INTEGRATED DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN RABI CROPS

Compendium on Two Days Training Programme on

INTEGRATED DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN RABI CROPS (24-25 March, 2021) Course coordinator Dr. Ranbir Singh

Organized by SAMETI-J in collaboration with Division of Plant Pathology

Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu

Compendium on Two Days Training Programme on

INTEGRATED DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN RABI CROPS (24-25 March, 2021) Course coordinator Dr. Ranbir Singh

Compiled by Ranbir Singh Uma Shankar S.K. Singh

Organized by SAMETI-J in collaboration with Division of Plant Pathology

Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu

Contents Chapter(s) Topic(s)

Speaker(s)

Pages

1

Integrated Disease Management in Vegetable Crops

Ranbir Singh

1-5

2

Integrated Pest management in Field and

Uma Shankar

6-18

Horticultural Crops in Rabi season 3

Role of Biological Control agents in Rabi Crops

Vishal Gupta

19-21

4

Seed Treatment: An option for Seed and Soil Borne

A. K. Singh

22-25

Disease Management in Crops 5

IDM in pulses

Upma Dutta

26-36

6

IDM in oil seed crops

V. B. Singh

37-41

Identification of plant pathogens causing various

Ranbir Singh

diseases (Practical)

1 Integrated Disease Management in Vegetable Crops Ranbir Singh, Sachin Gupta and S. K. Singh Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture SKUAST-Jammu Introduction

component. The basic objectives of any IDM

Integrated disease management can be

program should be to achieve at least the

defined as a decision-based process involving

following:

co-ordinated use of multiple tactics for

1. Reduce the possibility of introducing

optimizing the control of pathogen in an

2. Avoid creating conditions suitable for

ecologically and economically manner. In most cases IDM consists of scouting with timely application of a combination of strategies and tactics.

These may include site selection and preparation,

utilizing

resistant

cultivars,

altering planting practices, modifying the environment by drainage, irrigation, pruning, thinning, shading and applying pesticides, if necessary. But in addition to these traditional measures, monitoring environmental factors (temperature, moisture, soil pH, nutrients, etc.), disease forecasting, and establishing economic thresholds are important to the management scheme (Khoury and Makkouk, 2010). These measures should be applied in a coordinated

integrated

diseases into the crop

and

harmonized

manner to maximize the benefits of each

disease establishment and spread 3. Simultaneous management of multiple pathogens 4. Regular monitoring of pathogen effects, and their natural enemies and antagonists as well 5. Use of economic or treatment thresholds when applying chemicals 6. Integrated use of multiple, suppressive tactics.

Principles of Plant Disease Control 1. Avoidance—prevents disease by selecting a time of the year or a site where there is no inoculum or where the environment is not favorable for infection.

2. Exclusion—prevents the introduction of inoculum.

1

3. Eradication—eliminates, destroy, or inactivate the inoculum.

4. Protection—prevents infection by means of a toxicant or some other barrier to infection.

5. Resistance—utilizes cultivars that are resistant to or tolerant of infection.

6. Therapy—cure plants that are already infected Advantages of Integrated Disease



restrictions 

corrective measures to keep pathogen from causing significant problems, with minimum risk or hazard to human and desirable components of their environment. Some of the benefits of an integrated approach are as follows: 

Promotes sound structures and healthy plants

 

 





Decreases workers, tenants and public exposure to chemicals



Alleviates concern of the public about pest & pesticide related practices.



Maintains

or

increases

the

cost-

effectiveness of disease management

Management Integrated approach integrates preventive and

Reduces or eliminates re-entry interval

programs Components

of

Integrated

Disease

Management The

major

management

components are

of

host-plant

disease resistance,

cultural practices, biological control and chemical

control.

Even

though

these

components will be dealt with individually, it should be mentioned that often the different components are complementary to each other

Promotes the sustainable bio based

with strong interaction among and between

disease management alternatives.

them and the environment. The major

Reduces

the

associated

with

encouraging

the

environmental

risk

management adoption

of

by more

components

of

Integrated

Disease

Management are Cultural practices

ecologically benign control tactics

Cultural

Reduces the potential for air and ground

techniques, mulching, intercropping, plant

water contamination

density, planting date, crop rotation, strip

Protects the non-target species through

farming, timing of harvest, barrier crops,

reduced

crop mixtures, roguing, healthy planting

impact

of

plant

disease

practices

such

as

cultivation

management activities.

material, soil solarization, soil amendments,

Reduces the need for pesticides and

fertilizer

fungicides by using several management

management have been used singly and in

methods

combination

Reduces or eliminates issues related to

management. Cultural control methods not

pesticide residue

only serve in promoting the healthy growth

management, as

tools

and for

water disease

2

of the crop, but are also effective in directly

discouraging growth of most pathogens. Soil

reducing

inoculum

enhancing

the

potential

biological

and

in

aeration and drying can be enhanced through

activities

of

incorporation

of

composted

organic

antagonists in the soil. Crop rotation is a very

amendments in the soil. Build up of

important practice, especially for soil borne

inoculum can be reduced by removing all

disease

borne

plant materials (infected and apparently

diseases, at least a 3-year-rotation using a

healthy) after harvest. Between-row cover

non-host crop reduces pathogen populations.

crops reduce plant injury from blowing sand.

This practice is beneficial for Phytophthora

Polyethylene mulch can be used as a physical

blight of pepper and Fusarium wilt of

barrier between soil and above-ground parts

watermelon. Vegetable fields should be

of plants. This is an important practice for

located as far as away as possible from

fruit rot control in the field. Highly UV-

inoculum and insect vector sources. Weed

reflective (metalized) mulches repel some

control is important for the management of

insects. It is beneficial to use metalized

viral diseases. Weeds may be alternate hosts

mulch during certain times of the year when

for several important vegetable viruses and

insect vectors of some viral diseases are

their vectors. Elimination of weeds might

prevalent. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)

reduce primary inoculum. Cover crops help

incidence

to reduce weed populations that may harbor

populations have been demonstrated to be

pathogens between seasons. For this purpose

effectively reduced by using metalized

use cover crops that grow fast and provide

mulches on tomatoes. Plant nutrition and soil

maximum biomass. Excessive handling of

pH can also impact some diseases. Fertilizers

plants such as thinning, pruning and tying

with a higher proportion of nitrate nitrogen

may be involved in spread of pathogens,

(NO3) than ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4) will

particularly

some

help to reduce the incidence of Fusarium wilt

pathogens can only enter the host through

on tomato. Increasing soil pH by liming is a

wounds, situations which promote plant

good

injury should be avoided. During pruning

Fusarium wilt incidence as well as Botryis

process

gray

control. For

and

bacteria.

harvest,

many soil

Because

workers

should

and

associated

management mold

severity.

vector

strategy

to

Optimum

thrips

reduce calcium

periodically clean their hands and tools with

nutrition and higher soil pH may reduce the

a disinfectant, such as isopropyl alcohol. If

incidence of bacterial wilt in the field.

applicable, plants can be staked and tied for

Adequate calcium is necessary to minimize

improved air movement in the foliar canopy.

blossom end rot and to provide for overall

A more open canopy results in less wetness,

healthy growth. Avoiding excessive nitrogen

3

leads to less dense canopies, thus improving

Bjorkman,

1998),

air movement in the canopy. High soil

(Lumsden

and

moisture enhances the development of soil

Streptomyces griseus (Cook et al., 1996).

borne pathogens including Phytophthora,

However, the use of naturally occurring bio-

Pythium and the bacterial wilt pathogen.

control

Excess water damages roots by depriving

pathogens can be traced back to many

them of oxygen and creates conditions that

centuries through the traditional practice of

favor

borne

crop rotations that primarily permit the

pathogens. Irrigation management, based on

reduction of pathogens’ inoculum potential in

plant

an

the soil below injury level. This approach is

pathogen

still the most important single component, in

infection needs,

environment

by

will

certain help

unfavorable

soil

to

create

for

agents

Gliocaladium Walter,

1995)

(antagonists)

of

virens and

plant

survival and disease development.

both developed and developing countries

Chemical control

used to manage root pathogens. This process

For many decades fungicides played an

is often accelerated by adding composts or

important

role

manures,

the1960s,

systemic

in

disease

control.

fungicides

In

started

which

enrich

the

soil

with

antagonistic microflora (Baker and Cook,

gradually to replace the older non-systemic

1974).

chemicals with more effectiveness and

Host-plant resistance

specificity in disease control. Very quickly,

Host plant resistance is an important tool to

triazole fungicides gained 24% of the total

control diseases of major food crops in

fungicides market (Hewitt, 1998). However,

developing countries, especially wheat, rice,

the

as

potato, cassava, chickpea, peanuts and

mancozeb and chlorothalonil plus copper and

cowpea. The use of resistant varieties is very

sulpher-based products continued to have a

much welcomed by resource poor farmers

good share of the market, especially in

because it does not require additional cost

developing countries because of their lower

and it is environment-friendly. Rice varieties

cost.

resistant to rice blast, bacterial blight, rice

Biological control

tungro and brown spot are widely used. Rusts

Success in using microorganisms against

have been known to cause serious disease on

plant pathogens started with the control of

wheat since its domestication. The use of

crown gall with Agrobacterium radiobacter

genetic resistance is still the most economic

K84 (Kerr, 1980), and that of seedling blights

and feasible mode of disease control.

non-systemic

fungicides

such

caused by Pythium and Rhizoctonia with Trichoderma

harizanum

(Harman

and

4

Conclusion Integrated disease management (IDM) is a disease control approach that uses all available management strategies to maintain disease pressures below an economic injury threshold. It does not advocate a routine chemical application program to prevent disease, but promotes the integration of cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies.

