UD_SU21_113

Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Squared Distance Band: 0 ft

2020-2021

Zuzanna Zofia Jarzyńska

uttle 30m in sh

Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design Collected Works

Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Presenvation

walk TRIAL 1.4 Spatial Relationship Contiguity edges corners

Columbia University 12’

7’

12’

34’

40min bike

3’

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Summer 2021 Studio III

Spring 2021 Studio II

Fall 2020 Studio I

Spring 2021 Studio II

BARATARIA ON THE MOVE

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HUDSON CONNECT

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SMITH VOICES

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HOUSING=WEALTH?

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BEYOND ORIGIN AND DESTINATION

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CLIMATE GENTRIFICATION

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YARDHOOD

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Spring 2021 Conflict Urbanism

Fall 2021 Geographic Information Systems

Spring 2021 Tools for Show: Replicas

Studio III

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BARATARIA ON THE MOVE A vision for a prosperous and growing Mississippi River Delta

Summer 2021 Studio III Instructors: Kate Orff, Geeta Mehta, Dilip da Cunha, Justine Holzman, Adriana Chavez, Victoria Vuono Site: Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana Team: Aruna Ananta Das, Thanawat Phituksithkasem, Chengju Lee

CPRA’s Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion will reinvigorate the oversalinated wetlands of the Mississippi River Delta, currently separated from the fresh water and sediment supply by levees. We propose a strategy to help local communities retain ownership of- and presence in the basin both during the process (when waters rise) and after it’s completion (when land is formed).

The project puts forward 3 main interventions, called units of change, into the existing systems supporting local economy and ecological restoration. The first one - Strategic Willow Planting reinforces land forming processes that will occur on site. The second - Wetland Literacy Initiative - builds on the existing data collection and processing systems and accommodates researchers and educators in pursuit of building wetland constituencies and supporting local resilience.The third one - Oystermen Cooperative - is materialized in the form of floating oyster hatching hubs that ensure higher mobility of local fishermen in conditions of shifting water salinity. The three symbiotic systems are anchored in Myrtle Grove Hub, which acts as a gateway connecting leveed areas and the Barataria Basin marshes. We believe that the local community’s involvement in building a robust economic system based on research-driven adaptive management is crucial. In order to support this goal, we put forward a new and replicable model of living and working synergistically with the wetlands.

Barataria on the move

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Studio III

Environmental Restoration

Research & Education

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Salt Fishing Economy 7

Figure 01.01. [previous page] Three systems anchored in the Myrtle Grove hub Figure 01.02. [right] Units of change established on the existing economies

Barataria on the move

Studio III

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries

CPRA Lead Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion Project, distribute funds

Shrimp Farming

Provide permissions and assist

Oyster Processing

Towns Initiative

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Oyster Farming

Restore Barataria Alliance M

AN

AGEM E N

Eco Trips

Recreation

Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana Lead community and institution outreach

T Willow Processing

Land Forming

Research

School Programs

Plaquemines Parish

LSU

Enable local engagement in all phases of the process

Provide assistance on research

Barataria on the move

Boat Library

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New Road Access

Figure 01.03. [left] Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion project among others planned by CPRA along the Mississippi River Figure 01.04. [right] Restore Barataria Alliance built on the active stakeholders, owned by local members

Provide assistance with sustainable development of Eco tourism

APTIVE AD

Army Corps of Engineers Lead Project design and implementation

Louisiana Travel Association

Restore the Mississippi River Delta Lead research

Studio III

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Figure 01.05. [left] Willow planting at the strategically located sediment collecting structures Figure 01.06. [right] Path to the field research station connecting water users and pedestrians

Barataria on the move

Studio III

Wharf/Trail Education Center

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Water Access

USGS Station Center

Observation Decks

USGS Station

Figure 01.07. Field Research Station

Barataria on the move

Studio III

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Figure 01.08. Data gathered by USGS stations and analyzed at the field research station informs the movement of mobile hatcheries and oyster beds Figure 01.09. [next page] Consolidated oyster transportation from co-op leased ground, through mobile hatcheries, to Myrtle Grove Hub

