising and coordinating a visit to SA and SWA (including the operational area) for a very high-powered US political lobby group. During mid-1985 the Clark Amendment which banned US military aid to Unita was overturned and the so-called 'diehard' faction in President Reagan's White House, CIA and military wanted greater US military assistance to UNITA, including the supply of Stinger missiles. The then Reagan Doctrine was based on using force and support for anti-communist movements to 'roll back communism'. This doctrine had the full support of important political figures such as Senator Jesse Helms, CIA Director Casey, Lt.Col. Oliver North and Pat Buchanan in the White House. Confronting the Soviets in Angola was only part of the Doctrine. The US was also supporting anti-communist movements in places like Poland, Afghanistan and Nicaragua. (In the final analysis the Doctrine worked. The Berlin Wall came down and signalled the West's victory in the Cold War.) However, the US State Dept wasn't totally on board with the use of force in Angola. Chester Crocker was trying to negotiate and did not want to anger the Soviets and Cubans by having their aircraft downed by Stinger missiles. So, similar to the movie 'Charlie Wilson's War' the US Conservative Caucus leader was bringing a lobby group to SA and it was hoped that the result would be more US military aid to Unita, including Stinger missiles. Given the fact that I was one of the main SA 'businessmen' hosting the delegation, the organisation it required and the importance of the objective, I surely could not have been simultaneously running an operation to assassinate a Western Head of State. That is a conspiracy theory fantasy. See Annexure “A” below. (One interesting point regarding the US lobby groups itinerary is that the group went to meet Maj. Gen. Tienie Groenewald on 2 March 1986 for a briefing before their visit to the operational area. He obviously forgot that I was involved in the groups visit when he hinted to a Swedish journalist some years later that they were on the 'right track' regarding the Olaf Palme shooter and my supposed involvement. To this day I cannot understand why he would have said such a thing. However, on another occasion he also told a journalist that I and SA were involved in causing the President Samora Machel air crash. He later denied that he had made that allegation.) See Annexure “B” below.

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Annexure “A”

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Annexure “B”

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RS 167: The Stockholm-bomb Diplomatic office of the ANC in Stockholm is bombed Monday, 8 September 1986 A bomb exploded in the office of the African National Congress (ANC) on the third floor of a block of offices in Stockholm Sweden. The office was severely damaged but nobody was killed despite the presence of three people in the office at the time. Amongst those that survived were the ANC's representative in Sweden Lindiwe Mabuza. The bombing was part of a broader strategy of the apartheid government in the 1970s and 80s that sought to eliminate or neutralise South African liberation movements and the Anti-Apartheid movement outside the country. Both African and non-African countries that supported AntiApartheid movement and the ANC were targeted. For instance, a series of attack of attacks that involved operations conducted by the apartheid government the ANC office in London was bombed March 1982 and in September 1986 the ANC office in Stockholm in Sweden was Page 127 of 175

bombed. In March 1988 the ANC's Chief Representative in France Dulcie September was shot and killed in Paris. Craig Williamson an intelligence operative involved in gathering information on activities of the ANC overseas stated his activities were "...to understand the whole dynamic behind the antiapartheid support internationally. We had to sabotage it." He applied for amnesty in 1995 for the bombing of the ANC's offices in London and despite his denials, is suspected to have been involved in the Stockholm bombing. References: • Tor Sellstrom, (2002), Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Volume II, Solidarity and Assistance 1970-1994, (Stockholm), pp.634-635 • Mark Israel, 'Crime of the State: Victimisation of South African Political Exiles in the UK' in Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol.29, No 1, 1998, pp.1-29 • (Coleman, M. (ed) (1998). A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee.) • Author, 'The State outside South Africa between 1960 and 1990' (Volume Two Chapter Two), [online], available at :www.polity.org.za[accessed: 30 August 2010]34

The Nongqai was privy to the following letter: “I sent you the Vula-document35 in order to support my explanation of how we were, in a broad sense, embedded in the Western side of the East-West conflict. Of course, this did not mean that all elements of the Western side always agreed with everything each element did. Cruiser and the rest - including my Daisy36, were successful in ensuring that the ANC/SACP could not 'win the war' through armed struggle. That was our job - maintain State power and let politicians come to a political settlement. The negotiated settlement was inevitable after the collapse of the Soviets. The proxy East-West war that we were fighting had to end. I don't know anything about the Stockholm ANC bomb, but the London operation was certainly not carried out with any other agency's assistance. However, it is true that 'allied' intelligence agencies would monitor other’s operations, especially if on their 'turf'. Like Aspinall claimed happened with his burglaries. However, deniability requires distance and no unnecessary and potentially embarrassing links would be risked. One of the journalists who interviewed me expressed doubt that it could be possible to carry out an operation such as bombing the ANC London without British intelligence connivance. I answered by asking how then could the IRA or Muslim extremists carry out their operations? Regards, Craig.”

https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/diplomatic-office-anc-stockholm-bombed accessed 30 Oct. 2018 – HBH. The document refers to the ANC’s Operation Vula – HBH. 36 Operation Daisy – a SAP (Intelligence Division) & National Intelligence operation – HBH. 34 35

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Reaksie: Genl. JV van der Merwe op die Palme-saak Berig in Beeld: Die Palme-Net Kan Groot Visse Vang Dit het deesdae skynbaar in sekere kringe die gebruik geword dat waar politieke leiers en lede van die veiligheidsmagte van die vorige bedeling die onderwerp is, alle etiese beginsels en regsoorwegings oorboord gegooi en lasterlike bewerings na willekeur gepubliseer word. Die Magnus Malan- en Barend du Plessis- drama, waar daar na al die maande nog geen enkele feit verstrek is nie, is pas verby; nou kom Alida Kok met sinspelings oor die Palme-moord. Weer eens geen enkele feit nie, maar wilde afleidings wat nog kant nog wal raak. Dit gaan slegs oor die sogenaamde magsvergrype van die verlede. Geen enkele woord oor die feit dat Suid-Afrika vir meer as 30 jaar in ‘n bloedige terreurstryd gewikkel was nie. Geen melding word hoegenaamd gemaak dat die ANC-leiers onder wie se gesag en leiding talle terreurdade plaasgevind het, nooit vervolg is nie ofskoon amnestie aan hulle geweier is. Dit geld ook vir Letlapa Mphahlele, voormalige president van die PAC, op wie se bevel weerlose kerkgangers wat vrouens en kinders ingesluit het, op 25 Julie l993 in die St. James kerk, Kenilworth, Kaapstad met AK47gewere en handgranate aangeval en 11 koelbloedig vermoor en talle gewond is. Die omstandighede en opdragte wat gegeld het toe lede van die veiligheidsmagte tydens die konflik van die verlede lede van rewolusionêre organisasies om die lewe gebring het, is indringend tydens amnestieverhore ontleed en geboekstaaf. Verskeie regspanne wat van die beste regslui in die land ingesluit het , het die getuies aan deurtastende kruisverhoor onderwerp. Ofskoon die politieke leiers van die vorige bedeling moreel skuldig is aan die dade wat deur die veiligheidsmagte gepleeg is, is daar regtens geen getuienis hoegenaamd dat hulle by enige moorde betrokke was nie. Die veiligheidstak van die voormalige Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiemag het nie ‘n buitelandse afdeling gehad nie. Hulle het slegs enkele lede, wat Craig Williamson ingesluit het, in die buiteland gehad met die spesifieke opdrag om die bedrywighede van die ANC/SAKP-alliansie te ondersoek. Soos in al hierdie gevalle is Alida Kok se stelling dat die “Palme-net groot visse kan vang” bloot ‘n hersenskim. Ek was die bevelvoerende offisier van die veiligheidstak van die Polisiemag in l986 en Craig Williamson het onder my bevel gedien. Die moord op Olof Palme was beslis nie deur my of volgens my wete, deur enige ander persoon in ‘n gesagsposisie, hetsy ‘n minister of die president, oorweeg of goedgekeur nie. Ek is bereid om ‘n leuenverklikkertoets te doen om dit te staaf. Dit is jammer dat die bepalings van artikel 9 van ons Grondwet, gelykheid voor die reg , wat in alle beskaafde lande die grondslag van hulle reg vorm, in Suid-Afrika in die geheel geminag word. Groete Johan van der Merwe

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IGI probes Gigaba video hack News24 | 29 October 2018 This is after 13-second video emerged on Sunday which showed Minister alone engaging in a sexual act

Inspector-General of Intelligence probes Gigaba video hack 29 October 2018 The Inspector-General of Intelligence is investigating a complaint by Home Affairs Minister Malusi Gigaba that his cellphone was hacked "based on an incident in 2017". Advocate Jay Govender, legal advisor in the office of the inspector-general, confirmed to News24 that Gigaba laid a complaint on May 4, 2018. Vuyo Mkhize, personal spokesperson to Gigaba, said he first alerted the Department of State Security in the same month that he was being blackmailed. A 13-second video emerged on Sunday which showed Gigaba alone engaging in a sexual act. He pre-empted the video's release by publishing a series of tweets apologising to his family and friends. He said the video was meant for his wife, Noma, but that he never sent the recording to her and that it had been obtained illegally. It is unclear when the video was made. Mkhize said Gigaba first alerted the State Security Agency that his phone had been illegally accessed. He later handed them documentary information which Gigaba said proved that his phone had been hacked. "They [the hackers] initially demanded cash, and when that didn't work, they wanted Gigaba to use his influence as minister to facilitate business opportunities," said Mkhize. The alleged blackmailers' identities were unknown to Gigaba. "Even if the minister agreed to help them with whatever they wanted, it would have been impossible because they contacted him anonymously. We hired investigators to look at the matter and identified two individuals who we believe are involved. There was, however, nothing conclusive to link them and trust that the authorities will be able to make the link," Mkhize told News24. The first attempts to blackmail Gigaba were made in April and May 2017, Mkhize said. He reported the matter to State Security in May and June 2017. Gigaba replaced Pravin Gordhan as Minister of Finance in March 2017. His stated objective then was to stabilise the country's finances and attempt to give policy certainty. News24 https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/inspectorgeneral-of-intelligence-probes-gigabavid

