Reality Check: A Critical Discourse Analysis on the societal impacts of the 4Ps in Samar Province

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN

Bachelor of Arts in Communication Research Jan Deo Hilario Mendoza Gloiza Rufina Meneses Plamenco

Reality Check: A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Societal Impacts of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Samar Province

Thesis Adviser: Professor Julienne Thesa Y. Baldo-Cubelo College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines Diliman

Date of Submission: December 2015 Thesis Classification: F This thesis is available to the public.

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Signature of Thesis Adviser:

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________________________ Jan Deo H. Mendoza

________________________ Gloiza Rufina M. Plamenco

REALITY CHECK: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON THE SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF THE PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4PS) IN SAMAR PROVINCE

by JAN DEO HILARIO MENDOZA GLOIZA RUFINA MENESES PLAMENCO

has been accepted for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH by

Professor Julienne Thesa Y. Baldo-Cubelo

and approved for the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication by

Professor Elena E. Pernia, PhD Dean, College of Mass Communication

REALITY CHECK: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON THE SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF THE PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4PS) IN SAMAR PROVINCE

JAN DEO H. MENDOZA GLOIZA RUFINA M. PLAMENCO

Submitted to the COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION University of the Philippines Diliman In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH

December 2015

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA PERSONAL DATA Name

Gloiza Rufina M. Plamenco

Permanent address

Block 5 Lot 10 Piczonville Subdivision Catbalogan City, Samar

Telephone number

(+63-939) 928 6369

Date & Place of Birth

26 June 1994, Catbalogan City

EDUCATION Secondary Level

2nd Honorable Mention, St. Mary’s College of Catbalogan Catbalogan City, Samar

Primary Level

With Honors, St. Mary’s College of Catbalogan Catbalogan City, Samar

ORGANIZATIONS

Associate Editor, Philippine Collegian (AY 2014-2015) Business Manager, Philippine Collegian (AY 2013-2014) Features Writer, Philippine Collegian (AY 2012-2013)

WORK EXPERIENCE

Administrative Officer, Businessonline Inc, Sept 2015present Intern, Larc & Asset PR, April-May 2014

ACHIEVEMENTS

College Scholar 1st Semester, AY 2010-2011 1st and 2nd Semester, AY 2011-2012

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA PERSONAL DATA Name

Jan Deo Hilario Mendoza

Permanent address

Blk 3 Lot 2 Turquoise St. Northview I, Batasan Hills Quezon City

Telephone number

(+63-917) 952 1586

Date & Place of Birth

1 January 1993, Manila

EDUCATION Secondary Level

Mater Carmeli School Quezon City

Primary Level

Mater Carmeli School Quezon City

ORGANIZATIONS

Member, Tennis UP (AY 2011-2015) Secretary-General for External Affairs, Tennis UP (AY 2013-2014)

WORK EXPERIENCE

Intern, Larc & Asset PR, April – July 2015

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Gloiza would like to thank the following people who made her journey towards the completion of this thesis possible as well as bearable: First of all to Prof. Violeda Umali, for introducing to us the field of Discourse Analysis, and to our thesis adviser, Prof. Julienne Baldo-Cubelo, for the knowledge, guidance and positivity that helped us make the impossible possible; To the staff of 4Ps: Ma’am Leslie, Ma’am Manneth, Ma’am Riza, Ma’am Leida, Ma’am Jhansen, Sir Gilbert, Ma’am Ronelyn, and Sir Richard, for your accommodation and patience as I constantly followed-up on the documents we requested; To the participants during our FGDs: the local government officials and beneficiaries, especially those who still travelled from Daram and Jiabong all the way to Catbalogan, and to our notetakers MJ, Annelyn and Pam, for sparing some time for our discussion despite your work and other responsibilities; To Jiru Rada, for helping us prepare for our presentation during the defense; To Keith Mariano, for editing our capsule document during the proposal stage, for patiently listening to my rants and for always believing in me―you’re the best cheerleader ever; To my family, especially my Mommy Rizza and Papa Ranul, for the unwavering moral, emotional and financial support even when I extended my years in college―this thesis is yours too; And lastly to the good Lord and His angels, who kept me from harm when I became reckless and careless. I know You are always the one behind when the universe conspires in my favor.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS What you hold now is the brainchild of the collaboration of my partner and me who endured more than a year of conceptualization, legwork and writing. I thank Gloiza, my partner for providing me the opportunity to understand the plight of the Samarnons and in our own little way, address it.

In an equal measure I recognize Ma’am Julienne Baldo-Cubelo, our Thesis Adviser, for her skillful guidance and insights of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and the province itself. Coincidentally, it is through my enrollment in Ma’am BaldoCubelo’s earlier classes that led me to love qualitative research.

To the Samarnons – the program’s beneficiaries, our respondents, and the local government officials - I thank you for your hospitality and for sharing your firsthand experiences.

I thank Mark Sing for the intellectual debates regarding the general concepts of this work, and Kristina Rivera, for proving to me that the best way to learn is to teach, owing to the hours-long debates over the program due to the convergences of our theses.