Barataria on the move

Studio III

PREVIOUS OYSTER LEASES

Hub

25

Lafitte

Co-Op System

20 16

15

Thriving Salinity for Oyster

OYSTER BEDS MOBILE HATCHERY

Consolidated Transportation / Processing

CONSOLIDATED LEASES

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Port Sulphur

Little Lake

Empire 10

Barataria Bay

5

0

Gulf of Mexico

Dry Season 2060 Barataria on the move

Studio III

Water Tank/ Pump 1

Spawning Tank Spawning

Algae Tank 1

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Larval Tank Fertilized Egg

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Spat Culture

Aggregated Harvest

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3

Solar Panel Eyed Larva

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Nursery Small Seed

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Distributed for seeding (2-years)

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oc pr

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o tt

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Figure 01.10. Mobile Hatchery

Barataria on the move

Studio III

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Figure 01.11. [left] Mobile oyster beds and oyster hatcheries are owned by the co-op and taken care of by co-op members.

Figure 01.12. [right] Myrtle Grove Marina with willow processing and oyster processing facilities and co-op’s boat library.

Barataria on the move

Studio III

Mississippi R

Boat Library Admin To New O

rleans

Boat Library

iver

Ironton

22

23 To Port S u

lphur

Parking Willow Processing

Research & Education Accomodation

Oyster Processing

Myrtle Grove Marina

Co-Op Market Restaurants

Figure 01.13. Myrtle Grove Hub - a gateway to the wetlands and an anchor to the three systems

Barataria on the move

Recreational Boat Launch

Studio III

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Figure 01.14. [left] Myrtle Grove Community Market during oyster season Figure 01.15. [right] Myrtle Grove accommodations for seasonal workers and visiting researchers

Barataria on the move

Studio III

1. Drop Off [9.00 am]

Life in a year of

2. Research Center [9.30 am]

aC o-o pm em be r

2023 Start Construction of MBSD

nity Increase Sali Dec

Oct

5. Restaurant

[3.00 pm]

Sep

[5.00 pm]

Apr

Education

[1.00 pm]

4. Co-op Market

Restore Barataria Alliance

Shrimping

3. Boat Launch

Mar

Nov

Planting Willow

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Feb

ter Farming Oys urism Eco To

Melissa traveled from Port Sulphur, got off her car and started walking by foot on elevated path towards the hub.

She met with researcher and checked out the most recent salinity and land formation data to plan her oyster beds location.

Jan

27

May

Se

Jun di Aug Jul me nt D i v er s i o n

Year2 - Oysters Harvesting

Year3 - Willows Harvesting

Since it is not the harvest season, she took some tourists out on a boat lended from the boat library

1

Stopped by the co-op and bought some produce from other members home

Year 1 - Oyster Farming

Had her dinner at the restaurant surrounded by community members/ researchers/ tourists

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Year 1 - Willow Farming

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5

Barataria on the move

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Studio II ALBANY

HLINK HU DS O

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HUDSON CONNECT Walkable Landscapes for the Green New Deal 29

HUDSON

1 mi 5280 ft

Spring 2021 Studio II Instructors: Kaja Kuehl, Anna Dietsch, Thaddeus Pawlowski, Shachi Pandey, Lee Altman Site: Hudson, New York Team: Chao Li, Scarlet Tong, Victor Lo To learn more click here

4 mi

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Our dependence on cars accounts for 21% of global carbon emissions and has dominated the built environment. Leveraging the $2 trillion infrastructure plan and support from the Green New Deal, small cities in Hudson River Valley can promote sustainable modes of transportation by rethinking how to invest in ‘roads and bridges’. The project employs the City of Hudson to demonstrate a shift away from allocating infrastructure development funds to privately owned cars and thus improve public health, equity, and safety - generating cities meant for all.

12 mi

2

0 Rhinecliff

min wal

KINGSTON

k

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Railway AMTRAK stations HLink Network shuttle buses

With four publicly accessible parking spaces available for every resident-owned car, Hudson, NY currently has more space dedicated to vehicles than to people. Along with hazardous truck traffic, the damaged streetscape within the city further discourages residents from going anywhere on foot. Outside the urbanized areas, roads and highways cut through valuable Hudson River Valley wetlands, grasslands and forests that surround the city, further exacerbating the effects of climate change.We confront the current paradigm that prioritizes vehicular traffic by reclaiming the streets for people and nature. This begins with rerouting truck traffic and is continued with the extension of sidewalks, introduction of bike lanes and establishing a robust public transportation system of shuttles and bike sharing that are free to residents.