Infected Tomato samples with Tomato leaf curl virus

Infected Potato Plants with Potato leaf roll virus in the field

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) induced Tomato leaf curl virus

Serological testing for PLRV in various test samples by ELISA (Antibody based assay) 5

2 Integrated Pest management in Field and Horticultural Crops in Rabi season Uma Shankar and Amit Kumar Singh Division of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu

Introduction

nutritional

India is bestowed with a diverse kind of

diversification

agroclimatic

interventions

conditions

which

is

security.

With

and in

the

innovative

agriculture

with

congenial for varieties of field and

horticultural crops, we can ameliorate the

horticultural crops in rabi season. Rabi

nutritional security problems.

season

the

Further, the climatic aberration and the

phonological growth of crops in winter

insect pests attack may become major

season in India. A large magnitude of

constraints in successful cultivation of

field crops such as wheat, chickpea,

these crops which may be addressed in

Garden pea, faba bean, mustard and

right time through the use of Integrated

horticultural

crops,

Pest Management (IPM) to mitigate the

tomato, capsicum, onion, peach, pear and

problems and save our crops to enhance

plum are grown and successfully attains

the

the reproductive growth. Apart from

ecosystem and environment.

these, mango also bears inflorescence and

Insect pests of field crops

new groeth and development starts on

Insect pests of Wheat

guava and pomegranates with the onset

Wheat Aphids (Sitobion avenae)

of spring season.

Among the insect pest attacking wheat

Although our country has attained the

crop in India, cereal aphids has assumed

self sufficiency in food grain production,

economic importance during past three

we are still lagging behind in terms of

decades and have become regular pests in

popularly

crops

reflects

like

cole

production

and

safeguards

our

6

all major wheat growing areas. In India,

ml per lit of water is recommended

aphids are the major pest of cereal crops

on border rows at the start of the

in the winter/spring. Aphids are soft

aphid colonization.

bodied insects that can be found in wheat during the growing season. The most common aphids found on wheat are the bird cherry oat aphid, root aphid, green bug, corn leaf aphid and English grain aphid. The first four occur mostly in the fall and winter. Only the green bug aphid causes direct feeding damage that appears speckled brown and discoloured with some leaf curling. Aphids also act as vector for viral disease named barley yellow dwarf (BYD). Wheat and barley can be severely damaged, but oats are mostly Infection

susceptible can

to

occur

this

disease.

from

seedling

emergence through heading, but yield loss is greatest when plants are infected in the fall. Yield losses of 5-15% are common but losses can exceed 30% during epidemics. This year, a serious aphid infestation has been recorded in Jammu region which is the indication for future outbreak of aphids.

Integrated Management 1. Growing aphid resistant varieties may be promising, if available.

2. For the management of aphids, foliar spray of imidacloprid 17.8 SL @0.2

Wheat Aphids (Sitobion avenae) and white eggs of syrphid flies 3. A well timed application of Lamda cyhalothrin can reduce the incidence of barley yellow dwarf (BYD) and increase yields.

4. Spraying oxydemeton methyl @ 1 ml per litre of water may be beneficial in reducing the aphid infestation.

Fall

army

worm

(Spodoptera

frugiperda) Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm) is an invasive pest of many crops but most serious pest for wheat, maize and many vegetable crops. It is an emerging insect pests problems which have been recorded from different parts of our country on many host crops. It is migratory lepidopteran army like pest infesting more than 100 plant species in India.

7

a.

Entomopathogenic

formulations:

Application

Metarhizium

anisopliae

fungal of talc

formulation (1x108cfu/g) @ 5g/litre at 15-25 days after sowing. Another 1-2 sprays may also be given at an interval of 10 days depending on pest damage. Bacillus thuringiensis var.

Fall army worm on wheat

kurstaki

Integrated Management 1. Clean cultivation and balanced use of fertilizers is recommended to avaoid its attack.

2. Deep ploughing is advocated before sowing to expose the FAW pupae to predators.

3. Monitoring is done by installation of pheromone traps @5/acre in the current and potential area of spread in crop season and off-season.

4. Erection of bird perches @ 10/acre during early stage of the crop (up to 30 days).

5. Augmentative Trichogramma

release

of

pretiosum

or

Telenomus remus @ 50,000 per acre at weekly intervals or based on trap catch of 3 moths trap.

6. Biopesticides: Suitable at 5% damage in seedling to early stage and 10% panicle

damage

with

entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria.

formulations @ 2g/l (or) 400 g/acre.

7. To manage 2nd and 3rd instars larvae at 10-20% damage, spray Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 g/l of water or Spinosad @ 0.3 ml/l of water or Thiamethoxam

12.6%

+

lambdacyhalothrin 9.5 %@ 0.5 ml/l of water or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4 ml/l of water.

Termites

(Microtermes

obesi,

Odontotermes obesus) Termites are social insects, live in colonies and build up nests on the ground to attack growing plants, timber wood, dry leaves and grasses. Due to attack of termites on crops, roots and stems are damaged which resulted into wilting and drying of plants.

The queen may lay 30,000 to 80,000 eggs/day and 15 million eggs throughout her life span of five years. A large number of 8

workers are involved in damaging the

48%, towards total pulses production. In

crops.

India, Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a

Integrated Management

Rabi season food legume grown and

1. Do not use raw or undecomposed

ranked first in area 96.00 (lakh ha) and

farmyard manure.

2. If possible irrigate the field when infestation is serious.

3. Treat the seed with chlorpyriphos @ 5 ml/kg of seed before sowing.

4. In the termite prone areas, (especially

production 88.325 (lakh tones) in the world. In India, chickpea is severely affected by around 57 species of insect pests causing economic damage.

It faces the attack of more than 60 insectpests right from germination to maturity.

the northern states) seed treatment

Among

with chlorpyriphos @ 0.9g a.i /kg

(Helicoverpa armigera) and cutworm

seed.

(Agrotis ipsilon) are recognized as major

5. Fipronil (Regent 5FS @ 0.3 g a.i./kg seed) is also very effective.

them,

gram

pod

borer

pests causing an extent of 25-30 per cent crop loss in India.

6. In the standing crop, the broadcasting of the insecticide treated soil 15 DAS be practiced. For this, chloropyriphos @ 3 ml mixed in 50 Kg soil be used for one hectare field.

Insect Pests of chickpea In India, more than 80 per cent people depend upon vegetarian food wherein, pulses constitute a major component of

Helicoverpa armigera on chickpea

their diet. Pulses occupy an important

Integrated management

place in human nutrition as dietary

1. At the time of land preparation,

protein and have unique characteristics in

broadcast cartap hydrochloride @ 20

ameliorating and restoring soil fertility.

kg.ha is quite beneficial in reducing

Among the pulses, chickpea (Cicer

the damage of Helicoverpa and cut

arietinum L.) is an important nutritious

worm in chickpea.

grain legume crop of India contributed 9

2. Installation of pheromone traps @ 5-7 per ha for detection and mass

Integrated management 1. Soil solarization and seed treatment

trapping and destruction @ 12-15 per

with

ha of male moths.

nursery raisings.

3. Erection of bird perches @ 50/ha for the insectivorous birds

Trichoderma

of

seeds

for

2. Plant one row of Agrican marigold as trap crop for every 16 rows of

4. Spray Ha-NPV 250 to 500 LE/ha (freshly prepared) 2-3 times at 10 days interval at evening hours.

5. Spraying of the following insecticides Bacterial formulation @ 500g .ha is

tomato.

3. Monitor or clipping of top 3 tender leaves

for

Helicoverpa

eggs

destruction.

4. After 45 days of transplanting give 23 sprays of NSKE 4% at 10 days

also promising.

6. Alternative spraying of cypermethrin @ 1 ml/lit water and Dimethoate @ 2ml/lit of water at 12 days interval.

interval 5. Erection of bird perches @ 50/ha for the

insectivorous

birds

(Black

Insect pests of Horticultural crops

drongo) especially in tomato field and

Tomato

installation of pheromone traps @ 5-7

Fruit

borer:

Helicoverpa

armigera

per ha for detection and mass

Helicoverpa is a very serious pest and

trapping and destruction @ 12-15 per

has been reported on more than 200 host

ha of male moths.

plants in India. In the pre-fruiting stage, the caterpillar feeds on the tender foliage including leaves, flowers and buds and the crop gives a perforated look. After fruiting, they bore large, clear, circular holes into fruits and feed on the pulp. The larvae thrusts its half of the body in to the fruits or pods and feeds the inner contents and rendering them unfit for the human

Helicoverpa on tomato

consumption. It causes damage up to the tune of 30 to 40 %.