To Tennis UP and UP Communication Research Society, and especially my batch mates, Commres-N-Peace, for helping me cope and de-stress the way only their company provides.

My family – my father Deo, my mother Emie, and sisters Imma and Zara - I thank for providing all my essentials, and understanding the late nights, early departures, the missed gatherings.

And to God above, my eternal gratitude for all the events that led me here. Glory to You, and no one else more.

Para ha kauswagan han mga pobre ug nagkukuri ha Samar ug ha bug-os nga Pilipinas

ABSTRACT Mendoza, J. D. & Plamenco, G. R. (2015). Reality Check: A Critical Discourse Analysis on the societal impacts of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4PS) in Samar Province. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.

This thesis analyzes the discourses on the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), the flagship poverty alleviation program of the Philippines currently implemented by the administration of President Benigno Aquino III. To determine the impacts of the program at the grassroots level, this study focuses in the implementation of 4Ps in Samar, one of the poorest provinces in the country. Utilizing Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis, the beneficiaries’ and local government units’ discourses were analyzed by gathering documents from the Provincial Link Office in Samar, conducting focus group discussions with the beneficiaries and local government officials, and observing two Family Development Sessions. With the guidance of Stanley Deetz’s Systematic Distorted Communication and the perspective of Dependency Theory, the researchers concluded that the 4Ps in Samar is dominated by a discourse on administrative matters and compliance on conditionalities, whereas discussions addressing the issues of the beneficiaries were minimal. Parent Leaders were seen to be enforcers and influencers of 4Ps within their immediate communities, and beneficiaries’ participation is limited to the activities of the program. The Family Development Session was also perceived to be a valuable tool in educating beneficiaries, yet manifestations of poverty still surfaced throughout the discourses despite claims of the program’s success.

xi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title Page Approval Sheet

i iii

Biographical Data

v

Acknowledgments

vii

Dedication

ix

Abstract

x

Table of Contents

xi

List of Tables

xiv

List of Figures

xv

List of Appendices

xvi

I.

II.

INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study

1

B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives

4

C. Significance of the Study

5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Conditional Cash Transfers

8

B. Discourse Analysis and public policies and programs

11

C. Participatory Communication

12

D. Critical Discourse Analysis

13

xii

III.

IV.

V.

E. Looking at grassroots participation

15

F. Stakeholders in government programs

16

G. Synthesis

18

H. Research Gap

18

STUDY FRAMEWORK A. Theoretical Level

20

B. Conceptual Level

23

C. Operational Level

27

D. Operational Definition of Terms

28

METHODOLOGY A. Research Design and Methods

30

B. Concepts and Indicators

30

C. Research Instruments

31

D. Units of Analysis and Sampling

31

E. Data Gathering

33

F. Data Analysis

34

G. Scope and Limitations

34

H. The Researchers

35

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Describing the Texts

36

xiii

VI.

B. Interpreting the Discourse Practice

65

C. Explaining the Sociocultural Practice

87

D. Assessing the Impact of 4Ps: The Dependency Perspective

90

CONCLUSION A. Objective # 1: The common characteristics of the text

95

B. Objective # 2: The context of the discourse

97

C. Objective # 3: The communication in 4Ps as explained by Deetz

99

C. Objective # 4: 4Ps as a short-term solution to poverty

100

VII. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Theoretical Implications

102

B. Methodological Implications

103

C. Practical Implications

104

BIBLIOGRAPHY

106

APPENDICES

119

xiv LIST OF TABLES Number

Title

Page

1

Concepts and Indicators in the study

30

2

Data inventory for Beneficiaries

32

3

Data inventory for the LGU

33

4

Topics in Family Development Sessions

49

xv LIST OF FIGURES Number

Title

Page

1

Fairclough’s Three-Dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis

25

2

Deetz’s Systematic Distorted Communication

26

3

Integrated Operational Framework

28

xvi LIST OF APPENDICES Title A

LETTER TO THE DSWD REGIONAL DIRECTOR

B

APPROVAL OF REGIONAL DIRECTOR (EMAIL)

C

SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION FORM 6

D

SAMPLE HANDWRITTEN FDS MINUTES

E

SAMPLE MONTHLY REPORTORIAL REQUIREMENT

F

SAMPLE MINUTES OF PARENT LEADERS’ MEETING

G

SAMPLE MINUTES OF MIAC/CIAC MEETING

H

INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR LGU

I

INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR BENEFICIARIES

J

ATTENDANCE OF FGD

K

NOTES ON FGD LGU

L

NOTES ON FGD BENEFICIARIES

M

NOTES ON ATTENDANCE OF FDS

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Three out of ten Filipinos have been living in poverty for nearly 25 years already (Rappler, 2012). This persistent problem extends at a global scale, as the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index tags 1.6 billion people living below the poverty line (Basu, 2014). With this, intergovernmental organization United Nations pushed for the abolition of poverty, as well as the reduction of child mortality and improvement of maternal health, as stated in the Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by countries ideally by 2015.

