UD_SU21_101

Chinedu Obinna Adiele Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation M.S. in Architecture and Urban Design Graduation Portfolio 2020-21

Table of Contents Without Displacement Save Small Businesses!

3-4 5 - 23

Who Owns Land? - Ohio River Valley

24 - 33

Beans, Not Burgers

34 - 53

Object Geography: Levee

54 - 55

Supporting Indigenous Practices to Revitalize the Headwaters

56 - 75

2

Without Displacement Harlem River Team 4

Project Summary

We have been primarily studying cultural displacement on the Harlem River site. There are many factors that are contributing to cultural displacement, and there are several different players that have unique roles to play in the full context of cultural displacement.

These players include residents, landlords, business owners, developers, and several others. Cultural displacement primarily has a negative effect on residents. One of the main issues behind cultural displacement is that, with new development being pushed into the site, rent prices are going up. The rate of increase of median gross rents is occurring at a faster rate than that of median household incomes. Because of this, many residents are not able to keep up with rising rent prices, and as a result, are being forced out of their homes by their landlords. This is ultimately due to the rezoning plans that have been generated by the city, in order to try to revitalize neighborhoods. However, residents do not see the rezoning plans as a conduit for opportunities and have taken to the streets to protest and voice their disapproval of the effects that new development is having on their livelihoods. Because these communities are primarily made up of Hispanic and Latino individuals, it is people with these backgrounds that are primarily affected, which is why we call this “Cultural Displacement.” Our research has been centralized around economics, housing, and culture.

Students

Thanawat Phituksithkasem, Yunpeng Wu, Wanjing Zhang, Chinedu Obinna Adiele

Faculty

Nans Voron (Coordinator), Austin Sakong, Ifeoma Ebo, Noah Chasin, Sagi Golan, Tami Banh, Candelaria Mas Pohmajevic (Teaching Associate), Victoria Elizabeth Vuono (Teaching Associate), Nupur RoyChaudhury (Teaching Associate) 3

$1,150 $1,150

$40,000

$30,000

40%

Median Rent 30%

2013

2014

2014

2015

2015

2016

2016

40%

$80,000 0 2017 2018 $70,000 2011

0% 80%

2019 2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

$25-44k

80% 0%

$45-74k

$75-149k

70%

$150k+

<$25k

$400 $1800 $200

0 $1600 $25-44k

Studio $75-149k

$45-74k$1400

One-Bedroom $150k+

Two-Bedroom

$1600 0 Three-Bedroom Four-Bedroom Studio One-Bedroom $1400

$60,000

60%

60%

$1200

$1200

$50,000

50%

50%

$1000

$1000

$40,000

40%

40%

$800

$800

$30,000

30%

30%

$600

$600

$20,000

20%

20%

$400

$10,000

10%

10%

$200

0

0%

0%

0

2017

2018 2011

2012 2019

2013

2014

2015

2016

Population

2017

2018

2019

<$25k

$25-44k

$45-74k

$75-149k <$25k

$150k+ $25-44k

HARLEM RIVER 4 Thanawat Phituksithkasem / Yunpeng Wu / 52,447 52,447 Wanjing Zhang / Chinedu Obinna Adiele Population Population

$400 $200 0

$45-74k

$75-149k Studio

Population

Population

18,000

$150k+ One-Bedroom

Two-Bedroom

Four-Bedroom

Two-Bedroom

Three-Bedroom

Four-Bedroom

COMMUNITY’S NEEDS

14,000

12,000

12,000

10,000

Population

Population

10,000

8,000

8,000

6,000

6,000

4,000

2,000 18,000

18,000 2,000

0 16,000

14,000

INWOOD

Three-Bedroom

16,000

14,000

ECONOMY Neighborhood rezonings planned under Mayor Bloomberg and continued under Mayor de Blasio have accelerated ECONOMY the evictions and displacement of Black and Latino, working class, and immigrant residents and businesses for the 52,447 52,447 16,000 0

2000

2005

2010

12,000

10,000

10,000

8,000

8,000

6,000

6,000

4,000

4,000

2,000

2005

2019 2005

2010

2015

2019

2000 2015

2005 2019

2010

2015

2019

2,000

0

2000

2015

14,000 2000

12,000

MARBLE HILL MARBLE HILL

Cheryl Pahaham ECONOMY INWOOD Co Chair of Manhattan is Not for Sale Coalition

Three-BedroomStudioFour-Bedroom One-Bedroom

Population

Two-Bedroom

18,000

16,000

4,000

benefit of real estate investors and developers.

