AAD_SU21_073

Between Illusion and Reality Columbia GSAPP Portfolio Master of Science in Advanced Architectural Design

Eunjin Yoo

ey2303@columbia.edu (646)-287-6250

Table of Contents Fall 20'

Playground City for Childcare Advanced Architecture Design Studio Professor Bryony Roberts

Spring 21'

Micro City

Advanced Architecture Design Studio Professor Mimi Hoang

Summer 21'

Birthing Vessel Advanced Architecture Design Studio Professor Ani Liu

Fall 20'

Illusion of Infinite Staircase Technology course Professor Josh Jordan

Spring 21'

Illusion of Knowledge History / Theory course Professor Mark Rakatansky

Spring 21'

Avery SPOT Science & Technology course Professors Laurie Hawkinson, Galia Solomonoff

Playground city for childcare This playground city for childcare provides large playground to children, parental figures, care workers and local community for childcare. As well as dealing with some current childcare problems such as expensive private childcare, career interruption of parental figures and the gap in childcare, new programs are suggested for people who use a childcare center and public spaces. Also, for designing the multiple masses in the site, arc and circle geometries are applied and each respond to the site context. Childcare centers have large playground area on different levels and open view, so children can move and roam freely as well as care workers can supervise them easily. The ground level of the site is open to everyone including local community so people have easy access to the Flushing creek and it can make the site more public and familiar to them.

Date: 09. 2020(Columbia GSAPP Fall 2020) / Location: Brooklyn, New York / Type: Childcare center / Program: Childcare center and residence / Category: Academic work / Role: Individual work

Issue of Current Childcaring System / Ideal Childcare Programs Ideal Relationship

1.

Expensive private childcare

Parental figures

2.

Career interruption of parental figures due to child rearing

Children

-Education for parents to raise their children.

-Parents community hub.

-Cooperative chlidcare.

For children 1. Self-guided play.

2. Huge playground.

3. Growing their own plants.

-Self-guided play.

-Huge playground.

-Growing their own plants.

For local community

3.

The gap in childcare due to COVID-19

Local community

1. Green spaces for recreation & play.

2. Flea market with retail shops.

-Green spaces for recreation and play.

-Flea market with retail shops.

For parental figures For care workers 1. Concentration on children in the boundaries.

2. Training parents to be care workers.

Supervision

'PLAYGROUND CITY FOR CHILDCARE'

Boundary Free movement

8

0-1

hs

nt mo

snth ears o y 18m 3 s

3

ear -5 y

1. Education for parents to raise their children.

2. Parents community hub.

3. Cooperative chlidcare.

Design Typologies

Site Plan

Plan TYPE A

TYPE B

TYPE C

TYPE D

TYPE E

TYPE F

COURTYARD

COURTYARD + SEMI-EXTERNAL

COURTYARD + VOID

SEMI EXTERNAL + VOID

VOID

COURTYARD + VOID (without solid)

Mass Original

View

Boundary

Visibility

Circulation

Centralization

Exclusion

Openness

Interior

Orientation

openness

Openness

Interior-Exterior

Scoop

Stacking Type A

Section

Type B

Type C

Type D

Childcare center in Flushing

18 m

onth

s-3ye

ars

nths

0 -18mo

18 m

onths

-3yea

rs

3 - 5 years

Childcare center in Flushing

Courtyeard (childcare center3 + housing) Housing

Childcare center 2 entrance

Section A-A'

Housing

Childcare center 3 entrance

First Floor Plan

Childcare center3 (3-5years)

Childcare center 3 entrance

Childcare center3 (3-5years)

Section A-A'

Housing

Basement Floor Plan

Section A-A'

Service & Storage

Housing entrance

Facade Detail

Detail A

Detail B

Section B-B'

Micro City _

A future factory of textile manufacturing and recycling

For this project, I propose micro-factories as a type of textile factory of the future. This site is located between the water north and the Industry City South. Today, many customers buy products online with one click. Also, as large-scale fashion manufacturers move to lower-cost countries and as customization becomes popular, mass production is no longer needed in developed high-wage countries and cities like NYC. Moreover, many garment brands started to recycle their products and people have been interested in recycling and tried to participate in it. Therefore, I believe this trend will require small factories like a designer house, accessibility by the public, and recycling.Thus, to keep up with this new trend, I propose a micro-city that contains small factories, retail shops, and recycling facilities.