To attain the said goals set by the United Nations, the Department of Social Welfare and Development under the administration of former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo implemented the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in 2008. It is being maintained under the current administration with the objective of “breaking the poverty cycle by addressing the issues of low educational achievement, high levels of maternal and infant mortality rates, high malnutrition rate and rate of child labor among the poor�

(Department of Social Welfare and Development, 2011).

The program is patterned after conditional cash transfer programs Oportunidades in Mexico and Bolsa Familia in Brazil. The 4Ps adheres to the structure of Conditional Cash Transfer programs with its two objectives of 1.) Social Assistance, wherein beneficiaries of 4Ps are given health cash grant packages of P6,000 every year in each household and education cash grant packages of P3,000 for ten months per child with a maximum of three children every household, in exchange for complying with specific conditions; and 2.) Social Development, which is investment in human capital through

2 required community development programs (DSWD, 2011). In its almost seven years of implementation, DSWD claims 4Ps to have been effective in uplifting the conditions of poor families in the country (PTV News, 2013).

1. Conditionalities and compliance The aforementioned conditionalities include regular pre- and post-natal care for pregnant women and whose delivery must be conducted by a skilled and registered health attendant, attendance to family planning sessions for non-pregnant women, regular health check-ups and vaccinations for children aged five below, and attendance of children aged 3-5 years old to a daycare program and confirmed enrolment in a school for those aged 614 years old while maintaining at least 85 percent class attendance. Grantees are also obligated to attend monthly Family Development Sessions and other education services and render community service which will serve to promote and strengthen the implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. (Department of Social Welfare and Development, “4Ps Modules�)

Additionally, compliance is monitored by DSWD through pre-assigned local government workers. For the health sector a municipal health officer and/or a midwife is in charge, a principal or a specific teacher for education, and for the rest of the concerns, a Municipal or City Link Officer.

2.Family Development Session The Family Development Session is an avenue to bring all the concerns of the household grantees on the program’s overall operation and implementation. Potential grantees are identified and validated before they are enrolled in the Land Bank Cash Card Program. These assemblies have the specific objectives of family roster verification, of

3 informing mothers on the program objectives, expectations, conditionalities, compliance, and the resultant penalties should they fail the former. Last is to facilitate activities (seminars), interventions, and coordinate grievances and complaints.

These sessions are conducted through coordination with the Municipal or City Link Office for the agenda, then with the barangay captain in question for the logistics, then informing the beneficiaries of schedules by passing invitations and then confirm their attendance, finalizing the agenda with the Municipal or City Link Officers and coordinate with the resource speaker if any, and finalizing the venue and the needed materials with the barangay head and/or providing household/s.

3. Parent Leaders Parent leaders are the extensions of the Municipal or City Link Office in the monitoring and enforcement of the program. They are chosen not only for their willingness to lead but also for their capability to do so, along with their perceived good reputation within the community. (DSWD, n.d.) They are expected to disseminate program information and updates, follow-up and monitor compliance, complaints, payment receipts, assembly attendance, and volunteerism participation, strengthen the bond between beneficiaries, build capabilities for community participation, and prepare a monthly report of overall compliance.

4. Municipal/City Interagency Committee Program implementation does not fall solely upon its parent branch, the Department of Social Welfare and Development, but is a joint inter-agency effort with DepEd, DOH, DILG, NAPC, CWC, NNC, NEDA, DBM, and the local government unit.

Interagency Committees are created to represent these diverse departments at the

4 national, regional, provincial, and municipal levels (Bayudan, 2012). According to DSWD (n.d.), the committee’s functions include ensuring the logistics of the health and education side of the target areas, along with the necessary technical assistance in its implementation, coordinating the implementation or operationalization at the municipal level and with the concerned LGUs at the local level, and preparing regular reports regarding issues and concerns to be submitted to the Regional Advisory/Inter-Agency Committee.

However, one of the researchers in this study who is a native of Samar Province has been skeptical with the program’s long-term benefits, seeing no significant improvement in the living conditions of her fellow Samarnons since it was implemented in the province in 2009. The province, formerly known as Western Samar, belongs to the cluster of provinces having the highest poverty incidence among families, with 43.5 percent of the total number of families in the province living below the poverty line (National Statistics Coordination Board, 2012). This figure has incurred an 8.6 percent increase from the previous poverty statistics in 2009, the year the program was implemented. Statistically-speaking, this is a manifestation of the program’s failure to achieve its main objective of alleviating poverty most especially in depressed areas like Samar. Add to that, the researcher has observed in their province that the financial packages are not used supposedly for its purpose.

B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives The program is widely published to be effective in its scope, implementation, and sustainable changes in local (Constantino & Sandoval, 2014; Reyes & Tabuga, 2012) and international studies (Fernandez & Olfindo, 2011; Chaudhury, Friedman, & Onishi,

5 2013). These studies, however, have merely assessed the economic impacts of 4Ps through quantitative aspects — not fully capturing the actual impacts at the grassroots level. This study, therefore, aims to fill this gap by providing a qualitative aspect in the impact assessment of 4Ps through the analysis of the beneficiaries and local government unit’s discourses on 4Ps. 1. Research Problem How do the local government unit and beneficiaries view the societal impacts of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in Samar Province?