10

6. Spray Ha-NPV 250 to 500 LE/ha

2. Seed treatment with Gaucho @ 3 g/

(freshly prepared) 2-3 times at 10

kg seed provides protection from

days interval at evening hours.

whiteflies at nursery.

7. Spraying

of

the

following

insecticides- cypermethrin @ 1 ml/lit water or Dimethoate @ 2ml/lit of water.

White-fly (Bemisia tabaci)

3. Rouge out and burning of the infected plants in early stages.

4. Use of delta traps also recorded effective in catching whiteflies.

5. Cover the nursery bed with Agronet

Both adults and nymphs suck sap from

or nylon net (200 gauge) or muslin

the leaves of the host plants and lower

cloth for 25-30 DAS to prevent entry

their vitality. Tiny, white flies are also

of adults of whitefly.

responsible for transmitting the virus in tomato causing tomato leaf curl virus.

6. Spray

metasystox

@

1

ml

or

imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml per lit of water

Severe stunting of plant with downward

Garden pea

rolling, crinkling of leaves and severe

Garden pea is an extensively grown

chlorosis of newly formed leaves takes

vegetable as well as for seed crops in

place. Older leaves become leathery and

Jammu region which harbours a large

brittle.

magnitude of insect pests ranging from leaf feeding defoliators, miners, sucking insect pests and fruit boring insect. Pea stem

fly,

Ophiomyia

phaseoli;

pea

aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum; leaf miner, Chromatomyia

horticola;

green

pod

borer, Helicoverpa armigera and bird pest, Alexandrine parakeet were the major insect pests causing considerable White-fly on tomato Integrated Management 1. Use of Cartap hydrochloride 4G @ 1 kg a.i. per ha as soil treatment in nursery.

damage to garden pea crop at various stages.

Integrated Management 1. Thiomethoxam

25WG was found

superior in reducing the pea leaf 11

miner population and damage in the

and causing fruit drop. Heavy puncturing

field condition.

and continuous draining of the sap

2. Soil application carbofuran 3G +

encourages development of sooty mould

of

Maliola mangiferae and Capnodium

cypermethrin and imidacloprid 17.8

mangiferae on leaves and inflorescence.

SL was found superior in mitigating

The extent of damage depends upon the

the larval population of Helicoverpa

critical crop stage and hopper population.

armigera.

Cloudy weathers and precipitations are

alternative

foliar

spray

conducive conditions which favours the pest population build up at the time of blooming.

Temperature

humidity environmental

and

constitute factors

relative important

regulating

the

population of the mango hoppers.

Pea leaf miner Insect Pests of Mango Mango is better known as the king of fruits and is attacked by over 500 species of insect pests wherein, only few are recorded to be economic insect pests.

Mango hoppers

Mango hoppers

Only 3 species are serious pests such as

Integrated management

Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus clypealis

1. Conserve the natural enemies like

and Idioscopus niveosparsus in India.

coccinellids, chrysopids and spiders

The mango leaf hoppers are small wedge

as they are potential predators of

shaped insects which continuously suck

nymphs of hoppers.

the saps from the inflorescence thereby

2. In senile orchards, dense tree canopy

reducing the vigour of the plants and

should be pruned heavily to have

particularly destroying the inflorescence

better light penetration.

12

3. Spray insecticides at critical crop stages, namely, bud burst stage, panicle emergence and after fruit set.

First

spray

cypermethrin

or

fenvalerate (1ml per lit of water) followed by imidacloprid (0.3 ml per lit of water) at fortnightly interval at evening hours. Do not spray when trees are on full bloom to avoid

Mango fruit fly

killing of pollinators.

The maggots come out of the affected

Mango fruit fly

fruit to pupate in soil. Due to climate

Fruit flies are polyphagus in nature and

change and adoptability of insects the

their extent of damage depends upon

unripe and immature fruits are also

type,

claimed to be damaged by the fruit fly.

size

availability

and of

condition different

of

fruit,

hosts

and

On the average, 36-40% fruits of

population density. They have been

mango have been observed damaged.

recorded on various host crops in Jammu

Integrated Management

like mango, guava, litchi, citrus, ber,

1. Fourty five days prior to harvest,

peach, phalsa etc. About a dozen species

deep plough the soil around trees to

of Bactrocera dorsalis complex are

expose and destroy the fallen and

considered of economic importance in

pupating fly populations.

Asian continent. Female lays eggs below

2. Install sixteen methyl eugenol bottle

the fruit epidermis (1-4mm) deep. On

traps

hatching, the maggots feed on fruit pulp

commercially available trap per tree.

(0.1%)

per

ha

or

one

and the infested fruit starts rotting due to

3. One months before harvest, spray

further bacterial infection. Attacked fruits

decamethrin (0.5 ml/lit) or malathion

usually

(2ml/lit) along with gur solution and

show

signs

of

oviposition

punctures and ripe fruits with high sugar content exude a sugary liquid.

sticker.

4.

C.

13

3. Raking of soil around the tree trunk

Mango mealy bug Mango mealy bugs are polyphagous and

and mixing with drench the tree basin

serious pests from India on several host

with imidacloprid @ 0.5 ml per lit of

crops. Nymphs and adult female bugs are

water for controlling early instar

flat, oval and covered with waxy white

nymphs of mealy bugs in the month

powder which makes them hard to

of November–December.

control. Generally eggs are laid in silken

4. Release Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

pouch in ending May to June, which

at

10

beetles/plant.

Mealybug

hatches out during ending December to

destructors are observed devouring

starting January. The newly hatched

the mealybugs in Jammu conditions.

nymphs ascend the trees and settle on

5. After mud plastering 25 cm wide, 400

inflorescence causing flower drop and

gauge alkathene (polythene) sheet

affecting fruit set.

should be fastened to the tree trunk about 30 cm above the ground level to

prevent

migration

of

freshly

hatched nymphs of mealy bugs in the month of December-January.

Pomegranate Pomegranate Butterfly The larvae bore into the fruit can destroy up to the 50 % of the fruits. The female butterfly lay egg singly on the calyx of

Mango mealy bugs

flowers or small fruits. On hatching, the

Integrated Management 1. Deep

ploughing

of

orchard

immediately after harvest or during summer months to expose eggs and pupae of mealy bugs to natural enemies and sun heat.

2. Heavy

irrigation

of

orchard

in

October also helps in destruction of

larvae bore inside the developing fruits and feeds on aril and seeds. The entry hole allows secondary infection of fungi and bacteria to cause rotting of the fruits and

rendering

consumption.

them The

unfit

affected

for fruits

ultimately fall down.

eggs of mealy bugs.

14

Integrated Management 1. Sparying of dimethoate @ 2ml per lit or imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml per lit of water before flowering. If incidence is

high

dimethoate

enough, @

2ml

Sparying per

lit

of or

imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml per lit after fruit set.

Anar butterfly larva

Peach

Integrated Management

Peach crops have been found infesting by

1. Removal and destruction of fallen

peach leaf curl aphid, peach fruit fly and

and affected fruits with exit hole.

peach twig borer as major insect pests in

2. Remove flowering weeds in and around the anar crops.

Jammu.

Peach leaf curl aphid

3. Release of Trichogramma chilonis @

It is a serious pest of peach and indirectly

2.5 lakhs per ha four times at 10 days

reduces the yield and quality of produce.

interval.

Nymphs and adults suck the sap from all

4. Spray decamethrin @ 1ml per lit of

tender parts especially leaves of the plant.

water at the time of 50 % fruit set.

Affected leaves turn pale and curl up,

Repeat after 15 days with fenvalerate

blossom withers and fruits do not develop

0.5 ml per lit of water during non-

and drop prematurely.

rainy season.

Pomegranate Thrips Thrips are minute insects having piercing and sucking type mouth parts. They suck the sap from tender leaves and flowers causing leaf tip or margin curl and shedding of lowers. When they feed on tender fruit causing scab like symptoms and reduce the market value of fruits.

Peach leaf curl

15

2. Summer ploughing just after harvest

Integrated Management 1. Conserve

and

encourage

is essential to expose the hibernating

the

pupae to sun and for parasitisation.

coccinellids beetle to suppress the aphid populations.

3. Methyl eugenol or Bait traps should be used to suppress the fly pest

2. Spray the trees with metasystox @

population.

1ml per lit or imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml per lit of water.

4. Flooding and drenching the orchard

Peach fruit fly

with fipronil through irrigation water

Adult females lay eggs in small batches

is also beneficial to check the

of 2-10 inside the ripening fruits by

pupating population of fruit fly.

making punctures with their ovipositors

Citrus

(egg laying apparatus). On hatching, the

More than 300 species of insects and

maggots feed on the pulp and fruit

mites have been recorded on different

becomes soft, ferments and drops. The

Citrus spp. from Asia. However, the key

attack is more serious on late maturing

pests are leafminer, psylla, mealybugs,

varieties. Full-grown maggots come out

scales,

of the infested fruits and jump into soil

fruitfly, fruit sucking moths, mites and

for pupation.

thrips. In Jammu condition, six

blackfly,

whiteflies,

aphids,

insect pest viz., citrus psylla, leaf miner, whiteflies, mealybug, aphids and citrus caterpillar and their natural enemies have been recorded as the major pests of citrus.