Date: 01. 2021(Columbia GSAPP Spring2021) / Location: Bush terminal, Brooklyn, NY/ Type: Factory/ Program: Textile sale, manufacturing, recycling /Category: Academic work / Role: Individual work

Pick up points

Textile Waste in the US

Second hand store & donation center

a lot of textiles are discarded with an ever-increasing amount of textile wastes every year. Yet, only 15% of the wastes is recycled.

Fabric collectors Green market

Post consumer textile waste in NY state

Increase in textile waste in USA (million tons) 20 million tons 17 million tons

700,000 tons 10 million tons

1.7

1960

9.4

2000

15

16

2013

2016

16.8

2017

950,000 pounds is recycled annually by residents

17

Where does textile waste end up?

2018

15%

85%

45% Reuse

20% Upcycle

is sent to landfills and incinerators 35% Downcycle

Fills X440 Statues of Liberty

14 X Weight of Brooklyn Bridge

95% of which could be reused or recycled

Textile life cycle

1. Cotton picking

2. Dyeing

3. Weaving

4. Sawing & Cutting

5. Recycling

Textile waste mechanical recycling process

1. Unloading of textile wastes

2. Storing of received textile wastes

3. Placing wastes on conveyor belt

4. Going to shredding machines

5. Shredding

6. Tearing

7. Pressing

8. Making insulation/ Spinning

Change of Factory Yype

Past Isolation

Single big footprint model:

Stacked factory model:

A common and universal structure type that allows for flexibility to operate multiple type of machinery and different industr. Most of these buildings suffer from lack of light, space seperation and poor ventilation.

A common type in New York city.

The stacked slabs model does not allow the distinction between the circulation and organization of people and goods.

A sigle big footprint Stacked floors

New trend of textile industry

Future

Accessibility Small production

Multiple small footprints Public accessibility

Interacted floors Recycled materials

Digitisation As most garments are manufactured in China or other countries, online market is becoming bigger and common.

Proto building Design

Customisation

Recycling

As people want to customize their garments, it requires small production and small footprint of factory. Also, factories are flexible to shift between different production types

A lot of textile wastes are recycled, they are sold in reused textile markets and used by many designers. The public started to be interested in recycling process and engaged in it like sorting.

Design started by breaking the old, large single floor plate into smaller units and rearranged them. Each unit is used individually by designers. Sometimes, some units are combined or clustered for larger spaces like shared working space or mechanical recycling space. These clusters are arranged in the site with various cluster combinations.

Small factories

Designer houses Sharing working spsace

Social infrastructure

A single floorplate

Multiple small floorplate

Unit

Designer houses

Dust

Ventilation (roof )

Sharing working space

Education center Retail shops Participation in recycling

Recycling

Reuse Upcycle Downcycle

Mechanical recycling

Sorting

Light(roof )

First Floor Plan

Section A-A'

On the ground floor, for easy access by the public, small retail shops and education centers are located. In the pre-sorting space, they can try out the textile recycling process. Also for the recycling facility, there are truck loading docks.

Loading dock Truck Access

Education Loading dock

Car Access

Pre-sorting

Retail shops

Retail shops

Section A-A'

Second Floor Plan

Education

Designer house

Sorting Sharing working space

Section A-A'

Third Floor Plan

Tearing

Office

Spinning

Pressing

Weaving

Shredding

Birthing Vessel

A proposal for women's active involvement in their birthing process

The birth of a child is one of the most significant events in a woman's life. The birthing chair dates back to the Babylonian culture and the first birthing stool evolved into the obstetric bed. A change in the furniture of the birthing room led to a change of the culture of childbirth.

As low stool designed to support women giving birth was transformed into an elaborate contraption designed to suit the needs of their caregivers throughout labour, Women were also transformed – the simple stool designed to help women find a good position for birth changed into something which put them into the worst possible position for both labour and birth.

Therefore, on the bed, they were turned into passive patients, stranded on their backs, having things done to them instead of actively working with their bodies to give birth to their babies.

Therefore, I propose to remove the birthing bed. It turns a woman into a patient, makes her be infantilized, removes midwives, and makes women passive. Also, it prevents her from having comfortable positions, it only puts them on their back and makes them feel uncomfortable in labor and birth. Instead of birthing beds, I propose a new furniture which can accommodate women’s various positions to involve in her birthing actively. It is for women’s convenience in birthing not for doctors’ or caregivers' convenience and allows their family to participate in the birthing process together.

