Final Year, Undergraduate Portfolio

Harry Kemp - 17010177 Portfolio Architecture & Planning

Content The Breif The Site Initial Site Intent Why Bristol Why Lawrence Hill The Issue Bristol Wants Change Lawrence Hill Communities Opportunities Conflicts Photography Analysis Their History Changes in Density Masterplan Public Hierarchy Active Transport Evaluating Change Phased Development Movement Led Design Functions Building Design Decisions Scale & Masssing Site Plan Spatial Requirments Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Third Floor Plan Seventh Floor Plan Twelfth Floor Plan Roof Plan Approach Learn Grow Inhabit Public Areas Shadow Coverage Tower Section Scale 1:250 Market Section Scale 1:100 Tower Section Scale 1:50 Tower Section Scale 1:20 Precedents Shiguru Ban Tamedi Office Materialty

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Precednets Toyo Ito Tower of Wind Acoustics North Elevation Scale 1:250 South Elevation Scale 1:250 West Elevation Scale 1:250 East Elevation Scale 1:250 Site Section Scale 1:1000 Visual Impact - Street View Visual Impact - City View

46-47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

Technical Structural Strategy Research - Glulam Timber Research - Cross Laminated Timber Structural Sequence Structural Strategy - Junctions Curtain Walling Environmental Stratey Heating & Ventilation Power Generation Water Mangament Biodiversity Solar Shading Detail Design Materiality CLT Foundation Detail CLT Green Roof Detail Curtain Wall to Ground Detail Curtain Wall to Green Roof Detail Tower Section Scale 1:20 Strucutral Model Legislation Design Legislation & Codes - Part B Design Legislation & Codes - Part K Design Legislation & Codes - Part L Desingn Legislatio & Codes - Part M Bibliography Appendices

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64-65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79-80 81 82 83-84 85-86 87-114

The Brief We have looked at one of the most deprived areas of Bristol, Lawrence Hill. This area has been scarred by the ideas of old planning and thinking at a large scale with an aerial view, rather than thinking about the people and communities at eye level. This has caused communities to be divided by unsafe spaces, and created roads that block pedestrian movements. We have looked around the area to see what is beneficial and what is conflicting about the area, and then analysed what could benefit each community rather than Bristol as a whole. Our main aim is to relieve division within the area and help to give Lawrence Hill a more sustainable future.

One of the key intentions is to change the movement patterns of Lawrence Hill, phasing the development to allow for an easy transition. Lawrence Hill already has many benefits such as great public transport, cycle routes and communities. These will be the cornerstone to our overall plan. We aim to make Lawrence Hill the cycling centre of Bristol, and a champion of public transport. The current infrastructure is focused on privatised transport, mostly for those that do not live or interact within the Lawrence Hill area. Changing this to a more sustainable and democratic means of movement will help to relieve the division between people, and make people keen to experience what Lawrence Hill has to offer.

Another goal is to focus on what the people of Lawrence Hill want and need. For this, we have looked at the current housing, employment, leisure, and household issues found in the area. We are aiming to increase the housing within Lawrence Hill without displacing communities, focusing on redeveloping an area that already exists by adding more housing in leftover land, and refurbishing some of the current housing, such as the tower blocks. For employment, we are looking to use what Lawrence Hill is known for, and that’s its active streets, such as Stapleton Road. Bringing elements like this into other communities such as New Town, will help to bring the focus to small local businesses, thereby creating the means for a strong local economy. The landscaping around the area plays a strong part in leisure and household costs. We envision a new streetscape for Lawrence Hill, with an edible green boulevard as its focal point. These streets are intended to provide communities with the areas for leisurely activities, such as sports or just meeting for a conversation, whilst also providing them with locally grown food within the landscape, focusing on fruit and vegetables that return year by year.

Food production is a major underlying part of this master plan, with areas allocated for community gardens and farming projects. Therefore, at the end of the boulevard, our main building is reflective of that with it being the first ‘Plyscraper’ of Bristol.

The building is an aeroponics farm, market, and educational facility. The building will provide an ample market that will stretch into the surrounding public areas if needed, providing the communities with fresh, ethical, and sustainable food. The educational wings are there to teach communities how they can produce their own food, with classes on how to grow food in a small plot or in your back garden, and how to work and eat with the seasons. All of this education will help the communities both environmentally and economically. The final feature is the grow towers, which are the monument to the area. This is where food is grown using aeroponics and hydroponics to grow food close to the community, and help those that are in need due to food poverty.

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The Site

The site is located just inside the Old Market heritage zone, it is leftover land from the demolishment of the area to create the existing Lawrence Hill roundabout.

It should be remembered that this building is expected to be developed in phase five after the edible green boulevard has been constructed. The open area to the East of the site would be liberated from the reduction in size of the Lawrence Hill roundabout. The land around the site is increased as shown in the master plan, and this will become a more public meeting area for local communities. (Areas in black and white are areas of redevelopment) The site is currently occupied by a car wash company, and although the land is currently neglected, it is the central point to our overall masterplan. It’s hoped this building can be transformed into the central monument of Lawrence Hill. Making this site more public and a meeting space for all the Lawrence Hill communities to engage with and representing how great communities can be are the corner stone to city development.

On this triangular site are buildings listed in the Old Market heritage zone (Old Market Quarter Neighbourhood Planning Forum, 2016), comprising of flats, shops, gyms, and a bar. The site is very restrictive with limited space due to the existing buildings. To meet the needs of the brief, it has created a more vertical structure. This was instead of demolishing more buildings to allow for the structure to be more horizontal. Through our design development, we have tried to work with these buildings, relating the structure to the architectural language of the existing buildings, but bringing them to a modern interpretation.

The new aeroponics and ‘grow your own’ education buisnness will be located within Lawrence Hill an area of bristol where a major project had a negative effect on its population. Splintering communities with the idea of a ring road for Bristol that never came to fruition. The Lawrence Hill roundabout unfortunatly is the main feature of this Landscape, something we wish to change by creating a new monumental structure that represents the direction in which Bristol is going, a more sustainablke community driven future.

Initial Site Intent

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Why Bristol

Bristol is a city rich with history, stretching back to 1051 as a port trading town connecting to Ireland, this grew the city into a major maritime city for hundreds of years until the end of the Second World War. As a thriving port, its population gained expertise in building boats, such as the famous SS Great Britain, Brunel’s most famous ship and the first to have an iron hull. This boat remains central to the pride of Bristol, having been restored in the 1970’s for the public to visit and admire (Fells, 2021). This is not the only major engineering feet we have seen in Bristol, one of its most recognisable structures is also designed by Brunel. The Clifton Suspension Bridge is one of the oldest iron suspension bridges in the world that still exists. Bristol’s history is full of similar technical marvels and grand projects.

(Jancar, 2020)

Bristol is also a city motivated to becoming environmentally sustainable, and paves the way for these changes in the UK, having become the Green Capital for 2015 in the EU (BBC, 2013), as the home of organisations such as the Soil Association, Triodos Bank and Sustrans. Again, this is down to the people wanting action around sustainable ethical food, sustainable transport such as the Bristol to Bath cycle route, a first in the UK, and more successful than the original train line. These features have become deep rooted in Bristolian culture and is part of the focus we have for our overall master plan.

(technodean2000, 2020)

There are areas of Bristol that have been neglected and do not allow for its communities to experience what it is to be Bristolian. This is something we aim to fix, looking into past mistakes made by old views in road infrastructure, such as the proposed ring road for Bristol that was never completed and caused more division than connection.

