persuade farmers to irrigate their land and tend crops in the cool of the night, difficult to distinguish from an insurgent with a more nefarious intent. The telltale signs of activity related to IEDs – disturbed surface, command wires etc – can also be accurately portrayed, as can potential suicide bombers. ExCON in the CATT is provided by the resident team, both military and civilian. The scenario drives the level of participation; at the low end (CT1), subunits can involve all personnel. At the high end (CT5), the aim is to train the Task Force HQ, a heavily augmented Brigade HQ. For this purpose, TFHQ at
Lashkar Gah is replicated (except that the CATT facility is bigger!). HiCON is provided by an element of a Divisional HQ, and LoCON by various elements of the Brigade. Co-ordination between elements of Joint Fires – the Joint Fires Cells, Fire Support Teams and Tactical Air Control Parties – can be practised in a less specific environment than at the Air Battlespace Training Centre (see MS&T 4-2010) but in a wider context. CATT has some potential for mission rehearsal of ‘set-piece’ operations such as obstacle crossings, and the overarching issue of Rules of Engagement can be brought into play in any scenario.
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which forms a part of it. The second database is desert, the third covers an area around Hannover in Germany, and the fourth is Afghanistan. The Afghan database replicates an area of Helmand Province 150km x 150km at low fidelity (1:250,000), within which are 2 areas of medium fidelity (1:50,000) – accurate enough to provide an immersive environment - and a high fidelity area (1:5,000) which represents the main area of British operations and replicates the AO extremely accurately. The database contains nearly half a million walls and over 150,000 buildings, which personnel new to theatre will only recognise when they see the real thing. Total computing power is always an issue, and there is a trade-off between database mapping fidelity and the ‘entity count’ – the number of controllable entities which can be simulated. In the case of the Afghan database, the current count is around 4,400, predicted to rise within a year to 6,000, and in the future to 10,000. This emphasis derives from the operating environment. In the Cold War scenario, the battlefield was relatively well-defined – there was a recognised Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA), and friendly and enemy forces were distinguishable, both from each other and from any non-combatants unlucky enough to be in the way. In Afghanistan, there is no FEBA; the potential enemy is all around, co-ordination with friendly forces is difficult, and insurgents are sometimes indistinguishable from friendly non-combatants – the people we are there to help. For these reasons, different techniques have to be used to determine exactly what is going on, and to detect and evaluate threats. CATT can replicate all forms of interaction with friendly forces and local population. The various elements of ISTAR available to ground forces – ranging from Cortez, the new Persistent Ground Surveillance System (PGSS), through Weapon Locating Radars to Nimrod, UAV and ASTOR – are also available, and this surveillance can be used to detect ‘shifts in atmospherics’: seemingly insignificant changes in the pattern of life which give the clue to unusual – and potentially threatening – activity. Large numbers of entities are required to represent this realistically. Some unusual activity may not be what it seems; the heat of an Afghan summer day can