SOPHIE M. KRAUSE
Adobe Creative Microsoft Office AutoCAD
EDUCATION 2016-2019 MASTERS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Seattle, WA
University of Washington College of Built Environments Top Scholar Scholarship ASLA Student Chapter Co-President UW Landscape Advisory Committee
Summer 2017 SCAN | DESIGN MASTER STUDIO
Copenhagen, Denmark
Gehl Architects
Summer 2015 [IN]LAND INSTITUTE Berkeley, CA
University of California Berkeley College of Environmental Design
EXPERIENCE 2017-2019 GREEN FUTURES RESEARCH AND DESIGN LAB
UW College of Built Environments
Washington D.C. UWASLA Student Representative lobbying for the Living Shorelines Act H.R. 4525, Water Infrastructure Flexibility Act H.R. 2355, and the Environmental Justice Act H.R. 4114, as part of the ASLA’s Creating Resilient Solutions for Every Community
2016-2017 HYPHAE DESIGN FIRM Oakland, CA
Chicago, IL Chicago Botanic Garden Technical Institute
Santa Cruz, CA
University of California Santa Cruz Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems
PUBLICATIONS Discover Magazine Crux Blog UW ResearchWorks Hawkmoth Scientific Journal
Going Green with Blue Roofs https://www.discovermagazine.com/environment/going-green-with-blue-roofs
Cultivating Contamination: Floating in-situ
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/44330/Krause_ washington_0250O_20430.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
The Provisions of Landscape http://hawkmoth.us/the-provisions-of-landscape
Lab Manager developing, maintaining, and troubleshooting operations including: project management, administrative organization, publication design, website development, and successful funding acquisition through various King County WaterWorks grants
2018 ASLA ADVOCACY
2013-2014 SUSTAINABLE URBAN HORTICULTURE + AGRICULTURE 2008-2011 B.S. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE + BIOLOGY
GIS Rhinoceros SketchUp
Office Manager + Business Development Coordinator organizing daily office operations and in-office services for an interdisciplinary architecture firm, including: client correspondence and relations, presentation and portfolio preparation, staff scheduling and payroll, administrative work, responding to RFQs and RFPs
2013-2014 STAR APPLE EDIBLE + FINE GARDENING Bay Area, CA
Landscape Designer and Technician designing, installing, maintaining, and overseeing residential and estate garden projects with a focus on using native and edible species for highly ornamental landscapes
Summer 2014 FRENCH HERITAGE SOCIETY
Château de Versailles, Historic Landscape Restoration France restoring and preserving historic landscapes as part of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Paysage de Versailles, as part of a summer long program on international design
2012-2013 WINDY CITY HARVEST Chicago, IL
Environmental Educator + Urban Farmer providing hands-on technical training in sustainable urban agriculture as part of the Cook County Sheriff’s Vocational Rehabilitation Impact Center at a prison farm
SONOMA, CA
HEALDSBURG, CA
SEATTLE, WA MATERIAL CYCLING
01. A FIREWISE LANDSCAPE FOR A SONOMA HOME
SITE: Fire-prone Northern California Residence MATERIAL: Firebreaks + Native Fire-Resistant Plantings SYSTEM: Utilizing wildfire ecology and land use planning to restore a protective residential landscape
02. ARTFUL ECOLOGY: RE-THINKING THE WINERY WASTEWATER SYSTEM
SITE: Vineyard MATERIAL: Winery Wastewater SYSTEM: Biotreating and processing winery wastewater on-site, as part of a demonstration landscape within a tasting room experience
03. LANDING IN BARTON WOODS