Citrus Psylla The citrus psylla is widely distributed in Peach fruit fly Integrated Management 1. Fallen fruits should be collected and burnt to maintain sanitation in peach orchard.

A

’

y

l

b ng c ll

Asian psyllids. Adults are grey coloured actively flying insects and while at rest, they raise their body upward. The nymphs are orange yellow in colour, flattened and circular in shape. The 16

damage is caused by the nymphs and

Citrus Leafminer

adults who suck sap from buds and

Leafminer adult is a tiny silvery white

leaves. The affected leaves get curled and

moth with black eyes and narrow fringed

shoots become dry. The psyllid also acts

white hind wings. Eggs are minute,

as a vector of greening disease. There are

rounded

no systematic data available on extent of

caterpillars are legless and pale yellow in

damage, however, citrus psylla has been

colour with brownish head. The larvae

reported causing loss to mandarin to the

feed on the epidermis of tender leaves

tune of Rs. 40 million (about US $ 1.04

making serpentine mines of silvery

million) alone in Vidharva region of

colour. Severely infested leaves become

Maharashtra in India.

distorted, crumpled and finally fall off.

and

yellowish

green.

The

Attack of leafminer encourages the incidence of canker during rainy season.

Citrus Psylla Integrated Management 1. Several species of predators and syrphids have been reported feeding on eggs and nymphs of citrus psylla.

2. At the initiation of new flush, spray monocrotophos (1.5 ml per lit) or dimethoate

(3ml

per

lit)

or

Imidacloprid (0.5 ml per lit). If required, repeat the spray at 15 days interval, once or twice.

Citrus leaf miner Integrated Management 1. For the effective management of citrus leafminer, clipping of infested leaves and their pruning is advised.

2. Commencement

of

new

flushes

should be sprayed with fenvalerate (0.05%) and neem seed extract (2%), alternatively, at 10-12 days interval.

17

3. Release

of

parasitoids

C.

quadristriatus and T. phyllocnistoides is also recommended.

Citrus caterpillar Two species of citrus caterpillar butterfly namely Papilio demoleus and P. Polytes have been recorded in Jammu causing complete defoliation of citrus. The pests are active throughout the year except winter months. The infestation is more pronounced in nurseries and on young trees. Peak pest activity coincides with the new flushes in citrus. This pest has also been found defoliating the beal fruit (personnel observation).

Citrus caterpillars Integrated Management 1. Collect and destroy the larvae which look like bird excreta in early stage.

2. Spray endosulphan @ 2ml per lit or carbaryl @ 2g per lit of water.

18

3 Biological Control in Rabi Crops Vishal Gupta, S. K. Singh and R. S. Sodhi Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture SKUAST-Jammu Introduction

consumption of pesticides in India, 80 %

The burgeoning human population in the

are in the form of insecticides, 15 % are

developing countries like India requires

herbicides, 2 % are fungicides, and less

increased amounts of food and fiber from

than 3 % are others. While comparing the

a shrinking land base. To date, modern

worldwide consumption of pesticide,

agriculture has largely achieved these

47.5 % is the share of herbicides, 29.5 %

objectives by intensive and extensive

is the share of insecticides, 17.5 % is that

cultivation of high yielding varieties

offungicides, and others account for 5.5

coupled with chemical fertilizers and

% only. On the contrary, the consumption

pesticides. This chemical pathway to

of herbicides in India is probably low,

intensify crop production has led to

because weed control is mainly done

poisoning in human beings and animals

manually by hand. In addition to public

and also polluting the environment

health and agricultural use, pesticides

including air, soil and water resources.

also find their use in other sectors too.

The worldwide consumption of pesticides

Chemical pesticides and their residues

is about two million tonnes per year, out

have been detected in the food grains,

of which 45 % is used by Europe alone,

vegetables, fruits, oils, feed, fodder and

25 % is consumed in the USA, and 25 %

fiber in most parts of the country. This

in the rest of the world. India’s share is

has given rise to the serious concerns

just 3.75 %. The usage of pesticides in

regarding health problems and seeking

Korea and Japan is 6.6 and 12.0 kg/ha,

alternatives to the overdependence on

respectively, whereas in India, it is only

synthetic

0.5

production emerged as new system which

kg/ha.

Discussing

the

total

chemicals.

Organic

crop

19

is characterized by the absence of



synthetic pesticides and fertilizers but practices that promote ecosystem health.

specific plant diseases. 

Organic agriculture has increased its importance worldwide over the past 20



organic

agricultural

land.For

  

fungi

present

naturally in the soil, are known to protect the

crops

from

various

are

essential

for

crop

growth

enhancement. Regular incorporation of Trichoderma

spp.

in

high

value

agricultural or horticultural crops can reduce the dependence on chemical pesticides.

Advantages 

Biological control is less costly and cheaper than any other methods.



Bio-control agents give protection to

eliminate

growth the

by

way

beneficial

of soil

microflora. 

It increases the crop yield also.



It helps in the volatilization and sequestration of certain inorganic

soil-borne

diseases and also supply nutrients which

plant

encouraging

insects, weeds and diseases. Out of beneficial

can

Bio-control agents not only control and

being used to manage the pests including

the

agents

the disease but also enhance the root

micro-organisms that are increasingly

spp.,

Bio-control

pathogens from the site of infection.

are a class of environmentally friendly

different bio-control agents, Trichoderma

They multiply easily in the soil and leave no residual problem

plant

disease suppression, bio-control agents

Application of bio-control agents is safer to the environment.

certified organic producers farmed more than 43 million hectares of certified

They do not cause toxicity to the plants

years with growth rates more than 10% in many countries. Approximately 2 million

They are highly effective against

nutrients. 

Bio-control agents are very easy to handle and apply to the target.



Bio-control agents can be combined with biofertilizers.



They are easy to manufacture.

Effective against various diseases Trichoderma spp. is effective against various soil borne diseases like wilt, collar rot, rhizome rot, corm rot, dry root rot, stem rot, damping off, etc.,

the crop throughout the crop period 20

Application methodology

4. Tuber/ rhizome/corm treatment

1. Seed treatment

Dip

Make a paste or slurry of 4g of

suspension prepare by mixing 50 g of

Trichoderma powder in 100 ml of water,

Trichoderma powder in 10 L of water for

to it add 1 kg of seed and mix properly to

30 minutes before planting/ sowing.

coat the seeds uniformly. Shade dry the

Advantages

coated seeds for 30 minutes before

Trichoderma

sowing.

management against a wide range of

2. Soil treatment

plant diseases. It acts on the disease

Mix 1 kg of Trichoderma powder in 50

causing organism in more than one ways.

kg of well decomposed FYM in a pit 3' x

Being an excellent saprophyte it has high

6' and cover it with polythene sheet. After

level of perpetuation in the soil thus

every 3-4 days give thorough turning to

increasing its populations and exerting

the FYM and regularly sprinkle small

long-term control over phytopathogenic

amount of water to maintain humidity.

fungi. It also helps to decompose organic

After 15 days the mixture will be ready to

matter, converting nutrients into available

apply on one acre of land. One kg of

forms so that plant can easily uptake

Trichoderma +FYM mixture can also be

them. Due to the indirect effect on crop

applied to the tree basin before the onset

nutrition

of monsoon and after monsoon to

because it secretes metabolites that

manage soil-borne diseases.

promote

3. 

Nursery Treatment Bed treatment:

the

tuber/rhizome/corm

it

spp.

offers

stimulates

the

the

effective

crop

plant

in

growth

development

processes. Trichoderma spp. are an important enzyme producing microbe and

Prepare a suspension by adding 50 g of

can produce cellulases, hemicellulases,

Trichoderma powder in 10 L of water

lignocellulases,

and drench the nursery bed.

and proteases thus can degrade several



complex organic substances in soil into

Seedling treatment

chitinases,

glucanases

Prepare suspension by adding 10 g of

smaller forms which can easily be

Trichoderma powder in 10 L of water,

consumed by plants for their growth

dip the seedling roots in it for 30 minutes before transplanting.