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ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE | REGSPLEGING

Know your Rights as a complainant at a Police Station REFUSAL BY SAPS MEMBERS IN ASSISTING COMPLAINANTS TO OPEN CRIMINAL DOCKETS IN TERMS OF NATIONAL INSTRUCTION 3 OF 2011 1. It has been reported that members stationed at various police stations are refusing to open cases involving women and children due to the following reasons: 1.1 The complainant cannot identify the suspect by name; 1.2 The complainant did not bring the suspect to the police station; 1.3 The crime did not happen within the station's boundaries; 1.4 The member who is attending to the complainant does not think that it is serious enough; 1.5 Complainants are told to resolve the dispute with the suspect. 2. This is unacceptable. 3. National Instruction 3 of 2011 regulates the opening and registration of case dockets. 3.1 Section 1 of the national instruction, a member who receives the complaint must interview the complainant in order to see if the complaint meets the requirement for that specific crime. 3.2 According to Section 2, complainants must never be referred to another police station even if the crime was committed in another police station area. 4. The Community Service Centre is responsible for ensuring that: REFUSAL BY SAPS MEMBERS TO ASSIST COMPLAINANTS TO OPEN CRIMINAL DOCKETS IN TERMS OF NATIONAL INSTRUCTION 3 OF 2011 4.1 Complainants or reporters of crime, whether the crime was committed in his/her station area or in the station area of another police station, are treated courteously and that a comprehensive affidavit is taken from the complainant or report of crime; 4.2 Complainants or reporters of crime are not referred to another station to lodge complaints of crime; 4.3 All complaints or reports made by the public receive immediate attention. 5. Cluster Commanders and Station Commanders must ensure that all members who do not comply with National Instruction 3 of 2011 are subjected to disciplinary steps. * Member of Public â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Please Report if SAPS members refuse to open a case for you: SAPS National Complaint Centre: Tel: 080 033 3177 or 0860264487 Fax: (012) 393-5452 E-Mail: complaintsnodalpoint@saps.gov.za

Assessore: Danie Marais Hennie, hier is seker (iets) vir jou!

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Kort voordat ek afgetree het as die hooflanddros van die Landdroskantoor, Mitchellsplein in 1996 het die minister van Justisie, Dulla Omar, my genader om te help om die stelsel van assessore in die landdroshowe te begin. Ingevolge artikel 93 ter van die Wet op Landdroshowe, Wet 32 van 1944 (soos dit toe was), kon 'n landdros, indien dit na sy oordeel dienstig vir die regspleging sal wees, 1 of 2 persone wat na sy mening by die verhoor behulpsaam sal wees, aanstel om hom by die verhoor by te staan! By Mitchellsplein het ons spoedig 'n assessorkomitee gekies nadat ons die lede ooreenkomstig hulle bekwaamhede gekies het. Die komiteelede was ook getaak daarmee om toe te sien dat slegs fooie betaal word aan die persone aan wie die geld wettiglik betaal kon/moes word. Dit was nie lank nie of daar het besware by my ore via my komiteelede uitgekom dat die lede van die polisie/gemeenskapslede met my assessore en my wil vergader. EK SÊ ONDER GEEN OMSTANDIGHEDE NEE! Hierna kry ek 'n brief vanaf die polisie/gemeenskapskomitee waarin ek versoek word dat my assessors met hulle alleen vergader! WEEREENS; ONDER GEEN OMSTANDIGHEDE NIE! Julle komitee kan met my komitee, in my teenwoordigheid vergader, in my kantoor met 'n koppie koffie/tee maar nie sonder my nie! Die volgende wat ek van die hele besigheid hoor, is 'n brief van die (toe) hoof staatsregsadviseur, Enver Daniels, dat as ek nie wil toelaat dat die polisie/gemeenskapskomitee met my assessore vergader nie sal hy sorg dat "legislation be passed to force you to allow it"! Ek het 'n afskrif van sy brief, met 'n verwysing na HR Rumpf se - "justice must not only be done, but must manifestly be seen to be done!" aan die toe minister van Justisie gestuur en op 'n verskoning aangedring, wat ek gekry het! POLICE: INTERNATIONAL

UK 'The most British thing ever!' Policeman knocks on the door of 10 Downing Street so Larry the Cat can be let in • • •

Larry the Cat, 12, was spotted waiting patiently on the doorstep of Number 10 His antics were caught on camera during a news broadcast on Tuesday morning Soon, policeman came to his rescue and knocked on the door to help him inside

By FAITH RIDLER FOR MAILONLINE PUBLISHED: 14:08 GMT, 20 November 2018 | UPDATED: 16:59 GMT, 20 November 2018 A policeman was caught on camera knocking on the door of Number 10 so Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office Larry could be let inside. Larry the cat was seen patiently waiting outside the front door of 10 Downing Street during a live Sky News broadcast on Tuesday. The 12-year-old tabby, who was rescued from Battersea Dogs and Cats home, sat on the doorstep as Tom Rayner continued his segment on Brexit. Page 132 of 175

Larry the cat was caught on camera waiting at the door of Number 10 during a Sky News broadcast

The cat, who was also pictured by ITV News in his pursuit to get inside, stood patiently on the doorstep At one point, the moggy turned to glance at the television cameras, before settling back on the step facing the door. But before long, a policeman came to his rescue, knocking on the door to help the mouser get back inside. Page 133 of 175

Larry, who was also caught on camera by ITV News, jumped at the opportunity as soon as the door opened a crack, quickly trotting inside Number 10. The clip, posted to Twitter by Lauren Franklin, has since been shared more than 1,500 times.

Larry took a quick glance at a policeman on duty as he approached the door of Number 10

The police officer then noticed Larry and knocked on the door so someone would let him in She said: 'Is there anything more British than this policeman knocking on Number 10 to let the cat in?' Page 134 of 175

Rachel Cunliffe commented: 'Brexit cat! It thought it wanted to be out, but on actually experiencing out it decided it very much wanted to be in.' Alistair Coleman said: 'Apparently there's no way of opening the door from the outside, probably because cats wised up to door handles.'

The clip, posted to Twitter by Lauren Franklin, has since been shared more than 1,500 times Larry has been a common sight in and around Number 10 since February 2011, when he became the first cat at the address to be given the title Chief Mouser. The Downing Street website describes his day-to-day role as 'greeting guests at the door', 'inspecting security defences', and 'testing antique furniture for napping quality'. He is also responsible for 'contemplating a solution to the mouse occupancy of the house'. Share or comment on this article: Policeman knocks on the door of 10 Downing Street so Larry the Cat can be let in https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6409709/Policeman-knocks-door-10-Downing-StreetLarry-Cat-let-in.html

• Relevance: 'Is there anything more British than this policeman knocking on Number 10 to let the cat in?' The Metropolitan Police (“Met”) was founded in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel and in this time, age and world we live in, the Met has become a symbol of British decency. This act also portrays the ethos of the Police: “We Serve and We Protect!” Here the police have made headlines for the right reasons. My wife, Petro, thinks this is wonderful and it shows that the police are humane.

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DEFENCE: INTERNATIONAL

• End of WW1 Countdown to the end of carnage: Minute by heart stopping minute, the final 24 hours of the Great War revealed as the last life-shattering bullets carried on flying amid nerveshredding peace talks until the guns finally fell silent By Jonathan Mayo for the Daily Mail Published: 22:04 GMT, 2 November 2018 | Updated: 23:41 GMT, 2 November 2018 By the autumn of 1918, eight million men had lost their lives in World War I. One by one Germany’s allies were being defeated — Bulgaria in September, Turkey in October and Austria-Hungary in early November. On October 29, refusing to mount what would inevitably have been a suicidal attack on the Royal Navy, sailors of the German Grand Fleet mutinied and their revolution quickly spread to the army and to German cities. In Berlin, crowds broke into Kaiser Wilhelm’s apartments and stole his clothes. ‘The German people are a bunch of pigs!’ the monarch responded angrily. He had no choice but to abdicate and flee to Belgium. Fighting on: Corporal J.E. Brigs and Private P.J. Martinemiko man an Allied anti-Aircraft gun in Raucourt, France, just four days before the signing of Armstice On the evening of November 7, with their army facing defeat on the battlefield, a German government delegation made its way through the French front lines with a white towel flying from their car. They were taken to the Compiègne Forest north of Paris, to the private train of Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the Commander-inChief of the Allied armies, to begin negotiations for an armistice — an agreement to stop fighting so that a peace treaty could be agreed. Meanwhile the killing continued. Page 136 of 175