SITE: Barton Woods Natural Area MATERIAL: Tree Removal Debris ---> Riparian Bioswale SYSTEM: Re-thinking the design of the Northgate Pedestrian Bridge, building wetland infrastructure with spent tree material
04. ABOVE GROUND, BELOW GROUND
SITE: Battery Street + Tunnel MATERIAL: Viaduct Rubble ---> Stormwater Detention SYSTEM: Smartly decommissioning a seismically vulnerable street and tunnel for municipal stormwater detention
PROJECT OVERLAP
05. FROM FEEDER BLUFF TO TIDAL MARSH
SITE RESEARCH
SITE: West Point Wastewater Treatment Plant + Magnolia Bluffs MATERIAL: Feeder Bluff Sediment ---> Tidal Marsh SYSTEM: Harnessing nearby coastal erosion to reinforce soft-shore protection along a failing wastewater treatment plant
06. THESIS // CULTIVATING CONTAMINATION
SITE: Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site MATERIAL: Contaminated Dredge ---> Living Sea Level Rise Infrastructure SYSTEM: Weaving a materialshed of biotreated dredge as construction fill for a living floodwall prototype
My intentions are to reinterpret the role of site, material, and system in today’s landscape, as an ecological and artful inheritance for tomorrow’s
SKETCHES FROM ABROAD REFERENCES + SOURCES
FIREBREAK PATHWAYS IN EXISTING OAK CHAPARRAL VINEYARD FIREBREAK SEPARATED GROUP PLANTINGS (WITHOUT FUEL LADDERS) FIREBREAK WALKWAY FIRE-RESISTANT GROUNDCOVERS STONE PATHWAY OAK + MADRONE GROVE (WITHOUT UNDERSTORY) FIREPIT AREA
01. A FIREWISE LANDSCAPE FOR A SONOMA HOME
Developing a conceptual site plan for friends in Sonoma, California, my process began by crafting a collage together on their property. I asked them to take me to their favorite, not-to-be-forgotten spots. Their home (right: pencil, watercolor, digital texture) was burnt down by fire. It is therefore important when imagining their rebuild, to position their house and viewsheds within their site lot, using firewise plantings and defensible space. Developing the following conceptual site layout, together we explored what could be. The freedom of watercolor allows my process to unravel slowly but surely, layering less linear forms and groupings to juxtapose and soften their architectonic home. With their eyes set on recreating their former, dream home, we developed a corresponding landscape to protect..
0
20 ft
HOME IGNITION ZONE 1
House + 5' distance Objective: reduce windblown embers from landing on house
LEAN / CLEAN / GREEN ZONE 2
30' buffer Objective: create and maintain a landscape that, if ignited, won't transmit to home
REDUCED FUEL ZONE 3
Buffer + Beyond Objective: decrease energy and speed of wildfire
DELIBERATE ZONES + PLANTINGS: CREATING A DEFENSIBLE LANDSCAPE
Decompressed Granite
Tan Stone
Festuca rubra
X
Hardscape > organic areas or mulch Shrubs + Trees not recommended Easily maintained
X
Shrubs under trees not recommended Fire-resistant plant species Well-spaced groupings No dead vegetation
Keeping 10' between trees and shrubs No continuous, dense vegetation Trimming tree branches up 10'
The area between your home and an oncoming wildfire is potential fire fuel. Firewise landscapes include hardscape and structural elements that can serve as fuel breaks, as well as zoned, fire-resistant plantings. Fire-resistant plantings have the following: high levels of plant moisture, extensive and deep root systems for controlling erosion, open and loose branching habits, and the ability to grow slowly and require little maintenance.
Achillea millefolium
Artemisia caucasica
Myrica californica
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Salvia sonomensis
Arbutus menziesii
Quercus agrifolia
A core ecological process in our California ecosystem, how can fire-adapted landscapes help us construct, coexist, and commune more resiliently in our fire-prone area?