Our intervention starts with Hudson, but could be replicated to other cities along the Hudson River. The resulting network of local sustainable transportation systems will reinforce mobility as a basic human right and act as a first step towards creating an environmentally just world.

HLink ZONE 1 free, on demand shuttles

Hudson Connect

Studio II

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ROADS DESTINATIONS PARKING

PARK

ING

Cardamine longii

Figure 02.01. [previous page] Service area of Hudson Connect replicated to Albany and Kingston Figure 02.02. [left] Elements of the transportation system engaged to support the shift Figure 02.03. [right] The parking lot toolkit - sharing the space taken back from vehicles Figure 02.04. [next page] Peter’s road to school - connection between the High School District and Downtown Hudson

Hudson Connect

Betula nigra

LOT TO

Miscanthus sacchariflorus

OLK

Iris Phramites australis versicolor

IT

Nuphar pumilum

River Salamander Herring

Little Bittern

Grassland Birds

Studio II

Nuphar pumilum

Ju n .

- Sep.

Phragmites australis

Pontederia cordata

ul J -

.

Fe b.

Mar. Jun.

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Feb

Cardamine longii Dec

32

M ay .

Se p.

-

Miscanthus sacchariflorus

12’

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12’ 34’

Hudson Connect

3’

Studio II

Miscanthus sacchariflorus Hedera nepalensis Cardamine longii

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Morus rubra

Iris versicolor

Phramites australis

Figure 02.05. [top] Peter’s road to school at a street crossing with the Hudson street grid Figure 02.06. [bottom] Same street crossing currently

Hudson Connect

Wo o

Lim ite d

Studio II

Habitat ini

M

ial Parking ent d i s Re

logy ypo T rf ne

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7.5’

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H Li n k Lo

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Hudson Connect

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Studio II

Street light and air quality monitor

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te ou

Betula nigra

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Cro

R To

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kP

St.

tra

Am

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gL

in ark

Amtrak Station

HLINK lockers HBIKE rental

H-Link Stop Distribution Lockers Miscanthus sacchariflorus

t

n Fro

Cardamine longii

Figure 02.07. [previous page] Street Design Toolkit - four types of streets in the Hudson grid Figure 02.08. [left] Additional parking lot for employees (5 vehicles) transformed into an HLink Hub. Figure 02.09. [right top] Location of the Hub in regard to the station and platform Figure 02.10. [right bottom] Train station parking lot currently

Hudson Connect

St.

Bike Share Station

Studio II

Hudson Housing Authority

Betula nigra 2n

dS

40

t.

41

t.

eS

t Sta

Phramites australis

Iris versicolor Miscanthus sacchariflorus To

t

on rfr

e Riv

Providence Hall (Residential)

Cardamine longii

Distribution Lockers H-Link Stop

ia

b lum

Co

Figure 02.11. [left] Teresa’s HLink stop by the Housing Authority complex Figure 02.12. [right top] Teresa’s HLink Stop in regard to apartment buildings Figure 02.13. [right bottom] Same parking lot currently

Hudson Connect

St

Studio II

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uttle 30m in sh

MINI HABITAT - linking nature across the city

REROUTE TRUCKS SHARE STREETS REUSE PARKING SPACE RETHINK PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Figure 02.14. [left] Key strategies of Hudson Connect Figure 02.15. [right] A complete system of mobility within City of Hudson and Town of Greenpoint

HLINK STOPS - bus and distributrion lockers BIKE SHARING on all parking lots along Warren Street, next to Amtrak station and on all lots bigger than 40 places

walk

On former parking lot On street parking 5 min walking shed

40min bike N

Hudson Connect

Studio I

03

SMITH VOICES Supporting a community from inside out

Fall 2020 Studio I Instructors: Nans Voron, Sagi Golan, Tami Banh, Ifeoma Ebo, Austin Sakong, Noah Chasin Site: Lower East Side of Manhattan, NYC, New York Team: Kyle Sam, Lingbei Chen, Wenyi Peng

44

On a site located between the Lower East Side, Chinatown and the Financial District, an agora is formed at the heart of NYCHA Alfred E. Smith Houses to complement and reinforce the continuing legacy of social and political activism in the community. It serves as an incubator space and public forum for residents and community members. It is a breathing structure accommodating small businesses and advocacy groups, which in turn constitute a safe threshold that leads into a publicly accessible space - the heart. Structure is built from melted lawn fences.