Sunday, November 10, 1918 3am: Kaiser Wilhelm’s chauffeur is busy scratching off the painted imperial crown from the side of the vehicle, to make it as anonymous as possible. The Kaiser’s aides have decided that neutral Holland will be the best place for him to seek asylum, and that to avoid areas held by hostile revolutionary German soldiers the journey should be made by a combination of royal train and limousine. Nearby on the royal train, the Kaiser is getting dressed. He is unsure about Holland as a sanctuary, only too aware of the brutal murder of his first cousin Tsar Nicholas in July. ‘What happens if they turn Bolshevik as well?’ It’s over: Allied Commander-InChief Marshal Ferdinand Foch, front row, second right, oversees The Armstice signing at a railway siding in the Compeigne Forest on November 11, 1918 5am: On Marshal Foch’s train in the Compiègne Forest, armistice negotiations are continuing into their second day. Sentries stand guard among the trees. When, two days earlier, Foch had first seen the six-strong German delegation led by the head of the Catholic Centre Party, Matthias Erzberger, he thought they looked ‘tired out, like hunted animals’. He had said bluntly to Erzberger, ‘What do you want? Do you wish for an armistice? If so, say so!’ Erzberger replied: ‘We ask for an armistice.’ A German delegate wept as the Allied terms were read out, but Foch was unmoved — he told them they had 72 hours to agree to the terms. In Belgium, the Kaiser has finally been persuaded that he has no other option but to leave for Holland as soon as possible. As the royal train pulls out of the station it has an armed officer next to the driver, ready to shoot anyone who tries to stop them. Twentyfive soldiers are standing guard in the carriage corridors. 5.10am: All along the 400-mile Western Front from Switzerland to the Belgian coast, rumours are spreading that an armistice is imminent. Troops are starting to imagine a different future. Captain Eric Bird of the British 2nd Division says to his colleagues: ‘Do you realise that we shall probably live to be old men?’ Page 137 of 175

But first they must survive the next few hours, as Marshal Foch has ordered them to fight on. Kaiser Wilhelm wearing his ceremonial uniform with his second wife Princess Hermine of Reuss There is still plenty of danger for both sides and anxiety among the more experienced soldiers is increasing. Georg Bücher, a German infantryman since 1914, said: ‘We ducked at the sound of every explosion, which we had never bothered to do before. The old hands fought for the deepest, safest dug-outs.’ 5.30am: It isn’t safe for the royal train to pass through the Belgian city of Liege as it is still held by mutinous German soldiers, so the Kaiser must transfer to his limousine at a small station ten miles away. The stationmaster leads the Kaiser and his entourage out of the station, but to the Kaiser’s fury, his chauffeur and the other official cars aren’t there — they are waiting at another station down the line. He stands fuming in the dark. 7am: The men of the American 321st Infantry Regiment are being taken by truck to Verdun, where one of the bloodiest battles of the war had been fought in 1916. The Americans have recently arrived in Europe and it’s their first day on the front line. They look at the devastated countryside in shock — nothing has been left standing and on the hills they can see the bones of the French dead, bleached white by the elements. The Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany visits HQ of his son the ex-Crown Prince Wilhelm who commands the 5th Army Corps The village of La Bascule on the outskirts of the Belgian town of Mons is in the middle of a battle zone. For the past 24 hours, German guns in the village have been firing at the advancing Allied armies, which are now only a mile away. Schoolboy Georges Licope has opened all the windows of his house fearing that if they are closed, the vibrations from the Page 138 of 175

guns will shatter them. His family’s home has been requisitioned by German artillery officers who are meeting there to decide what to do next. After four years of occupation, Licope and his family are desperate to be liberated.

Kaiser Wilhelm lived the rest of his life in exile at Doorn after his abdication at the end of the Great War 7.30am: Kaiser Wilhelm has finally been reunited with his limousine and they have arrived at the Dutch border near Eijsden. The German border guards, now revolutionaries, are suspicious of this impressive limousine with evidence of its scratched-off insignia. The soldiers look inside but don’t recognise their former monarch or spot the rifles between the knees of his aides. One of the Kaiser’s entourage tells the guards impatiently they are on ‘important business’, which they take to mean talks about The Armistice; eager for peace, they wave the convoy through. Near the Belgian village of Sevry, Private Frank Dunk of the Queen’s Own Royal West Kent Regiment knocks on a farmhouse door. A woman answers and immediately puts her fingers to her lips, then points inside and whispers: ‘Boche!’ Dunk and his unit carefully walk in to the kitchen, guns ready, but the Germans flee by the back door and run across the orchard, leaving their breakfast on the table. With the permission of the farmer’s wife, Dunk and the others settle down to finish up the welcome meal of bread, pork and coffee. 8am: In the Compiègne Forest, a French railway worker shows the morning newspapers to the leader of the German delegation, Matthias Erzberger. He is shocked to see on the front pages that the Kaiser has abdicated — it’s the first he’s known about it. 8.30am: Although the Kaiser has successfully crossed the Dutch border by limousine, he is not yet safe. He is now on a station platform just inside Holland waiting for the royal train to arrive. The train will be his base while the Dutch government decide if they will grant him asylum.

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Kaiser Wilhelm drinking to the health of Doorn residents after they presented him with a summer house. As the Kaiser blows on his hands to keep warm, workers from a nearby factory shake their fists at him and shout: ‘Vive la France!’ Finally, the train pulls into the station and the Kaiser climbs aboard. The blinds are immediately drawn in case the workers start throwing stones. 9am: At the German prison camp of Rastatt by the River Rhine, it is the morning roll call. Second Lieutenant George Coles, whose RAF bomber had been shot down in September, takes his usual position on the parade ground. Coles and the other Allied PoWs are exhausted and half-starved as food is scarce and the camp commandant runs a strict regime. After a while, Coles notices in amazement that the commandant and his officers are, in fact, standing with the PoWs on parade, looking sheepish and dressed in civilian clothes. During the night they had been arrested by their own men, who have joined the revolutionary cause, and were forced to surrender their weapons. Coles and the other PoWs jeer at the commandant as he is led away to the cells. Near the French-Belgian border, Captain Frank Hitchcock of the Leinster Regiment is leading his men through waterlogged lanes. Since the start of the month it has rained almost every day. An officer gallops up to Hitchcock shouting: ‘The war is over! The Kaiser has abdicated!’ Hitchcock’s men are too weary to react. 10am: In La Bascule, Georges Licope runs from his house at the sound of aircraft engines. RAF planes are flying over the village on a reconnaissance mission and they are so low that Licope can see the pilots.

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Kaiser Wilhelm and Konig Eduard at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The German soldiers who have taken over his family’s house run out with their rifles and start taking pot-shots at the planes. An officer shouts at his men to stop — they are unlikely to hit them and are giving away their position to the British. 10.15am: Most of Berlin, by now, is in the hands of Left-wing revolutionaries. Many German army officers have ripped off their epaulettes and the pavements are littered with discarded Iron Crosses. In the centre of the city an English priest, Reverend Henry Williams, is blocking the path to St George’s, the only Anglican church allowed to remain open in Germany because the Kaiser, Queen Victoria’s grandson, is its patron. A gunfight has broken out nearby and Williams is worried that his congregation might get killed taking this route to the 11 o’clock service, so he is directing them another way. In the past four years Williams has survived anti-British hostility and food shortages — now he is having to dodge bullets. 10.30am: The church in the village of Auboncourt in north-east France is full — but not with its usual Sunday congregation. Marshal Ferdinand Foch was a French soldier and military theorist, and an Allied Generalissimo during the First World War An infantry regiment of the German 7th Division has assembled here for news of the political situation back home, and the building is full of blue smoke from the soldiers’ pipes and cigarettes. An officer reads out a statement saying that a revolution has taken place in Germany, an armistice will soon be signed and they must march home today ‘in good order’. The soldiers are stunned by the news. In London, Sunday morning crowds are surrounding 400 captured German guns that line the Page 141 of 175

Mall from Buckingham Palace to Admiralty Arch. The news of the Kaiser’s abdication has created an air of excited anticipation that an armistice is imminent. Yesterday the German weapons were dragged through the streets by tractors as part of the Lord Mayor’s Procession. Children are climbing all over the guns and are trying to get them to work. 11.30am: Captain Frank Hitchcock and his men of the Leinster Regiment trudge into the village of Arc-Ainières. The locals come out of their houses carrying bread and butter and fruit for the soldiers. Not all Belgians have been able to be so generous: Hitchcock has seen villagers so hungry they were tearing flesh off a dead mule with knives and forks. In Berlin the congregation of St George’s Church are in the middle of singing the hymn ‘Peace, Perfect Peace’ when there is suddenly a burst of gunfire outside. Reverend Williams smiles at the irony. Midday: In La Bascule, despite the artillery barrage coming from the German guns, Georges Licope and his family are having lunch ‘almost as calmly as in peacetime’. On the veranda outside, the German officers who have commandeered the house are looking at maps spread out on a table. Kaiser Wilhelm II and his son exCrown Prince Wilhelm of Germany at the Chateau des Tilleuls Suddenly there is an enormous explosion and the dining room windows shatter, sending shards of glass into the room, narrowly missing Georges’s father. The Allied guns have found their target. The Licopes family run for the safety of their cellar. The walls of the house shake as more shells land and two anxious German soldiers join the family underground; one is crying in shock: ‘Zwei kameraden kaputt!’ 12.15pm: As the Leinsters enjoy their bread and fruit in the village square, a German shell explodes a few hundred yards away. ‘They do say the war is over,’ Private Flaherty says sarcastically to Captain Hitchcock. 2.30pm: Brussels is still occupied by German troops, but an extraordinary mass evacuation is taking place. Thousands of unarmed German soldiers and sailors are leaving the city, carrying red flags and Page 142 of 175