PATHWAY
NO GROWTH ZONE 12'
NO TREE ZONE
Placed throughout site perimeter Forms extensive buffer from encroaching wildfire Creates exterior boundary
36'
FENCE + CLEARING
FIREBREAK TYPOLOGIES: MULTIPERFORMATIVE LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS
A firebreak is a gap in vegetation or other combustible material that acts as a barrier to slow or stop the progress of a wildfire. The primary goal of a firebreak is to remove deadwood and undergrowth down to mineral soil. As fires return to our area, how can firebreaks be constructed as lasting, artful, and preventative additions into existing landscape designs? Inspired by RCR Arquitectes' Piedra Tosca Park, ACLA's Oliver Ranch, and Henrik Jørgensen's Landskab, creating typologies for firebreak incorporation can become artful as well as purposeful. Imagining a North Bay area that lives harmoniously with fire, while understanding its role in tending our cherished open spaces, it is important to think of how firebreaks can become a model for a new era of "good fire," where collaborative vegetation management and residential protection can coexist. A core ecological process in our California ecosystem, fire-adapted landscapes can help us construct, coexist, and commune more resiliently.
Placed throughout interim landscape Forms cluster breaks throughout planting groups Creates outdoor rooms
IMPLANTED WALKWAY Placed throughout interior landsape Forms firebreak around most vulnerable aspects Creates moment for prospect + refuge
FIREPIT AREA: AN OUTDOOR ROOM
Incorporating outdoor rooms as open areas within plant groupings helps interrupt the potential pathway of a fire. A conceptual firepit area (right) becomes both a firebreak and an outdoor room within the landscape.
02. ARTFUL ECOLOGY: RE-THINKING A WINERY WASTEWATER SYSTEM
With winery wastewater systems all throughout California needing to comply with more thoughtful and increasingly strict permitting, there is a future and a business in re-thinking the winery wastewater system. Winemaking and processing on-site, how can a vineyard incorporate an ecological wastewater treatment facility into its landscape? Not only as a more efficient system, and a long-term cost reduction plan, but also as an artful and interactive part of its tasting room experience? Five years ago, Simi Winery was paying a fortune to use the city of Healdsburg’s wastewater system. Management decided to install a Biotimup flow anaerobic sludge blanket system, also used at Constellation’s Canandaigua Winery in New York and Woodbridge Winery in Lodi, Calif. The system at Simi was designed by Ecolab Inc. and cost $800,000. John Pritchard, director of operations at the 450,000-case winery, said the system quickly paid for itself by cutting the winery’s wastewater costs by hundreds of thousands of dollars. How can this story of wastewater transition be told through other, viable sites?
Concept model (above: chipboard, nails, thread) helps re-imagine the potential forms and presence of wastewater treatment cells, as elements structurally situated within the vineyard. Sketches (below: pencil) help document the surrounding vegetation, to determine how to create harmony between the natural landscape and the vineyard landscape.
PROCESSING, BIOTREATING, AND RE-PURPOSING WINERY WASTEWATER ON-SITE WINERY PROCESSING FACILITY ANAEROBIC BIOREACTOR FACILITY WASTEWATER DISCHARGE TASTING ROOM + CLARIFYING CHAMBERS
1
RESTORATIVE LANDSCAPE USING RECYCLED IRRIGATION
PROCESS + BIOTREAT
AERATING POLISHING POND
2
Imagine a winery that processes its wastewater so efficiently, it can not only be re-purposed, but also used throughout the tasting room experience. Wastewater from the nearby bioreactor filters through treatment cells, a sand filter, and into an aerating polishing pond, that serves as a reflection pool within a demonstration landscape.
3
2
AERATING POLISHING POND
SAND FILTER
CLARIFYING TREATMENT CELLS
WASTEWATER FROM BIOREACTOR
TREAT + CLARIFY REUSE + DEMONSTRATE
Winemaking and processing on-site, how can this vineyard incorporate its new ecological wastewater treatment facility into its landscape, as an interactive part of its tasting room experience?