Apart from the central space, each of the 12 Smith Houses’ towers manage their own pieces of the agora, contributing to the natural surveillance of the tower lobbies. These extensions of the agora can be kiosks or house different activities chosen by the residents. Contributors can try to maintain the spirit of collective ownership and the businesses can act as repositories of local legends and ideas.

Similarly to many other NYCHA campuses, the interiors of the complex are, although green and pleasant to look at from above, in fact desolate and dangerous to linger in after dusk. This project aims to bring the social, political and commercial life back from the surrounding streets and create a space for being together happy and sad, outraged and calm, always safe and at-home.

Figure 03.01. [left] Alfred E. Smith Houses and the typical green public space available to residents behind iron fences Figure 03.02. [next page] Proposed location of the heart and the spread of agora pieces

Smith Voices

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Heart - Ago The ra

e

in Entran c Ma

Smith Voices

ggaarrddeennss iinnsstteea itityy do n n uu f mm

ss wnn llaaw

CCo om m

Studio I

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Studio I

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Smith Voices

Studio I

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Figure 03.03. [previous page] The heart of Smith Houses changing with decades and seasons.

Figure 03.04. [left] The first draft of the heart Figure 03.05. [right] Visual connections - the interior is visible from the towers and vice versa.

Smith Voices

Studio II

04

HOUSING = WEALTH? Deconstructing the petrochemical urbanization

Spring 2021 Studio II Research Instructors: Kaja Kuehl, Anna Dietsch, Thaddeus Pawlowski, Shachi Pandey, Lee Altman Team: Xiaofei Sun, Thanawat Phituksithkasem, Chen Liu 52

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This is a graphic representation of a research study on the systems supporting petrochemical urbanization, with a focus on Northeastern United States and Hudson River Valley. The set of posters was designed to be shared on social media - the studio launched a series of publications regarding the harmful systems of oppression, inequity and ecological pressure that shape the currently prevailing patterns of urbanization.

Housing = Wealth? is a study of several less discussed facetes of owning a single family house in the United States, covered with images that have undoubtedly contributed to the creation of the ultimate American dream - a nuclear family life in the suburbs, distanced from any unpleasantness or concern.

Housing = Wealth?

Studio II

REDLINING 1968 1968 FAIR FAIR HOUSING HOUSING ACT ACT 2007 SUBPRIME CRISIS 1934

2021

...

Redlining maps pinpointed the “detrimental communities ”, which made it for the BIPOC communities living there difficult, if not impossible to buy or finance housing.

Public services and infrastructure were not adequately supplied, crime rates increased and the property values plummeted. Still today it is considerably harder for a Black person to get a mortgage. Even if they do, they are bearing triple the risk if they are unable to pay back the loan during the financial downturn.

THE US REAL ESTATE BUBBLE, which burst in 2008, caused a nationwide recession.

Individual property investments shape the economic landscape of the whole nation.

THE BUBBLE BURSTS.

MBS PLUMMET PROPERTY VALUES DECREASE RAPIDLY

ADDITIONAL STOCK ON MARKET

8.7mln 10mln

SUBPRIME MORTGAGES OFFERED TO ALL APPLICANTS

RESTRICTED RESTRICTED COMMUNITY COMMUNITY

STOCK MARKETS PLUMMET

people lost their jobs

BORROWERS DEFAULT INVESTORS PILE UP MORTGAGES [MBS]

PRIVATE AND PUBLIC INVESTOR CRISIS

people lost their properties

PROPERTY VALUES SKYROCKET

“Detrimental Influences”

30%

NYS 2020 median income:

10%

$71,855

median selling price:

$690,000

In a ‘fair’ market, the median property value in any given area should be no greater than 3 times the median household income.

In a ‘fair’ market, the median property value in any given area should be no greater than 3 times the median household income.

THE HIDDEN COSTS

Over 98% of single family houses built in Northeastern US in 2019 are wooden framed.

Not only mortgage - living in the suburbia is connected to many additional costs, which are often disregarded by home buyers expecting slower and cheaper way of living in the suburbia

Vinyl panels are used as siding in 74% of houses in this area.