21

4 Seed Treatment: An Option for Seed and Soil Borne Disease Management in Crops A. K. Singh, S. K. Singh, Ranbir Singh and Sachin Gupta Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture SKUAST-Jammu Introduction

insecticides are used to control insect

Seed treatments are defined as chemical

pests. Some seed treatment products are

or biological substances that are applied

sold as combinations of fungicide and

to

propagation

insecticide. Fungicidal seed treatments

materials to control disease organisms,

are used for three reasons: (1) to control

insects, or other pests. Seed treatment

soil-borne

pesticides

(pathogens)

seeds

or

vegetative

include

bactericides,

fungal that

disease cause

organisms seed

rots,

fungicides, and insecticides. Most seed

damping-off, seedling blights and root

treatments are applied to true seeds, such

rot; (2) to control fungal pathogens that

as corn, wheat, or soybean, which have a

are surface-borne on the seed, such as

seed

embryo.

those that cause covered smuts of barley

However, some seed treatments can be

and oats, bunt of wheat, black point of

applied

propagation

cereal grains, and seed-borne safflower

materials, such as bulbs, corms, or tubers

rust; and (3) to control internally seed-

(such as potato seed pieces).

borne fungal pathogens such as the loose

coat to

surrounding

an

vegetative

are

smut fungi of cereals. Most fungicidal

fungicides or insecticides applied to seed

seed treatments do not control bacterial

before planting. Fungicides are used to

pathogens and most will not control all

control diseases of seeds and seedlings;

types of fungal diseases, so it is important

Most

seed

treatment

products

22

to carefully choose the treatment that

seed decay, seedling diseases, or root rot

provides the best control of the disease

either by competing with pathogens or by

organisms present on the seed or

producing

potentially present in the soil. The degree

organisms include the bacteria Bacillus

of control will vary with product, rate,

subtilis

environmental conditions and disease

Streptomyces griseoviridis (trade names

organisms

systemic

Mycostop, Subtilex, System 3), and the

fungicidal seed treatments may also

fungus Trichoderma harzianum (trade

provide protection against early-season

names T-22, Bio-Trek).

infection by leaf diseases. Fungicide-

Captan

insecticide combination products or an

nonsystemic fungicide effective against

addition of insecticide for wireworm

various seed decay and damping-off

control should be considered if planting

fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium,

newly opened land or land that has had a

Penicillium, and Rhizoctonia.

history of wireworms.

Carboxin (trade name Vitavax) is a

Bactericide

systemic fungicide with good activity

present.

Streptomycin

Some

(trade

names

Ag-

antibiotics. (trade

is

name

a

Biocontrol Kodiak)

and

broad-spectrum,

against smuts and fair activity against

Streptomycin and Agri-Mycin) is an

general

antibiotic that kills a broad spectrum of

seedling blights. It is commonly used to

bacteria. It can be used to control

control wheat embryo infections by the

seedborne populations of the halo blight

loose

pathogen on beans and as a potato seed

commonly

piece treatment against soft rot and black

fungicides or insecticides to increase the

leg.

pest control spectrum.

Fungicides

Difenoconazole (trade name Dividend) is

Biological agents consist of dormant

a broadspectrum, systemic fungicide that

microorganisms that are applied to seeds.

controls common bunt and loose smut of

Under

these

wheat. At high label rates, it has activity

microorganisms grow and colonize the

against some fall-season root rots and

exterior of the developing seed or

foliar diseases (powdery mildew and

seedling. Biocontrol agents may reduce

rust). Fall control of root rots and leaf

favorable

conditions,

seed

smut

rot,

damping-off,

fungus. formulated

and

Carboxin with

is

other

23

diseases may or may not carry through to

fungicides or insecticides to increase the

the following spring.

pest control spectrum.

Fludioxonil (trade name Maxim) is a

Thiabendazole (also called TBZ) is a

broad-spectrum, nonsystemic fungicide

broad-spectrum,

effective against various seed decay and

useful against common bunt and various

damping-off fungi, such as Aspergillus,

seed decay and damping-off fungi, such

Fusarium, Penicillium, and Rhizoctonia.

as Fusarium and Rhizoctonia. In addition,

In addition, it performs well against

it performs well against seedborne wheat

seedborne wheat scab.

scab.

Mefenoxam (trade name Apron XL) and

formulated with other fungicides to

metalaxyl

increase the disease control spectrum.

(trade names Apron and

systemic

Thiabendazole

is

a

is

fungicide

commonly

broad-spectrum,

Allegiance) are closely related, narrow-

Thiram

spectrum, systemic fungicides. They are

nonsystemic fungicide labeled for a wide

effective

Pythium,

range of field crops and vegetable crops,

mildews.

and for ornamental bulbs and tubers to

These fungicides are commonly used on

control seed, bulb, and tuber decay, and

a

damping-off, as well as common bunt of

only

Phytophthora, wide

and

range

conjunction

against downy

of

with

crops, a

often

in

broad-spectrum

wheat.

fungicide, such as captan or fludioxonil.

Triadimenol (trade name Baytan) is a

Tebuconazole (found in Raxil) is a

broad-spectrum, systemic fungicide that

broad-spectrum, systemic fungicide. It

controls common bunt and loose smut of

controls common bunt and loose smut of

wheat. At high label rates, it has activity

wheat and has activity against some fall

against some fall-season root rots and

season root rots and some foliar diseases

foliar diseases (powdery mildew and

(powdery mildew). Fall control of root

rust). Fall control of root rots and leaf

rots and leaf diseases may or may not

diseases may or may not carry through to

carry through to the following spring. In

the following spring. Triadimenol may be

addition,

formulated with other fungicides to

it

performs

well

against

seedborne wheat scab. Tebuconazole is commonly

formulated

with

increase the disease control spectrum.

other

24

Methods of Seed Treatment

cups of commercial applicators should be

Fungicide seed treatment products come

cleaned daily to prevent a buildup of

in a variety of formulations and in a

chemical that might result in reduced

variety of packaging sizes and types.

application rates. An auger which has

Some are registered for use only by

been used to treat seed cannot be cleaned

commercial applicators using closed

up sufficiently for use in augering grain

application systems, others are readily

for food or feed. Once an auger is used

available for on-farm use as dusts,

for seed treatment, it should be used only

slurries, water soluble bags, or liquid

for treatment or augering seed for

ready-to-use-formulations. Whatever the

planting. It should not be used to auger

formulation used or application method

grain used for food or feed. Treated seed

chosen, some precautions should be taken

should not be used for food or feed, and

to

and

treated grain should not contaminate

Cautions

grain delivered to elevators or be placed

should Follow label directions when

in bins or in trucks delivering to

handling seed treatment chemicals. These

elevators. Containers should be triple

products are potentially poisonous if

rinsed with the rinse water added to the

mishandled or misused. Extreme caution

treatment mixture.

assure

appropriate

applicator seed

safety

coverage.

must be used when handling seed treatment chemicals: some are toxic, others may be irritating. An approved chemical respirator and goggles are recommended even if not specifically required by the fungicide label. The rate of application prescribed by the label must be used: overtreatment may injure the seed and under treatment may not provide good disease control. To apply the correct rate, it is essential to calibrate application equipment carefully and to check calibration frequently. Metering 25

5 Integrated Disease Management in Pulse Crops Upma Dutta1, Sachin Gupta2, Ranbir Sodhi3 and Satish Sharma1 1 Division of Microbiology, 2Division of Plant Pathology, 1Faculty of Basic science, 2 Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu Pulses are major source of protein for the

cater domestic demand. In case of

majority of Indian population and

lentils, arhar and peas, the productivity is

contribute

the

lower than the world av e ra ge l e av i n g

nutritional security of the country.

am p l e s co p e t o en ha nc e i t wi t h

Also due to their uses in enriching soil

available technologies. India do not

with

figure

significantly

nitrogen

with

to

atmospheric

in

major

technological

nitrogen, green manure and cover

breakthroughs in the world with countries

crops

like

in

short

season

cropping

Canada

and

others

achieving

windows, breakfast grains and dietary

averages of around two tonnes per

properties, pulses assume

hectare in pulse productivity, hence our

concerted efforts are required. With over

a g r i c u l t u r a l s ys t e m . P u l s e s a s a

a dozen pulse crops occupying a large

c o m p l e m e n t t o cereals, make one of

acreage including chickpea, pigeonpea,

the

urdbean, mungbean, lentil, French bean,

Significance

best

solution

in

to

protein-calorie less

horse gram, field pea, moth bean,

requirement of water (300 mm). Though

grasspea, grown in different part of

India is the largest producer of most of

the country, pulse production has

t he pul ses, i t s product i vi t y l ev el s

noticed an upward trend in the

are l ow and therefore, the country

recent

imports a huge quantit y of pulses to

remained over 17 mt. Production data of

malnutrition

apart

from

its

past

and

consistently

26

GOI,

indicated

vis-a-vis

in severe economic losses globally.

production have been stagnant over the

Among these, fungi and viruses are the

years with shift in traditional growing

largest and perhaps the most important

areas Over the years pulses cultivation

groups affecting all parts of the plant at

in

to

all stages of growth (Table 1). Foliar

marginal lands and rainfed areas

diseases such as gray mold, chocolate

n o t providing the crop to express itself

spot, Ascochyta blight caused by species

fully in terms of yield. Still pulses are

of Botrytis and Ascochyta are of great

cultivated on more than 12 per cent of

importance to faba bean, lentil, and

the Country’s total cultivated area and

chickpea. The genus Stemphylium causes

they constitute more than 4% of the

foliar disease in lentil and Septoria

output of crop sector in value terms.

species causes leaf spots in cowpea.