Date: 08. 2021(Columbia GSAPP Summer2021) / Location: Birth center/ Type: Furniture Design / Program: Birthing space for women / Category: Academic work / Role: Individual work

The birth stool evolved into the obstetric bed As low stool designed to support women giving birth was transformed into an elaborate contraption designed to suit the needs of their caregivers throughout labor, Women were also transformed – the simple stool designed to help women find a good position for birth changed into something which put them into the worst possible position for both labor and birth.

Modern multipurpose birthing bed

Labor bed

OB table

Birth chair

Birth bed

Critical care/transport surger

How about removing the birthing beds?

This is because...

-It turns the woman into a patient -It infantalises women -It can turn a midwife into a nurse -It dominates the birthing room -It makes women passive -It is designed for the convenience of the caregiver -It puts women on their back, an uncomfortable position for labour and birth -It assumes that women need the same furniture for labour as they do for birth -It fails to support the physiology of normal labour -It restricts mobility, increasing pain -It restricts blood supply to the uterus and to the fetus -It makes labour longer than it need be

Five birthing positions

Squatting

Sitting on a support

These two positions can help bring the baby down when the birth is slow.

Semi-sitting

Kneeling

This position may be the most comfortable, and makes it easier for the birth attendant to guide the birth of the baby's head.

This position is good when the woman feels her labor in her back. It can also help when the baby's shoulders get stuck

Side-lying This position is relaxing and helps prevent tears to the vagina or perineum.

Kneeling and sitting birthing positions Topic

If the mother is Kneeling 1. Bring out the first shoulder by gently m ov i n g t h e b a by ' s h e a d u pw a rd towards the mother's botto.

Laboring positions

2. Bring out the second shoulder by moving the baby's head downward towards the floor.

If the mother is in the half-sitting position

1. Bring out the first shoulder by moving the baby's head downward.

2. Bring out the baby's second shoulder by moving the baby's head up towards the mother's belly.

Instead of the birthing bed, how about designing a new furniture for women?

A new furniture for womens' active involvement in the birthing process

Active birthing Convenience of women Family participation Universal design for disable people

Birthing vessel for women started to design a centralized space for a woman to have open view in many directions but having privacy. And by creating the variation of width dimension, it can function as a seat, bed, back of seat and steps. Like the image, she can have privacy but having open view.

Centralized space

View from central space

Open

Birth pool

Seats for family

steps

OPEN

Back of seat

Family

Midwive

Seats for woman

Ope Op n en

O P EN

Birthing en space

Op

Lying

Ho

ldi

ng

Delivery

Dimension lying

ack o

db lope

S

t for f sea

Seating Midwive

0

c Ba

70

t ea

fs ko

0

55

Steps

Seat for family

Side-

ng

0

55

Lying

Squ atti

600

550

340

150

600

1000

ily

215

Fam

Brith pool

Labor 365

Slop

e fo

300

Steps 300

300

300

r lyi

Sea

ng

ting

665

Family

300

Gym

bal

l

300

Lying

Seat for family

Holding

Birthing vessel structure for women With the structure, there is a monitor for supporting medical issues and lighting is integrated in the structure and for spot light there is a movable lighting. Also, the structure has some accessories like leg hammocks and rope hanging on it and they can help women labor and birth easily, and with two layers of translucent curtains women can control privacy.

Le g

ha

mm

oc

k

ta i ur fc ay er so Tw ol

te lig gra ht ted in g

n

In

Structure

Lighting Monitor

Movable lighting

Two Layers of Curtain Leg hammock Inner curtain

Outer curtain

Integrated lighting

Birthing Vessel Detail

3. Water Tap

2. Spa

4. Slope

5. Cabinet for supplies

6. Handrail

7. Movable lighting

8. Medical monitor

Providing more convenient condition for disable people

1. Sink

Variation in privacy

Curtain

Furniture

Water Birth

300

+ Decrease labor pain or your need for anesthesia + Decrease the duration of labor +Give you a greater sense of control +Conserve your energy +Reduce perineal trauma

+ Decrease risk of infection + Provide familiar environment for disable people + Prevent a baby from meconium aspiration

5400

5400

700

2500

700

300

450

450

1750

470

470

450

450

2670

2670

1750

450

Dry Birth

300

700

2500

700

300

450

Past

Birthing Vessel

The Illusion of Infinite Staircase Geometry exploration _Transitional Geometries (Professor Joshua Jordan) Date: 09. 2020(Columbia GSAPP Fall 2020) / / Type: Geometry design / Materials : Gypsum concrete / Category: Academic work / Role: Individual work