0
200ft
DEMONSTRATION POND + TASTING ROOM Main Pathway Tasting Room + Vineyard Green Roof Demonstration Wetland Plantings Submerged Boardwalk Installation Wooden Boardwalk Aerating Polishing Pond Grass Buffer Gravel Perimeter Bench Seating PATHWAYS
VINEYARD
WASTEWATER CIRCULATION
0
20 ft
Northgate Mall Future Northgate Link Light Rail Station Barton Woods Thornton Creek Headwaters I-5 Future NPB Landing Seasonal Detention Pond Parking Lot Wetland 6 North Seattle College
03. LANDING IN BARTON WOODS Sound Transit is building its Northernmost light rail station, complete with a pedestrian bridge for spanning the ten lane I-5. Landing westward into the Barton Woods, a fragmented woodland wetland site, the Northgate Pedestrian Bridge (NPB) will require in-water construction, mature tree removal, and on-site wetland mitigation.1 Increasing the site’s impervious surface up to 56%, requiring the removal of 62 mature trees, and approximately 5,000 sq. ft. of native wetland vegetation, the bridge will land via an earthfill embankment with retaining walls touching down into watercourse 5.2 Incorporating gabion weirs into this landing will slow and filter runoff, while providing an interactive, stormwater moment. Repurposing tree removal debris will help replace lost riparian habitat. Feeding into the Thornton Creek Headwaters and expecting an estimated 1,500 users each day, designing this pedestrian bridge differently could help tell the story of environmentally performative development.3 N
0
400 ft
How can the Northgate Pedestrian Bridge’s in-water construction and mature tree removal also work to replace lost yet critical wetland habitat? 1930
1950
1990
TODAY
Thornton Creek Watershed Northgate Pedestrian Bridge
5 WESTERN LANDING : IN-WATER CONSTRUCTION AS INTERACTIVE WEIRS
6
TREE REMOVAL : RE-BUILDING WETLAND HABITAT
0 Watercourse 5
Wetland 6
10 ft
Northgate Pedestrian Bridge Interstate 5 Seasonal Detention Lawn Conveying and treating stormwater runoff from parking lot --> bioswale --> wetland --> culvert, and from the Barton Woods Natural Area to the Thornton Creek Headwaters
Riparian Bioswale Culvert Exit Wetland 6 N
RE-CONNECTING HYDROLOGY WITH A RIPARIAN BIOSWALE
0
300 ft
Constructing a bioswale to link and treat seasonal stormwater to the most productive habitat area, Wetland 6. The highest functioning water body on site, Wetland 6 reduces flooding and erosion while impounding water, providing cover, food, hydrolic connectivity, and water quality treatment.4 Conveying and storing water on site, contouring a 3:1 sloped bioswale lined with tree removal debris will help achieve the preferred slope required for creating wetland habitat. A gabion weir crossing allows users to witness and interact with this riparian, habitat development.
04. ABOVE GROUND, BELOW GROUND Over time and extended use the Battery Street Tunnel and Alaskan Way Viaduct, both built in the 1950s, became seismically vulnerable to the point where any new or continued use of either would require prohibitively expensive renovations. Decommissioning both, the city of Seattle demolished the viaduct and is currently in the process of filling the tunnel with its rubble - making way for new connections with the downtown Seattle waterfront, as well as street restorations, pedestrian improvements, and the elimination of approximately 4,000 truck loads of spent viaduct material on local roads. The tunnel will be filled seven feet from its ceiling with crushed concrete, then injected and capped with a low-density cellular concrete. A step in the right direction towards efficient material cycling, filling the tunnel with rubble also fills 120,000 square feet of precious, downtown, subterranean space, to never be used again. Decommissioning while re-imagining, how can these spaces be put to better use?
Rubble from decommissioning the Alaskan Way Viaduct (top left) is in the process of filling the seismically vulnerable Battery Street Tunnel (bottom left) through its surface vents, before being injected with stabilizing concrete and permanently sealed (bottom right). Image Source: https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/viaduct/battery
TUNNEL + VIADUCT TIMELINE
5
How can decommissioned spaces like the Battery Street and its 120,000 sq. ft. tunnel be put to use detaining and managing municipal stormwater?