(Trott, 2012)

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Why Lawrence Hill

Lawrence Hill is one of the central wards of Bristol and is within walking distance of the City Centre. It is also very well connected, with the Bristol to Bath cycle route ending in its centre and being close to Bristol’s main train station Temple Meads. The communities here are mostly well established and thriving, with local economies and a sense of belonging to the area.

However, it is also one of the most deprived areas of Bristol (Bristol City Council, 2021) divided by busy roads, poorly maintained housing, and years of bad planning decisions that have created splintered communities and antisocial wasted spaces. Our design focuses on redeveloping the areas in red, as we have identified these to be the problem areas that are preventing communities from developing further.

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The Issue

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6

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(Vale , 2013

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Satisfi quailt ed with th y of g reen s e pace

6%

a d e s u t a s th d l o h e s u Ho r a e y t s a l food bank

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All these statistics have come from the Lawrence Hill statistical ward profile (Bristol City Council, 2021), and can have an effect or is an effect on food poverty.

Bristol Wants Change

7 Incredible Edibles Bristol

Sims Hill Shared Harvest

(Venn, 2019)

(simshillsharedharvest, 2019)

Bristol has many schemes and communities that attempt to tackle food poverty in different ways, from planting up public spaces with edible planting such as the work by the incredible edibles, to community shared land where the harvest grown is shared with its members. such For example, the Sims Hill shared harvest scheme.

There appears to be a culture surrouning locally grown and sourced food, which we can see from the kitchen garden at Trinty Church, and the local stores of Stapleton Road. We want to emphasise this by looking at the public spaces around the site to offer food in a similar way to ‘The Incredible Edibles’ group, planting up areas the community can use for food.

Bristol also has ‘a good food plan’, which looks at achieving a sustainable food city through the utilisation of spaces within Bristol to grow and sell food. This does not only help with food poverty, but has further benefits for peoples health, employment, and the feeling of belonging to a community.

Key points • • •

Food grown around the city should be highly visible.

Bristol should be creating enjoyable opportunities for communities to learn new skills and how to grow food.

Bristol must increase the number of quality jobs in all parts of the food sector and eliminate food poverty.

• •

Bristol should have fresh, seasonal, local, organic and fairly traded food staples available at affordable prices.

A significant increase in the number and market share of independent food retailers selling ‘good food’.

• •

Bristol should increase the number of land-based jobs.

Community groups, enterprises, and schools need to be supported to produce food on as much available land and in as many food-growing spaces as possible.

• •

Food waste would be actively discouraged and all fit for purpose food is redistributed.

Domestic and commercial food waste sould be returned to food production in or around the city.

• • •

Our parks should have forage areas of fruit and nut trees, community orchards in shared green spaces.

An network of urban food producers making effective use of a wide range of sites in Bristol.

More market gardens supplying increasing volumes of fruit and vegetables.

• •

Distribution of local and regional foods enabled through physical places for buying and selling.

Supporting independent regional supply chains and good food enterprises.

• • •

Sourcing more local and regional food will help Bristol’s food businesses to thrive.

Increase the volume of staple foods from the city’s regions sold into Bristol.

An established network of retail markets could provide fresh, seasonal, local foods throughout the city.

•

Bristol should be full of community-led food enterprises, covering all aspects of food production, processing, distribution, catering and waste.

Bristol’s food system needs to work closely with independent food businesses, local communities and public sector (Bristol city council, 2013)

•

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Lawrence Hill’s Communities The communities of Lawrence Hill have different needs and ethics when it comes to the area’s development. Old Market has a lot of heritage and is a protected area, meaning it would be hard to develop within this community and will need a lighter touch approach, as would New Town. Although only 50 years old, New Town has a very strong community. This would be the area to focus bringing in more houses into, and some small-scale businesses. The community is already thriving, however it is conflicted with antisocial spaces left over from past planning decisions. These plans should help both communities to further develop and grow.

Stapleton Road has almost been split into two communities, being divided by the main road. The tower blocks struggle to create community, as the spaces around them are anti-ocial and they are cut off from surrounding communities by the main roads. For these areas, we focus more on the movement of people, creating easy connections to all the areas via walking, whilst creating newer, more social, giving space for these communities to come back together.

Communities within the Tower Blocks

Communities of Stapleton Road

Communities of Newtown

Communities of Old Market

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Opportunities

Stapleton Road There is a very strong community within Stapleton Road, many people use the main street as the focal point of day-to-day life.

Whether you do your shopping, meet for a coffee, or just a conversation. The housing is rather dense and gives a certain character to the area.

New Town A strong 50-year-old community that is continually growing, this area is the most beneficial for bringing in more people for as it is continuing to expand. It could benefit from some development to local economy, denser housing, and affordable prices, allowing for those from the community to stay within the area.

Old Market Old Market already has a neighbourhood plan that looks at developing the community further, therefore we won’t be developing this area, but rather working with the plans to relate with our design.

It has a strong history and is one of the protected zones of Bristol.

Tower Blocks The tower blocks are seen as a benefit to the area, currently needing refurbishment and bringing up to date with a more modern way of life in mind. They are highly dense accommodation, therefore creating more housing in a smaller space. The focus should be on the areas around them, and how we could help them get more social spaces outside the buildings.

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Conflicts

Stapleton Road Although the street is very beneficial for locals, it does have some negatives. It is very car dominated, with street parking and a lot of moving traffic, making it hard to cross the road safety.

The community leisure centre is highly used, but doesn’t relate with the street being set back, creating an alleyway and a car park that is anti-social.

Old Market Much like Stapleton Road, this area benefits from a street highly used by the communities. However, it is once again dominated by cars.

The streets are wide, making it impossible to cross safely at certain points on the road. The bus gate added had the right intention, but has created an awkward junction that is hard to cross and is slow for all forms of transport.

Tower Blocks New Town The park to the South of New Town may be seen as a benefit, but has many issues. It is known for bike theft and anti-social behaviour.

At night it has no light, making it rather unsafe as it is barely overlooked. The Bath to Bristol cycle route ends in this park which is not the best way to represent Bristol.

The tower blocks themselves have issues, mainly due to poor maintenance and a lack of considerations for the people that live there. However, this should be seen as something that can be improved rather than redeveloped, which would be displacing many people. The roads around them remove any chance of them having some outdoor space, whilst also disconnecting them from the other communities. This makes it hard for them to create their own identity as a community.

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Photography Analysis

Lack of lighting and security on the street behind leisure centre.

Stapleton road residents have a reliance on street parking.

Crossing is slow for pedestrians prioritising vehicular transport.

Parts of Lawrence Hill roundabout are impossible to cross from above.

Lack of visibility for complete route creating an unsafe environment.

No option to cross above ground.

Poor lighting creating an antisocial space.

Large amount of wasted space in centre of Lawrence Hill roundabout.

Successful active frontage of Stapleton Road.

Successful community allotment at Trinity Church.

Reliance on smaller local businesses.

Collage video https://youtu.be/f_NLuigSgUE

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Their History

(Wiper and True, 2021)

(Britian from above, 2021)

(Know your place - Bristol, 2021c)

(Know your place - Bristol, 2021a)

The earliest building recorded on the site was the Lawrence Hill Brewery in 1824, which then became the Garton Brewery in 1849. During the period of 1890-1900, most of the site was demolished for improvements of the brewery, but due to the restrictions of the site’s boundaries it was sold to the Anglo-Bavarian Brewery. They were the last Brewery on the site after they closed in 1921 due to the anti-German feelings felt after WW1. (Brice, 2019a)

The site then prospered with a mix of industries and uses at a dense scale, with records of banks, sports clubs, public houses and engineering works taking place on the site. As well as housing and community halls, the area was a thriving small community within Lawrence Hill.