ECONOMY

$600

$200 $1800

90% 10%

Median Rent

$800

$400

20%

<$25k

70%

Median Rent

$600

30%

10% 90%

$90,000 $10,000

$1000 $800

Median Household Income Median Household Income

20%

$20,000

2013

50%

WITHOUT $1,150 $1,150 DISPLACEMENT

$50,000

Median Household Income Median Household IncomeMedian Rent

0

2010

ECONOMY KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS INWOOD MARBLE HILL $1,150 Median Rent n Household Income Income ECONOMY &RentDEMOGRAPHICS Median Rent Median Household Income Median Median Household Income $1,150Median RentMedian HouseholdMARBLE INWOOD HILL Median Household Income

Median Rent

Median Household Income

Median Rent

Median Household Income

Median Rent

90%

$90,000

$80,000

$70,000

80%

70%

$1800

Median Household Income

$1400

60%

$1200

$90,000 $50,000

90% 50%

$1800 $1000

$80,000 $40,000

80% 40%

$1600 $800

$70,000 $30,000

70% 30%

$1400 $600

60% 20%

$60,000 $20,000

Median Rent

$1600

$60,000

$1200 $400

KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS HEIGHTS HOUSING 48,800 $48,800$1,701 $40,105 $1,701 $40,105 $1,150 50% 10%

$50,000 $10,000

$1000 $200

40% 0%

$40,000 0

$30,000 2011

2012

$20,000 $10,000

INWOOD

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

30% 20%

Median Rent

Median Household Income

10%

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

$25-44k

$45-74k

2019

$75-149k

$150k+

$600

<$25k

$25-44k

$45-74k

$75-149k

$70,000

Median Household Income

$60,000

Median Rent

Population Rent n Household Income Median Household Income Median $50,000 $40,000 $90,000 $30,000 $80,000 $20,000 $70,000 $10,000

70% 60%

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

$40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 0

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

52,447$1,150

2019

$800

90% 30%

$1800 $600

80% 20%

$1600 $400

70% 10%

18,000

60% 0%

16,000

$1600

AN AMERICAN

R

NIC OR LATINO

E

AN AMERICAN

R

NIC OR LATINO

E

AN AMERICAN

R

NIC OR LATINO

E

AN AMERICAN

R

$25-44k

$45-74k

14,000 $75-149k

$150k+

$800

18,000 10,000

$600

16,000 8,000

$400

14,000 6,000

$200

0%

12,000 4,000

0

$25-44k

$45-74k

10,000 $75-149k 2,000

$400

Studio

$1000

12,000

10%

$800

One-Bedroom

18,000

$1400

10,938 10,938 KINGSBRIDGE 52,447

KEY

10,000 2000

20182016

AFRICAN AMERICAN KEY ASIAN HISPANIC OR LATINO OTHER WHITE

ASIAN

2016

2018

2018

ASIAN

OTHER KEY

WHITE

2018

2018

AFRICAN AMERICAN

$800 0 $600

KINGSBRIDGE 2017

2018

2017

2018

20182017

2017

$1400

$800

$1800 $600

SOME OTHER RACE $1600 $400

HISPANIC OR LATINO

$1400 $200 HISPANIC OR LATINO $1200 0

WHITE

WHITE $1000

AFRICAN AMERICAN

Studio

One-Bedroom

Two-Bedroom

Three-Bedroom

Four-Bedroom

One-Bedroom

Two-Bedroom

Three-Bedroom

Four-Bedroom

$800

AFRICAN AMERICAN $600

ASIAN

HILL

$400 ASIAN $200

OTHER 0

Population 2017

KEY

Studio

KEY

18,866HILL MARBLE MARBLE 18,866HILL

2019 2017

2019

SOME OTHER RACE

HISPANIC OR LATINO

WHITE Population

AFRICAN AMERICAN ASIAN

KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS

KEY

OTHER

OTHER

SOME OTHER RACE

2017

HISPANIC OR LATINO WHITE KEY AFRICAN AMERICAN SOME OTHER RACE ASIAN HISPANIC OR LATINO OTHER WHITE

20192017

2019

MARBLE HILL

KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS 2017

2019

MARBLEKINGSBRIDGE HILL KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS HEIGHTS KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS CULTURE KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS KEY

2017

KEY

HISPANIC OR LATINO WHITE

WHITE

SOME OTHER RACE

HISPANIC OR LATINO AFRICAN AMERICAN

AFRICAN AMERICAN

WHITE

ASIAN

ASIAN

AFRICAN AMERICAN ASIAN OTHER KEY

OTHER

OTHER SOME OTHER RACE

HISPANIC OR LATINO KEY

2019

HISPANIC OR LATINO

KEY

2017

WHITE KEY OR LATINO HISPANIC

2019

2017

AFRICAN AMERICAN WHITE

KEY

HISPANIC OR LATINO

2018 2017

2018

WHITE

2017

2019

AFRICAN AMERICAN

KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS

AFRICAN AMERICAN

ASIAN

ASIAN

OTHER OTHER

2018

ASIAN

2017

2018

OTHER Sources: - Inwood Rezoning. New York City Council; NYC Dept of City Planning, 2018.

- SHERMAN CREEK Waterfront Esplanade Master Plan. New York City Economic 2017 20182017 Development Corporation.

KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS 2017

AFRICAN AMERICAN

AFRICAN AMERICAN

ASIAN

ASIAN

2018

2018

OTHER KEY HISPANIC OR LATINO WHITE

AFRICAN AMERICAN

AFRICAN AMERICAN

ASIAN

ASIAN

OTHER

OTHER

2018

HILL

$1000

KEY Population

SOME OTHER RACE

WHITE

2017

Four-Bedroom

Median Rent

$1600

KEY

HISPANIC OR LATINO

2018

Four-Bedroom

Three-Bedroom

$1200

KEY

2017

Three-Bedroom

Two-Bedroom

$1800

WHITE

WHITE

Two-Bedroom

One-Bedroom

Population

Median Household Income

HISPANIC OR LATINO

HISPANIC OR LATINO

One-Bedroom

Studio

0

KEY

OTHER KEY

Median Rent

Studio

$400 $200

AFRICAN AMERICAN KEY OTHER WHITE ASIAN HISPANIC OR LATINO OTHER AFRICAN AMERICAN WHITE

2018

REZONING KINGSBRIDGE ASIAN

OTHER OTHER

$1000 $200

HISPANIC OR LATINO ASIAN

HISPANIC OR LATINO

ASIAN

$1200 $400

OTHER

AFRICAN AMERICAN

2016

Median Rent

$1800

KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS MARBLE HILL MARBLE $40,105 $40,105 18,866 MARBLE MARBLE HILL 18,866 MARBLE HILL

ASIAN

OTHER HISPANIC OR LATINO

AFRICAN AMERICAN KEY WHITE ASIAN HISPANIC OR LATINO OTHER AFRICAN AMERICAN WHITE

Population

2019

$1400 $600

AFRICAN AMERICAN

2018

2018 2017

2015

$1600 $800

ASIAN

AFRICAN AMERICAN

OTHER WHITE

2010

Median Household Income

AFRICAN AMERICAN

WHITE

ASIAN HISPANIC OR LATINO

2005

$1800 $1000

WHITE

INWOOD KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE 2017 KEY

2000

$1200

HISPANIC OR LATINO

2018

2016

2019

Median Rent

$1400

SOME OTHER RACE

HISPANIC OR LATINO

AFRICAN AMERICAN KEY

Three-BedroomStudioFour-Bedroom One-Bedroom

$1600

KEY

ASIAN

0

Two-Bedroom

18,866 18,866 $40,105 KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS $40,105

Median Household Income

HISPANIC OR LATINO WHITE

Four-Bedroom

$200

One-Bedroom

0

OTHER

2016

2015

2,000

DEMOGRAPHICS INWOOD KEY

2010

4,000

AFRICAN AMERICAN

KINGSBRIDGE

2005

6,000

KINGSBRIDGE KINGSBRIDGE 2016

WHITE

Three-Bedroom

$400

Studio

8,000

OTHER

DEMOGRAPHICS HISPANIC OR LATINO

Two-Bedroom

$600

Population

$400

0

Median Household Income

Population

OTHER

Four-Bedroom

12,000 0

OTHER

ASIAN

Three-Bedroom

14,000 2,000

ASIAN

10,938 INWOOD INWOOD 10,938

$600

2019

Population KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS

Population

AFRICAN AMERICAN

$800

18,866 KINGSBRIDGE HEIGHTS 18,866

Median Rent

2016

$1000

Population 2015

Two-Bedroom

$1200

Four-Bedroom

$800

16,000 4,000

Median Rent

Population 2018

Three-Bedroom

$1000

8,000

AFRICAN AMERICAN

WHITE

2019

$1600 0 Three-Bedroom Four-Bedroom Studio One-Bedroom $1400

18,000 6,000

WHITE

KEY 2016 HISPANIC OR LATINO

$1800 $200

Two-Bedroom

10,000

Median Rent

DEMOGRAPHICS DEMOGRAPHICS

2015

Population

12,000

Median Rent

HISPANIC OR LATINO

$400

Four-Bedroom

One-Bedroom

$200

14,000

Population KINGSBRIDGE

Population

2010

Three-Bedroom

Studio

$1200Two-Bedroom One-Bedroom

Studio

2010

16,000

Population

Median Household Income

2005

Two-Bedroom

0 $1600

Population

0

52,447

KEY

2000

2,000

Population

Median Household Income

2005

$600

$200 $1800

$150k+

2000

4,000

KINGSBRIDGE $48,800 $1,701 KINGSBRIDGE INWOOD INWOOD EMOGRAPHICS DEMOGRAPHICS $48,800 $1,701 10,938 $48,800 $1,701 INWOOD INWOOD 10,938 INWOOD

