2.2.9CONCLUSION

Through reviewing prior works on biophilia and biophilic design, it can be concluded that all of the sources have the same or similar attitudes toward the concepts of biophilia and biophilic design: they are important and they should be emphasized. They all seemed to agree that biophilia refers in some sense to human’s innate connection to nature and that biophilic design is the way this connection is facilitated in the built environment. The sources focused on biophilia mainly prioritized the importance and benefits of the nature-human relationship, whereas the biophilic design-focused sources seemed to stress the strategies and application of this practice. In the biophilic design cases, a similar framework, reminiscent of past architectural pattern books, was followed in terms of the approach: define and contextualize, explain benefits, layout principles or goals of the approach, list examples and break them down into categories, describe applications, and reiterate importance in design as conclusion. The sources all relatively agree on principles and categorization of biophilic design and acknowledge that this application can be through literal and direct interaction with nature or indirect, and even metaphorical or allusive, interactions. Overall, the literature concurs that biophilic design, a design practice indirectly resulting from human’s evolutionary connection to nature, is beneficial in the lives of human beings, should be prioritized in current design, and requires conservation and respect for nature to be implemented successfully.