Pulses being grown in rain fed suffers

Around 45 viruses are reported to infect

crop failure due to wide spread drought

legumes worldwide. However, only few

in 2009 and resulted in sharp rise in

are of major economic concern with

prices

respect to specific regions. Among the

India

of

has

that

area

been

pushed

pulses

prompting

Governm ent of India t he

st rat egi es

t o revi ew

to

increase

more

important

groups

are

the

Luteoviruses, Nanoviruses, Carlaviruses,

production of pulse crops to reduce

Furoviruses

gap between supply and demand. These

Potyviruses are the most important

grain legumes grown worldwide are

overall causing economically important

prone to attack by a large number of plant

diseases in grain legumes. Many of the

pathogens,

bacteria,

viruses are seed borne in their legume

phytoplasmas, and viruses to nematodes

hosts; some are sufficient to have enabled

and parasitic angiosperms, which result

worldwide distribution.

from

fungi,

and

Potyviruses.

The

Table 1: Important diseases of food legumes and their causal organisms Food legume Cool season legumes Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Disease

Causal organism

Ascochyta blight Ascochyta rabiei Botrytis gray Botrytis cinerea mold Stunt Bean leaf roll

luteovirus 27

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Rust Ascochyta blight Stemphylium blight Ascochyta blight leaf spot Rust Necrotic yellows

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Powdery mildew Downy mildew

Warm season legumes Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Sterility mosaic Millsp.)

Mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Yellow vein Wilczek and black gram (Vigna mosaic mungo [L.] Hepper) Cercospora leaf spot Powdery mildew Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata [L.] Cercospora leaf Walp.) spot Cowpea golden mosaic Cowpea aphidborne mosaic

(BLRV) Uromyces viciae-fabae Ascochyta lentis Stemphylium botryosum Ascochyta fabae Botrytis cinerea / Botrytis fabae Uromyces viciae-fabae Faba bean necrotic yellows virus Erysiphe polygoni Peronospora viciae Pigeonpea virus Mungbean virus

sterility

mosaic

yellow

mosaic

Cercospora cruenta, C. canescens Erysiphe polygoni Cercospora canescens and Pseudocercospora cruenta Cowpea golden mosaic virus Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus

Integrated Disease Management of

disease management were practiced in

foliar diseases of food legumes

isolation to each other. Recently a shift in

The main emphasis in research and

scientific thinking and practice in the

development to combat food legume

management of grain legume diseases has

diseases is on host resistance and

been seen and greater emphasis was on

chemical control where ever applicable,

identifying, evaluating, and integrating

and quite often these components of

location

specific

components

of 28

integrated disease management (IDM). In

wetness. Disease severity increases with

general IDM has followed the principles

the

of IPM. The location specific IDM of

Cloudiness and prolonged wet weather

food legumes is primarily based on host

favour rapid development and spread of

plant

genetic

both the diseases. The pathogen survives

resistance; additionally other components

on infected or contaminated seeds,

of

some

infected chickpea debris which causes

environments, IDM may require a single

AB, produces both rain splashed conidia

component used alone (usually HPR) or

and windblown ascospores Infection of

in combination with one other component

BGM occurs from 15-25 °C with an

(such as fungicide seed treatment) to

optimum temperature of 20-25 °C. High

adequately combat diseases of food

moisture and high relative humidity are

legumes.

congenial for BGM development. Under

resistance

diseases

The

(HPR)

or

management.

In

components

of

IDM

increase

in

relative

humidity.

employed in the production of food

such

legumes are listed as follows: Host plant

sporulation of the fungus B. cinerea on

resistance

modeling

dead plant parts, particularly on flowers

(prediction) for avoidance of high risk or

and pods (Pande et al., 2006). The

disease

sprays

pathogen B. cinerea is reported to have

Biological

extreme diversity and adaptability to a

(agronomic)

wide range of environmental conditions.

practices (sowing dates, plant population

Existence of 4-5 pathotypes of B. cinerea

etc.)

has been reported from northern India.

Cool season legumes

Adoption of IDM practices is essential

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

for economical and effective control of

(HPR), pressure,

(fungicides, control,

Major

and

foliar

Disease Chemical

pesticides), Cultural

diseases

of

potential

AB

conditions

and

BGM.

there

In

is

abundant

several

studies

economic importance in chickpea are

conducted in different chickpea growing

ascochyta blight (AB) and botrytis grey

areas of the world, several sources of

mold (BGM). Ascochyta blight infection

resistance

and disease progression occur from 50 to

Furthermore,

25 °C with an optimum temperature of

resistant genotypes has made it possible

16-20 °C, and a minimum of 6 h leaf

to sow the crop during winter in the

to

AB

were

development

identified. of

AB

29

Mediterranean region thereby doubling

caused by A. lentis produces conidia, in a

the chickpea production potential. On the

flask-shaped fruiting body (pycnidium),

other hand, an adequate level of genetic

which are spread by rain splash. The

resistance to BGM is not available in the

teleomorph, Didymella lentis, produces

cultivated

fungicides

ascospores which can be wind dispersed

become ineffective under the high disease

large distances. The pathogen is both

pressure. Hence, IDM using the available

stubble and seed borne. Progress of foliar

management options is essential to

blight is rapid and epidemic levels can be

successfully manage the disease and

reached under cool and wet weather

mitigate yield losses. Moderate level of

conditions as a consequent of spores

HPR can be combined with other cultural

being disseminated by rain splashes. It

practices and/or application of minimum

survives for more than 3 years in infected

dosage of fungicides for control of AB

pods and seeds at 4-5 °C or under shelter

and

a

outdoors, and 1-5 years at the soil

moderately resistant variety and 2 sprays

surface. IDM of Ascochyta blight of

of chlorothalonil, one during the seedling

lentil includes use of resistant cultivars,

stage and another at the early podding

use of disease free seed, crop rotation,

stage, provided the most economical field

seed

control of AB. The location-specific

Application of the fungicides benomyl,

recommended IDM practices for AB

carbendazim,

include: (a) use of pathogen-free seed, (b)

chlorothalonil,

seed treatment with

fungicides, (c)

strobilurin, are useful for managing

practice of crop rotation, (d) deep

Ascochyta blight epidemics. Lentil rust is

ploughing of chickpea fields to bury

caused by Uromyces vicia-fabae (Pers.)

infested debris, (e) use of disease-

de Bary. It is an autoecious fungus;

resistant genotypes, and (f) strategic

completing its life cycle on lentil. The

application of foliar fungicides.

disease occurs during the flowering/early

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

podding stage as aecia, which may

Ascochyta blight, rust and powdery

develop into secondary aecia or uredia.

mildew are economically important foliar

The

diseases of lentil. Ascochyta blight is

uredospores lead to a further disease

genotypes

BGM.

A

and

combination

of

treatment

resulting

and

foliar

spray.

thiabendazole, prothioconazole

aeciospores

and

and

30

spread in the crop season. Uredia rapidly

of leaves, stems and pods. Later, the

appear a little late in the crop season

leaflets become dry and curled, and are

followed by development of telia. The

shed prematurely, causing considerable

fungus survives in summer as teliospores.

reduction in yield and seed quality. The

High humidity and cloudy weather with

seeds from infected plants remain small

temperatures of 20-22 0C favor disease

and shriveled. Powdery mildew of lentil

development. The plants give dark brown

is caused by the ectoparasites Erysiphe

or blackish appearance visible as patches

pisi DC., and E. polygoni DC. and the

in the field. Integrated management of

endoparasite Leveillula taurica (Lév.)

rust includes control of volunteer plants

Arnaud. Recent evidence showed that E.

over the summer and removal of infected

trifolii also infects lentil . The anamorph

lentil debris. It is advisable to use clean

stage is responsible for spread of the

seeds without rust contaminations, and to

disease. The teleomorph stage has been

treat the seed with a suitable fungicide

reported to occur in India and Sudan.

such

Moderately

as

diclobutrazole.

Preventive

high

temperatures

and

fungicide sprays of mancozeb at early

moderate relative humidity favour the

disease development stage have been

disease

recommended. The use of host plant

genotypes

resistance is the best means of rust

powdery mildew, and should be planted

management

whenever possible. Foliar sprays with

development. are

reported

Many

lentil

resistant

to

important

fungicides benomyl, tridemorph, aqueous

disease of lentil. The disease poses a

sulfur, karathane (dinocap), calixin or

serious problem on breeding material in

sulfex (ferrous bisulfide) as well as

plastic or glass houses in both India and

certain

Syria, and in India it is also recorded in

Tnazophos, Phoxim) applied at 10-15

off-season nurseries in Trans Himalayan

days interval are effective in suppressing

regions but it is rarely seen in the field

mildew growth.

during the cropping season. A fine

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

powdery, white growth of conidia and

Peas are adversely affected by serious

mycelium initiates as small spots and

fungal, bacterial and viral diseases such

rapidly spreads to cover the entire surface

as: powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi Syd.