singing revolutionary songs. Miss J. H. Gifford, an English teacher who remained at her finishing school when the Germans invaded, watches them pass. ‘What a dishevelled, ragged, hungry-looking mob they were. ‘One dared hardly lift an eye as they passed. Such a contrast to that magnificent, invincible-looking force of 1914!’ Across France and Belgium, the retreating German forces are leaving a deadly trail: leaking gas cylinders are being left under floorboards in houses likely to be used by Allied soldiers as billets; delayed-action mines are buried under roads; booby-trapped helmets, pistols and wine bottles have been left on the battlefield. 5pm: In La Bascule, the German officers are finally moving out of the Licopes’ home. They call to the family: ‘Tomorrow your English friends will be here. We’ve been beaten by a coalition of the whole world!’ A few miles away the Prince of Wales, the future Edward VIII, is writing to his mother Queen Mary. Although the prince had joined the Grenadier Guards in 1914, as heir to the throne he had been forbidden to fight, but has visited the front line as often as he can. Earlier the prince had watched the Canadians slowly advance into the town. ‘I wish they would hurry up and conclude The Armistice as I feel that it’s such a shame on our troops in the line who are getting killed...what rotten luck to be killed or wounded the last few days of the war!!’ 6pm: On his train in the Compiègne Forest, Marshal Foch is losing patience with the German delegation who are still prevaricating over terms; they will have to reach agreement soon to meet tomorrows planned 11 o’clock deadline. He sends an impatient message to their railway carriage, asking if they have heard from Berlin whether The Armistice terms have been accepted. 6.15pm: In Belgium, the American 89th Division is beginning an assault on the eastern bank of the River Meuse. Some officers think it’s foolish to continue so close to peace, but many American generals have newly arrived in France and are keen to prove themselves in battle. As one major-general put it: ‘Fighting was our concern and our only concern until we were ordered to stop.’

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Kaiser Wilhelm II with Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg and Erich von Ludendorf at German Headquarters As rafts and pontoons carrying troops move across the Meuse they are hit by German shells. Some men are swept away and drowned. Major-General John Lejeune, commanding the 2nd Division, wrote: ‘It was pitiful for men to go to their death on the evening of peace.’ 7.30pm: The German delegation finally receives a wireless confirmation from Berlin that the new head of government, Friedrich Ebert, agrees to the conditions. 9.30pm: In London and major cities across the country, pubs are closing for the night. Since August 1914 opening times have been restricted because of fears that wartime production might be harmed by drunkenness. Other restrictions have included a reduction in the strength of alcohol and a ‘No Treat Order’ to stop people buying drinks for others. In March 1916 a man was fined for buying his wife a glass of wine in a Southampton pub; she was fined for drinking it and the barmaid was fined for selling it. At the outbreak of the war, the King set an example by saying no alcohol would be consumed in the royal household until fighting ceased. 11pm: The Allied delegation have gone to their sleeping quarters on Foch’s train, but remain fully awake and dressed, waiting to see if the Germans will finally sign. 11.45pm: Kaiser Wilhelm is still waiting on his train at Eijsden station when he receives the news that the Dutch government has agreed to grant him asylum. They have persuaded a Dutch aristocrat, Count Godard Bentinck, to let the Kaiser stay for three days at his 17th-century castle in Utrecht. The Kaiser looks up Count Bentinck in an aristocratic almanac and isn’t impressed with his pedigree. Monday, Nov 11, 1918 Midnight: In the cellar of a house near Aulnoye, Private Frank Richards of the Royal Welch Fusiliers is getting ready for a game of pontoon with his unit. Over the past few months they have had little opportunity to spend their army pay and this will be a perfect opportunity. Richards knows that if he loses, he has some German field glasses and automatic pistols he can sell to give himself more funds. Page 144 of 175

In 1914 he had his picture taken with his arm around a German soldier during the Christmas truce. He reckons that only two of his comrades from that remarkable day are still alive. 2.15am: The German delegates leave their train and walk 200 yards through the rain and cold across duckboards to Marshal Foch’s carriage — a restaurant car adapted for face-to-face discussion. The leader of the German delegation Matthias Erzberger wants to squeeze some last-minute concessions from the Allies. 5am: In the Belgian town of Mons where the British Expeditionary Force fought its first battle in August 1914, the mayor Victor Maistrau looks out of his bedroom window. The Ex-Kaiser Wilhelm, former Emperor of Germany on Friday January 27 celebrated his 80th birthday in his exile home at Doorn house, Holland He sees Allied soldiers in the gloom heading towards the German lines and a glint of a bayonet. ‘I knew this was liberation!’ he said later. To the surprise of the German delegation, Foch agrees to some of the German demands. Fewer planes, lorries and machine-guns will have to be surrendered and the Germans are given 31 days rather than 25 to evacuate the right bank of the Rhine. So, the German delegates agree to The Armistice terms. 5.19am: Some of the delegation are in tears as Matthias Erzberger picks up a pen to sign The Armistice document. He grinds his teeth in anguish as he writes his name — he knows how unpopular this agreement will be in Germany. Reproduction of the scene which ended the greatest war in history. Painting depicting the signature of the armistice in the railway carriage It is decided that the world will be told the signing took place at 5am and that the cease-fire should start six hours later at 11am. The eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month has a Page 145 of 175

ring to it that pleases the Allied negotiators. Erzberger has a final warning: ‘The carrying out of this agreement may plunge the German people into anarchy and famine.’ He then ends with a note of defiance: ‘A nation of seventy million suffers, but does not die.’ In three years Matthias Erzberger will be assassinated for signing The Armistice. After 1,560 bloody days, the Great War is officially over but there are fewer than six hours to communicate the news to the soldiers on the front. Jonathan Mayo is the author of D-Day: Minute By Minute, (Short Books, £8.99). https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6347869/The-hours-Great-War-recounted-mark-100years-end-week.html • Beginning WW1: Ghana The soldier who fired the first British shot in 1914: Prince Charles and Camilla pay tribute to Ghanian World War I hero who opened fire on German-led police in Togo

The little-known tale from Togo was last night recounted to the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall at a dinner at the High Commission in Accra in Ghana. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6347799/Prince-Charles-Camilla-pay-tribute-GhanianWorld-War-hero.html •

Beginning of the war against Germany: Gold Coast vs Togoland

RSM Alhaji Grunshi DCM MM, serving in the Gold Coast Regiment, was the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the First World War. First World War At the start of the First World War, Germany's West African colony of Togoland was isolated from the rest of the German Empire. Togoland had borders with the British Gold Coast to the west, French Dahomey to the east, and French West Africa to the north. Following the declaration of war by the British Empire on 4 August 1914, the colony was completely cut off from reinforcement. With no German military presence in Togoland in 1914, the colony was defenceless other than a police force of 660 Togolese police officers serving under 10 German sergeants. Although containing few resources of value to Germany, Togoland was strategically vital to the defence of Germany's overseas empire, with the powerful Kamina radio transmitters near Atakpamé the only radio link between Germany and its colonies of German Southwest Africa and German East Africa, as well as the only means of radio communication between Germany and shipping in the South Atlantic. Following the declaration of war, troops of the Gold Coast Regiment entered Togoland from the British Gold Coast and advanced on the capital, Lomé. An advance patrol of the Gold Coast Regiment encountered the German-led police force on 7 August 1914 at a factory in Nuatja, near Lomé, and the police force opened fire on the patrol. Alhaji Grunshi returned fire, the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war. On 8 August 1914 the commander of the police, Hauptmann Page 146 of 175

Pfaeler, was shot after climbing a tree to get a better view of the Gold Coast Regiment, and resistance collapsed. German technicians destroyed the Kamina transmitters on 24 August, and Togoland surrendered to the British and French on 26 August 1914. Grunshi survived the war, having fought in three African campaigns, and as a Lance Corporal was Mentioned in Despatches on 5 March 1918. On 13 March 1919, now a Sergeant, he was awarded the Military Medal for his part in the East African Campaign.37 •

Beginning of the war in Southern Africa

In 1911, Victor von Frankenberg und Proschlitz took over the Resident's post, thereafter known, however, as District Chief. In late September 1914, he surrendered Schuckmannsburg without a fight to an advancing detachment of the British South Africa Police from Southern Rhodesia which was cooperating with a detachment of the Northern Rhodesia Police (NRP). Captain Eason then became the new administrator. Lieutenant O'Sullevan of the NRP said that the Caprivi had: “the largest, most vindictive, and venomous mosquitoes I have seen ... in the wet season it is a swamp and unhealthy; in the dry weather the heat is terrific, whilst the sand is deep and uncomfortable to walk in.” Katima Mulilo German rule ended in Southwest Africa as Germany was stripped of its colonies after the First World War by the Treaty of Versailles. The South Africans took over the administrative centre at Schuckmannsburg but decided to abandon the place because of the annual heavy flooding of the area. Thus, Schuckmannsburg lost its political importance when on 28 January 1935 Katima Mulilo took its administrative functions. Because of a shortage of building material in Katima Mulilo – no shops and no buildings were present there at that time – many buildings were taken apart so that the bricks could be reused in the new regional seat.38

Russia • Russia's only aircraft carrier is damaged when floating dock securing it SINKS Russia's only aircraft carrier was damaged while undergoing repairs in the north of the country after the floating dock holding it sank in the early hours of Tuesday morning and a crane crashed onto it https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6332521/Russias-aircraft-carrierdamaged-floating-dock-sinks.html

37 38

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Grunshi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhonono

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My Visit to Russia: September 2019: William Marshall Introduction My visit to Russia came about due directly to my friend HW Short, who invited me to come and visit the Kubinka Tank Museum with him. I was in two minds and it took me some time to make up my mind, which I eventually did in Jan this year. We exchanged dates as the World Cup Soccer event was also to take place and we agreed on a date in early September 2018. My return ticket was purchased which entailed an hour and a half stop-over and connecting flight in Rome, Italy.