1960
less than a decade later, proposals surface for removing the viaduct as it cuts off downtown Seattle from its waterfront
2020
1954
completion of the Battery Street Tunnel, funneling automobiles from the viaduct into downtown Seattle
2019
viaduct fully demolished, its rubble fills the decommissioned tunnel in phases before final sealing. City of Seattle unveils its new Waterfront Master Plan6, including CSO69, responsible for releasing approximately 400 million gallons of untreated sewage into Elliot Bay each year.7
1953
completion of the nearby Alaskan Way Viaduct, built along previous waterfront railroad lines
2011
portions of the viaduct replaced with a six lane, single deck freeway, as the Battery Street Tunnel begins decommissioning
1952
construction begins building the seven city block long, 120,000 square foot Battery Street Tunnel
2001
Nisqually Earthquake renders the viaduct seismically vulnerable, city begins debate about its removal
+ +
Battery Street + Tunnel Sewer Mainline 21827438 Combined Sewer Overflow CSO69 Wildlife Habitat Corridor Elliot Bay Alaskan Way Viaduct Liquefaction Zone Seattle’s Downtown Waterfront N
0
500 ft
+
+
+
+
+
BATTERY STREET
RE-IMAGINING VIADUCT RUBBLE VIA STREETSCAPE
6th Ave 5th Ave 4th Ave 3rd Ave 2nd Ave
1ST AVE. Western Ave Elliot Ave Alaskan Ave Pier 66
Elliot Bay
N
Current plans include filling the tunnel and sealing it with stabilizing concrete. Concept model (right: granite, concrete) helps re-imagine how rubble can be more purposefully rearranged to provide structure, form, and support for streetwise and subterranean water detention. The resulting process proposes a plan where viaduct rubble is used to fill the tunnel, but in ways that capitalize on its below ground ability to help manage and detain municipal scale stormwater.
2
1
(RUBBLE) aggregate in openings Curbside restraint with cut-outs for overflow drainage
3
Porphyry paver 3 1/4” - 4 1/4”
(RUBBLE) bedding course 1” - 1 1/2” (RUBBLE) Stone open-graded base 4” (RUBBLE) Stone subbase, thickenss varies Geotextile Perforated pipes spaced and sloped for drainage Outfall pipe(s) sloped towards detention system
1. In-Ground Street Trees 2. Interactive Runnel
Soil subgrade-zero slope
4
A GREEN STREET DEMONSTRATION ABOVE, WITH STORMWATER DETENTION BELOW
The Battery Street Tunnel and the Alaskan Way Viaduct were decommissioned after becoming seismically vulnerable to the point where continued use of either would require prohibitively expensive renovations.9 Demolishing the viaduct, the city is filling the tunnel with its crushed concrete and rubble before injection capping with low-density cellular concrete.10 How can this rubble be used to support an underground framework for municipal scale stormwater detention?