E

Space Heating

$2,354

(in comparison to 25% of the whole US)

Water Heating

$1,141 $847

THE ‘TRADITIONAL’ HOUSE 54

ELECTRICITY USAG

Anual Energy Cost

$592 Air Conditioning

Energy Cost / Household Single Family Housing

Energy Cost / Member Refrigerators

Apartment

Source: MicaelsEnergy

55

12

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.5

0.20

0.0

0.10

Million BTU / Househ

0 ,00

,00 10

0.15

Other 0 ,00 14

old

Single Family Housing

150t - 2t

0

729,906

90t

Users

67t 21t

External siding External sheathing Internal sheathing Insulation Framing Foundation

Apartment

Source: MicaelsEnergy

ation in

Means of Transport Hudson Valley

a car Total cost of owning / month could go up to $1000 83,795 40,587

7,129

39,981

150t 150t

PRESSURE ON THE ECOSYSTEM extinct.

a total of 60.5Mha humid primary forest lost globally.

LAND

Lawn Yard

Energy Loss

were 63,000 square miles of turf grass in the United States, covering an area larger than Georgia. Keeping all that grass alive

1,767 ft2

Detached Single Family Housing Other Types of Housing Estate

2,185 ft2

ZONING.

2019

Enforcing the Wasteful Landscape

2.96

“It is illegal on 75 percent of the residential land in many American cities to build anything other than a detached single-family home.” (New York Times).

Therefore, government’s regulation is the biggest contribution to the urban sprawl.

Parking Requirement

Ulster Town’s Single Family Housing Minimum Lot Sizes

2,498 ft2

2.64

Setback Requirement Density Regulation

2.52

R10 = 10,000 SQF.

R10 = 40,000 SQF.

R10 = 60,000 SQF.

Minimum Lot Size Prescribed

HUDSON

can consume about 50-75 percent of a residence’s water.

Limit use and bulk of buildings

15% Decrease

Median Household Income 3,393 - 46,652 46,652 - 73,777 73,777 - 107,045 107,045 - 158,750 158,750 - 250,000 CATSKILL

Alaska

Deforestation

Ecosystem Pressure

Timber Harvest Area

Natural resources Reduce

TOP Harvest state in 2001-2019

KINGSTON

CALIFORNIA From 2001 to 2019, California lost 1.87Mha of tree cover

TEXAS From 2001 to 2019, Texas lost 1.84Mha of tree cover

8% US Other

15% US Housing Markets 20% Nonstructural Panel

77% Rest of World

US Lumber Consumption as a % of world Total

POUGHKEEPSIE

From 2001 to 2019, From 2001 to 2019, Alabama lost 2.93Mha Georgia lost 3.19Mha of tree of tree cover cover

ALABAMA

Rate of home ownership in US in 2019 by race (Statista.com)

GEORGIA

32% Total Single Family

NEWBURGH

WHO WHO CAN CAN AFFORD AFFORD IT?IT? It is mostly White It is mostly and wealthier White and households wealthier that households can afford thatliving can afford outside living of downtown outside of allowing downtown them allowing them to pass on the to accumulated pass on the accumulated wealth, while wealth, communities while communities of color were of marginalized. color were marginalized.

In the meantime, In the meantime, average household averagesize household is decreasing, size is whereas decreasing, housing whereas areas housing are increasing… areas are increasing…

48% Sturctural Panel Consum-

Wood Consumption for Single Family House

BLACK

2019 Lawn Area

HISPANIC

73.3% 64.6% 57.7% 50.8% 47.5% 42.1%42.1%

2019 Forest Area

ASIAN

Change Water runoff Waste Pollution

NATIVE AMERICAN

CO2

US TOTAL

From 2001 to 2019, Alaska lost 5.47Mha of tree cover

WHITE

[from left to right, from top to bottom] Figure 04.01. The Basic Math Figure 04.02. Racist Roots of the Housing Politics Figure 04.03. The bubble is bursting Figure 04.04. What is a traditional house made of?

Figure 04.05. The fundamental human right Figure 04.06. Hidden Costs Figure 04.07. Ecosystem pressure - materials and space Figure 04.08. Who can afford a home?

Figure 04.09. How does zoning reinforce the wasteful single-family living?

Over 15% global timber consumption is used in US real estate market.

Single family house comes with a large private lawn. Grass is the single largest irrigated agricultural “crop” in America, more than corn, wheat, and fruit orchards combined.