The building that I am proposing is filling a void left from this era of redevelopment.

The proposed site was a public house called “The Three Tuns”, built after the Garton Brewery was demolished. The public house was a place where the community was able to meet and socialise. It was demolished to make room for the current Lawrence Hill roundabout.

When Lawrence Hill was redesigned, the areas were focused more on the movement of cars. The models that would be presented showed a limited amount of context until it reached the major road infrastructure, honing in the importance of the car within this development. Typically, the housing was designed to be set back from the road to allow for a driveway and a garage. Walking and cycling was not the focus for transport, but rather a leisurely activity as shown in the more meandering paths covered by trees. This path never came to fruition.

As Lawrence Hill was redesigned from an aerial perspective, communities were not considered. Terraced housing was replaced with towers, seen to be the future of housing. However, lack of maintenance and funding created unsocial housing with forgotten spaces around them that served no purpose or use. An unfortunate beacon of the communities as they are the main feature within the skyline.

(Know your place - Bristol, 2021b)

In the 1960’s many buildings were demolished, and people were relocated to make way for the construction of the Bristol Outer Circuit Road. The plan was to create an orbital route around the city centre, however due to many complications, the weakening economy, and the public backlash, the scheme was mostly scrapped by 1974. Some parts were constructed such as the Lawrence Hill roundabout.

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Changes in density 1828

1874

Lawrence Hill started like a lot of Bristol wards as a small town outside of Bristol. It was largely farm land therefore not densely populated apart from the highstreet. The only complete street still around is Thristle Street, the others have been developed over time.

As Bristol expanded, Lawrence Hill was merged into the city.

This came with a higher density of housing, and factories within the area such as the old brewery that used to be on the site. The road network vastly expanded, in a grid like style as though areas were built block by block.

1828 - Road network

1828 - Structure density

1939

1980

The density did not change much, however there was a change in industry. Where there were previously factories, we now see housing or community based building such as clubs and pubs, as well as Trinity Church.

By the 1980’s Lawrence Hill had completely changed the major road infrastructure plans for Bristols new ring round meant large portions of the area where demolished with very little housing added.

1939 - Road network

1939 - Structure density

1874 - Road network

1874 - Structure density

1980 - Road network

1980 - Structure density

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Master plan Scale 1:2500

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Public Hierarchy The current hierarchy of the transport puts a large dominance on privatised transportation, splitting the communities of Lawrence hill.

The bus routes are successful and used by the local communities. However, they mainly serve East to West and neglect any connection from North to South.

Pedestrians are forced to cross wide roads or use the underpasses which are anti-social and dangerous at night.

Cyclists are neglected, even though this is the end of the Bristol to Bath cycle route. There are few routes that seperate them from fast flowing traffic, making some areas dangerous to cycle through.

Problem

Solution The new hierarchy would be completed to a person scale, focusing on pedestrians to make Lawrence Hill more walkable and create a reason for people to visit the area.

Cycling should be a stronger focus as 56% of households don’t have a car. An increase in cycle routes would connect a large portion of the population to each other.

Buses would need to increase their services to be more reliable, and a route North to South would need to connect to the rest of Lawrence hill.

Cars should be the least important component, but they still are needed for those entering Bristol from some of the worst connected areas such as Brislington.

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Active Transport

Existing routes

The majority of residents within Lawrence Hill do not have access to a car and only 36.4% have one car for the household (Bristol City Council, 2021). Lawrence Hill already benefits from having the end to the Bristol to Bath cycle path and is close to other significant cycle networks, such as the Old Market to College Green route and the Gloucester Road route. If a substantial development was done within Lawrence Hill, it may increase the number of cyclists within the area, targeting the 56.2% of households without a car, and encourage them to use cycling as their daily transport.

34% 56.2% Cycle once a week (Bristol City Council, 2021)

The current Bristol to Bath cycle route ends in Lawrence Hill, an experience that is rather disappointing as your journey is abruptly ended with a road for the industrial estate. Secondly, the route’s final stretch goes through a park that is anti-social in design and known for bike theft and unfortunately a murder last year.

Of households dont have access to a car (Bristol City Council, 2021)

New prooposed routes

The new Bristol to Bath cycle route would go through Lawrence Hill, down Old Market road to connect to the existing cycle route from Castle Park to College Green, a more central area of Bristol. A second line disconnecting from the main route will end at Temple Meads, the main train station of Bristol, which is also an area that is currently under development.

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Evaluating Change

65%

Congestion The roads are often highly congested with traffic, splitting Lawrence Hill into four quadrants. This traffic is made up of mostly privatised transport passing through Lawrence Hill, which has a negative effect on its communities.

Are satisfied with local bus services

A large area of Lawrence Hill was developed poorly due to the creation of the roundabout, with tower blocks being the preferred means of housing. It decreased the walkability of the area, creating many anti-social and wasted spaces.

(Bristol City Council, 2021)

77%

Think air quality and traffic congestion is a problem (Bristol City Council, 2021)

Buses Public transport connects the communities of Lawrence Hill with the rest of the city. With only 56% car ownership per household in the area, it is one of the least reliant areas on cars in Bristol, yet it has been divided by privatised transportation.

44%

Wasted Space

Feel they belong to their neighbourhood (Bristol City Council, 2021)

56%

Are satisfied with their local area (Bristol City Council, 2021)

Change Removal of the roundabout releases land that can be focused on with pedestrians in mind.

An underpass will be created under the old roundabout to allow for cars, vans, lorries, etc. to pass through the site without creating the disconnection that is seen in the current form.

Roads will be created for only public transport and bikes to benefit the 56.2% of Lawrence Hill without cars. This will create streets that are more walkable, helping to connect the communities and make people feel a higher sense of belonging.

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Phasing development We plan to phase our master plan by looking at the lightest approach and working through the other stages. Phase One is the lightest approach, as most of the site is only being refurbished.

Through these stages larger projects are brought in, these would require further consultation throughout the process. Phase Five is the last part of the project and is the only part that requires major changes to the road infrastructure. Some spaces are left blank in Phase Four and Five for open spaces, community farming projects, and allotments. It would be hard to plan these fully at this stage without further consultation. We do understand that this is a large-scale development, and some areas are more developed that others. We have considered the needs of the communities first throughout the planning, followed by the needs for more housing and amenities.

Phase One This area was given a light amount of development with mainly refurbishment and the updating of public space. This is because the area is already very successful and it would be wrong to relocate a successful community in favour of more housing, especially when the housing here is perfectly acceptable. Some housing is added to the North in the form of tower blocks, as this is one of the few areas in the master plan that it would be sufficient without causing major issues to communities. The buildings would only cast shadows onto the road rather than the housing, and we believe this to be the reason the first tower block was erected on this site.

Phase Two New Town is a successful community, however, it does struggle with crime and anti-social behaviour which is mainly caused by the wasted spaces in the area. Therefore, we have looked at creating similar housing within this area to fill these space. We believe this is the most appropriate site for this scale of development as it is only helping to further the community rather than replace it.