2. General Objective To understand the societal impacts of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Samar Province as expressed in the local government unit and the beneficiaries’ discourses about the program.

3. Specific Objectives 1. To describe the local government unit and the beneficiaries’ discourses about 4Ps 2. To interpret the said discourses based on the context of their production 3. To compare and explain the said discourses through Stanley Deetz’s Systemic Distorted Communication 4. To assess the impact of the 4Ps based on the local government unit and beneficiaries’ discourses from the perspective of Dependency Theory of Development C. Significance of the Study Most studies assessing the impact of 4Ps using economic indicators claim that the program has been effective as a poverty-reduction tool. These studies, however, do not necessarily capture the bigger picture of the impact of 4Ps on the ground. It is important

6 to look beyond the economic indicators and measure the people’s subjective well being as a means of “...assessing societal progress, based on people’s real experience of their lives” (NEF, 2009). The purpose of this study, therefore, is to provide a clear view of the 4Ps through the perspective of the beneficiaries and local government unit by looking into their discourses on the program.

Discourses play a crucial role in evaluating on-the-ground situations, especially in assessing the impact of social welfare programs such as 4Ps as they influence welfare reform, altering perceptions of interests and overcoming institutional obstacles to change.

(Schmidt, 2002). As Burr (as cited in Hargreaves, 2010) pointed out, the findings in analyzing these discourses can be used to reveal critical dynamics and power relationships or inequalities. And for programs such as the 4Ps that attempts to address poverty, plotting the power relationships and inequalities are necessary.

The researchers will use Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to study these discourses. CDA is a three-tiered “...type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context.” (Van Djik, 2003, p. 352). To analyze these discourses however, it is not enough to simply look at the form and content of the discourses as they appear in the texts. Every discourse has its attached histories, biases, interpretations, and a larger social context that can never be fleshed out if the process of analysis is not through a micro to macro level.

With the aim of determining the impact of the 4Ps using a qualitative approach such as discourse analysis, it is important to provide proof that there is a process behind coming up with the conclusions in this study through a step-by-step, logical flow of

7 uncovering the nuances and hidden meanings in the discourses. Through this research, impact of government programs can hopefully be assessed in the future by considering its discursive aspect.

In looking at the impact of 4Ps from a qualitative point of view, the researchers highlight the importance of evaluating economic programs like the 4Ps from a different perspective, and in this case, a study on the discourses on the program. Also, another goal is to fill the research gap of having local-based studies on the program, by providing an assessment of 4Ps in the Samar Province. The results can also be used as basis of the government to rethink the program and reconstruct it in a manner that truly addresses the needs of the family-beneficiaries. Ultimately, better policies of the government will mean better living conditions for families窶付he very heart and significance of this study.

8 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Programs and policies alike undergo the process of formulation, implementation as well as impact assessment. For this study, the researchers assessed the impact of 4Ps, a program trumpeted by the Aquino administration as effective in improving the well-being of its beneficiaries. The administration’s baseline, however, comes from studies that have only looked from a quantitative perspective using economic variables and measures.

Failing to add a qualitative approach in these assessments, the researchers used the technique of analyzing discourses that may or may not compliment with previous impact assessments on 4Ps. The following review of literature shows how discourse analysis, as well as critical discourse analysis, is used in different ways especially in looking at the different processes of public programs and policies. It is also interesting to note that while grassroots approach studies are gaining popularity in the Philippines, the use of discourse analysis as a technique is not as popular compared to other countries. As this study employed a grassroots approach, the researchers also looked into the beneficiaries and local government units and how they were studied either through using discourse analysis or through highlighting their importance in the assessment of public programs. More importantly, the researchers looked into how conditional cash transfer programs in other countries and the 4Ps were studied.

A. Conditional Cash Transfers Conditional cash transfers have been around since the early 1990s when Bangladesh first implemented its Female Secondary School Assistance Project (FSSAP, currently active as FSSAP II) that targeted unmarried girls who plan on attending

9 recognized secondary schools. Within a five-year period, the Latin American countries of Brazil, Mexico, and Honduras followed suit with similar programs. The trend has spread worldwide in the next decade before being adopted by the Arroyo administration in 2008.

(World Bank, n.d.)

There is a wide range of literature that assesses the impact of conditional cash transfer programs in other countries, most of them measuring the effectiveness of the program through the compliance of the conditionalities. Brazil’s CCT program Bolsa Familia has been found to be effective due to improved health care utilization as health care visits of children increased (Shei, Costa, Reis, & Ko, 2014). The same is true for Mexico’s Oportunidades, with the increase of vaccination rates of older people in the country (Salinas-Rodriguez and Manrique-Espinoza, 2013) as well as with India’s Janani Suraksha Yojana in the improvement of maternal health reflected in the increase number of poor pregnant women giving birth in public health facilities (Sidney, Diwan, El-Khatib & De Costa, 2012).