A NASA-led study in 2005 found that there

NEED WOOD

1990s

41% Increase

Single Family House Development

US Northeast and Midwest regions have lost 96% of Primeval forest to timber production. In XVIII century, New York State had 5000-150000acres of cedar forest, which now is almost

From 2002 to 2019, United States lost 1.35kha of humid primary forest and 40.3Mha of tree cover. At the same time there was

1970s

Single Family Starts

sq ft per single-family unit

Panels(SF per sq ft)

MSF per single-family unit

Housing = Wealth?

KINGSTON TOWN

ULSTER TOWN

Apartment Typical NYC R5 = 1,700 sqf Minimum Lot size

“Single-family zoning means that everything else is banned” Scott Wiener, California State Senator

KINGSTON CITY

3,478,118 or

41.39% of

Other Types of Housing Detached Single Family Housing

New York’s State Houses is zoned as single family housing

Kingston’s Single Family Housing Minimum Lot Sizes

R-1 = 5,000 sqf

RR = 7,500 sqf

RRR = 12,500 sqf

Seminar

05

BEYOND ORIGIN AND DESTINATION An investigation into publicly accessible spatial data on climate, conflict and migration, in relation to the absence of a legal definition of a “climate refugee” Spring 2021 Conflict Urbanism Instructor: Laura Kurgan Team: Andrea Molina, Sherry Te To learn more click here This work focuses on three case studies in the Sahel Region in Central Africa, where arguable climate-induced mass migration and conflict is taking place. The objective is to explore spatial complexities of establishing causal relationships between the three phenomena and develop a framework for further research, as well as contribute to the discussion on how climate migration can be addressed in terms of policy.

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“Mariam Adoum is one of 35,000 women, children and men who fled the surge of attacks by Boko Haram She aims

to stay in Cameroon for good, after a she has been sent back home several times in her pursuit to flee Nigeria.

One of the widely discussed, fundamental problems in defining a “climate refugee” is the inability to establish the existence and shape of the causal relationship between climate change, migration and conflicts, since most of the time causal connections are intertwined or disguised behind one another. Despite the growing consensus in scholarly literature regarding the evidence for climate-induced migration, there is less consensus regarding the existence of climate-induced conflicts. For example, it is sometimes argued that “climate change may not of itself trigger a movement of people” or that “it does not necessarily cause people to take arms”, and that social, political and economic factors need to be taken into account to explain people’s decisions to migrate.

Nevertheless, it has been also argued that “given the likelihood that environmental change, migration, and conflict may happen in close proximity or succession, there is a need to more explicitly connect the three phenomena” [1], and also that “the spatial dimension is necessary for analyzing the connections between climate-related environmental change and violent battles” [2]. With this project, we intend to contribute to the research on possible methodologies of data spatialization, in order to portray the relations between these 3 types of phenomena.

Beyond Origin and Destination

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Seminar

The problem that triggered this research is that, despite of there existing apparent evidence of the role that climate change plays in forcing massive migrations, there is neither a clear definition for this category of migrants, nor an international formal recognition that guarantees the rights of affected populations to protection and asylum that ascribes the responsibility of the developed countries and the Global North towards the problem. However, as recognized

by Jean-Claude Juncker (European Commission President) at State of the Union speech in 2015 “Climate change is one of the root causes of a new migration phenomenon. Climate refugees will become a new challenge – if we do not act swiftly”[3].

The gap in the current legal framework, the 1951 Refugee Convention, limits the term to only apply to “people who have a well-founded fear of being persecuted because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, and are unable or unwilling to seek protection from their home countries”[3].This excludes the people displaced for reasons related to the environment degradation and climate change, who are mainly categorized as Internally Displaced Persons (IDP). Yet, “the distinction between refugees and internally displaced persons is a fundamental and integral characteristic of traditional refugee law defining the extent to which assistance will be made available to displaced persons”[3]. Antonio Guterres, UN Secretary-General, former UN High Commissioner for Refugees, has argued that climate change is mainly causing internal displacements, nevertheless “when they cross a border, they will not be considered refugees”[4]. This means that they cannot easily appeal for resettlement in another country. Instead, their actions are criminalized as they seek to leave the worsening environmental conditions.

“Zuleya Kura fled Kanya Village after cattle hustlers on motorcycles raided her home town with AK47s. She lives in a

host community - an arabic school housing more than 6,000 IDPs. In light of the recent estimation made by The International Organization for Migration (IOM), there could be as many as 200 million such refugees by 2050. Although some efforts have been made to reach a possible legal definition, the question still remains: Why is there still no legal definition of the term climate refugee, when all the evidence indicates a dire need for such 58 a framework?