NIC OR LATINO

<$25k

20%

$1000

$600

$1200 0

Median Rent

$1200

$800

Population

30%

Population

Median Household Income

$1400

Median Rent

$1000

$1400 $200

40%

6,000

EMOGRAPHICS 10,938 $48,800 10,938 $1,701 DEMOGRAPHICS

E

50%

$1800

Four-Bedroom

$1400

$1000

40%

<$25k

Population KINGSBRIDGE Median Household Income

Four-Bedroom

$1200 Median Rent

$1200

8,000 0

Population

Three-Bedroom

$1600

$1400

48,800 $48,800$1,701 $1,701 $40,105 $40,105 52,447 $50,000 2011

Three-Bedroom

$1800 Two-Bedroom

$1600

Median Household Income

Two-Bedroom

Median Rent

Population Median Rent Median Household Income Median Household Income 50%

Population

$60,000 0

One-Bedroom

$1800

80%

$80,000

One-Bedroom

Studio

$200

0

$150k+

90%

$90,000

Studio

$400

Median Household Income

MARBLE HILL 0%

0

2011

$800 0

<$25k

2017

2018

2017

2018

Planning Waterfront Parks Existing Housing Residential Residential (first-floor retail) Residential & Commercial Residential (first-floor retail) Residential & Commercial Existing Waterfront Parks Inwood Library Accessibility to Waterfront

4

Save Small Businesses!

Harlem River Team 4

Project Summary - Manifesto

We are a group of urbanists who believe in the importance of diversity, whether it is race or economic status. YES, diversity means both white and colored, the rich and the poor.

We do not completely blame capitalism as evil, nor the white as the bad guy, but rather see them as a part of a harmonious society where mutual symbiosis prevails. This could be manifested physically in urban space.

Space is limited. We cannot afford to give everyone (in this case the divided groups of those with capital and those without it) the place that they want. While in a complex capitalist world, it is mostly those with capital and power who win. It might also be too idealistic to have affordability completely sustained at the loss of the government. The question is, how do we orchestrate this tug of war between money and equity and achieve what is called the “fair game”?

Students

Thanawat Phituksithkasem, Yunpeng Wu, Wanjing Zhang, Chinedu Obinna Adiele

Faculty

Nans Voron (Coordinator), Austin Sakong, Ifeoma Ebo, Noah Chasin, Sagi Golan, Tami Banh, Candelaria Mas Pohmajevic (Teaching Associate), Victoria Elizabeth Vuono (Teaching Associate), Nupur RoyChaudhury (Teaching Associate) 5

SAVE SMALL BUSINESSES!

INWOOD AFFORDABLE RETAIL PRESERVATION PROJECT Thanawat Phituksithkasem / Yunpeng Wu / Wanjing Zhang / Chinedu Obinna Adiele

We are a group of ACTIVISTS, from the Inwood Small Business Coalition, who believe in the values of small businesses as both economic engines and cultural assets.

Local businesses in Inwood are facing the challenge of displacement due to major land-use shifts initiated by the rezoning. We aim to propose an “AFFORDABLE” retail project to save Inwood local businesses and create more social and cultural interactions for the public.

6

PEOPLE COMMUNITY SHOULD BE PART OF THE EQUATION! Policies, like the Inwood rezoning, should be drafted using a bottomup approach, with the community’s needs at its core.

7

CULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESERVATION! A sense of place sustains the community, as well as its businesses. Developments should recognize that the intricacy of a place does not only lie in bricks and stones, but also in a complex dialogue between people and space that requires deep understanding.

8

CO-EXISTENCE

REDEFINING THE POLITICS OF SPACE! We have seen constant clashes between the community and developers, which yields a win or lose situation for each side.

Through design and an engagement strategy, we can achieve a relationship that is harmonious and sustainable.

9

AN

M E K V C Y A A E DY L W G D A NA O BR

E V A H

T 0 1

E V TA

S O P

W

H T 7

E V A

20

www.metcouncilonhousing.org/campaign/

SAVE SMALL BUSINESSES We are a group of ACTIVISTS from Inwood Small Business Coalition, who believe in the values of small businesses as both economic engines and cultural assets.

We are talking to New York City Council members with our project that help the local business owners thrive in the context of rezoning and displacement.

Thanawat Phituksithkasem

Yunpeng Wu

Wanjing Zhang

Chinedu Obinna Adiele

Community Planner Member of Community Board 12, Manhattan

Urban Designer Member of Small Business Services

Local Tenants and Artist Member of Northern Manhattan Arts Alliance

Local Business Owner Member of Inwood Merchant Association 10

The LOCAL BUSINESSES in Inwood are facing the challenge of

DISPLACEMENT

23% 11% 9% 8% 8% 7% 6% 5% 5% 5%

Local Retail 3% 3%

Chain Retail 2%

75%

45% 94%

of Inwood residents are HISPANIC OR LATINO

of local business owners have been in business here for MORE THAN 10 YEARS

of local business owners RENT their property

53% of local business owners can BARELY AFFORD the rent

11

BUSINESS TYPOLOGY & OPEN SPACE

ONE STORY RETAIL

APT WITH STORES

MULTI-STORY RETAIL

CONTAINERS

OPEN SPACE PARKING LOT BARRIER

AUTO BUSINESS BUILDING

WAREHOUSE 12

INWOOD COMMERCIAL SPACES AND DIMENSIONS 22’

38’

11m

7m

30’

60’

9m

20’ 6m

CLOTHING

12’

18m

94’ 23’ 24’ 29m

7m 7m

SUPERMARKETS

12’ 4m

24’ 7m

12’

20’ 6m

4m

RESTAURANTS

16’

The storefronts in Inwood comprise of a wide array of businesses, including Restaurants, Bars, Lounges, Gas Stations, Commercial Banks, Medical Services, Grocery Stores & Supermarkets, Delis / Bodegas, Health & Personal Care Stores, Hair, Nail, & Beauty Salons, and Clothing & Jewelry retails.