Dimension 11(w) * 11(L) * 11(H) cm Thickness 1 cm

1 to 10 Scale

1 to 50 Scale

Illusion of Knowledge _Media as Method (Professor Mark Rakatansky)

Date: 09. 2020(Columbia GSAPP Fall 2020) / / Type: History & Theory / / Category: Academic work / Role: Individual work

Archaeological Excavation for Media of 'Illusion of Knowledge' 'The greatest obstacle to discovery is not ignorance—it is the illusion of knowledge.' - Daniel Boorstin Abstract / Research Objective Archeology is the study of finding traces left by mankind in the past, restoring their silent history, culture, and ideology, and revealing the process of change.

This study shows similarity with archeology in that it was studied through archaeological media (from objects to architecture and urban spaces) containing 'the desire for knowledge' from the past to modern times, rather than through previous literature on 'illusion of knowledge.' I first described, classified, and analyzed media (relics) in a traditional archaeological approach, that is, an inductive method. As a result, we found an inseparable relationship between humanity and knowledge, which is the "illusion of knowledge" that penetrates the times, cultures, and regions. I seek to define the 'illusion of knowledge' contained in the media and to hypothesize and prove the derived attributes. Thus, I will conduct a research based on the hypotheses below. This is the same as the new archaeology approach, a deductive method of proving hypotheses with quantitative data from digital technology. <Definition> N. Illusion of Knowledge: Thoughts and feelings of being surrounded by all kinds of knowledge, being able to access and owning them. It has two different aspects.

1. The illusion of knowledge can be a driving force that induces curiosity and increases the intellectual desire to produce, study, and explore new knowledge.

2. At the same time, it has a duality that can lead to the illusion of 'knowing more than they really know' and a state of arrogance, making them feel that they don't need to learn new things.

<Hypothesis> The hypotheses established through preliminary excavation are as follows.

I. ‘Illusion of knowledge’ does not disappear and moves to other media, depending on the historical and cultural background.

II. The medium, containing knowledge, is constantly expanding. (Expansion of scale/Expansion of accessibility/Expansion of quantity) III. The illusion of knowledge has duplicity. (Intellectual Driving Force/Vanity) Illusion of Knowledge across cultures, regions, and times (14C-18C) MEDIA

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

PAST

EXPRESSION TECHNIQUE

FURNITURE, SPACE

PAINTING

(THREE-DIMENSIONAL DRAWING)

(COLLECTION ROOM)

In the East, the king's political beliefs to govern the country with books. In the West, Renaissance, Columbus discovery of America

Muti-points perspective, Shading

Arrangement of collections

Private / Possession CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE

Low accessibility Lack of Information Controlled Aura (Valuable degree)

From the 14th to the 18th century, the illusion of knowledge stemmed mainly from low access to learning and knowledge and curiosity on unknown areas. At a time when information and knowledge were absolutely scarce, their value was relatively high, and most of them were owned under the control of the powerful.

The illusion of knowledge satisfied intellectual curiosity and became the driving force of knowledge production. At the same time, it was also a means of strengthening the power of those who possess knowledge, and to reveal their vanity. This illusion of knowledge is revealed through various media such as books, paintings, murals, and spaces across times, regions and cultures. Specifically, the East expressed the illusion of knowledge mainly through paintings while the West expressed mainly through space.

In the East, there was a ruling ideology called the ‘principles of civilian government’, which puts literary men as the main faction in politics while excluding the military officials, putting study as a concept of the highest value. Due to the king's political belief in governing the country through books and learning, and the social atmosphere of people preferring foreign cultures, the illusion of knowledge was used as a political element to maintain or promote governance. As most people could not learn how to write besides the power class, they had no opportunity to read books and study academics. However, in the latter half of the 18th century, due to people’s desire and curiosity for learning, the illusion of knowledge that began inside the palace started to spread out to the general people through the medium of painting.