Pic -01: Boarding the aircraft in Rome. On the 3rd of September my journey to Moscow started with a nine-hour flight to Rome and a further four hours to Moscow. I had preconceived ideas about Russia which has come a long way with me from my school days during the 1970’s and also from my time in the SADF and the International media. Thus, armed with ideas and images of the Iron Curtain, “Rooi Gevaar”, Red Bear, KGB, GRU and a strict police type state, I caught my first glimpse of Mother Russia as the aircraft approached Sheremetyevo airport in Moscow. My first impression was of a very lush and green countryside with patches of woodlands, forests, lakes and rivers, scattered around them were large blocks of (what I assumed) was apartment buildings of some sort.

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Pic-02: My first glimpse at Mother Russia. Landing at Sheremetyevo airport was a breeze and all credit must go to a very professional flight by Alitalia (both directions). Customs was no problem with the officer only asking if I was a â&#x20AC;&#x153;touristâ&#x20AC;?.

Pic-03: View from the aircraft of Sheremetyevo airport.

Pic-04: Sheremetyevo terminal.

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Pic-05: Interior of the terminal. After clearing customs and fetching my luggage my host HW Short met me at the airport and we proceeded to his apartment in the centre of Moscow near Gorki Park and the Moscow river. Driving in Moscow would be a challenge for most of us they also make use of the right side of the road with some unfamiliar traffic signs and markings on the road.

Pic-06: Traffic in Moscow is much the same as in any other large city, except for the Police and Emergency vehicle lane in the centre of the highway. Page 150 of 175

The real age of Moscow is not known. There are some myths saying that the foundation of Moscow took place in ancient times. The first trustworthy chronicle which mentioned the settlement is the Ipatyev Chronicle, saying that on Saturday, April 4, 1147, the prince Yury Dolgoruky received his friends and allies headed by the prince Svyatoslav Olgovich in a small town called Moskov. The name of the city as well as the names of many other cities around the world, is bound with the name of the river it is standing on (the Moskva River). The river was called this way long before the settlement appeared. It is unknown who named it and what this name means. There are two main versions: Finnio-Ugric and Slavic. According to the first one, the word “Moskva” is derived from the Finno-Ugric language group which means “river-bear”. The Slavic theory points to the stem “mosk” denoting “marshy” or “moisture, liquid, marshland, dampness”. The Moscow skylight is a mixture of the ultra-modern and old city buildings. Progress has been rapid in the 20 years or so after the fall of communism.

Pic-07: The ultra-modern skyline with these beautiful skyscrapers dotting the horizon.

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Pic-08: One of the many bridges over the Moscow river â&#x20AC;&#x201C; built to last 100 years. The city is surrounded by 6 airports, 3 river ports, 9 main railway stations, 222 underground stations transporting about 6 million people per day. The first underground station was built in 1935. Each underground station has the main theme and being decorated suitably. This is the easiest way to move around Moscow with the purchase of a pre-paid pass you have access to the entire city. Finding your way is easy as the announcements on the train are both in Russian and English. Convenient maps are also in the train which shows you your progress on the underground. The underground is open until about 01:00 in the evening and reopens at 05:00 in the morning.

Pic-09: access to the underground is via an inclined escalator depending on the depth of the station.

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Pic-10: HW Short posing in the Kiyevskaya Metro station, surmounted by large mosaics by A.V. Myzin celebrating Russo-Ukrainian unity. Pic -11: The metro station of Ploschad Revolutsii has ornate statues depicting the Revolution with the dogâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nose being polished by passers-by who touch it in the belief that it brings good luck and a speedy return to this statue.

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Pic 12: Me posing next to the mosaic in honour of Lenin in the Kiyevskaya Metro station.

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Pic-13: The beautiful stained-glass panels in Novoslobodskaya Metro Station. Pic-14: One of the beautiful mural paintings in Kiyevskaya Metro station, all signs of Stalin were removed from the murals after 1990. The metro is the most cost-effective way of moving around Moscow, cheap and quick with a train stopping about every three minutes in any particular station. The next pace to visit in Moscow was the Red Square and the Kremlin. Kremlin is the Russian word for Fort, thus most cities and towns have a Kremlin. Moscowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Kremlin has the Red Square with its iconic St Basilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cathedral as the main attraction.

Pic-15: The Kremlin in Moscow.

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Pic-16: Myself standing in the middle of Red Square, a portion being barricaded off while building of a stage took place for the celebration of the 871st birthday of Moscow city. A large firework display took place later in the evening.

Pic-17: One of the Churches at the entrance to the Red Square.

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Pic-18: Red Squares famous GUM departmental store along one side the Square. Catherine the Great commissioned Giacomo Quarenghi, a Neoclassical architect from Italy, to design a huge trade centre along the east side of Red Square. The existing structure was built to replace the previous trading rows that had been designed by Joseph Bove after the 1812 Fire of Moscow. By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the building contained some 1,200 stores. After the Revolution, the GUM was nationalised. During the NEP period (1921â&#x20AC;&#x201C;28), GUM as a State Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class, gender, and ethnicity. GUM continued to be used as a department store until Joseph Stalin converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first Five Year Plan. After the suicide of Stalin's wife Nadezhda in 1932, the GUM was used briefly to display her body. After reopening as a department store in 1953, the GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of consumer goods, and the queues of shoppers were long, often extending entirely across Red Square. At the end of the Soviet era, GUM was partially, then fully privatized, and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company Perekryostok. In May 2005, a 50.25% interest was sold to Bosco di Ciliegi, a Russian luxury-goods distributor and boutique operator. As a private shopping mall, it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old abbreviation and thus still be called GUM. However, the first word Gosudarstvennyi ('state') has been replaced with Glavnyi ('main'), so that GUM is now an abbreviation for "Main Universal Store". Page 157 of 175

Pic-19: The iconic State History Museum building on the Red Square.

Pic-20: Arguably the best know church - St Basilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cathedral. Page 158 of 175

One of the highlights to visiting Moscow from a military point of view must be the changing of the guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the entrance to the Kremlin. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is a war memorial, dedicated to the Soviet soldiers killed during World War II. It is located at the Kremlin Wall in the Alexander Garden in Moscow. The remains of the unknown soldiers killed in the Battle of Moscow in 1941 were initially buried in a mass grave of the Shtyki Memorial at the 40th km of the Leningrad highway at the city of Zelenograd. This was the location of the closest approach of the German armies to Moscow during the war. To commemorate the 25th anniversary of the battle, in December 1966 these remains were relocated to the Kremlin Wall. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was designed by architects D. I. Burdin, V. A. Klimov, Yu. R. Rabayev and sculptor Nikolai Tomsky, and was unveiled to the public on May 8, 1967. The dark red porphyry monument is decorated with a bronze sculpture of a laurel branch and a soldier's helmet laid upon a banner. In front of the monument, there is a five-pointed star in a square field of labradorite, which emanates the Eternal Flame from its centre. The flame illuminates a bronze inscription reading; "Your name is unknown; your deed is immortal". The torch for the memorial's Eternal Flame was transported from Leningrad, where it had been lit from the Eternal Flame at the Field of Mars. To the left of the tomb is a granite wall with an inlay stating: "1941 - To Those Who Have Fallen for the Motherland - 1945". To the right of the tomb, lining the walkway are dark red porphyry blocks with encapsulated soils from heroic cities of Leningrad, Kiev, Stalingrad, Odessa, Sevastopol, Minsk, Kerch, Novorossiysk, Tula, Brest, Murmansk and Smolensk. The plate for “Stalingrad” was changed to “Volgograd” after September 2004. Further to the right of these monuments is an obelisk in red granite, listing the names of 40 “Cities of Military Glory” divided into groups of four. This monument was dedicated on May 8, 2010. In 1997, a Guard of Honour of the Kremlin Regiment (which had guarded the Lenin Mausoleum) was restored at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier by federal law of December 8, 1997. On immortalizing the Soviet People’s Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 a changing of the Guard Ceremony takes place every hour, 24/7 and 365 days.

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Pic-21: New guards approaching the memorial. Pic-22: Guards in their smart winter uniforms. Pic-23: Old guards marching to their barracks after the changeover. The statue of Zhukov, four times hero of the Soviet Union is also at the entrance to Red square.

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1 December 1896 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 18 June 1974) was a Soviet Red Army General and Marshall of the Soviet Union who became Chief of General Staff, Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Minister of Defence and a member of the Politburo. During World War II he participated in multiple battles, ultimately commanding the 1st Belorussian Front in the Battle of Berlin, which resulted in the defeat of Nazi Germany, and the end of the War in Europe.