4m

BODY AND SKINCARE

15’

22’ 7m

BEAUTY SUPPLY

5m

5m

15’ 5m

17’ 5m

BARS

(30m) 100’ 20’ 6m

100’ 30m

COMMERCIAL BANKS

26’ 8m

22’ 7m

13’ 4m

14’ 4m

20’ 20’ 6m 6m

ELECTRONICS 13

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN LOCAL BUSINESS INVENTORY

MERCHANDISE

FOOD

WHOLESALE

GOODS

CLOTHING

JEWELRY 14

AFFORDABLE RETAIL SUPPORT SYSTEM

15

STAKEHOLDERS

Business Owners

Attract

Consumers

Needs for

Support

"More parking enforcement and availability."

“We don’t have a lot of entertainment options other than restaurants. It would be great to have some arts and entertainment facilities.”

Eating+Market Space

Art Space

Recreational Space

Infrastructure

“More trees and greenery, more places to sit, less loud music on the street, less loitering on the street.”

“Public safety enhancements, especially lighting.“

“What we need is a supermarket, fresh fish, and a meat market. Most of us are crossing into the Bronx to buy our food.”

“Our storefront condition and sanitation service needs to be improved.“

“Outdoor community events and other community-member participatory commercial initiatives.”

“Additional landscaping to beautify the corridors.“

Source: Neighborhood 360° Commercial District Needs Assessment

16

MODULAR SYSTEM

17

PERSPECTIVE OF MODULAR INTEGRATION

18

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

19

INTEGRATED URBAN EXPERIENCE EATING+MARKET SPACE

20

INTEGRATED URBAN EXPERIENCE RECREATIONAL SPACE

21

INTEGRATED URBAN EXPERIENCE ART SPACE

22

A SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM

23

Who Owns Land? - Ohio River Valley Team 10

Project Summary

A legacy of redlining in Allegheny County in Pennsylvania is at the root of the environmental exodus and the subsequent public health crisis. By labelling minority neighborhoods as ‘hazardous’, the erstwhile Home Owners’ Loan Corporation in liaison with the federal government began a chain of comprehensive disinvestment that persists to this day. Policy directives and decisions of this nature are devoid of accountability to community and are lethal when coupled with the extraction mentality that frames the tenets of private land ownership. They have allowed private industries like The Toxic Ten to continue to operate unchecked in close proximity to these neighborhood of color even as public health declines and residents are displaced as a result of this blight. It is time that private land ownership is defined by greater accountability in addition to the power, wealth and control that it alludes to. It is time for private industry to recognize that the land that they extract from is not just theirs. It is time that they are held accountable for the environmental damage and systemic injustice that they have perpetuated. It is time for the citizens of Allegheny County to claim their fundamental right to a healthy environment. It is time for a new collective model of ownership that promotes comprehensive equity via reinvestment and restoration of these exhausted landscapes.

Students

Nupur RoyChaudhury, Dhania Yasmin, Chinedu Obinna Adiele

Faculty

Kaja Kühl (Coordinator), Lee Altman, Anna Dietzsch, Shachi Pandey, Thaddeus Pawlowski, Victoria Elizabeth Vuono (Teaching Associate), Zarith Pineda (Teaching Associate) 24

IT’S NOT JUST YOURS.

Our model of land ownership is flawed.

Policies and decisions made regarding the management of private land are grossly limited given that it accounts for 59% of the US.

59%

In Allegheny County, a legacy of redlining is at the root of the environmental exodus and the consequent public health crisis.

25

100

100

99.7th

89%

97th

90

65%

80

75th

70

50

60 50

5% 0

40

Cancer Mortality by Race Allegheny County Health Department - 2016

30 20

100 100

10

100

0

79%

Risk of Cancer

Risk of Neurological Disease 50

Risk of Respiratory Disease

Percentile of Allegheny County’s Health Risks from Point Source Pollution; Among all US Counties.

50

47%

50

11%

0

Allegheny County Health Department maternal and child health program manager Dannai Wilson has said that “chronic exposure to structural and institutional racism, regardless of a mother’s 100 attainment” is the primary socioeconomic status or educational culprit for high infant mortality rates among black women.

YOU ARE VIOLATING OUR

HUMAN RIGHTS! 50

0

ARTICLE 25: THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HEALTH “EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO A STANDARD OF LIVING ADEQUATE FOR THE HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY.”