3. Stormwater Treatment Center 4. Educational Entrance
5. Information Center 6. Floodable Promenade
5
BATTERY STREET: A FLOODABLE PROMENADE
6
N
0
20 ft
Providing underground tours into how Battery Street + Tunnel, rebuilt with rubble, provides municipal stormwater management for the city
5
INFORMATION CENTER
West Point Wastewater Treatment Plant Outtake Pipe Reinforcing a Soft Shoreline
How can coastal erosion be harnessed to rebuild soft-shore protection along a failing wastewater treatment plant? Fort Lawton Beach Discovery Park Eroding Magnolia Bluffs
05. FROM FEEDER BLUFF TO TIDAL MARSH West Point Treatment Plant suffered severe equipment failure and flooding while operating at maximum capacity during a storm in February 2017, crippling the plant’s solid handling capabilities. $57 million worth of facility damages and a $360,000 fine by the Department of Ecology later, for releasing 235 million gallons of untreated sewage into the Sound, this would begin a series of additional plant failures.11 Treating wastewater from homes and businesses in Seattle, Shoreline, north Lake Washington, north King County, parts of south Snohomish County, the West Point Treatment Plant also intakes stormwater and wastewater from Seattle’s combined sewer system at large. Plant restoration plans are unfolding slowly, with monthly mechanical testing, routine maintenance, and comprehensive maintenance programs combating the inevitability of an aging facility under increasing pressure. While the plant undergoes short-term mechanical improvements, how can its landscape assist the buffering of its longterm overhaul? N
0
1,000 ft
WEST POINT TREATMENT PLANT
REINFORCING A SOFT LANDSCAPE DEFENSE
Treating 90 million gallons of wastewater a day in dry months, and 300 million gallons a day in wet months, this aging treatment plant has now reached its fullest capacity12
Concept model: watercolor, thread
+
ERODING FEEDER BLUFFS Coastal bluffs are the primary source of beach sediment along the Puget Sound shoreline, their natural erosion is an essential part of maintaining beaches and associated
DISCOVERY PARK
LIQUEFACTION ZONE INCREASING HUMAN EROSION13 HUMAN CAUSES NATURAL CAUSES
MESH
FENCE
COLLECT
N
0
1,500 ft
HARNESSING SHADOWS: MAKING ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ARTFUL Concept model (right: glass pane, glass shards, clear adhesive) helps play with the movement of light and shadow. Meshing and sand fencing work to collect banks of sediment along the shoreline, providing temporary, passive, and low cost infrastructure at a high impact value. Traditionally without much aesthetic intent, installing sand fencing in artful ways will help accumulate sediment rich sand banking, while also providing beach-goers with experiential ways to explore the changing landscape.
PARAMETRIC MODELING A DRIFTWOOD ARCHWAY: GATEWAY TO THE SHORELINE RE-BUILDING PROCESS
SAND FENCE WALKWAY As nearby, nutrient rich, feeder bluff sediment is deposited along the wastewater treatment plant, meshing and a series of artful sand fencing systems harness and accumulate sediment- the backbone of any tidal marsh. A driftwood archway helps beach-goers wayfind through the fencing systems, serving as a functional landmark. OUTTAKE PIPE: 3/4 mile off shore at 240’ below, pumping 440 million gallons in a 24 hour period
COLLECTION
REGROWTH
ARCHWAY
5 YEARS 3 YEARS 1 YEAR Sand Banking + Accumulation
WEST POINT TREATMENT PLANT
Pendulum wayfinding structures educate park users about the importance of intentionally regrowing a tidal marsh shoreline
>40% Slope / Landslide Area Separated Sewer System Partially Separated Sewer System Combined Sewer System
A FUTURE OF TREATMENT + FAILURE: ALONGSIDE A GROWING TIDAL MARSH Pictured left is a map of the treatment area for the West Point Treatment Plant, which takes in sewage and stormwater from an increasingly developed and strained urban area. Capitalizing on its proximity to landslide prone bluff areas, redirecting naturally eroding sediment towards a shoreline rebuilding project situates the role of landscape as an agent of adaptive resiliency.