Similar to those impact assessments of CCTs in other countries, studies conducted on the 4Ps within the first three to five years of its implementation have shown that the government’ foremost poverty alleviation program had indeed been making gains as the DSWD 4Ps Primer (2011) cited. According to Grosh et.al., (as cited in Chaudhury, et al., 2013) the 4Ps began and maintained a high 23% of an estimated poor family’s household income compared to Latin American CCTs that range from 5% to 29%.

In education, Constantino and Sandoval (2014) described a high compliance rate with regard to the requirement of 85% in total attendance. This is concurred by Chaudhury et al. (2013) who found an increase in the enrollment rate of the beneficiaries’

10 children in the 3-11 year old range, and a significantly larger spike in the attendance of 411 year olds that brought enrollment rates for that bracket to 98%. The same however cannot be said for those aged 12 and above as both health and education grants only cover up to 14 years of age.

The 4Ps also brought benefits according to studies in terms of the beneficiaries’ health. Constantino and Sandoval (2014) recorded increased attendance health visits for their preventive check-ups but is concentrated on the younger age bracket (0-5) than in the 6-14 year olds which is attributable to the program’s conditionality. Feedback regarding service quality is also to be commended. Consequently, Chaudhury et al.

(2013) found that this increase in human investments by the beneficiaries resulted in a decrease in spending on adult goods like alcohol leading to increased savings. However, the studies were based on an economic consumption standpoint.

Meanwhile, Kim and Yoo (2015) examined the implementation of the 4Ps by looking at how a conditional cash transfer program was chosen by the Philippine government as its banner social protection program, and an in-depth look of the implementation process and how the government overcame institutional constraints by implementing the program in a centralized manner through the national government. The authors also note, however, that while studies show that the program had indeed reaped benefits, they remain skeptic as the structural problems of the country are still unaddressed ― ailing education and health sector, the lack of national industries to provide employment, and the presence of oligarchies in the country ― which can only render the program useless in fully abolishing poverty.

11 B. Discourse Analysis and public policies and programs In this study, the researchers analyzed the discourses on 4Ps, particularly alongside the discourse of poverty. Such approach has been used in fleshing out issues surrounding government programs, and eventually determining whether the 4Ps has indeed been helpful to its beneficiaries (Bingham, 2010; MacDonald, 2003) The technique has been used several times in looking at the different processes of policies and programs, mostly for the purpose of addressing surrounding issues. For instance, Pini and Gorostiaga (2008) looked at educational policies in Latin America, wherein they recommended counter-hegemonic initiatives to defend and improve public institutions after seeing the emerging instrumentalization of the private sector in neoliberal education reforms in the continent. Meanwhile, in Bell-Altenstad and Vail’s (1995) study, conducting a discourse analysis on the Women in Sports policy allowed the researchers to see how the lack of clarity of the issues in the policy itself resulted to the impeded development of the policy.

At the backdrop of globalization, Fu (2013) looked at the discourse on dispatched workers in Japan and eventually shedding light on the country’s changing employment landscape. Meanwhile, Schirrmeister (2014) started with the controversial use of hydraulic fracturing in Europe and went on to look at media publications and legislative documents in examining the discourse of the use of the technology in Germany.

Discourse analysis is not limited to the area of policy-making. The approach was also used in other academic areas and yet having the same goals of examining policies and programs, for instance in religion where contradictions and power struggles were traced through interviews (Wijsen, 2010). It has also been used to gain insight into key

12 ethical and social issues on the non-medical use of supposedly medical substances by looking into the discourses on available literature (Forlini & Racine, 2009). Trending phenomena has also been looked at using discourse analysis and contextualizing it at a bigger picture, for instance the phenomenon of studying abroad and the ideologies it instills to student “adventurers” (Doerr, 2012).

The technique has also been used together with other approaches such as ethnography to provide insights contemporary knowledge works’ struggles over meaning and hegemony (Macgilchrist & Tom Van Hout, 2011).

C. Participatory Communication A grassroots-inspired approach requires an equally inclusive communication scheme in the form of Participatory Development Communication. The University of Queensland-Australia’s Centre for Communication and Social Change website (n.d., n.p.) defined it as “…the use of communication processes, techniques and media to engage stakeholders in social change” which “…implies the use of purposefully designed communication platforms and mechanisms to facilitate engagement in the planning, monitoring and evaluation of change processes”.

Mefalopulos (2003) emphasized in his dissertation – the result of a development communication project in South Africa that focused on human capital empowerment – two important points when implementing this communication model especially in a rural setting: ·

“A project adopting and promoting participatory communication should apply those principles from the very beginning, making sure that all relevant stakeholders are not only taken on board, but involved in the conception and

13 design of all objectives and activities” (p.149), and “A successful participatory communication approach must be considered as a process, running parallel to any other development activity” (p.251)

D. Critical Discourse Analysis Discourse analysis allowed the researchers to plot the power relations that exist in the discourse, depending upon the approach in analyzing discourses that researchers used.