0

0

Cardiovascular Mortality by Race Allegheny County Health Department - 2016 100

93%

50

31% 13% 0

Perinatal Conditions Mortality by the Race Allegheny County Health Department - 2015

Caucasian

African American

Other

26

to

Areas in Need of Environmental Justice ACHD - 2019

YOU ARE VIOLATING OUR

CIVIL RIGHTS! SEGREGATION PERSISTS!

THE CYCLE OF DISINVESTMENT THAT BEGAN IN THE EARLY 1900s CONTINUES TO PLAGUE OUR COMMUNITIES.

27

We achieve systemic change by adopting policies that are specifically targeted at remediating the disinvestment from Black communities and the inequality Black people face.

- Felicity Williams

Lawyer & Advocate, Pittsburgh

We WILL claim our RIGHT to a HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT.

28

Hazardous or Declining Areas HOLC - 1937

WE MUST

BREAK THE PATTERN! THE SCARS OF OUR PAST CAN NO LONGER BE ALLOWED TO DICTATE OUR FUTURE!

29

Harsco Metals Active

1

2

Allegheny Ludlum Active

3

Cheswick Power Plant

Shenango Coke Plant 10

Active

Closed

4

McConway & Torley Active

9

ATI Powder Metals Active

5

Universal SS & Alloy Products 7 8

Holtec Manufacturing

Active

Active

Carpenter Powder Products

Formerly Hazardous and Definitely Declining Areas

Active

Toxic Waste Release Sites

THE TOXIC TEN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PERPETRATING

6

US Steel Clairton Plant Active

ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE AND PERPETUATING SYSTEMIC INJUSTICE IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY.

30

WHAT IS THE PRICE OF

A HUMAN LIFE? Shenango Coke Plant

Economist Kip Viscusi says the official price tag on a human life is $10 MILLION today.

The plant paid $2 MILLION between 1980 - 2012 in pollution fines to Allegheny County before being forced to shut down in 2016.

Approximately 70,500 people still live with the severe damage that the plant has inflicted on the environment.

31

AIR QUALITY INDEX 0 - 50

51 - 100

101 - 150

151 - 200

201 - 300

301 +

hazardous

“People at the Health Department will call and say this is a ‘CODE ORANGE’ day, be a good turtle and go into your shell and don’t come out until we tell you that you can breathe clean air again.”

- Dave, a resident of Allegheny County.

WHAT IS OWNERSHIP? It is time that private land ownership is defined by GREATER ACCOUNTABILITY in addition to the power, wealth and control that it alludes to.

32

‘ACCOUNTABILITY’ IS A VERB.

RECOGNIZE. REINVEST. REHABILITATE.

Private industries must facilitate racial justice, social equity and ecological restoration while working with communities to democratize wealth and restore cultural integrity in the landscapes that they have exhausted.

33

Beans, Not Burgers Kingston Team 11

Project Summary

The world’s food systems are responsible for one third of global greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving net-zero emissions will require changes in what we eat, as well as how we grow food, distribute it, and process it. We believe that changing this system has to start with how we feed children and the way we educate them about food and its impact on the planet. Kingston, NY school meals fulfills two thirds of kids’ nutritional needs, which created a huge problem at the onset of the pandemic. Schools were shut down and relied on the Emergency Food Collaborative and other partners to continue delivering food to students in great need, creating an opportunity for community engagement. We want to promote education engagement by creating gardens and a kitchen classroom that will give children exposure to how vegetables are extracted from the ground. This exposure to different foods will help young minds foster different eating habits that will ultimately create a generational shift in food production. The classroom can be a workshop space that community members use to learn how to cook with fresh ingredients, and Kingston residents will use the skills they obtain to prepare meals for kids in the morning. Then, they will utilize rental units on the 615 Broadway site to run their own businesses. Aside from being an incubator for small businesses, the Broadway site will include storage for schools and restaurants, which will increase flexibility and local produce. Henry Street will act as a corridor to link the two nodes and will be transformed into a plaza that will create a safer and vitalized pedestrian experience for kids and nearby residents.

Students

Luchen Liu, Chen Liu, Chinedu Obinna Adiele

Faculty

Kaja Kühl (Coordinator), Lee Altman, Anna Dietzsch, Shachi Pandey, Thaddeus Pawlowski, Victoria Elizabeth Vuono (Teaching Associate), Zarith Pineda (Teaching Associate) 34

FOOD IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

80%

MORE THAN OF FARMLAND IN HUDSON VALLEY ONE THIRD OF GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IS USED FOR INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE

1 IN 6

CHILDREN IN KINGSTON CITY LIVES IN A FOOD-INSECURE HOUSEHOLD

35

FOOD INSECURE PEOPLE IN ULSTER

18,870

ANNUAL FOOD BUDGET

COUNTY

$11,004,000

The Food Desert in An Agricultural Belt

secure

P

insecurity

$23,436,960

secure below

P

P

10.5%

HEALTH CARE COSTS A WITH FOOD INSECURITY

above

J

FOOD INSECURITY RATE

J

JJ

J

PJ J J

J

J J

Above SNAP, Other Nutrition Program threshold $200 proverty

70%

Below SNAP, Other Nutrition J Program threshold $200 proverty

J J J J

J

J J

J

J J

J

P J

J

J J

JJ J J J J

J

J

J HEALTH CARE COSTS ASSOCIATED J WITH FOOD INSECURITY

J

JJ J

Farmers Markets Farms Cultivated Crops

J J J

20 K M

J

J

J

Agricultural District

J

J J

J

J

JJ

$11,004,000

Legend

P

J

ANNUAL FOOD BUDGET SHORTFALLJJ

10 K M

30%

Kingston

J

J

J

Pasture/Hay Developed (High)