Planting Low Marsh Species
Planting High Marsh Species
X X X
SITE SUITABILITY: Low energy settings with minor wave action Gradual, sandy slope, with a wide inter tidal area Recently cleared or graded shoreline
06. CULTIVATING CONTAMINATION: FLOATING IN-SITU
Despite its Superfund designation by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as one of the nation’s most toxic hazardous waste sites in 2001, Seattle’s Lower Duwamish Waterway (LDW) remains polluted, with a legacy of industrial contaminants persisting in its bottommost sediment.17 Acknowledging that the permanent removal of this sediment by dredging would provide greater certainty to its cleanup effort, EPA’s final Record of Decision (ROD) for the LDW relies on less effective methods, citing the cost of dredging as a limiting factor.18 Still working to undo the past hundred years of this contamination, the LDW also faces a costly and floodable future from rising sea levels, with frequencies and magnitude of flooding in its lowest lying neighborhood of South Park estimated to increase as annual flooding events are projected to become monthly events by 2035, and daily events by 2060.19 Analyzing these constraints through the framework of strategic foresight, this thesis presents a design scenario that strategizes how contaminated dredge can be treated and re-purposed as construction fill for creating nearby flooding infrastructure along the South Park waterfront, as a costeffective driver for optimizing converging waterway projects. Re-framing waste as source, and constraint as opportunity, this scenario responds holistically to a world that now asks landscape infrastructure to do more, with less, and at the same time - resiliently. It is a project built on compromise and dirt.
a strategic foresight design scenario that speculates how contaminated dredge can be biotreated and re-purposed as construction fill for community guided, living floodwall infrastructure
HARVEST
BIOTREAT
CONTAMINATED DREDGE
AS CONSTRUCTION FILL
LOWER DUWAMISH WATERWAY PROTECT
PROTOTYPE
FROM CONTAMINATION + RISING SEA LEVELS
A LIVING FLOODWALL MITIGATING SEA LEVEL RISE IN SOUTH PARK BY 206020
IMPLEMENT
TEST + MONITOR
FOR RESIDENTIAL PROTECTION VIA COMMUNITY PROCESS
IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS
SEA LEVEL RISE 2060
20 N
0
2,000 ft
Biomimetic Tile Capped Fill 30’ Setback
Treated Fill Artificial Habitat Sand Habitat
CHALLENGING USACE FLOODWALL DESIGN: PROTOTYPING A LIVING, HIGH IMPACT FLOODWALL
2060 Sea Level Rise Log Frame Gravel Habitat DATA MONITORING + VIEWING PLATFORM USACE EROSION CONTROL LANDSCAPE
Monitoring Platform
FLOATING WETLAND
Floating Wetland
ROOT BARRIER + WATERPROOF MEMBRANE
2100 Sea Level Rise
BIOTREATED FILL SUBMERGED AQUATIC HABITAT DRAINAGE + SEEPAGE STRUCTURE
USACE planning is beginning to support a more integrated approach to reducing waterway risk from flooding, while increasing human and ecosystem community resilience through a combination of natural and nature based structures.23 Prototyping, testing, and monitoring the effectiveness of these hybrid, living infrastructures is a critical part of proving their efficacy and adoption.
BIOMIMETIC TEXTURES
EMBEDDING LIVELIHOOD INTO AQUATIC INFRASTRUCTURE WITH BIOMIMETIC TILES
Rarely found in the natural world, homogeneous structures are commonly constructed within today’s urban forms, upending biological systems and micro habitats.
Biomimetic architecture seeks sustainability not by replicating natural forms, but by replicating the rules that govern their form. Intentional surfaces can then be mimicked, their functions applied, through material science and more suitable building blocks. Developing a tile via the Truchet pattern, where two pieces (middle, left) are laid in non rotationally symmetric sequence, capable of intrinsically random non-uniformity - essentially, making a series of similar yet different patterns - can help imprint more heterogeneous structures into living infrastructure.
9,000
ft
=720,000 CU. FT. DREDGE + 360,000 SQ. FT. HABITAT HABITAT RESTORATION PROJECT
After a century of being straightened, the Duwamish River turned industrialized waterway has gone from meandering to channelized. As living floodwalls become employed along the waterfront, pairing USACE landscape planting objectives with restoration goals becomes win-win. One living floodwall 30 x 50 ft. in dimension reuses 4,000 cubic ft. of treated fill, while creating 2,000 sq. ft. of waterway habitat. Spread across the entire 9,000 ft. Southpark waterfront, a series could reuse 720,000 cu. ft. of dredge, while creating 360,000 sq. ft. of native, planted waterway habitat.