In this study, in adapting Fairclough’s (as cited in Blommaert & Bulcaen, 2000) critical discourse analysis or CDA, the researchers were able to analyze a discursive event using a three-dimensional framework, which includes the text, the discursive practice and the social practice.

Fischer (2003) suggested that by using discourse analysis, researchers can draw how these texts are socially constructed, as well as its meaning for social organization and interaction. MacDonald (2003) then explained that discourse, as Fairclough suggests, is an ideological practice wherein: “…it contributes to a construction of certain values and goals as more worthy than others, identifies particular institutions as primary actors in a policy issue and attributes authority to certain bodies of knowledge over others. In this way, discourse contributes to the construction and reproduction of material relations of domination and subordination.”

For instance, MacDonald’s (2003) study, which was based on the documentation of land reform program in South Africa, concluded that ideological struggles have continued to shape and reflect the path of land reform policy in the country. Fairclough

14 and Wodak (2010) meanwhile, has recontextualized higher education programs in Europe at the backdrop of globalization, standardization and regulation. Tlili (2007) has also conducted CDA on the staff equal opportunities policies of six higher educational institutions in the United Kingdom.

The approach in analyzing discourses is also not limited to government programs, but to relevant issues as well. In order to contextualize perception of youth engaged in collective action, Gulliver and Herriot (2015) conducted CDA in analyzing newspaper articles, editorials and letters to the editor comparing the Arab Spring to the Quebec student strike. Amer (2012) probed into the discourse of Palestinian nationalism and how it constructed the notion of “homeland”. CDA has also been used to examine the messages that we receive from different information sources such as the media. For instance, Kellner (2006) concluded after conducting CDA that from the September 11 attacks in the United States, both the Bush administration and Islamic Jihadists have used the media spectacle in forwarding their agenda, as well as deploying fundamentalist and absolutist discourses. Meanwhile, Potts (2015) looked into queer discourses in video game players in social media such as YouTube, wherein acceptability instead of bigotry is being promoted in the group.

Nevertheless, the dimensions of CDA are “objects of moral and political evaluation” (Blommaert and Bulcaen, 2002, p. 449), wherein analyzing them have effects in society by empowering the marginalized, exposing power abuse, and to incite people to act against social wrong doings. There is always the goal of social emancipation in the approach.

15 E. Looking at grassroots participation “Policy is negotiated and reformulated at every level by the people involved in and excluded by - its realization,” according to Marcus (as cited in MacDonald, 2003, p.

152), thus drawing out the importance of the grassroots community in assessing public programs as well. Applying discourse analysis, MacDonald (2003) suggested that this approach will be helpful in exploring socially-constructed needs of the public and eventually the policy’s reproduction and reconstruction of the policy environment.

The importance of active vocal participation from the beneficiaries is highlighted

by Intoo-Marn (2003) regarding grassroots farmers as they “…experienced developmental problems introduced to the community by outsiders, namely government development policies, they view that in order to attain sustainability, the villagers themselves have to have control over development direction” (n.p.). Montiel and de Guzman (2011), in their study on the social meanings in the GRP-MILF peace process, concluded that the peace process’ loophole included the lack of on-the-groundparticipatory process acceptable to all antagonistic parties, namely public consultations.

Campbell et. al. (2008) recognized the growing emphasis on involving community voices in project research, thus they took the perception of the community in the call to support volunteers in HIV/AIDS management in a rural community in South Africa. Interviews of local government officials, community members, district health team and health care providers were conducted to explore the challenges of fair decisionmaking processes in health care services in a community in Tanzania (Shayo et. al., 2012). Meanwhile, given the government's concern of a nuclear war then, Corbett (1983)

16 facilitated a study that looked into grassroots perspective in the operational considerations of a crisis relocation plan.

In the Philippines, studies looked at how large issues such as the discourse of globalization affected the smallest of communities. In Lusterio-Rico’s (2013) study, the author examined how a municipality in Southern Luzon was affected by globalization in the form of mining. Atienza (2013) meanwhile looked at the same issue but now focusing on agricultural communities, as reflected in the Plant Variety Protection Act of 2002.

F. Stakeholders in government programs In assessing the impacts of 4Ps in Samar Province, the researchers have chosen two groups as the main sources of the discourses of the program. They are the public or the beneficiaries, and the local government units. It is important then to look into how literature studied these groups and what role they play in the processes of programs and policies.

1. The public Of all the groups concerned in the 4Ps, the immediate beneficiaries have the most to lose or gain in the outcome of this program; they would also have firsthand knowledge of whether the issues they are directly involved in are the ones being addressed or otherwise. There is also the consideration that the closest to active lobbying a 4Ps recipient could do is to forward their concerns to the most accessible local government unit.

In a similar study albeit anchored in science and technology, Irwin and Wynne (as cited in Attar & Genus, 2014) said that a â€œâ€Śchange in the policy discourse from expertbased governance of science and technology to governance based on public dialogue,

17 transparency and democratic engagement has partially been influenced by sustained criticism of the ‘deficit theory’ ” (n.p.) with the assumption that increased engagement from the public in developmental concerns will result in ‘socially robust technologies’ or in this case, policies.