A representative example of media for the illusion of knowledge is Chaekkado in Korean 8-width folding screen painting featuring books and ceramics displayed on the shelves. The Chaekkado painting was made in the palace, and it was also a powerful political propaganda that reflected the king's ruling ideology. During the late Joseon period, this painting was popular in the palace and among the upper classes at first, but this kind of painting became a trend among people and spread to the common people later. When books were precious, the common people were able to get vicarious satisfaction by having this kind of drawing at home that looked like a real bookshelf, and they could also feel the abundance of knowledge just by looking at the painting of books. Most of them have a common characteristic of placing books on shelves but, as time passed, not only books but luxuries were drawn in the painting and sometimes they were often mistaken for real objects.

This is because Chaekkado depicted books realistically through optical illusion effects by applying the contrast method and the perspective drawing method introduced from the West. The expansion and depth of the space, and the three-dimensional effect that seems to pop out were visually shocking for people who were used to flat paintings at the time. In a close analysis of the perspective used in this painting, the rules of perspective are different from the Western onepoint perspective method. In other words, 18 points of perspectives are applied in Hyung-rok's <Chaekgado> and eye-level also has multiple viewpoints on the horizontal line of the work and the viewport moves as viewers move in front of the drawing. In this way, people can feel a natural three-dimensional effect, and at the same time, as perspectives are overlapped and it allows people to feel it as a three-dimensional thing.

Another example of media for the illusion of knowledge is Dabogak in China, a wooden display stand (furniture) for exhibiting European scientific technique and objects brought by Jesuit missionaries. This was to build a public image of the Qing Dynasty emperors and ruling classes with cultural insights.

Dabogakkyung was expressed realistically by applying Western clairvoyance and light and dark methods, but it shows a style in which East and West cultures coexist in a subtle way by inserting the Chinese culture of Wansang. Dabogakkyung is a painting in which bronze ware, ceramics, books, and objects, which are auspicious treasures, are placed in a decorative cabinet. The realistic expression of furniture shows the upper class culture of the time without filtering, and can be confirmed in other works of the Qing Dynasty.

Renaissance, which originated in the West is a revival of literature or a movement for cultural innovation between the 14th and 16th century in the history of European civilization. Characteristics of the Renaissance include a longing for life, belief in humans, desire for knowledge, and spirit of free will. People in the Renaissance were exposed to new civilizations through dissemination of information via printing, and the discovery of a new continent beyond the Atlantic Ocean by Columbus. This periodic background aroused people's curiosity about the world, greatly changing the human worldview with their quest for the unknown.

Media of illusion of knowledge that can be found in Europe include Studiolo, and the cabinet of curiosity.

In particular, the cabinet of curiosity is a space where objects collected from all over the world are displayed on the walls and ceilings, evoking visitors’ imagination of the world. After Columbus's discovery of the North American continent, display spaces filled with rare items obtained mainly from the ‘New Continent’ became popular. Each collection symbolizes each world across the globe and they are arranged on the ceiling and walls, making the whole collection look like a microcosm. This made people feel that they owned and fully understood the world that each relic symbolized. They reflected the Renaissance's broader view of the world. Meanwhile, with the publication of catalogs in the 17th century, the fame of the cabinet of curiosity quickly spread out. Collectors used catalog publishing as a means to inform their business and to show off their knowledge to the public.

The cabinet of curiosity became the prototype of the first public museum to appear in the late 18th century.

The illusion of knowledge in the contemporary world

MEDIA

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

PRESENT

EXPRESSION TECHNIQUE

ARCHITECTURE (PHYSICAL SPACE)

VERTUAL SPACE (DIGITAL SPACE)

The age of digital technology, Abundance of knowledge

Information Landscape, Topography, Maze

Search engine, Virtual reality, Data website

Public / Share CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE

High accessibility Overflow of Information Freedom Aura (Valuable degree)

As of the 21st century, with the development of digital technology, the rapid increase and accessibility of information allowed the spread and sharing of information much easier, and media to accumulate huge amounts of information began to emerge. This has allowed people to think that they are surrounded by all kinds of information and can possess the information they need at any time. In order to share the ever-increasing amount of information with many people, physical information spaces such as public libraries and museums and digital information spaces such as the Internet have been created, which has allowed far more people to feel the illusion of knowledge than in the past.

Physical spaces where the illusion of knowledge can be found in contemporary times include MVRDV's Book Mountain in the Netherlands, Tianjin Binhai library in China, and Soufujimoto's Musashino Art University Museum & Library.

The library, which stores a huge amount of information in books and shares it with people, visualizes the amount of knowledge and gives the impression that people are surrounded by information. These libraries create the illusion of knowledge that they seem to have much more information than they actually have.