Powdery

mildew

another

insecticides

(Quinalphos,

31

(syn. E. polygoni DC), Ascochyta blight

overhead irrigation is applied regularly

or

pisi/A.

because long periods of free water on

pinodes), downy mildew (Peronospora

host leaves reduce conidium viability and

pisi), bacterial blight (Pseudomonas pisi),

wash conidia from host tissue. Other

Pea early browning virus (PEBV), Pea

control

enation mosaic virus (PEMV) and Pea

sprays of sulfur and/or demethylation

mosaic virus. Powdery mildew occurs all

inhibitors

over the world and can cause severe

fenarimol and triadimenol. Fungicide

damage in areas where pea is cultivated.

spray should be applied at least two

Powdery mildew of pea caused by

weeks before harvest to avoid residue on

Erysiphe pisi, is a serious disease both in

peas. Ascochyta blight or black spot is

the field and in the greenhouse. All

the most common and most damaging

aboveground

are

disease of field pea in southern Australia.

susceptible to powdery mildew. Pod

Worldwide, the disease is recognized as

infection may discolor seeds to a gray

being

brown color. The powdery look of the

combinations,

disease

Mycosphaerella

black

spot

is

(Ascochyta

parts

of

caused

by

plants

the

profuse

measures

include

such

caused

as

by

fungicide

cyproconazole,

any

of

one,

three pinodes,

or

fungi; Phoma

production of conidia on the upper leaf

medicaginis var. pinodella and Ascochyta

surface.

powdery

pisi. All three frequently occur together

mildews of grain legumes is through use

hence the disease is generally referred to

of resistant cultivars, especially in late

as the ascochyta complex of peas.

sown

Mycosphaerella pinodes causes the most

Management

crops,

experience

which high

of

are

disease

likely

to

pressure.

damage

to

pea

crops

in

Western

Resistance in pea is conditioned by two

Australia, Washington, USA and is the

recessive genes (er-1 and er-2) along with

principal pathogen involved in nearly all

two or more modifying genes. Resistance

occurrences of blackspot.

in cultivars homozygous for er-2 is

Mycosphaerella pinodes survives on pea

expressed mostly in leaves and this

stubble for more than 3 years producing

resistance can be rendered ineffective

viable ascospores during each growing

under high disease pressure. The disease

season. Ascospores are released from

is often less severe in areas where

pseudothecia on the stubble following 32

rain events of as little as 0.2 mm. The

identifying

airborne ascospores can infect crops

developing resistant cultivars to the

several kilometres away. IDM includes

disease. Some attention has also been

use of moderately resistant varieties,

paid to cultural and chemical control of

disease free seed, crop rotation, delay in

sterility

the sowing, disease forecast model that

include: Destroy ratooned pigeonpea,

predicts

and

uproot and destroy infected plants at the

progression of ascospores maturity and

initial stage of disease development, crop

spread of spores from the source of

rotation to reduce inoculum levels and

infection and need based foliar and in-

vector populations, chemical control as

furrow applications of fungicides in

seed treatment with 25% carbofuran or

conjunction

10% aldicarb (3g kg-1 seed) and spraying

the

time

with

of

other

onset,

agronomic

resistance

mosaic.

sources

Cultural

and

practices

practices

acaricides or insecticides like karathane,

Warm season legumes

metasystox to control the mite vector in

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

the early stages of plant growth

Sterility mosaic disease (SMD) is the

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

most

and blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.)

important

foliar

disease

of

pigeonpea in India. Etiology of sterility

Hepper

mosaic is unknown despite of numerous

Mungbean (green gram) and urdbean

attempts during the past 20 years. Tenui

(black gram) are widely cultivated in

virus of asymmetric morphology as the

many

cause of SM disease and retained the

seasons. Three diseases (yellow mosaic,

name of virus as Pigeonpea sterility

Cercospora

mosaic virus (PPSMV). PPSMV is

mildew) that attack both the pulses are

flexous, branched filaments measuring 3-

considered

8nm in diameter. The SM causal agent is

Yellow mosaic caused by mungbean

not transmitted through sap or seed. It is

yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is the most

transmitted by the eriophyid mite vector.

serious limiting factor in mungbean and

HPR is the most reliable and sustainable

urdbean cultivation. The pathogen is

method for the management of SMD.

transmitted by the white fly Bemisia

Considerable progress has been made in

tabaci Genn. Cultivation of resistant

Asian

countries

leaf

spot

in and

economically

different powdery important.

33

varieties, manipulation in sowing dates,

and has wide host range. Limited

inter/ mixed cropping of mungbean and

information is available on the etiology

urdbean

like

and biology of E. polygoni on Vigna

sorghum, pearl millet and maize and

mungo and Vigna radiata. Many resistant

application of systemic insecticides such

sources are available against powdery

as

foliar

mildew. its incidence can be reduced by

application of metasystox has been found

adjusting the date of sowing with wider

effective in controlling the disease by

spacing.

reducing vector control

fungicides karathane, calixin, bavistin,

with

aldicarb,

non-host

disyston

crops

and

Chemical

control

with

by

benlate, topsin M, sulfur dust etc. has

Cercospora cruenta and C. canescens

been found effective to control the

causes

disease under field conditions.

Cercospora

leaf

severe

spot leaf

caused spotting

and

defoliation at the time of flowering and

Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp.)

pod formation. Involvement of different

Cowpea is the most important legume

species in causing cercospora leaf spot

vegetable grown in India. Cercospora leaf

complicates characterization of species.

spot, cowpea golden mosaic and cowpea

Since there is low level of resistance to

aphid-borne mosaic are of potential

cercospora

cultural

economic importance. Cercospora leaf

practices and chemical control play an

spot caused by Cercospora canescens and

important

management.

Pseudocercospora cruenta have been

Cultural practices such as field sanitation,

observed in all the cowpea growing areas.

crop rotation, destruction of infected crop

Despite the fact that cercospora leaf spot

debris, and avoiding collateral hosts in

develops late in the season, disease

the vicinity of the crop may help in

spread is often rapid and premature

reducing

Mancozeb,

defoliation can be severe. The disease can

carbendazim, copper oxychloride and

be controlled by combining resistant

benomyl are reported to reduce disease

varieties and spray of fungicides such as

incidence considerably

benomyl and captafol post flowering.

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe

Among viral diseases, Cowpea golden

polygoni DC, is a problem in cool dry

mosaic virus (CPGMV) and Cowpea

weather. Pathogen is obligate parasite

aphidborne mosaic (CABMV) are the

leaf role

the

spot, in

its

incidence.

the

34

two most important diseases of cowpea.

development. The most important of

CPGMV

of

these are: (i) identity of the causal agent,

Begomovirus and is transmitted by

(ii) mode of transmission, (iii) ecology of

whiteflies (Bemicia sp.) and it produces

the virus disease including that of its

intense

vector, (iv) extent and value of crop

belongs

yellow

to

leaves

genus

which

after

sometime become distorted and blistered.

losses,

CABMV is a cosmopolitan, economically

resistance,

and

significant seed-borne virus of cowpea

protection

methodologies

(Bashir et al., 2002). The virus-infected

applicability to specific farming systems

seed provides the initial inoculum and

and socio-economic situations. In many

aphids are responsible for the secondary

locations, however, such complete basic

spread

field

information is not yet available. Control

conditions. The virus symptoms vary

is optimized through IDM approaches,

with the cowpea genotype and virus

which combine all possible measures that

strain. Excellent sources of resistance are

operate in different ways such that they

available for the breeding of resistant

complement each other and applicable in

cultivars. Either a dominant or a recessive

farmers’ fields. Thus, control measures

gene confers resistance in cowpea.

can be classified as (i) those that control

Enzyme-linked

assay

the virus, (ii) those that are directed

(ELISA) is the most appropriate method

towards avoidance of vectors or reducing

for the detection of the virus in the seed

their incidence, and (iii) those that

or plant tissue for seed certification

integrate more than one method. Cultural

programmes.

practices such as healthy seed, rouging,

of

the

Management

disease

under

immunosorbent

of

viral

diseases

of

availability (vi)

of

genetic

available and

croptheir

alteration in sowing dates and use of early maturing cultivars are effective in

legumes The

(v)

development

of

an

effective

minimizing

virus

Almost

dependent on the availability of basic

leguminous crops are seed-borne. Seed-

information

an

borne infections permit the introduction

appropriate combination of interventions

of primary virus inoculum into the field

which can slow down virus disease

which facilitates secondary spread to

to

design

of

viruses

incidence.

management package for virus diseases is required

50%

disease

affecting

35

reach a serious level in locations where

Another area of host resistance which is

the environmental conditions permit high

not well exploited is resistance to

vector activity. A close relationship

vector(s). Success in reducing virus

between sowing date and the extent of

spread by chemical control of vectors is

subsequent

virus

documented

for

resistance

is

is

well

likely with persistently rather than with

crops.

Host

non-persistently transmitted viruses Each

spread many

the

most

acceptable

of the control provides

environment-friendly,

combining genetic resistance, cultural

economically

acceptable

to

and

farmers.

practices,

and

partial

mentioned

component in virus control because it is practical

only

measures

chemical

control, sprays

but is

There are many crop cultivars with

expected to lead to improvements. The

adequate levels of virus resistance; in

use of host resistance, and one or two

lentil against Pea seed-borne mosaic virus

well-timed sprays coupled with optimal

(PSbMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus

planting date and early roguing of virus-

(BYMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV),

infected plants could offer reasonable and

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pea

economic control and stabilize faba bean

enation mosaic virus (PEMV), Bean

production. Each strategy needs to be

leafroll virus (BLRV), FBNYV and

affordable by farmers and fulfill the

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), in chickpea

requirements of being environmentally

against CMV, BYMV and PSbMV, in

and socially responsible. It must also be

faba bean against BYMV, CMV, AMV,

compatible with control measures already

BLRV and PEMV, and in pea against

in use against other pests and pathogens.