Pic-24: Statue of Marshal Zhukov at the entrance to the Kremlin.

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Pic-25: The four-time Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov. The strategically decisive Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan). On 20 August 1939, his "Soviet Offensive" commenced. After a massive artillery barrage, nearly 500, BT-5 and BT-7 tanks advanced, supported by over 500, fighters and bombers. This was the Soviet Air Force's first fighterbomber operation. The offensive first appeared to be a typical conventional frontal attack. However, two tank brigades were initially held back and then ordered to advance around on both flanks, supported by motorized artillery, infantry, and other tanks. This daring and successful manoeuvre encircled the Japanese 6th Army and captured the enemy's vulnerable rear supply areas. By 31 August 1939, the Japanese had been cleared from the disputed border, leaving the Soviets clearly victorious. For his victory, Zhukov was declared a Hero of the Soviet Union. However, the campaign â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and especially Zhukov's pioneering use of tanks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; remained little known outside of the Soviet Union itself. Zhukov considered Nomonhan invaluable preparation for conducting operations during the Second World War. Another significant element of their relationship was Zhukov's straightforwardness towards Stalin. Stalin was dismissive of the fawning of many of his entourage and openly criticised it. Many people around Stalin, including Beria, Yezhov, Mekhlis, and others, felt the need to flatter Stalin to remain on his good side. Zhukov, on the other hand, was stubbornly willing to express his views, often going openly against Stalin's opinion even to the point of risking his career and life. His heated argument with Stalin on the subject of abandoning Kiev in June 1941 was a typical example of Zhukov's approach. This independence in Zhukov's thinking gained Stalin's respect. It caused Zhukov considerable difficulties with Stalin on several occasions, but was the main reason the decisionmaking of Stavka became more objective and effective. After the war, things were less successful for Zhukov, and his independent-mindedness caused him many problems. Indeed, under the personality cult of the Stalinist regime and its overweening bureaucracy and emphasis on conformity, there was little place within the government for people like Zhukov. During February 1953, Stalin ordered Zhukov to leave the post of commander of the Urals Military District, and then recalled him to Moscow. Several opinions suggested Zhukov was needed for Korean War service; but, in fact, during one month at Moscow, Stalin did not give Zhukov any tasks. At 9:50 a.m. on 5 March 1953, Stalin suddenly died. After this event, Zhukov's life entered a new phase. The security chief Lavrentiy Beria was apparently trying to topple Zhukov. After Stalin's death, Zhukov returned to favour, becoming Deputy Defence Minister in 1953. He then had an opportunity to avenge himself on Beria. Who was soon arrested and sentenced to death. On his 60th birthday (in 1956), Zhukov received his fourth Hero of the Soviet Union title. He became the highest-ranking military professional who was also a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. He further became a symbol of national strength. Zhukov's prestige was even higher than the police and security agencies of the USSR, and thus rekindled concerns among political leaders. For example, going even further than Khrushchev, Zhukov Page 161 of 175

demanded that the political agencies in the Red Army report to him before the Party. He demanded an official condemnation of Stalin's crimes during the Great Purge. After Khrushchev was deposed in October 1964, Brezhnev restored Zhukov to favour (though not to power) in a move to use Zhukov's popularity to strengthen his political position. Zhukov's name was put in the public eye yet again when Brezhnev lionised Zhukov in a speech commemorating the Great Patriotic War. On 9 May 1965, Zhukov was invited to sit on the tribunal of the Lenin Mausoleum and given the honour of reviewing the parade of military forces in Red Square. Zhukov had begun writing his memoirs "Reminiscences and Reflections" in 1958. He now worked intensively on them, which together with steadily deteriorating health, served to worsen his heart disease. In December 1967, Zhukov had a serious stroke. He was hospitalised until June 1968, and continued to receive medical and rehabilitative treatment at home under the care of his second wife, Galina Semyonova, a former officer in the Medical Corps. The stroke left him paralysed on his left side and his speech became slurred and he could only walk with assistance. His memoirs were published in 1969 and became a best-seller. Within several months of the date of publication of his memoirs, Zhukov had received more than 10,000 letters from readers that offered comments, expressed gratitude, gave advice, or lavished praise. Supposedly, the Communist Party invited Zhukov to participate in the XXIV Congress in 1971 but the invitation was rescinded. On 18 June 1974, Zhukov died after another stroke. Contrary to Zhukov's last will for an Orthodox Christian burial, and despite the requests of the family to the country's top leadership, his body was cremated and his ashes were buried at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis alongside fellow generals and marshals of the Soviet Union and later the Russian Federation. Zhukov was a recipient of many decorations. Most notably he was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union four times. Aside from Zhukov, only Leonid Brezhnev was a four-time recipient (the latter were all self-awarded). Zhukov was one of only three recipients to receive the Order of Victory twice. He was also awarded high honours from many other countries. Today a large statue of him has been erected in front of the Kremlin depicting him on a horse. The only military person in the Soviet Union to be crowned a four times receiver of the accolade “Hero of the Soviet Union”, this can be seen as the four small red ribbon gold star medals above his other medals. Pic-26: A series of monuments for Soviet Marshal’s and Generals alongside the Kremlin Wall, this is also where Zhukov was buried. Surly a hero of note in an otherwise very difficult environment to have survived, Stalin and Beria, possibly due to his vast support by military members in the Soviet Union. No visit to the Kremlin would be complete without paying your last respects to the founder of the Revolution, Vladimir Lenin’s tomb. After being screened with metal detectors groups of about ten visitors at a time are allowed to pass through and walk down the wall of the Kremlin to the Tomb of Lenin. Page 162 of 175

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin. was a Russian Communist revolutionary leader, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.

Pic-27: Walking along the Kremlin wall towards the Tomb of Lenin. Pic-28: Entrance to the Lenin Mausoleum. In March 1923, Lenin suffered a third stroke and lost his ability to speak, that month, he experienced partial paralysis on his right side and began exhibiting sensory aphasia. By May, he appeared to be making a slow recovery, regaining some of his mobility, speech, and writing skills. In October, he made a final visit to the Moscow Kremlin. In his final weeks, Lenin was visited by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin, with the latter visiting him at his Gorki mansion on the day of his death. On 21 January 1924, Lenin fell into a coma and died later that day. His official cause of death was recorded as an incurable disease of the blood vessels. The government publicly announced Lenin's death the following day. On 23 January, mourners from the Communist Party, trade unions, and soviets visited his Gorki home to inspect the body, which was carried aloft in a red coffin by leading Bolsheviks. Transported by train to Moscow, the coffin was taken to the House of Trade Unions, where the body lay in state. Over the next three days, around a million mourners came to see the body, many queuing for hours in the freezing conditions. On 26 January, the eleventh All-Union Congress of Soviets met to pay respects to the leader, with speeches being made by Kalinin, Zinoviev, and Stalin, but notably not Trotsky, who had been convalescing in the Caucasus. Lenin's funeral took place the following day, when his body was carried to Red Square, accompanied by martial music, where assembled crowds listened to a series of speeches before the corpse was placed into the vault of a specially erected mausoleum. Despite the freezing temperatures, tens of thousands attended. Lenin's body was embalmed to preserve it for long-term public display in the Red Square mausoleum. During this process, Lenin's brain was removed and it was later dissected, revealing that Lenin had suffered from severe sclerosis. In July 1929, the Politburo agreed to replace the temporary mausoleum with a permanent granite alternative, which was finished in 1933. The sarcophagus, in which Lenin's corpse was contained, was replaced in 1940 and again in 1970. His body was removed from Moscow (1941 to 1945 WW2) and stored in Tyumen for safety reasons. As of 2017 the body remains on public display in Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square. Page 163 of 175

No photography is allowed inside and the last picture may be taken at the entrance. Inside one finds the body of Lenin displayed in a glass case, very dignified. The cold air in the room quickly drives most tourists outside.

Pic-29: The sarcophagus in which Lenin's corpse currently resides.

Pic-30: The embalmed body of Lenin. â&#x20AC;˘

Part 2 - in this series will cover my visits to the National Army Museum, Victory Park and the tank museum at Kubinka.