Spiegel (1968, as cited in Ohio State University, n.d.) stated, “Citizen participation is the process that can meaningfully tie programs to people”. Ohio State University (n.d.) goes further by saying that this practice traces its roots to as far back as to Plato’s Republic which is hinged upon the concept of participation and democracy as its core aspects. OSU also listed some factors as to whether citizens voluntarily participate in community activities. These include the (1) presence of incentives, (2) an avenue for self-expression, (3) increased awareness of the threat/s to their way-of-life, (4) the commitment to an activity, (5) the presence of a desire to gain knowledge of a situation, and (6) the feeling of comfort within the community.

2. Local Government Units (LGUs) As the local arm of the implementing body of the 4Ps, LGUs are therefore the “...frontline institutions in responding to the increasing service delivery requirements of their constituents has the primary responsibility in the implementation of the MDG responsive programs and activities” (Panadero, 2004, n.p.). Panadero also cites the Local Government Code of 1991 as stating the LGUs’ responsibility of, among other things, the “...enhancement of economic prosperity and social justice…” (n.p.) of its constituents.

In a press release by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), former director Susan Rachel Jose (2011) further stressed the LGUs’ responsibility because “The lesson that we learned in the course of our technical assistance to LGUs is

18 that they play a critical role, because they have decision making powers, hold the purse and are directly accountable to their constituents” (n.p.) – this was stated in the context of the integration of development plans with adaptation, climate change, and disaster mitigation.

G. Synthesis This review of literature was pooled based on this research’s approach, its objectives, and the authors of the texts that the researchers are planning to study on.

Emphasis were given on the application of discourse analysis on previous studies, in its application on the stakeholders separately, and a discussion on the Philippine government’s conditional cash transfer program more popularly known as the 4Ps. With the objective of investigating the discourses that arise from the stakeholders, the researchers looked into Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, as the approach was helpful in meeting the general and specific objectives of this study. As for the beneficiaries and the local government unit, the researchers saw it essential to look into how discourse analysis was applied in gaining insights on the players in the public sphere where the discourse is held.

H. Research Gap Even in other countries, there is no available study yet that explores the discourses that these conditional cash transfer programs stir in the public sphere. Concentration has mainly been on program assessments that are based on the economic measures imposed by the program’s conditionalities, but no insights were generated yet as to how debates and discussion regarding the program can shape its impact. These nuances can be discovered through the use of Critical Discourse Analysis, which is not widely used yet

19 in the field of Communication Research in the Philippines. Furthermore, this study can compliment several quantitative studies that were already conducted in order to paint the big picture of the impact of 4Ps. On another level, insights that can be gained in this research can contribute to the limited studies of the program that concentrate on the grassroots level or in communities where the country’s poorest live.

CHAPTER III. STUDY FRAMEWORK This study initially employed an inductive research approach with the aid of Norman Fairclough’s framework to critical discourse analysis. After the data gathering, the researchers were able to determine the theories and perspectives that helped in explaining the discourses on 4Ps, which are Stanley Deetz’s Systematic Distorted Communication and the Dependency Theory of Development.

In this study, the researchers used Fairclough’s three-layered CDA in analyzing the discourses of the beneficiaries and the local government unit on 4Ps. To further explain the communication process in the discourses, the researchers used Deetz’s theory which highlights the control of the program implementers in the local government unit over the beneficiaries. Furthermore, the Dependency Theory of Development aided in assessing the societal impacts of the 4Ps specifically as a poverty alleviation program.

A. Theoretical Level This study utilized the theoretical framework of Dependency Theory of Development in providing assessment for the 4Ps. The researchers believe that the said theory aptly explained the relevance of the results in Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis and Deetz’ Systematic Distorted Communication in the context of development.

1. Dependency Theory of Development The Dependency school of thought gained popularity in the 1960s and 1970s among Latin American scholars. It explains underdevelopment in terms of regions, the central and periphery (Servaes, 1996, p. 84). “Due to the fact that the periphery is deprived of its surplus, development in the center implies underdevelopment in the

21 periphery,” according to Servaes (1996, p. 84). While the theory is very broad, the common ground among its proponents is the assumption that the causes of underdevelopment in the peripheral countries is external to it (Anggoti, 1981, p. 126).

Dos Santos (as cited in Chilcote, 1974) explains the process of dependence among countries: “By dependence we mean a situation in which the economy of certain countries has conditioned the development and expansion of another economy to which the former is subjected. The relation of inter-dependence between two or more economies, and between these and the world trade, assumes a form of dependence when some countries (the dominant ones) can expand and can be self-sustaining, while other countries (the dependent ones) can do this only as a reflection of that expansion, which can have either a positive or negative effect on their immediate development.” (p. 4)

Development in the periphery nations stops when they become dependent and adopt the economic system of the world market which is capitalism. “Capitalism in the poor countries is likely to perpetuate underdevelopment because of increasing integration of the world capitalist system and because capitalism cannot promote sufficient economic growth for the entire population,” (Chilcote, 1974, p. 15).