Phase Three This area has had a large amount of development recently, which was done to connect New Town with Stapleton Road. We have implemented this with the creation of the edible boulevard and moved the current leisure centre to a new location. The area was out of date and wouldn’t meet the needs of a growing population. Extra buildings to a similar mass of the current business centre have been designed to maximise the space used, and hospitality industries are introduced on to the boulevard to create active frontage and bring more eyes to the street.

Phase Four Phase Four requires further consultation as it removes the current housing to bring in mid-rise flats. Underneath, this spaces for a night-time economy, such as restaurants and bars. This is something lacking in the area. This area is the least designed and needs to go through further design iterations. However we believe this to be the best point for this scale development, as it would be a transitional point in scale from Stapleton Road to the tower blocks.

Phase Five This phase requires the largest amount of development as the road infrastructure is changed to reduce the size of the roundabout. This will create a fast-track route North to South via a tunnel. This area is already utilised for larger scale housing projects, therefore we have matched this with similar scale and housing structures. The land to the side of the roads have been left for community allotments and farming projects. Our building is located within this site and is central to the area, hence the creation of a food market and aeroponics business that is beneficial and accesssible for all.

Movement Led Design Movement The original paths of the site have been kept. The A420 leading on to the roundabout has now changed into a pedestrianised street, allowing us to connect the wasted space left over from the roundabout, along with the space reclaimed from relocating the leisure centre. The industrial estate road and the alleyway from the leisure centre have now become the fast routes through the site, creating a connection between Stapleton Road and New Town communities.

Thrissell Street has been given a new purpose, it now acts as an extension of Stapleton Road with hospitality related businesses along its boundaries, giving people a reason to stop and explore the area. Most importantly is the boulevard. After looking at the landscape designs, we decided to create separate small islands with unique functions. The paths are not straight or quick, but rather more organic. This is because it is less about movement in the sense of reachinga specific point, and more about the journey, creating a leisurely space to walk and meet.

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Functions The site focuses on the key benefits of both New Town and Stapleton Road, creating a coherent bond between the two by mixing residential and community with commercial buildings.

Function

Approximate Floor space

Gym and rentable studios

2400m2

Health centre

4500m2

Community centre

2400m2

Community swimming pool

1000m2

Community sports hall

1650m2

Bike repair shop

550m2

Bike parking structure

900m2

Bike tour and rental

1950m2

New housing in context

N/A for diagram

New flats

7850m2

Hospitality

5100m2

Retail in context

N/A for diagram

Small offices and hot desks for small businesses and start-ups

11,400m2

Existing buildings

N/A for diagram

Building Design Decisions The design process was a reiterative process, reflecting on prior decisions made and seeing how we could relate the building and site together. We started by understanding the needs for mass movement through the site until we got to our master plan. Then we wanted to understand how the communities might use the streets and how they might work together, which scaled into a large site model that remains in continuous dedevelopment. We considered how people might use or perceive the space. The building has come last in the decision making process, and the purpose is to to relate it to the existing buildings and the new landscape developed around it.

Stage one: Understand mass movement

Stage two: Theories street activities

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Stage three: Understand use of space

Stage Four: Design building to site

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Scale & Massing The addition of this building will have a significant impact on the Lawrence Hill skyline. However, this is something that has been greatly considered when looking into the context of the area, we have aimed to create this building in the most sensitive way possible, considering the buildings around it to relate in architectural style, scale, and massing. It should be remembered that this building has been designed to be a beacon of Lawrence Hill a sign of a new moment in history for the area.

Througout the design process of this building, we looked at the streetscape around the building and aimed to mimic the volumes.

The building stays to the line of the rest of the buildings on the street they are on. They are designed to be a CLT construction, but cladded with a material that would relate to these buildings to help with the relationship between them. More importantly is the massing, these buildings from the start were deigned to relate with each other. The North facade sticks to a 3 story construction, whereas the South facade is a 4 story design with a step back for the fourth floor. We have altered this by creating a greenhouse on the fourth floor, but this will not be visible from the street due to its glass construction (This space is still being designed and will eventually replicate the pitched rooves of the existing buildings).

To keep with the architectural language of the buildings, the fenestrations of the educational wings have been designed to match the current arrangement of triple glazed windows seen on the existing buildings of the South facade. Currently on the North facade, windows were not needed and environmentally it was decided that it would not make sense to add windows for the stairwell, and instead went with one skylight. Additionally, the facade was designed to have indentations on the surface, these are the same proportion as the arched windows seen on the existing building, so although the windows are not there, the architectural language of the building is still present.

The grow towers would be the most controversial component, as they sit just inside the Old Market heritage zone. However, we have discussed the history of this site and it used to have large chimney towers for the factory. For this reason, we designed these towers in a cylindrical form. These are wider and taller than the chimneys, which we are presuming to be the minimum height of 90’ or 27.4m (Bancroft et al, 1885). The massing is relating to the more current skyline of Lawrence Hill, with the tower blocks which are 17 stories high. The building has matched this height, although the grow tower is one story lower. Once we add the columns extended to have vertical axis and wind turbines on top, it will be to the same scale as the existing building.

Approximate massing of south wing

Approximate massing of North wing

Approximate fenestration of south wing

Assumed height of orignal chimneys 90’

Approximate fenestration of North wing

Height of Grow Towers 51m

Height of Tower Blocks 54m

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Scale & Massing The massing of this building was a very important part of the design.

It was derived by the function, hence these large food growing towers dominating the massing. We wanted the building to be honest in its function, allowing for people to see it work like a machine, so the structure was developed to be elegant and thin. By exposing the structure, we can be honest about the construction, exposing the timber joints, beams, and columns. You can read the building and understand how it works.

Site Plan

Scale 1:500

25

26

Spatial Requirements The spatial requirements were decided on by the function of the building. Rooms with high heights are there to maximise the amount of space available to grow crops. As this sits within an urban context, there is limited space available. Due to this, we have tried to keep within the proportions of the existing buildings and its context, exploring the verticality of the site. After this, exploration of the function, form, and relation to surrounding area of an approximate 3885m2 was required to complete the building.