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Duitswes-Afrika • Lt.-genl. Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha, moontlik die eerste rassemoordenaar in die twintigste eeu (1904 te Duits-Suidwes): Saamgestel deur Philip Malherbe

Agtergrond van Duits-Suidwes Geskiedkundiges, geoloë, grootwildjagters, avonturiers, prospekteerders en sendelinge was dit eens dat die bewoners van Namibië om en by die vroeë 1800’s die San (Boesmans) was, waarna die Ovambo’s wat aanvanklik in die Suide van Angola woonagtig was, Suidwaarts na die teenswoordige Namibië getrek het. Daar het hulle hulself aanvanklik Noord van die huidige Etoshawildtuin gevestig. Hulle het ver suid na die Otjikotomeer gestap om ruilhandel met die San te doen. Hulle het vragte sout, tabak, glaskrale en metaal gereedskap aangebied vir die San se volstruiseiers, velle en hopies groen-en-blou rots stukkies - kopererts. Na die ruiling het, het die Ovambo’s, in teenstelling met die San se onvermoë om die kopererts te verwerk (het wel die waarde daarvan besef), miershope omskep in primitiewe smeltoonde en met houtskool, vervaardig van omliggende bome, gestook totdat die koper geel uit die gesmelte hart van die erts begin vloei het in groewe wat in die harde grond gegrawe is. Daar het dit afgekoel en soliede koperdraad geword. Vermelde rukoper is in mandjies van palmblare gepak en met drastokke weggevoer na die grondgebied noord van die huidige Etosha-wildtuin wat tot in Angola gestrek het. Die Ovambo’s was egter nie lank tevrede met die vreedsame ruilproses nie. Hulle wou weet waar die erts vandaan kom, sodat hulle self kon ontgin soveel as hulle wou hê. Dus het hulle gepoog om die Boesmans te agtervolg, om by die bron van rykdom uit te kom. Hulle het egter tweede gekom Page 165 of 175

nadat hulle om die lewe gebring is deur gifpyle. Die Ovambo’s het veel later hul eie koperneerslae ontdek naby die Otaviberge sowat 50 km suidwes van die latere Tsumeb af. Gedurende 1875 het die eerste wit “eienaar” van die Ovambo’s se koper – en sonder dat hulle dit geweet het, ook die Boesmans sin, (soos die skrywer Deon Lambrecht dit stel) was die Afrikaanse Dorslandtrekkers. Hulle het gedurende 1875 uit Transvaal getrek om weg te kom van die Britte, dwarsoor die dorre Kalahari en Kakaoveld tot by Humpata in Angola in 1881. Daar het die Portugese 200 hektaar grond aan elk van die trekkers gegee om op te boer. Dit was egter te klein en hulle het deurgeloop onder die malaria en konflik deur die swart stamme. Duits-Suidwes tot protektoraat verklaar Gedurende 1884 verklaar Duitsland, Suidwes-Afrika tot ‘n protektoraat en herdoop dit na DuitsSuidwes. Vyf en twintig gesinne Dorslandtrekkers besluit om uit te wyk na Duits-Suidwes, suid van Ovamboland. Hulle ontvang 50,000 hektaar van Bill Worthington Jordan, wat dit op sy beurt van koning van die Ondongas, kaMpingana gekoop het vir 300 pond, 25 gewere, een gesoute perd en ‘n vat brandewyn. Die grond is goedkoop, want dit behoort nie-amptelik aan die Ovambo’s en word hoofsaaklik deur die Boesmans bewoon. Maar soos dikwels in die geskiedenis (soortgelyk soos in SA) vra niemand die Boesmans wat hulle van die saak dink nie. Die Angola-Boere stig summier hul eie staat, wat hulle die Republiek Upingtonia noem. Die nuwe Boerestaat strek van Grootfontein tot Otavi en sluit die Ovambo’s se koperneerslae in. Dit sluit ook die plek in waar die dorp Tsumeb later sou verrys. Die Ovambo’s kom egter in opstand en eis hulle grond terug en gou is die ganse kontrei ‘n kruitvat. Dit was die einde van die nuwe Boere Republiek wat skaars ‘n jaar geduur het. Daarna trek die boere weer terug na Humpata in Angola, nadat hulle herhaaldelik deur Ovambo’s aangeval is. Koperregte weggeneem van Nama’s en Herero’s Augustus 1892 ken die Duitse kanselier Otto von Bismarck die Damaraland-konsessie toe aan twee Duitse vennote, wat die Otavi-koperneerslae insluit. Daarna is koper op groot skaal gemyn. Gedurende 1904 kom die Ovambo’s in opstand teen die Duitsere immigrante wat hul vroue, land, vee en koper gesteel het. Hierna reik die Herero opperhoof, Samuel Maharero opdragte uit om alle wittes dood te maak behalwe die Engelse, Boere en sendelinge. Binne dae sterf 123 mense en word en talle nedersettings en dorpe beleër. Duitsland besluit om lt.-genl. Von Trotha vanaf Duitsland na Duits-Suidwes te stuur om die Herero rebellie te onderdruk. Generaal von Trotha was ‘n Duitse militêre bevelvoerder gedurende die Europese nuwe koloniale era. Hy word o.a. na Oos-Asië gestuur om die “Boxer Rebellion” in die Keiserryk van China te onderdruk namens die agt-nasie alliansie (VSA, Britte, Franse, Duitsers, Italië, Japan, Rusland en Oostenrykse Hongarye). Gedurende 1900 het die Bokser rebellie, ‘n geheime Chinese organisasie bekend as die “Vereeniging van die Regverdige en Harmonieuse Vuis”, wat gekant was teen vreemdelinge en die Christelike opgang, het die oproer in Noord-China gelei teen die verspreiding van die Westerse en Japanese invloed. Die Vereeniging se militêre vleuel het almal die Chinese gevegskuns beoefen. Onder Von Trota se aanvoering is die keiserlike weermag oorwin. Die hoofstad van China is geplunder en moontlike ondersteuners van die “Boxers” is doodgemaak. Page 166 of 175

Toetrede van genl. Von Trotha Aanvanklik het Von Trotha gesukkel teen die guerrilla-oorlogvoering van die Herero’s en verliese gely. Daarna stel hy ‘n nuwe gevegsplan op, deur die Herero’s op drie fronte aan te val, met die enigste ontsnaproete die waterlose Omaheke, boomlose-vlakteland, aan die westerse Kalahariwoestyn. Die Herero’s het na die woestyn gevlug en Trotha het sy manskappe beveel om alle watergate te vergiftig, waarna hy wagte langs die 150 myl lyn gepos het met die opdrag om alle mans dood te skiet, en oor die vroue en kinders se koppe te skiet wat gepoog het om te ontsnap. Om sy standpunt duidelik tuis te bring het hy die “Vernichtungsbefehl” of doodsbevel aan die Herero’s gerig: Geen Herero’s word meer as Duitse onderdane herken nie, aangesien hulle gemoor, en geroof, en die ore en ander liggaamsdele van verwonde soldate afgekap het. Lospryse is ook op die koppe van Herero mans (500 mark), hoofmanne (1000 mark) en Herero opperhoof, Samuel Maharero (5,000 mark) geplaas. Hy het die Herero’s beveel om die land te verlaat. Indien hulle nie hieraan gehoor sou gee nie, sou dit hom hy geen ander keuse laat om hul te verjaag met kanonne. Enige Herero’s wat na hierdie opdrag met of sonder ‘n geweer gevind word of in besit van vee, sal onmiddellik om die lewe gebring word. Dat daar oor die koppe van vroue en kinders gevuur sal word om te verseker dat hul weghardloop. Geen mans sal gevange gehou word nie maar doodgeskiet word. Dit het verskil van die Herero leiers wat hul onderdane beveel het om net soldate aan te val. Trotha se optrede het groot ontevredenheid onder die gemeenskap veroorsaak, wat daartoe gelei het dat hy teruggeroep is na Duitsland. Dit was egter te laat, aangesien die oorlewendes in konsentrasie kampe aangehou is en gedwonge arbeid moes verrig, vir die ontwikkeling van DuitsSuidwes. Baie het egter omgekom weens wanvoeding, oorwerk en siektes. Voor die opstande was die Herero’s getalle geskat op 80,000, na die 1911 sensus is daar slegs 15,000 oorgebly. Trotha se troepe het ook die Namas (Boesmans) in 1905 voor stok gekry en beveel om oor te gee of die selfde roete as die Herero’s te volg. Ongeveer 10,000 Boesmans is om die lewe gebring, en die orige 9,000 was in konsentrasiekampe gestop. Na Trotha se terugkeer na Duitsland is hy aangestel as generaal van die voetsoldate. Latere jare het Trotha sy aksies verdedig deur aan te voer dat dit sy beleid was om geweld teen terroriste te gebruik. Hy het in 1920 gesterf aan ingewandskoors. In 1933 is ‘n straat in München na hom vernoem. In 2006 het die stadsraad egter die straat herdoop na Hererostraat, ter nagedagte aan sy slagoffers. Otjiwarongo het ook ‘n straat lank voor onafhanklikheid na die generaal vernoem. Die huidige munisipaliteit het belowe om die straat te hernoem. Op 16 Augustus 2004 het die Duitse regering amptelik om verskoning gevra vir die volksmoord, maar geweier om enige vergoeding aan die Herero en Nama afstammelinge te betaal. Later het die minister van ontwikkeling en hulp, weereens om verskoning vir die slagting gevra. Daarna het die twee lande goeie bande met mekaar opgebou nadat Duitsland geld bewillig het vir ekonomiese en politieke pakkette wat tot voordeel vir die inwoners van Namibië moes strek.