J

$23,436,960

Developed (Low)

P

J

J J

J

J

36

Fresh Food Inaccessibility in Kingston

IN THE CITY OF KINGSTON

Stockade

J.Watson Bailey MS

Obesity Prevalence:

32.6%

Midtown

Legend

Harry L Edson ES

Stores That Sell Fresh Produce

Diabetes Prevalence:

9.3%

Farmers Markets (Kingston) Other Groceries

Washington SchoolFood Desert Block Group

Mental Instability Prevalence:

Kingston High School

15.0%

58% OF THE STUDENTS RELY ON

John F Kennedy ES

Rondout

Kingston City

THE FREE OR PRICE REDUCED SCHOOL MEAL

BUT WHY? TO FULFILL 2/3 OF THEIR DAILY NUTRITIONAL NEEDS. IS IT BECAUSE Of: NOFRESH

NO

YES

FRESH

13.6%

UNKNOWN

YES

9.1%

45.5%

NO

54.5%

UNKNOWN

NO

77.3%

SALES $413,568

YES

SUBSIDIES $1,753,512

Legend Stores That Sell Fresh Produce Farmers Markets (Kingston) Other Groceries

STORES THAT SELL FRESH PRODUCE

STORES THAT SELL LOCAL PRODUCE

KINGSTON CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM’S TOTAL EXPENSE

Food Desert Block Group

37

Other (10%)

Sysco Albany Warehouse

Other

Supplies (5%)

%) 48 ( r

% od (37 ) Fo

US$3

CH 4 How it Works Now

CO2

CH 4

Less than 30% of the 29000 - 34999 produce58000is 67999 produced in 68000 - 109000 35000 - 41999 New York State

Labor

42000 - 57999

Food

The Cost of Ingredient per Meal is Only About

CO2

Median Household Income (USD)

Supplies

The Cost of School Lunch per Meal is Lesser Than

Industrialized

LegendAgriculture

US$1

Agricultural Districts Race 1 Dot for 5 people

Lab ou

White (Non - Hispanic)

87 M

ILES

Minority

87 Miles Away Less than 20% of the trailers fleet are alternative fuel vehicles

Sysco Albany Warehouse More than

10%2 of CO food is wasted

and sent to a landfill

CO2

Legend Schools with a Kitchen Schools without a Kithcen Food Circulation Warehouse

Kingston City School District 38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

rots Car

Lower greenhouse gas emissions caused by long-distance transportation

ions On es ato ot es ato m st

Av

g

ble C aila

P

Seasonal Eating and food full of flavor P

P

pos om tin

Jan

Jun

Transition in Production

Flexibility to discover new flavors and a healthier diet plan

Corn

To Harve

P

Jul

s rb

No

Dec

He

Au

ets bbage e B Ca

farms creates:

Influence on what and how food is produced

v

g

A closer relationship with local

Oct

Sep

Foxmor J

eta veg ble

JJ

M

Mar

Apr

J J J

J

J J Kelder’s Farm

J JJ Tributary Farm J

J

Da iry, Eg He rb, g, Vege Fru table it, V egeta bl

Fr ui t, He rb J J J

J

J Rusty Plough Farm

JJ J

20 KM

J Deer Creek J Collective Herb Farm JJ J J

Kingston

1 0 KM

J

Broadway Food Hub

He rb ,V eg eta ble

Eg g, He Me rb, at C

g, Eg

b, Her , t i Fru

ble geta e V it, Fru , J g Eg J Solid Ground Farm J en J ck i b h r He J ble ta J e eg ,V t J ea M , J J J J Little Egg P J J Grassroots Farm J J J J

J

J J

To

Gopal Farm J J J Evolutionary Organics

Will Reduce 50 Times of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Get The Same Amount of Protein.

J Huguenot

J

P J

J J

J

The Transition From Methane CO 2

it, Ve getable

b

J J ble egeta V , t Mea

Fru

ay

Vege ta ble

Fe Seed Song Farm

Egg, Chicken

Buzzanco’s J

J

51

Growing a Better Future

Myers ES

Edson ES

J. Watson Bailey MS

Broadway Food Hub

Chambers ES

George Washington ES Kingston HS

Esopus Agriculture Center

John F. Kennedy ES

Kingston Farmers Market Holy Cross Church

Legend Public Schools

Ulster County Community Action

Hub/Micro Hubs Current Food Programs School-Hub Corridor Produce Circulation

52

BR I D G I N

G

NERATIONS GE

NG DIET I P A H S E

D E U C G AT N I T I O F I H

N

S

DID YOU IMAGINE...