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[1] Freeman, L. (2017) [2] Madu, I.A., & Nwankwo, C.F. (2020) [3] Apap, J. (2019) [4] Guterres, A. (2011).

ACLED. (2021). Conflicts in Nigeria from January 1997 to March 2021 Google Earth. (2021). Historical imagery of Nigeria from 1984 to 2020 International Organization for Migration. (2019). Migration Flows in West and Central Africa International Organization for Migration. (2021). Nigeria Displacement - [IDPs] - Baseline and Location Assessment [IOM DTM] U.S. Geological Survey Earth Explorer. (2021). Nigeria Landsat-8 Aerial Imagery

Figure 05.01. [previous page] Borno Region by Lake Chad - 2017 Conflicts - IDP camps - Rann to Goura Migration case study Figure 05.02. [top] Sokoto and Zamfara - August 2018 - 2018 Conflicts - 2018 Host Communities - Story of Zuleya Kura Figure 05.03. [bottom] Sokoto and Zamfara - December 2018 - 2018 Conflicts - 2018 December IDP Camps - Story of Amina Alh Shehu

“Amina Alh Shehu is staying

in a ruined building in Anka with her children. They were forced to flee their village in 2016 and the violence has worsened since then.

Beyond Origin and Destination

Seminar

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A comparative study of the City of Miami and Brooklyn, aimed at developing methodologies of climate gentrification analysis.

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CLIMATE GENTRIFICATION

5 MilesFall 2020 Geographic Information Systems Instructor: Leah Meisterlin, Carsten Rodin Team: Jil Shah, Scarlet Tong

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The project is looking at the Miami-Dade County and Brooklyn borough in New York City in order to portray the impacts of floodplain delineation on possible changes in property values in both regions. They were selected based on their comparable size, location on the East coast of the US, past experiences of devastating hurricanes and testimonies of climate gentrification covered in either academic literature or news reports. Specifically, the project compares the changes in property values using 5-year estimates of median property values from the American Community Survey for the years 2013 and 2019 in relation to the 100-year floodplains for both areas. Next, a Getis-Ord Gi* analysis is performed to portray clusterings of Block Groups experiencing most significant median property value increases.

HYPOTHESIS

Flood Zone

“Safe” Zone Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

Figure 06.01. [top] Miami Dade County, City of Miami, Municipality Zone 1, FEMA Flood zone Figure 06.02. [bottom] Kings County, Brooklyn, Community Districts 11,13 and 15, FEMA Flood Zone

The project begins with the hypothesis that the trend of depreciation in property values in lower elevated areas prone to flood risks compared to an increase in property values in higher elevated areas holds true for coastal cities like New York and Miami. The project utilizes Miami Dade county and Brooklyn to test the hypothesis. For both case studies it is expected that properties that are located within the flood zone are declining in property value, whereas properties that are ‘safe’ from flooding (by the virtue of being outside of the flood zone) are increasing in property value.

Climate Gentrification

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Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Distance Band: 0 ft TRIAL 1.2 Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Squared

Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Squared Distance Band: 0 ft

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TRIAL 1.2 Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Squared

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TRIAL 1.4 Spatial Relationship: TRIAL 1.3 Contiguity edges corners Spatial Relationship: Contiguity edges only

TRIAL 1.4 Spatial Relationship Contiguity edges corners

Hot Spot - 99% Confidence

TRIAL 1.4 Spatial Relationship: Contiguity edges corners

Hot Spot - 95% Confidence Hot Spot - 90% Confidence Cold Spot - 99% Confidence Cold Spot - 95% Confidence

Figure 06.03. [left] Brooklyn, Clusters of increasing and decreasing median property values Figure 06.04. [right] City of Miami, Clusters of increasing and decreasing median property values

Cold Spot - 90% Confidence Climate Gentrification

Seminar

TRIAL 1.1 TRIAL 1.1 Relationship: Spatial Spatial Relationship: Inverse Inverse distancedistance TRIALTRIAL 1.1 1.1 Spatial Relationship: Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Inverse distance

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TRIAL 1.3 TRIAL 1.3 Relationship: Spatial Spatial Relationship: Contiguity edges only Contiguity edges only TRIALTRIAL 1.3 1.3 Spatial Relationship: Spatial Relationship: Contiguity edgesedges only only Contiguity