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Aangesien die generaal geen lewende direkte afstammelinge het nie, het veraf familielede in Oktober 2007 op uitnodiging na die plaaslike Herero hoofmanne na Omaruru gereis en in die openbaar om verskoning gevra vir die generaal se optredes. Bronne: • • • • • •

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_von_Trotha https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/the-german-massacre-of-namibias-indigenous-tribes20180829 https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/4819/asc1293873029.pdf?sequence=1 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum https://www.google.co.za/search?q=boxer+rebellion&oq=Boxer&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l5.1 4322j1j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Lamprecht, D. Tannie Pompie se Oorlog In die Driehoek van die Dood, 2015

INTELLIGENCE: INTERNATIONAL

Iran's intelligence service is accused of attempted attack on 'individuals' in Denmark as man is arrested

Danish police said the Iranian intelligence service is suspected in an attempted attack on individuals in Denmark. A Norwegian citizen with Iranian background was arrested on October 21. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6333259/Irans-intelligence-service-accused-attemptedattack-individuals-Denmark.html

LETTERS | BRIEWE

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Military Despatches

Hi all Please find attached the November issue of Military Despatches. We now have our own website at www.militarydespatches.co.za Enjoy. Matt

NONGQAI vol 9 nr 11 Baie dankie Hennie, het die Nongqai ontvang â&#x20AC;&#x201C; jou liefdestaak met die NONGQAI gaan werklik net van krag tot krag, groot waardering vir al jou moeite. Page 169 of 175

J Giliomee 14 opmerkings 11 keer gedeel 37David Blyth, John Elsegood en 35 ander Charles Ross Many thanks Brig. Looking forward to read it. Pieter van Aardt Dankie Hennie Heymans Tiny Nortje Dankie Hennie Jos En Ger Sevink Dankie lieve Hennie ! Zetef du Plessis Dankie Oom Hennie Heymans Andre van Ellinckhuyzen Dankie Brig. Hennie Heymans. Eersdaags stuur ek weer n bydrae Paul Greyling Baie dankie. Weereens puik en baie breë veld gedek. Jennifer Bosch Thank you sir! Rodney Warwick Thanks Hennie - still owe you something... Walter Victor Volker Baie dankie Hennie Heymans - ons waardeer jou en jou wonderlike werk! Nico Moolman Annie Olivier Lucas Holtzhausen Beste Hennie Baie dankie vir die uitgawe Ek dink as meer dienende offisiere die uitgawes kan lees sonder om 'n politieke bril op te sit, hulle baie kan leer oor hoe om die SAPS te bestuur. Groetnis Simon McIlwaine Always a good read, Brigadier! Paul Greyling Ek het nou eers kans gekry om die puik uitgawe te lees. Ek kan nie in woorde uitdruk om die uitgawe te beskryf nie. Dit is elke keer beter as die vorige een. Baie dankie.

Film oor Genl.-maj. (ds.) Doempie Cloete: André Pretorius Goeie dag Hennie, My naam is André Pretorius en ek is 'n film maker. Terwyl ek besig was met die navorsing en skryf van 'n film oor manne in die 6de Suid-Afrikaanse Pantser Divisie, het ek paar keer die fantastiese stories raak gelees oor "Doempie" Cloete. Page 170 of 175

Terwyl ek nog steeds die ander film wil maak, het ek besluit dat ek graag "Doempie" se storie as 'n biografie op sy eie wil vertel. Ek het lank op die internet gesit om meer inligting te soek oor hom, maar daar is net so veel wat ek kon opspoor. Ek het gewonder of the Police Gazette my kan help om meer inligting, foto's en stories van "Doempie" op te kan spoor, al is dit net om my in die regte rigting te wys. Ek voel dat die stories van hom moet vertel word. Ek sien uit na jou terugvoer. Vriendelike Groete, AndrĂŠ Pretorius Director/Writer

Goeie More Genl-maj (ds) Doempie Cloete was 'n legende in die UVM, die SAW en die SAP. Hy was deur die 2deWO en het in Korea diens gedoen. Hy is die eerste kapelaan (in uniform) wat in die SAP diens gedoen het. Ek is altyd bereid om te help - die "Police Gazette" staan nou bekend as die NONGQAI - ek ons gee nou Vol 9 No 12 uit oor 'n paar weke. Ek sal lesers vir meer inligting vra. U kan my enige tyd skakel 072-336-1755 ek is 'n amateur "polisie-historikus". Baie groete

Baie dankie! Ek sal u definitief skakel as ek nog vrae het. Ek waardeer dit ongelooflik baie. Dit sal wonderlik wees as daar nog lesers is wat meer stories vir my het. Enige inligting is welkom. Selfs foto's is 'n groot hulp, want nie net wil ek foto's van hom in sit in die einde van die film nie, maar ek kan baie van 'n storie vorm uit 'n foto uit. Ek het ten minste gedeeltes vir die storie wat hy in die Tweede WĂŞreld Oorlog was, asook 'n klein stukkie van die Koreaanse-oorlog, maar nie veel oor wat hy noodwendig gedoen het in die Grens Oorlog nie. As iemand vir my iets kan gee wat hy daar gedoen het vir die manne op die grens, sal dit lekker wees om dit ook in die film te sien.

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Maar weereens, enige inligting oor die man, voor, tydens of na enige van die oorloë sal baie waardeer word dat ons die man se stories kan vertel! Vriendelike groete, André Pretorius, Director/Writer

Bets Botha: Lotsgebonde: Fritz Joubert Duquesne Lotsgebonde, Fritz Joubert Duquesne, se verhaal, geskryf deur Bets Botha, is nou beskikbaar! Fritz Joubert Duquesne se verhaal, Lotsgebonde, is uiteindelik in druk! ‘n Unieke geleentheid vir die ideale “anderse” Kersgeskenk! Bets Botha se boek, Lotsgebonde oor die Boerespioen Fritz Joubert Duquesne word tans gedruk en sal waarskynlik teen die einde van November beskikbaar wees. Die belangrikste egter is dat hierdie ‘n geleentheid is om Lotsgebonde nou vooraf te betaal en te bestel en te eersdaags te kan ontvang! Hierdie boek werp meer lig op die lewe en dade van Fritz Joubert Duquesne, “’n Boerespioen wat ook in diens van die Duitse Geheimediens was en wat gereken word as een van die vyf top spioene van die wêreld.” “Die boek is eerstens bedoel as ‘n genotvolle vertelling van ‘n dapper en beroemde man vir diegene wat belangstel in ‘n gedokumenteerde weergawe van ‘n ware internasionale spioen se lewe.” Hierdie boek “is ‘n kort en oorsigtelike blik op gebeure in die land” van 1877 tot 31 Mei 1902. “Sy ma se vernederende dood in ‘n Britse konsentrasiekamp het iets in hom vernietig, maar ook terselfdertyd iets anders in hom tot stand gebring wat van hom ‘n ongekende en verbete vyand sou maak.” Die boek eindig met hierdie Suid-Afrikaner wat verantwoordelik was vir Kitchener se dood, se eie doodsberig in1956 wat selfs in Time Magazine vermeld is. Bets Botha het as professionele sanger vir die streeksrade opgetree maar na haar huwelik het sy as joernalis en vertaler gewerk. Haar program, “Wat sê die musiek,” word elke Sondagaand op Page 172 of 175

Radio Pretoria uitgesaai waar sy ‘n keur van klassieke musiek speel en toelig, maar haar joernalistieke loopbaan was die regte agtergrond om al die inligting oor Fritz Joubert Duquesne vir Lotsgebonde te kon navors en deurkam. Bets Botha se artikel oor Duquesne wat in De Kat verskyn het, was slegs die inleiding van haar voortsetting en intensiewe navorsing oor hom. Lotsgebonde beslaan byna 300 bladsye en het meer as 100 foto’s in. Daar word reeds aan die vertaling in Engels gewerk en daar is ook reeds samesprekings gevoer vir die draaiboek, wat reeds geskryf word, aangesien daar tans in die buiteland ook ‘n groot oplewing en belangstelling in Duquesne ontstaan het. Die prys van die getekende, genommerde eksemplare waarvan slegs 200 gedruk sal word is tans net R600.00 stuk. Die gewone hardeblad eksemplaar beloop R499.00. Die sagteblad eksemplaar verkoop teen R359.00. Die koerier, The Courier, Aramex (PicknPay), of Postnet versendingskoste van R100.00 is uitgesluit. Daar kan meer as een boek in ‘n koevert teen R100 se afleweringskoste na dieselfde adres toe gestuur word. Hierdie spesiale prys is slegs geldig tot die einde van die jaar! Met die amptelike vrystellings in Januarie sal die pryse opgaan. Die boeke sal net in uitgesoekte boekwinkels beskikbaar wees. Inbetalings kan gemaak word in Standard Bank. Rekening naam: Oranjekas SKK. Rekeningnommer 271240490. Takkode 051001. Verwysing PRA-L en jou naam waarna jy dan ‘n epos met die inligting aan Bets Botha stuur vir versending van jou kopie. Voeg asb. ‘n afleweringsadres ook by. Kontak gerus vir Bets Botha by 079 3531997 of liesbetdrie@gmail.com sodat u kan hoor watter nommer aan u toegeken word. Haar webblad sal binnekort aktief wees. Lekker lees. L Davel

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Opmerking: Ons leef in ‘n klein wêreld! Een van Fritz Duquesne se mede-spioene wat in die VSA tronkstraf uitgedien het, is goed aan genl. Beukes van die veiligheidstak bekend gewees – HBH.

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End / Slot Dear reader Please note that in this quasi-historical document we make use of various sources and consequently it is obvious that the document contains various diverse and personal opinions of different people and the author of the Nongqai cannot be held responsible or be liable in his personal capacity. Geagte leser Vir hierdie kwasiehistoriese dokument maak ons van verskeie bronne gebruik en bevat die dokument uiteraard uiteenlopende en diverse persoonlike menings van verskillende persone en die opsteller van die Nongqai kan nie in sy persoonlike hoedanigheid daarvoor verantwoordelik of aanspreeklik gehou word nie. Hennie Heymans: No 43630 (M) © HB Heymans 2018.

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