Schedule of accommodation

Food Production

Grow Room

Second

350m2

15m

Operations

Decomposition room

Second

38m2

N/A

Operations

Water treatment

Second

38m2

N/A

Operations

Cold Storage

Second

30m2

N/A

Operations

Storage

Second

15m2

N/A

Operations

Storage

Second

15m2

N/A

Education

Class Room

Second

2

25m

N/A

Education

Class Room

Second

25m2

N/A

Food Production

Crop Prep Room

Second

170m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Second

6m2

N/A

Department

Function

Level

Area

Height

N/A

Fire Stairs

Second

6m2

N/A

Market

Market

Ground

900m2

9m

N/A

Fire Stairs

Second

6m2

N/A

Operations

Fish Stock

Ground

38m

2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Second

6m

N/A

Operations

Fish Stock

Ground

38m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Second

30m2

N/A

Operations

Plant Room

Ground

30m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Second

30m2

N/A

Operations

Plant Room

Ground

15m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Second

3m2

N/A

Education

Class Room

Ground

25m2

N/A

Food Production

Grow Room

Third

170m2

12m

Education

Class Room

Ground

25m2

N/A

Education

Greenhouse

Third

80m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Ground

6m

2

N/A

Education

Indoor Allotment

Third

60m

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Ground

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Third

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Ground

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Third

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Ground

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Third

6m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Ground

30m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Third

3m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Ground

30m2

N/A

Operations

Storage

Third

15m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Ground

3m

N/A

Operations

Storage

Third

15m2

N/A

Operations

Fish Stock

First

38m2

N/A

Food Production

Grow Room

Seventh

170m2

15m

Operations

Fish Stock

First

38m2

N/A

Food Production

Grow Room

Seventh

350m2

15m

Operations

Cold Storage

First

30m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Seventh

6m2

N/A

Operations

Storage

First

15m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Seventh

6m2

N/A

Operations

Storage

First

15m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Seventh

3m2

N/A

Education

Class Room

First

25m

2

N/A

Operations

Plant

Seventh

15m2

N/A

Education

Class Room

First

25m

2

N/A

Operations

Plant

Seventh

15m

N/A

Management

Office

First

170m2

N/A

Food Production

Grow Room

Twelfth

170m2

15m

N/A

Fire Stairs

First

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Twelfth

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

First

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

Twelfth

6m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

First

6m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

Twelfth

3m2

N/A

N/A

Fire Stairs

First

6m

N/A

Operations

Plant

Twelfth

15m2

N/A

N/A

W/C

First

30m

2

N/A

Operations

Plant

Twelfth

N/A

N/A

W/C

First

30m2

N/A

15m 3715m2

N/A

W/C

First

3m2

N/A

2

2

TOTAL

2

2

2

2

Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:250

27

28

1st Floor Plan Scale 1:250

2nd Floor Plan Scale 1:250

29

30

3rd Floor Plan Scale 1:250

7th Floor Plan Scale 1:250

31

32

12th Floor Plan Scale 1:250

Roof Plan

Scale 1:250

33

34

Approach

Approach via bus.

Approach from southern side of Edible Boulevard.

Approach via car.

Approach from Northern side of Edible Boulevard.

35

Learn

Educational rooms 3rd floor.

Educational area of the small Grow Tower.

Office spaces to run the buissnes and teach how the buissnes functions.

Meeting area for tours and classes.

36

Grow

View from the bottom of the Grow Tower

Grow Tower in Operation.

Indoor allotment class.

37

Inhabit

Market day setup (some columns would not render a material so appear black).

Garden under the Tower for staff and those on the classes to relax.

Public using the spaces within the Edible Boulevard.

Roof top being used for a tour and news reporting.

38

Public Areas The building is part of a semi-public area, and the streets outside are fully public. The reason for making it semi-public is to allow for the market to host larger events for the community, such as charitable events or pop-up markets. The market itself is fully accessible during the day, however it will be shut early in the morning to allow for the market stall holders to restock. The frontage allows for the vehicles to park and unload. This area will also be shut off to the public during this time by using non-permanent barriers, which can be moved once finished. This is purely for safety reasons, given vehicles and heavy pallets are being moved. The educational wing and offices are also semi-public, as I want to be fully transparent and teach people how the building works. For this reason, I have allowed access to the areas where staff monitor and research the aeroponics system. The educational wing is set up for short courses where people can come in and learn how to use the seasons, and understand weather patterns to grow their own food. In addition, they can learn how to deal with common issues such as pests, and how to become more sustainable. The only other area that is semi-public is the indoor allotment class and grow room on the third floor. This is part of the educational facilities, but I wanted to utilise the South facade for the greenhouse. Another element still in the design process is the transition of the rooves of the towers to semi-public, so the public could have views of all of Lawrence Hill (This is still in the design stage for safety reasons, and roofing details). The only private areas are the grow rooms in the tower, plant rooms, and staff areas. This is simply due to safety.

Ground Floor & Site

First Floor

Second Floor

Third Floor

Seventh Floor

Twelfth Floor

Shadow Coverage 9am June

December

March

39 I understood that the creation of the towers would cast a significant shadow on to the area, but this shadow only covers a small part of the Southern section of the edible boulevard. The flats and retail spaces are partially covered during the winter solstice in the morning, but in the summer the shadow is shorter. I have tried to limit the shadow coverage by moving the towers to the Southern end of the building, therefore its shadow is cast on to its own roof instead of the public spaces.

12am

3pm

6pm

40

Tower Section

Scale 1:250

Education Section Scale 1:100

41

42

Tower Section Scale 1:50

Tower Section Scale 1:20

43

44

Precedents Shiguru Ban Tamedia Office Shiguru Ban designed the Tamedia Office to use CLT and Glulam in a different way and keep in line with traditional Japanese architecture. Rather than just using a metal bracket or bolts to pin the beams and columns together, he instead went down the route of treating them like a large wooden member with joints carved into each piece. It is fascinating that instead of joining the beam in the centre of the column he decided to have them carved into the side and pegged in. It means two smaller glulam members could be used instead of one large beam. I thought this was a elegant and innovative way of looking at the structure differently.

These principles have been implemented into my building for the main structure of the tower. As my building is cylindrical, the connection points are different, but they follow the same principles.

(Boy de la Tour, 2013)

(Boy de la Tour, 2013)

45

Materiality

Internal materials

External materials

European Larch for floors and walls with a clear wax finish

European Oak untreated for areas where architectural features are highlighted from the structure.

European Oak for the structural Joinery with a dark wax finish

European Oak shou sugi ban for the majority of cladding

Polished concrete Floor for the ground floor flooring

Stainless steel mesh for solar shading

46

Precedents Toyo Ito Tower of Wind Toyo Ito designed this contemporary Japanese sculpture in 1986 to represent the technology of future architecture. The structure is meant to be a bridge from nature to the urban context. The wind creates a sound as it passes through the mesh. However more importantly in this context is the use of light. When light is projected on the outside, the structure appears solid and reflects its contents in the day. At night, the structure transforms with a light show, inside the structure is lights that project outwards and reveal the inner structure.

The reason for looking at this facade was the building I have designed is also cylindrical, which means it is not a simple task to create solar shading for the structure. Instead I have taken inspiration from Toyo Ito and used a mesh for solar shading.

As seen in the bottom right image, a shadow is cast into the building. This will help to reduce the issue of too much solar heat gain in the summer months.

(El Croquis. 2010)

Tower of wind section

Tower of wind applied to facade

Integrated into structure

Interior lighting was turned off in this render to show the solar shading working. The internal lights remove this shadowmaking it still a pleasant space to work.

47

48

Acoustics The office spaces are large open plan rooms. The concern with this is acoustically it could be poor, as all the surfaces are hard. Wood does absorb sound and this should mitigate any reverberation, however to improve on this I designed beams stretching from each of the main structural beams. This will help to reduce the sound reverberated around the rooms.

North Elevation Scale 1:250

49

50

South Elevation Scale 1:250

West Elevation Scale 1:250

51

52

East Elevation Scale 1:250

Site Section Scale 1:500

53

54

Visual Impact - Street View View from Trinity Church

View from Lawrence Hill A420

Visual Impact - City View View from Cabot Tower

View from Avon view Cemetery

55

Harry Kemp - 17010177 Technical Architecture & Planning

56

57

Chapter One: Structural Strategy

58

Research - Glulam Timber

Glulam is an engineered wood product, much like standard timber it goes through the normal milling and drying process to make planks for construction. Glulam then goes through a process of joining planks into long strips and connecting them with an adhesive to create thicker structural members.

In the case of the secondary structure, this consists of 200mm x 200mm glulam beams that have been steamed and slowly bent into a curve and then dried.

All wood used will be certified with PEFC and TFC, this is to ensure the highest standards in regards to sustainability. It allows us to identify the wood’s origin so we know it has come from a sustainably managed forest (PEFC, 2020).

