addressing various forms of violence in the context of intimate relationships more broadly. A third type of intervention are those implemented with boys and young men that address gender norms and stereotypes that are linked to violence, and in which prevention of rape and sexual violence are not necessarily the primary goal of the intervention. Among the interventions we reviewed, the most common methodologies are workshops. Some are based on active learning, and are interactive, while others are didactic, and more passive, with more lecture. Some are a combination of both styles. All identified studies which met the criteria and could be accessed were included. They were critically appraised for quality, and results have been synthesized to the degree possible. Comparative interventions included ‘no treatment’, ‘treatment-as-usual’ or an alternative treatment.
Types of outcome measures This review focuses on interventions with the following outcome measures: Behaviors perpetration of rape or other forms of sexual violence against a girl or woman perpetration of non-sexual forms of violence against a girl or woman bystander behaviors Attitudes and Efficacy intention/likelihood to perpetrate rape or other forms of sexual violence intention/likelihood to perpetrate non-sexual forms of violence against an intimate partner rape-supportive attitudes, including rape myth acceptance3 attitudes towards gender-based violence attitudes towards intimate partner violence attitudes towards interpersonal violence empathy for rape or sexual assault survivors attitudes towards gender roles attitudes towards women’s rights and roles attitudes towards intimate relationships with women bystander attitudes bystander efficacy bystander intention Although the focus of the review is on rape and other forms of sexual violence, we have also included behavioral outcomes related to non-sexual forms of violence against women due to the high correlation between the perpetration of sexual and non-sexual forms of violence.
Rape myths are those ideas or beliefs that “deny or minimize victim injury or blame the victims for their own victimization” (Carmody & Washington, 2001, p. 424). Most researchers agree that rape myths are “generally false but are widely and persistently held, and...serve to justify male sexual aggression against women” (Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1994, p. 217). 3
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