TRIAL 1.2 TRIAL 1.2 Relationship: Spatial Spatial Relationship: Inverse Inverse distancedistance SquaredSquared

TRIAL 1.2 Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Squared Distance Band: 0 ft

TRIAL 1.1 Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Distance Band: 0 ft

TRIALTRIAL 1.2 1.2 Spatial Relationship: Spatial Relationship: Inverse distance Squared Inverse distance Squared

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TRIAL 1.4 TRIAL 1.4 Relationship: Spatial Spatial Relationship: Contiguity edges corners Contiguity edges corners TRIALTRIAL 1.4 1.4 Spatial Relationship: Spatial Relationship: Contiguity edgesedges corners Contiguity corners

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TRIAL 1.4 Spatial Relationship Contiguity edges corners

TRIAL 1.3 Spatial Relationship: Contiguity edges only

‘Climate Gentrification is based on a simple proposition: climate change impacts (...) [making] some property more or less valuable(...).

The implication is that the price volatility associated with rent seeking, speculative investment, or superior purchasing power is (...) [the] driver of the patterns of urban development that lead to displacement of existing populations consistent with conventional framings of gentrification.’

- Jesse M Keenan, 2008 Figure 06.05. [left] Brooklyn, Hot Spot Analysis, A comparison of different Getis-Ord Gi* analysis findings Figure 06.06. [right] City of Miami, A comparison of different Getis-Ord Gi* analysis findings

Climate Gentrification

Seminar

STEP 1

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PREPARING DATA

TABLE JOIN

SPATIAL CLUSTERING

OBTAIN DATASETS

JOIN MEDIAN VALUES TO

AVERAGE NEAREST

CLEAN DATA

CREATE DATA

MIAMI

BROOKLYN

PROJECT AND DISPLAY

MIAMI

BROOKLYN

MIAMI

BROOKLYN

HOTSPOT GETIS-ORD GI* MIAMI

BROOKLYN

COMPARISON 66

SAFE INCREASING AND RISK DECLINING

Figure 06.07. [left] Analysis methodology Figure 06.08. [right] Hypothesis diagram

In the City of Miami the analysis revealed a notable ‘cold-spot’, which in this case is a cluster of decreasing property values (with an estimated property value decrease in one of the block groups equaling up to $600,000), located within lower plains, around Miami River. As a result, this region can be considered a risky declining area. The topography of the City of Miami, illustrated by the flood plains dataset, could be described as a natural, large scale embankment along the coastline, interrupted only by the Miami River estuary. Properties located on the ‘embankments’, specifically those located relatively close to the shoreline while also on a safer height above the sea level experience clusters of value increase - safe and increasing areas.

This includes previously mentioned Coconut Grove and Wynwood neighborhoods, however excludes those most heavily discussed in academic literature and newspaper articles: Little Haiti and Allapatah.

The occurrence of the same phenomenon in Brooklyn’s three neighborhood districts is however less clearly visually represented. Coney Island, Brighton Beach, southern Gravesend and southern Sheepshead Bay could be characterized as risky and decreasing, whereas northern Sheepshead Bay and Borough Park are safe and increasing. A notable exception to the clear rule is provided by Bath Beach and Bensonhurst neighborhoods, appearing to be decreasing despite the ‘safety’ of this location. This could be a result of particularly severe Hurricane Sandy aftermath encountered in this area, as well as visible lack of NYC subway lines coverage of Bath Beach and several other factors.

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YARDHOOD Virtual reality gathering space built with the use of 3d scaned architecture and urban elements Spring 2021 Tools for Show: Replicas Instructor: Sibila Rebek Huemer To enter click here

This is a short diary entry on a single memory from a space I call home in NYC. Your visit will start with a difficult awakening - hearing a terrible car honk early in the morning, you feel hopeless and confused. Exploring the world might help you once again position yourself in reality.

The VR landscape is located in an interior backyard in Elmhurst, Queens. All the elements of the hub world are aimed at portraying both the mundane and the charm of such urban non-spaces. Although in reality off-limits to strangers, you can hang out here and loiter in someone’s backyard.

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Yardhood

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BAD HAIR DAY There is literally nothing you can do now. Proceed upstairs.

OPINIONATED INDIVIDUAL

BIRDIE Do you ever feel like this whole thing doesn’t actually concern you? Hit ‘g’ and watch from however far you want.

Feeling annoyed? Go out and express yourself.

Yardhood