European Larch is primarily used for the structural work which will make up all of the clt and glulam beams. It is a cheap construction material and regularly grown in the UK, helping to reduce the embodied carbon of the building by reducing the carbon cost associated with transport. It is also strong for a softwood, being 50% harder than Scots pine.

Additionally, it’s able to bear higher loads in bending, something needed in the beams to create the curved secondary structures (Trada, 2020).

European Oak is an expensive material, however it was chosen for an aesthetic reason for the joinery work. It is used a lot in timber joinery due to its high strength. Therefore it will be used in the joinery to connect the beams and columns together.

It is also used in the form of cladding for the exterior, this will be treated using the traditional technique of shou sugi ban, which will help it to last longer in the weather. It will also create the desired black facade desired for the structure (Trada, 2020).

The Tamedia Office used Glulam in a different way and more in keeping with traditional Japanese architecture. It utilisised wood for the joinery, celebrating every joining point rather than hiding it with internal metal brackets. This creates a very honest structure, one that people can easily read and understand how it comes togther. This celebration is shown throughout the building, with the beams and columns all exposed. This demonstrates great architectural quailty even when they are simple in design. These quailties have been redeveloped into my design by using glulam in a similar way, showing every beam, column, and the joinery that holds them togther.

59

Research - Cross Laminated Timber

Cross laminated timber is created similarly to Glulam, however the wood is turned to a 90o angle at each layer, increasing its load bearing capability.

It has many advantages over alternatives like concrete and steel, other than the obvious reduction in embodied carbon. It is lightweight yet considerably strong, excellent at helping with acoustics, treated to withstand a fire, and has very little thermal bridging. It is also quick to build the stair cores. The educational and operational wings can be built in a factory as a prefabricated structure and checked before it arrives on site. Once on site, it can be quickly erected and then the Glulam frame structure for the towers can be connected to them.

Often with wooden high-rise structures you will still find a concrete core for the stairs and lift structures, however cross laminated timber is treated to be fire resistant with a protection time of 180 minutes.

This is because the wood does not fully burn the external part, leaving the structural core intact.

Floor Slabs There are two types of floor slabs within the building, in the educational and operational wings it is 200mm slabs consisting of 4 layers of 50mm timber. It spans from one side of the room to the other, which in most cases is approximately 6m.

In the towers, the slabs are 300mm thick with 6 layers of 50mm timber. This was because it was not possible to judge the load of all the equipment in the tower, as it will be constantly changing. Therefore, the extra 2 layers were applied to mitigate any possibility of the wood splitting under the load. These slabs span from one glulam beam to another, which varies in size. As the structure is a cylinder, the maximum distance is only 3m.

(Structurlam, 2016)

Walls Internal walls that are not structural are simply 100mm x 50 mm stud work with plywood either side to create partitioning walls.

Structural walls are created with the same dimension as the floor slabs.

In the educational and operational wings with is 200mm thick consisting of 4 layers of 50mm timber.

(Structurlam, 2016)

(Structurlam, 2016)

60

Structural Sequence

Primary Structure:

Secondary Structure:

Tertiary Structure:

The primary structures change in different part of the buildings and uses different structural principle depending on what is best suited for each scenario.

The main ‘Grow Towers’ use a frame structure built out of Glulam beams and columns using more traditional carpentry joinery to connect the members.

Some steel is used in areas where wood is not possible. The market is formed as separate structures to help blend into the landscaping, it still uses Glulam columns but this time it’s in a more organic form. This is done by heat treating them so they can be bent, forming a structure similar to a mushroom. The roof from the rest of the structure creates a distinction of spaces. To prevent these curved columns being pushed out, there is a steel ring in the centre connected with steel tension rods. However these may be removed once the roof has been bolted on to the columns, making them only a temporary structure during construction (shown as removed). The last structural element is the CLT walls of the stair cores, educational and operations wings. These are typical load bearing walls that can be quickly erected, plus the frame structures joined to them.

The secondary structure uses Glulam in a different way. Often Glulam structures are focused on large bulky members to create a strong structure.

However this design looks at using glulam on a smaller scale. It’s a simple principle that although one member alone might be weak, many members working together creates a strong structure. For this we used 200mm x 200mm glulam beams that are bent into a curve. This is then repeated using identical beams to create a stronger structure with a more regular pattern.

The tertiary structure is comprised of the CLT floors. These floors are 300mm in depth and once placed and joined to the beams, the building becomes one composite structure, making it more rigid.

Structural Strategy - Junctions

Grow Towers The frame structure uses Glulam for the majority of the structure.

The columns are using deep but thin glulam members of 400mm W x 900mm D. This is an attempt to slim down the overall profile of the columns whilst still keeping them structurally strong. Each column is 3000mm in length with a tongue and groove at each end. During construction, each member is placed on top of one another and held together with oak pegs and adhesives. This makes each Glulam member into one solid column, allowing for an easier floor by floor construction sequence.

The beams span to another column or a curved steel ‘I’ beam. This is to reduce the number of columns needed within the centre of the building, and is one of the few steel members used within the construction.

The two types of beams used in the tower differ slightly. The one connected to a column on both sides consists of two curved Glulam beams on opposite sides of the columns. Each has a groove to be placed in and held in place with an oak peg and adhesives. The beams are flat on top to allow for a CLT panel to be placed on and bolted together.

The curve is used to reduce the mass of wood in the centre where it is least needed.It the increases in depth towards the column to help spread the load. The beams going to the Circular ‘I’ beam does the same, however it is only deeper in one end. This is because it’s central, as similar beams push into it from the other directions.

The secondary structure is inspired by the cross section of traumatic resin ducts of cedar.

This form is strong but also elegant. Ihave interpreted this into my structure but in a more regular pattern. Each Glulam cross member is identical to the other at 200mm x 200mm. Curved members are joined together using adhesive and small oak pegs to make one composite structure. The curve was designed to allow for the beams to be passed through every 3m, meaning the pattern could repeat continuously.

61

Curtain Walling The curtain wall was a cylindrical facade around the Grow Towers and a complex curve for the educational wing. To create this as accurately as possible, I used grasshopper. By adjusting elements and creating the curtain wall in sections, I was able to create a completely glass facade. If done again I would have added the olar shading onto this, but that was a later development.

Creates glass panes Creates Column between glass panes Spacing and creation of brackets Placement of gaskets for bracket glass join Creates each gasket

62

63

Chapter Two: Environmental Strategy

Heating & Ventilation Summary The building will mostly regulate its heat via ventilatio. This should be all that is needed in the summer months to cool the building. In the winter it might not be enough to keep the building warm, but using mechanical ventilation in the tower the building should be able to create the exact growing conditions needed in each segment of the tower.

During the winter, heating may be needed in the market.

This is supplied through underfloor heating which is heated geothermally using the buildings piling foundations. The water for the crops is also heated in a separate geothermal system, passing from the fish tanks underground and up the stair core.

If extra heat is needed, then heat from the biogas generator could be used.

Mechanical Ventilation The smaller Grow Tower are hermetic sealed rooms, which allows for us to regulate the temperature and humidity in the two grow rooms. This was done as Lawrence Hill has a diverse community with heritage from across the globe, especially from Somalia. Having these rooms set up like this means they can be tuned to the crops needs, so we can grow food that is found in Somalia that can not be grown here outside. This helps community to have a sense of place here through the food they eat. To do this, these rooms rely on a HVAC system, it is done by using four of the storage rooms in the stair core for small plant rooms that cycle fresh air. This air is filtered from the outside to prevent any diseases coming in and pumped into the rooms at the temperature needed.