Book Mountain looks like a huge terrain with a bookcase. The pedestrians can see the huge terrain through the glass and it looks like people walk on the books.

However, books are placed only on the shelves of surface of the terrain and in its interior auditorium, administration and seminar rooms are located, so seemingly it creates the illusion that the library seems to have more books than it actually has. Also, it exposes people in the library to many books making them have the illusion that they are able to get any knowledge when they need. As a similar example, the Tianjin Binhai Library looks like the walls, ceiling, and floor of the library are covered with books. The bookshelves are completely integrated into an architectural element, so all floors, walls, and ceilings are all recognized as bookshelves.

Even by putting pictures of books on bookshelves that are out of reach of people, the amount of information is exaggerated.

As a similar case, in the Musashino Art University Library, almost all of the walls are made up of bookshelves that also function as structures. Moreover, due to the library's maze-like floor plan, it is difficult to grasp its structure at a glance. This makes it difficult for visitors to not only determine one's location, but also to estimate the number of books.

Layers of overlapping bookshelves create the illusion of knowledge that there are near-infinite books.

A common feature of these libraries is that they actively utilized books as architectural elements to build information into physical landscapes. This gives people the illusion of standing in the flow of information. Also, in countless amounts of information, they can have the illusion that they have much more knowledge and information than they actually know. This can also be transformed into a space of vanity that is used as a photo zone while promoting intellectual desire.

As a virtual digital storage medium, search engines today are the most representative way to access information without time and space constraints. As information began to be dataized due to advances in computer technology, it became possible to push knowledge beyond the limits of traditional physical space and gather almost infinite data into one place. People sometimes get the illusion that they can access information anytime, in any situation, when they need it, while making them unaware of what they don't know.

The virtual space has many similarities to the library of Babel, whose size is nearly infinite, described in Borges's <Fictions>. The story describes a library containing every possible permutation of twenty-two letters, spaces, commas, and periods. Every book that's ever been written and ever could be written in the future is in the library among the endless unwanted books. People thought they would be able to find clear answers to any personal or universal problems in the world. However, behind this absurd hope, enormous despair followed. A few books must have been hidden in some bookshelves, but the fact that they could not find them made people unbearable. Truth and chaos coexisted in Babel's library. Even now, people in front of a vast sea of information may feel omnipotent, but because people do not know what they do not know, they are imperfect. Even if the correct information they know increases, it is easy to fall into the curse of knowledge (confirmation bias), and the paradigm of knowledge may change. False information and information overload can also make people hard to solve problems and make decisions. Various problems lurk behind the illusion of knowledge. Hackers sometimes cause copyright disputes and invasion of privacy, and people are willing to be exposed to advertisements and sell their information to companies to get the information they want.

The media of illusion of knowledge is expanding from paintings, furniture, and space to architecture, cities, and digital spaces. With the diachronic research, it is revealed that the illusion of knowledge does not disappear over time, but appears in different forms as it moves to different media depending on the periodic and cultural background of each region. Due to the increase in the amount of knowledge from the past to the present, the type of medium required has changed as characteristics of information has changed. The illusion of knowledge revealed through these different kinds of media can lead people to become curious about knowledge or have an intellectual driving force, while it also makes them have vanity for knowledge due to the enormous amount of information. Based on these investigations, we have established the above hypothesis.

Bibilography - Kay E. Black and Edward Wagner(1993). “Ch’aekkŏri Paintings: A Korean Jigsaw Puzzel”, Archives of Asian Art, XLVI - Art and Curiosity Cabinets of the Late Renaissance: A Contribution to the History of Collecting (Texts & Documents) – January 19, 2021 by Julius von Schlosser - Ficciones – February 1, 1994 by Jorge Luis Borges - Impey, MacGregor, Oliver, Arthur. The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenthand Seventeenth-Century Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 737.

- Alexander, Edward P. Museum Masters: Their Museums and Their Influence, (Walnut Creek, London, New Delhi: AltaMira Press, 1995), 31.

- The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Europe, ed. Oliver Impey and Arthur MacGregor, 2001, paperback, 431 pages

Avery SPOT _The Outside Project (Professors Laurie Hawkinson & Galia Solomonoff ) Date: 04. 2021(Columbia GSAPP Spring 2021) / Location: Columbia Avery Hall / Type: Pavilion /Program: Meeting space / Category: Academic work / Role: Team Work

Inflatable

Furniture

Platform

Water drainage

Eunjin Yoo