R ...TO FEED OUR FUTURE 53

Object Geography: Levee Mississippi River

Project Summary

A levee is an embankment typically built with piling soil, sand, or rocks, and it is used to prevent the overflow of a river. The levee is one of the defining components of the Mississippi River, and has played a huge role in the Mississippi watershed for centuries.

The main stem levees on the west bank for the Mississippi River begin south of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and extend all the way down to Venice, Louisiana. Levees currently protect million of citizens, countless homes, thousands of farms, and many transportation routes from destructive floods. Despite the effectiveness of levees, they have also have a history of questioned integrity, as there have levee failures that have caused massive damage. One example is the Flood of 1927, one of the most impactful floods in American history and one that caused major shifts in legislation surrounding the use of levees.

In addition to levee failures, the use of levees over time has posed ecological risks to the environment by restricting river flow and impacting fish and wildlife habitats. Natural levees are more beneficial for the river, as they are slowly composed over time by gradual build up of sediment caused by recurring floods. Natural levees are so well-equipped to handle the river’s seasonal flood, but the are easily bypassed by engineers. This has ultimately created a huge strain on the Mississippi River over time. Because of these impacts, it is necessary to consider strategies like levee setbacks, which will require less materials, reduce flood water surface elevation, increase protection behind adjacent and opposing levees, reduce costs for operations and maintenance, and increase potential for additional acres of fish and wildlife habitat. This simple step can dramatically increase the viability of the entire Mississippi River by reducing the strain placed on the river by manmade levees.

Faculty

Kate Orff (studio coordinator), Geeta Mehta, Dilip Da Cunha, Adriana Chavez, Justine Holzman, Victoria Elizabeth Vuono (Teaching Associate) 54

Levee Impact

Levee Integrity

ZONED EMBANKMENT LEVEE Crest

Waterside

Landside

High water level Topsoil & Seed

Revetment

Earth-fill

Impermeable Core

Earth-fill

17’

Chimney Drain Permeable Soil Foundation

Permeable Soil Foundation Impermeable Soil Foundation

LEVEE FAILURES

FLOOD OF 1927

16.6 Million Acres Flooded 162,000 Homes Inundated $102.6 Million in Crop Losses 325,000 African-American Refugees 500 People Killed

NATURAL LEVEE COMPOSITION

LEVEE RIVER EFFECT

During a flood, water flows over the banks and deposits silts

Before

In between floods, slow-moving river deposits silt in riverbed

Flood Plain

River

Flood Plain

After

Eventually, the river may flow well above the level of the flood plain

Restricted Width of River

MISSISSIPPI LEVEE SETBACK BENEFITS

Levees set back on higher ground use less materials Reduced flood water surface elevation Increased level of protection behind adjacent and opposing levees Reduced costs for operations and maintenance Increased potential for additional acres of fish and wildlife habitat Flood Plain Setback Levee Added Flow Area

Previous Levee Setback Flood Water Surface Elevation Previous Flood WSE

Better Foundation Material Poor Soil

Low Water River Channel

Gained Habitat Acres

Sources: https://www.mvd.usace.army.mil/Portals/52/docs/MRC/LeveeSystem/MRT_levee_system_eval_report_for_NFIP.pdf

Sources: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275073196_A_GIS-Enabled_Approach_for_Assessing_Damage_Potential_of_Levee_Systems_Based_on_Underlying_Geology_and_River_Morphology/figures?lo=1 https://blackthen.com/great-mississippi-flood-of-1927-thousands-of-african-american-lives-lost/

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Supporting Indigenous Practices to Revitalize the Headwaters Mississippi Headwaters Team 1

Project Summary

Our project focuses on supporting the indigenous forest and water management practices of the Chippewa tribe of Minnesota to preserve the vitality of the Headwaters of the Mississippi River, and to build the economy of the Chippewa people. The health of the entire Mississippi watershed is highly dependent on the viability of the Headwaters. The Chippewa tribe has a long history of maintaining the Headwaters’ rich biodiversity through their indigenous practices. Currently, indigenous reservations are under ecological threats, due to massive deforestation and industrialized agricultural practices, which are impairing the Headwaters’ basin with excessive nutrients and sedimentation. Through the aid of local, state, and federal actors, we envision creating infrastructural support for sustainable water and forestry management, as well as forming a network of stewardship and educational programs throughout the reservations. By revitalizing the Headwaters through Chippewa practices, our project objectives are to turn the Headwaters into Head Holdings and for the Mississippi watershed to become Chippewa’s language of practice.

Students

Ishita Ghosh, Chen Liu, Chinedu Obinna Adiele

Faculty

Kate Orff (studio coordinator), Geeta Mehta, Dilip Da Cunha, Adriana Chavez, Justine Holzman, Victoria Elizabeth Vuono (Teaching Associate) 56

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58

59

60

61

62

63

64 64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

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