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65

Heating & Ventilation Natural Ventilation

Geothermal

The educational, operational wings, and the large Grow Tower rely on natural ventilation. For the educational and operational wings, the air is drawn in through the stack in one of the edible gardens. This air is pulled underground and distributed to the rooms. Whilst underground, the air is tempered from the heat in the ground, meaning in the summer the air should come in cool and in the winter, warm. The hot stale air then exits these wings via a roof light that will be automated to open and close when needed. The large Grow Towers’ centre is open through all the floors. The air freely flows up the building bringing in fresh air. As it travels up the tower it will gain heat from the water of growing beds. This means the upper room in the tower should be warmer.

The heating for the market space is provided using geothermal pilings. Pilings are already being used as the building is close to existing heritage buildings,. This and the slab ground floor are the only uses of concrete within the buildings. It seemed sensible to use the pilings for geothermal energy, as the bore holes would already need to be dug. The water is pumped down 15m where it gains heat, it then comes back up and is distributed over the slab floor as underfloor heating, creating and even heating throughout the whole space.

Water is also heated (shown in the water management diagram) for the fish tanks by running the pipes underground in a similar way to a ground source heat pump. This was done to reduce the overall energy needed within the aeroponics operations.

Biogas Generator The aeroponics system produces a lot of waste, everything from the ‘sludge’ or fish waste that is collected at the bottom of the system, to the parts of crops that are not sold or eaten. All of this is a resource that can still be utilised by having a biogas digester within the plant room. This would allow to further close the loop on the energy lost within the system by breaking down the waste and collecting the methane produced. This biogas can then be burnt to produce heat and electricity. The heat could be vented straight out of the building, or used if needed within the building to increase temperatures. The waste sludge from the biogas digester is still valuable as a compost to use in the allotments, or around the site and in the edible boulevard.

66

Power Generation Building Principles

Wind Turbines

This building is meant to be more than just a structure, it is intended to be a machine. The building is designed to produce food; however I envision this building being able to produce sustainable energy as well by maximising the amount of energy it can produce, and reducing the amount needed in operations.

Traditional mechanical wind turbines are not often used on buildings as there are often issues down to access, the practicality of location, and scale. However, having extended the columns further up past the roof, the wind turbines can be mounted on top of each column. Being on top of the columns means the wind is not obstructed by any walls creating better efficiency. The other consideration is scale. By using a more vertical-axis wind turbines as shown in the Bristol example, we can minimise the overall radius needed for each turbine whilst keeping with the architectural language of the building.

Approximately 30 vertical-axis wind turbines could be installed on to the towers, this would produce:

Photovoltaic Panels Solar panels are regularly used on buildings to generate electricity, meaning the prices have dropped. This means it’s economically more viable for most situations. On the building, the only roof utilised for this is the operations wing as it is south facing and will get majority of the light throughout the day. Approximately 20 500w panels could be installed onto this roof, this would approximately produce around: 500 watt panel x 6 hours of light per day x 20 Panels = 60kw a day. This is in ideal conditions and is best circumstance for efficiency ratings.

m/s

output kWh/year

For 30 turbines kWh/year

4

400

12,000

5

2000

60,000

8

5200

156,000

10

11,100

333,000

This is in ideal conditions and is best circumstance for efficiency ratings. It should be remembered that the advantage with wind is it is not time restrictive compared to solar energy (Windside, no date).

67

Water Management rain water tank

Water Collection The aeroponics system relies on clean fresh water, the most sustainable way to get this is from rain. When it rains the water is collected from both towers and circulated into the aeroponics system after being filtered. The fish waste acts as a fertiliser this water is then pumped up the tower to the grow beds where it is sprayed onto the roots of the crops. This water has then lost all its nutrients so gravity carries it down the tower to a storage tank underground. Being underground it is warmed geothermally reducing the energy needs to heat the water for the fish,, it can then be pumped through the filtration system again and into the fish tanks. The water needs to be cycled in the system to keep it oxygenated allowing the fish to live therefore the fish tanks will be partially drained and topped up with the rainwater collected on the circulation towers tank this is not done everyday and would be enough to change the water.

w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c

Grey water

w/ c

Most carbon certifications do not consider the carbon cost of water even though it must be pumped to and from the building and then treated before it returns, for this reason the building tries to utilise the water removed from the fish tank during cycles. They water is now classified as grey water and cannot be used for tap water however by storing it in another water tank with an overflow to the sewage, this water can be used for a couple of applications.

Most obvious is the toilets the water can be used to fill each of the toilets cistern tanks and for flushing, the other use is the allotments and green roof these all require water however do not need to be perfectly clean therefore can vitalise the grey water system.

w/ c w/ c w/ c w/ c

w/c w/c w/c

grey water tank

w/ c

filter fish tanks

water tank

w/ c

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Biodiversity

Green Roof

Summary

The green roof has two functions one is simply it increases the insulation properties of the roof, the second is it is a home for many different pollinators. The roof is purposely planted with plants that are great for pollinators all year round such as:

The building is working at a wider context than itself. It is part of the edible boulevard, therefore it needs to play a part in creating a home for everything needed within a successful ecosystem, such as homes and food for pollinators and other beneficial insects, birds, and other creatures.

Edible Boulevard We have attempted to incorporate an edible landscape using the boulevard, to relate to the needs highlighted in ‘Site Allocations and Development’ document. One of the most important elements to the boulevard is the development of individual islands. These serve multiple purposes, however the main underlying function is food production. The focus is on crops that are perennial, such as fruiting varieties of trees and bushes. Vegetables are typically annuals, but we will include some such as artichoke and fennel. At lower levels, planting areas will use herbs to fill any gaps. No plant will be introduced that is not edible in some form, this is to make it easier for people to learn what is edible if they see plants in other areas of the city. It is not simply a tool to provide food, but also one to educate residents on foraging. We understand that these could create blind spots, however this is why all plants will be kept to a certain height. Shrubs and bushes will only be a maximum of 1 metre from the floor, and trees will be kept with a 2 metre clearance from the ground to foliage. This will leave a visible site line through the site at all times.

Homes/Hives On the green roof will be spaces for beehives, this is so the market can produce its own honey to sell. Along with these will be other smaller insect homes. The goal is to create a safe space for the pollinating insects to live and stay in the area, helping to pollinate the crops on the edible boulevards.

Cosmos bipinnatus

Borago officinalis

Calendula officinalis Phacelia tanacetifolia

Centaaurea cyanus

Lavatera trimestris

Limnanthes douglasii

Nigella damascena

69

Solar Shading Toyo Ito designed this contemporary Japanese sculpture in 1986 to represent the technology of future architecture. Although this was not desgined to be used as a solar shade but as a sculpture, it could be used in a scenario where it would be complicated to create a shading. As is the case of my building.

I have taken inspiration from Toyo Ito and used a mesh for solar shading. As seen in the images on the right, a shadow is cast into the building, helping to cater to the issue of too much solar heat in the summer, as well as reduce the issue of glare in the offices.

Light was not a major issue in the grow towers as they are primarily utilising the LED lights for the growing of crops, this was purely to help regulate the temperature levels.

(El Croquis. 2010)

Integrated into structure

70

Chapter Three: Detail Design

71

Materiality

Internal materials

External materials

European Larch for floors and walls with a clear wax finish

European Oak untreated for areas where architectural features are highlighted from the structure.