PAIRING USACE LANDSCAPE PLANTING OBJECTIVES WITH HABITAT RESTORATION GOALS 24
WATERCOLORS FROM DENMARK
01
SKETCHES FROM FRANCE
SOURCES 1 Environmental, Clearway. “Conceptual Wetland and Watercourse Mitigation Plan.” Northgate Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge Project, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–62. Seattle Department of Transportation.
2,3,4 Northgate Ped/Bike Bridge Project Construction Overview. Http://Www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/SDOT/BridgeStairsProgram/Bridges/NGPB_ ConstructionFolio_20191213-En.pdf, Jan. 2020.
5 “Alaskan Way Viaduct - History.” WSDOT, www.wsdot.wa.gov/Projects/Viaduct/About/History. 6 “Seattle’s New Waterfront Is Taking Shape.” Waterfront Seattle, waterfrontseattle.org/. 7 “Combined Sewer Overflow Status.” CSO Status - King County, www.kingcounty.gov/services/environment/wastewater/cso-status.aspx. 8 ArcGIS Web Application, gisrevprxy.seattle.gov/wab_ext/DSOResearch_Ext/.
REFERENCES KEN YOCOM Department Chair and Associate Professor, PhD Phone: 206.221.0296 University of Washington College of Built Environments kyocom@u.washington.edu Urban Ecology, Watershed Planning, Green Technology, SystemsBased Design, Ecological Democracy THAISA WAY Associate Professor, PhD, ASLA, FAAR Phone: 206.685.2523 University of Washington College of Built Environments tway@u.washington.edu Landscape Architectural History, Feminist History, Sustainability Theory, Landscape Theory, Design Pedagogy, Praxis NANCY ROTTLE Associate Professor, ASLA Phone: 206.685.0521 Director of the Green Futures Research + Design Lab nrottle@uw.edu University of Washington College of Built Environments Green Infrastructure, Ecological and Sustainable Design, Public Space, Low-impact Stormwater Design, Learning Landscapes, Cultural Landscape Preservation, Engaged Scholarship
9,10 “Alaskan Way Viaduct - Battery Street Tunnel.” WSDOT, www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/viaduct/battery. 11,12 “Operational Performance Metrics.” Operational Performance Metrics - King County, www.kingcounty.gov/depts/dnrp/wtd/system/performance-metrics.aspx. 13,15,16 Johannessen, J. and A. MacLennan. 2007. Beaches and
Bluffs of Puget Sound. Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership Report No. 2007-04. Published by Seattle District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.
14 “West Point Treatment Plant.” West Point Treatment Plant - King County, www.kingcounty.gov/depts/dnrp/wtd/system/west.aspx. 17,18 Environmental, WindWard. Lower Duwamish Waterway Group Phase 1 Remedial Investigation Final Report. 2003, pp. 1–273, Lower Duwamish Waterway Group Phase 1 Remedial Investigation Final Report.
19,20 GGLO Design. “Climate Preparedness: A Mapping Inventory of Changing Coastal Flood Risk.” Seattle Office of Sustainability and Environment, 24 Aug. 2015, pp. 1–42., www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/Environment/ClimateChange/2015.08.25_ClimatePreparednessInventory_Sec1.pdf.
21 U.S. Department of the Interior, and U.S. Geological Survey. Suspended-Sediment Transport from the Green-Duwamish River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway. 2013, pp. 1–34
22,23 US Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District, and Port of Seattle. Seattle Harbor Navigation Improvement Project. Final Integrated Feasibility Report and Environmental Assessment ed., Engineering, pp. 1–45
24 NOAA Fisheries, and Laurel Jennings. Habitat Restoration in an Urban Waterway: Lessons Learned from the Lower Duwamish River. NOAA, 2015, pp. 1–37