BYMV, PEMV, PSbMV and BLRV.

36

6 Major Diseases of Rapeseed-Mustard and Linseed: their Management through Integrated Approach V. B. Singh M. K. Pandey and R. S. Sodhi* Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, *Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu Diseases

of

mustard

crops

are

Symptoms

categorized into the followings-

The disease is characterized by gridling

1. Bacterial diseases

and rotting of roots. Ultimately, drying

2. Fungal diseases

of the plants.

3. Miscellaneous diseases and disorders

Blackleg

4. Nematodes, parasitic

Pathogen: Phoma

5. Viral diseases

Leptosphaeria maculans

Damping-off, Wirestem, and Brown

Leptosphaeria biglobosa

Girdling Root Rot

Symptoms

Damping

off

–

Phytophthora

lingam, and/or

Watch for round to irregularly shaped

cactorum and/or Pythium spp.

dirty white lesions on the leaves and

Symptoms

white or gray lesions with a dark border

The symptoms appear on stem near

on stems or points of leaf attachment.

ground level as a water soaked spots on

Stem lesions may also appear as a

newly germinated plants. Ultimately

general blackening or dry rot inside the

topple down of the seedling takes place.

stem base. Blackleg lesions are usually

Wirestem and brown girdling root rot –

dotted with numerous tiny round specks

Rhizoctonia solani

(pycnidia).

37

Clubroot

Downy Mildew

Pathogen: Plasmodiophora brassicae

Symptoms

Symptoms

Watch for a mealy growth on the

Watch for suspicious stunting, wilting,

underside of the leaf, corresponding to

yellowing

yellowing of the upper surface of the

and

premature

ripening.

leaf.

Check the roots for clubroot galls.

•

The disease attacks on the lower

White leaf spot

leaves

Mycosphaerellacapsellae (anamorph =

as

small

necrotic •

spots

circular brown which

slowly

increase in size.

Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv.

Many concentric spots coalesce to

Campestris)

cover

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe poligoni)

large

blightening

patches and

showing

defoliation

in

severe cases.

•

Pseudocercosporellacapsellae). tan.

Disease symptoms •

Circular to linear, dark brown

patches develop on the lower

lesions also develop on stems and

surface of leaves.

pods, which are elongated at later

•

stage.

•

Grayish white irregular necrotic

Infected

brownish white fungal growth may pods

produce

small,

discolored and shriveled seeds.

Sclerotinia

Later under favourable conditions

White

also be seen on the spots.

•

The

most

pronounced

Mould

conspicuous symptom

is

and the

Pathogen: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

infection of inflorescence causing

Symptoms

hypertrophy of the peduncle of

Watch for soft, water-soaked white to

inflorescence and develop stag head

gray lesions on leaves and stems. Plant

structure.

parts above the affected area may turn

White Rust

pale green or yellow, wilt and die.

Pathogen: Albugo candida

Mature lesions will become bleached

Watch

shred easily, resulting in premature

“staghead” deformation of flowering

ripening and lodging. White mould may

stems and pods.

grow on rotting stems and sclerotia may

Disease symptoms

be evident inside infected stems.

•

for

white

pustules

and

Both local and systemic infections are observed.

38

•

In case of local infection, white creamy

yellow

raised



pustules

resistant varieties i.e. DGS-1, RH-

appear on the leaves which later coalesce to form patches.

•

749, Girraj, PM-25 etc. 

Trichderma harzianum, T. viridae,

humid weather, mixed infection of

Bacillus subtilis for seed and soil

white rust and downy mildew cause

borne diseases along with FYM. 

the

and hyperplasia and develop “stag

increase the use potash and sulphur

head” structure.

which is helpful for minimizing the

The leaf tissue turns yellow and

and



Follow

disease

forecasting and

agro-metrological

of the leaf and form V shaped area

timely and prophylactic spray. 

advisory

for

Destruction of disease infected plant

The veins show brown to black

parts for minimizing the secondary

discoloration. Dark coloured streaks

spray.

•

Older fungicides used, but less

ground level and gradually these

effective, for white rust control

streaks enlarge and girdle the stem.

include:

Dithane

Z-78,

Blitox,

Stem become hollow due to internal

wettable

sulphur,

fixed

copper

rotting.

compounds,

Midrib cracking of lower leaves,

chlorothalonil,

browning of veins and withering is

dodine, mancozeb, metiram, maneb,

observed.

and zineb.

In

severe

cases,

the

vesicular

•

Bordeaux captofol,

mixture, captan,

Foliar application of Mancozeb/

bundles of the stem also turn brown

Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb/ Metalaxyl/

and the plant collapses.

Chlorothalonil at 15 days interval.

Integrated Management 

fertilizers

chlorosis reach towards the centre

are formed on the stem from the

•

nitrogenous

brassica diseases.

with base of V towards the midrib.

•

Balance use of fertilizes: Decrease

and floral parts due to hypertrophy

Bacterial blight/ black rot

•

Use of bio control agent i.e.

In systemic infection and during

swelling and distortion of the stem

•

Growing of resistant / moderately

•

Foliar application of Propiconazole

Follow crop rotation with non-host

25EC/

crop particularly in soil borne

penconazole/

hexaconazole

25EC/

difenoconazole/

diseases.

39

•

dinocap/ wettable sulphur at 15

combination

300g

days interval.

oxychloride 1.25 Kg/ha.

+

Copper

Foliar application of Streptomycin sulphate

+

Tetracycline

Systemic fungicides use for management of oil seed diseases Name

Concentration

Propiconazole25 EC

0.10%

Tebuconazole25 EC

0.10%

Trifloxystrobin 25WG

0.10%

Pyraclostrobin 133g/L

0.10%

Epoxiconaxole 50g/L SE

0.10%

Picoxystrobin 7.05%

0.10%

Azoxystrobin 18.2% w/w

0.10%

Cyproconazole 7.3% w/w

0.10%

Fluxapyroxad 62.5g/L

0.10%

Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25WG

0.06%

Pyraclostrobin 133g/L + Epoxiconaxole 50g/L SE,

0.10%

Picoxystrobin 7.05%+propiconazole 11.7% SC

0.10%

Azoxystrobin 18.2% w/w+ Cyproconazole 7.3% w/w

0.10%

Fluxapyroxad + Epoxiconazole 62.5

0.10%

Linseed diseases

favored by high humidity during cool

Rust (Melampsora lini)

nights, warmer day temperatures and on

Symptoms

plants growing vigorously. As the

Rust is readily recognized by the

season progresses, the orange pustules

presence of bright orange and powdery

turn black and produce overwintering

pustules,

telia and teliospores The black pustules

also

called

uredia.

Rust

pustules develop mostly on leaves

are most common on stems.

(Photo 8-2), but also on stems. The

Management

pustules

numerous

Complete control is achieved by the use

urediospores which are airborne and

of rust-resistant varieties. All registered

cause new cycles of infections during

Canadian varieties listed in Table 11-1

the season. Spread and infections are

are immune to local races of rust.

produce

40

Planting susceptible varieties may not

least three years between flax crops

only result in serious yield loss, but also

helps

affords the fungus a chance to produce

inoculum in the soil. Seed treatment

new races that may attack resistant

with recommended fungicides may

varieties.

safeguards

protect the crop from early infection at

include: destroying plant debris, using

the seedling stage and helps maintain

certified and disease-free seed of a

good stands and seedling vigor.

recommended variety, crop rotation and

Powdery Mildew

planting the flax crop in a field distant

Symptoms

from that of the previous year.

The symptoms are characterized by a

Fusarium Wilt

white powdery mass of mycelia that

Symptoms

start as small spots and rapidly spread

Early infections may kill flax seedlings

to cover the entire leaf surface. Heavily

shortly after emergence (Photo 8-5),

infected leaves dry up, wither and die.

while

Early infections may cause complete

Additional

delayed

yellowing

and

infections wilting

of

cause leaves,

to

maintain

low

levels

of

defoliation of flax plants.

followed by browning and death of

Management

plants (Photo 8-6). Roots of dead plants

The most economical control is through

turn ashy grey. The tops of wilted

the use of resistant varieties, Early

plants often turn downward and form a

seeding will reduce the impact of this

“shepherd’s crook”. Affected plants

disease on yield loss by avoiding early

occur more commonly in patches but

infections and buildup of epidemics.

may also be scattered throughout the

Foliar application of recommended

field. The fungus persists in the soil, as

fungicides around flowering time may

mycelia and spores survive for many

protect the crop from severe powdery

years in debris of flax and other organic

mildew epidemics and reduce losses in

matter in the soil. Wind-blown and

yield and seed quality.

water run-off soil may spread the fungus from one field to another.

Management The most important control measure is the use of available resistant/moderately resistant varieties. Crop rotation of at 41

Compendium on Two Days Training Programme on

INTEGRATED DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN RABI CROPS

Commercial cultivation of Bottle gourd

Designed by Dr. Uma Shankar, March 2021