European Oak for the structural Joinery with a dark wax finish

European Oak shou sugi ban for the majority of cladding

Polished concrete Floor for the ground floor flooring

Stainless steel mesh for solar shading

CLT Foundation Detail

72 1- 50mm x50mm batting 2- 200mm CLT 3- Steel base bracket for CLT held in with 150mmn bolts 4- 194mm x 82mm wood beam 5- 20mm plywood 6- 92 x 194 engineer brick 7- 40mm rigid insulation 8- Underfloor heating 9- 150mm polished concrete floor 10- 100mm rigid insulation 11- 200mm rigid insulation 12- DPM 13- 50mm sand 14- 300mm aggregate 15- Steel screw pilings 16- 200mm rigid insulation 17- Hidden down pipe for guttering 18- baton supporting guttering 19- 20mm oak shou sugi ban cladding 20- 120mm rigid insulation 21- 50mm concrete screen 22- 150mm gravel drainage gully

1

2 16 3

17

4 18 19 20

5

21

6 7 8 9 10

11

12 13 14 15

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CLT Green Roof Detail

73 1- 50mm rigid insulation 2- stainless steel capping 3- 150mm rigid insulation 4- 100mm rigid insulation 5- 200mm CLT 6- DPM 7- 20mm oak shou sugi ban cladding 8- 150mm gravel drainage gully 9- 90mm grow medium 10- Retention bracket 11- Filter fleece 12- 60mm drainage gully 13- Root barrier 14- DPM 15- VPM 16- 200mm rigid insulation 17- 200mm CLT 18- Steel L-bracket 19- 10mm x 40mm batting 20- 20mm oak shou sugi ban cladding 21- DPM 22- 50mm x50mm batting 23- Hidden down pipe for guttering 24- 120mm rigid insulation 25- 200mm rigid insulation

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Curtain Wall to Ground Detail

1- Underfloor heating 2- 150mm polished concrete floor 3- 200mm rigid insulation 4- DPM 5- 50mm sand 6- 300mm aggregate 7- Steel screw pilings 8- 200mm x 100mm oak shou sugi ban columns 9- Triple glazing curtain wall 10- Stainless steel curtain walling bracket 13- Sealant 12- 150mm gravel drainage gully 8

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Curtain Wall to Green Roof Detail 1- 50mm rigid insulation 2- stainless steel capping 3- 150mm rigid insulation 4- 100mm rigid insulation 5- 200mm CLT 6- DPM 7- 20mm oak shou sugi ban cladding 8- 150mm gravel drainage gully 9- 90mm grow medium 10- Retention bracket 11- Filter fleece 12- 60mm drainage gully 13- Root barrier 14- DPM 15- VPM 16- 200mm rigid insulation 17- 200mm CLT 18- 10mm x 40mm batting 19- 20mm oak shou sugi ban cladding 20- 280mm rigid insulation 21- 50mm x50mm batting 22- Steel bracket

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Tower Section Scale 1:20

As the bottom of the grow towers is elevated from the ground, the flooring had to be insulated. It consists of 300mm CLT floor panels, 280mm rigid insulation, 20mm plywood sheets and 100mm x 20omm larch battings. The end to join to the glass is 190mm rigid insulation with a steel grid gully for services to be run around the building. This is where the bottom of the curtain wall rests and is sealed airtight with a sealant.

Structural Model

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Chapter Four: Legislation

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Design Legislation & Codes - Part B This building has been designed in accordance with Approved document B: Fire safety - Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings.

Appropriate measures have been applied to stairs have been created. The grow towers will accommodate only 50 people at a time, consisting of 10 staff maintaining the crops and an extra of 40 people for tours and access to the roof. As the building is 17 stories tall, it could accommodate 860 people. This means in the future if the building was to be re-purposed or more office floors were needed, this area could be retrofitted to the structure and the fire stairs will still be sufficient. The roof space could also be used for some events such as the Bristol Balloon Fiesta, people could gather to see the view across Bristol from the roof top.

Example stair core scenario, with a refuge space. The elevators in the grow towers are fire fighting lift shafts with a fire lobby on the ground, floor shown in the plans on the right.

Sprinklers

Fire doors

Fire fighter lobby

Refuge area

Sprinklers would be added to the main areas of circulation as an extra precaution.

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Design Legislation & Codes - Part B

The grow towers were designed as industrial spaces giving a distance of 25m. The distance travelled in case of a fire can change if the building is not be classed as industrial, and was considered in a previous designs with another fire core to the external of the towers as shown below. However this was removed as it was deemed unnecessary and worked better architecturally to the building. If needed, this stair core could be introduced to bring the grow towers within 18m. Otherwise this building consists of 4 fire cores that apart for the large grow tower, would work under a shop and commercial classification.

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Design Legislation & Codes - Part K This building has been designed in accordance with Approved document K: Protection from falling, collision and impact. Appropriate measures have been applied to stairs that have been created.

The ramp drops down 600mm over 17m with 2 landings of 1800mm, this created a sufficiant rise to the slope and allowed for the garden under the tower to be accessible to all.

The stairs as mentioned in part B are 1100m wide, each step consits of a going of 250mm and a rise of 150mm over a 3meter floor to floor height. Railings where set to 1000mm and a consisant 2600mm head height was created.

Design Legislation & Codes - Part L

This building has been designed in accordance with Approved document L: Conservation of Fuel and Powers. The building has been designed to minimise the overall energy needed to run the facility by pre heating water for the aeroponics geothermal. This is done by passing the pipes underground before they get to the fish tanks, as well as heating the spaces with geothermal pilings that is then used in underfloor heating. The grow towers and allotments are on the South end of the building to increase solar heat gain and reduce the need for heating.

This is regulated using solar shading in the form of a mesh to minimise the possibility of overheating in the summer months. This will not be enough to regulate the temperature, therefore the towers use different ventilation strategies to regulate the temperature. The smaller tower uses a HVAC system, and the large grow tower uses natural ventilation. The building was also designed to incorporate vertical wind turbines as well as solar panels to mitigate any energy needed for the operations. I did look at the possibility of connecting the building to the district heating development in Bristol, however it does not reach the site in any proposed plans. However if this changes it would be considered. (Refer to environmental section).

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Design Legislation & Codes - Part M This building has been designed in accordance with Approved Document M: Access to and use of building - Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings.

All doors throughout the building have been designed to allow for the 300mm gap from the wall to allow for a wheelchair user to open them with ease, and doors have been designed for the effective clear width of a wheel chair.

A minimum of two elevators have been implemented into every floor with the appropriate space needed for a wheelchair to manoeuvre and use the lift. The lifts are located within the protective fire core of the grow towers, as these lifts are designed to also be used by firefighters (Explained in part B).

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Throughout the building on every floor, there is a minimum of one disabled toile. This was done by designing in the disabled toilet to the stair core which is accessible via an elevator.

These were designed to part M specifications, shown in the diagram below. Within the educational wing, there is also an ambulant disabled toilet, for those that do not need a fully disabled toilet. Toilets were also designed to be unisex, with each individual cubicle having its own sanitary facilities. Every level of the building is fully accessible with a minimum of two elevators to every floor. This is so if an elevator is out of use for maintenance, There is another one that can be used at all times. There is then two more elevators located in the educational and operational wings. Surfaces around the market were made level as was every floor in the building, making it fully accessible for anyone with mobility issues.

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