Osvaldo (as cited in Chilcote, 1974) described how it is when a periphery nation is dependent: “Access to the means and benefits of development is selective; rather than spreading them, the process tends to ensure a self-reinforcing accumulation of privilege for special groups as well as the continued existence of a marginal class.” (p. 4)

22 In terms of trade and wages, Emmanuel (as cited by Anggoti, 1981) explains that there is unequal exchange among core and peripheral countries. With that, he suggests that “the terms of trade and wages need to be revised so that labor (and capital) in the periphery are compensated in accordance with the value produced.” (p. 126-127) Cardoso and Faletto meanwhile, suggests that there be “a tariff wall, with generous state subsidies, an active fiscal policy, and a drop of central planning here and there, poor countries could hope to lessen their dependency on the center and develop autonomously” (Velasco, 2002, p. 45) While the popularity of Dependency Theory has waned over the years, its basic tenets of underdevelopment still holds true in some cases. Hills (1994) for instance studied on the international market of telecommunication, and discussed that the American hegemony has a strong hold over communications in that the communications sector all over the world is being shaped in the American market image. Thus, “…we can safely argue that the concept of 'dependency', in the sense that the autonomy of individual poorer states is minimal, and that their internal domestic arrangements are increasingly shaped by the international economy, is more relevant today in the communications sector than it has ever been,” Hills (1994, p. 186) states.

At the same time, the researchers believe that the Dependency Theory adequately explains why underdevelopment remains in the country especially in the rural areas despite the government’s statements that economic growth is happening. In perspective, the economic system of the country is very much dependent in the foreign market, and only the few oligarchs in the country have benefitted in this economic growth, as poverty still remains in the country as proven in this study.

23 B. Conceptual Level This section explains the concepts of the frameworks used in this study, namely Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis which aided the researchers in the process of analyzing the discourses, and Deetz’s Systematic Distorted Communication in providing the framework in explaining the process of communication and participation in 4Ps. a. Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an approach in analyzing discourses, yet critical in its view of the relation between language and society, as well as the relationship between analysis and the practices analyzed (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997).

Fairclough and Wodak goes on to define CDA: “CDA sees discourse – language use in speech and writing – as a form of ‘social practice’. Describing discourse as social practice implies a dialectical relationship between a particular discursive event and situation(s), institution(s) and social structures which frame it…the discursive event is shaped by situations, institutions and social structures, but it also shapes them” (p. 259).

Aside from this dialectical relationship, analysis is raised on a higher level wherein power relations and ideology also plays a key role in discourses (Titscher, Meyer, Wodak, & Vetter, 2000). There may be an ideological agenda in language use, thus the approach was formulated to study power in discourse as well as the power of the ideological agenda in the discourse (Titscher, Meyer, Wodak, & Vetter, 2000). Given these, CDA deviates itself from other approaches in the sense that there is the goal of

24 social emancipation, of intervening on the side of the dominated group and going against dominating groups (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997).

There are also several approaches to CDA, but this study will employ Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework in analyzing discourse (see Figure 1). The innermost box represents the actual text which requires the scrutiny of its form and content, because to analyze content is to analyze its form―contents are always realized in its forms (Fairclough, 1995).

The second layer, termed as the discourse practice, links the text and the sociocultural practice. This level of analysis deals with the immediate context of the text, which includes its production as well as its interdiscursivity or relation to other discourses (Titscher, Meyer, Wodak, & Vetter, 2000). This second level of analysis is characterized by how how texts are ultimately produced and interpreted that is dependent on the sociocultural context (Titscher, Meyer, Wodak, & Vetter, 2000).

Bringing the analysis to a higher level, the sociocultural practice is where the texts and the discourse practice is explained in the context of the different levels of social context that the stakeholders belong to, which also includes the situation and the institutional context (Titscher, Meyer, Wodak, & Vetter, 2000). Additionally in this level, the relations of ideologies and power to the said contextual levels are explained.

25 Figure 1. Fairclough’s Conceptual Framework

b. Stanley Deetz’s Critical Theory of Communication Approach to Organizations Stanley Deetz (1982) first critiqued what according to Griffin (2003) is “…the easy assumption that what’s good for General Motors is good for the country” (p. 302) in a manner considered critical due to him "...questioning the primacy of corporate prosperity" (McClish & Langan, 2006, p.267) In particular, the communication practices that affect the representation of all involved sectors in the decision-making process in the corporate level. This form of participatory communication is defined by Deetz as reserving “…a seat at the decision-making table for every class of stakeholder, [affirming] the importance democratic participation, fairness, equality, diversity, and cooperation.” (Griffin, 2003, p.311) This approach revolves around the premise of two concepts: The first is of his critique of the severe limitations of the Shannon-Weaver communication model's linearity; it may have put an effort to calculate for most probable communication factors

26 and the interference that occurs midway through that process, but it does not account for the dynamism between the said factors (pp. 302-303). The other is that of Managerialism, the "...kind of systematic logic, a set of routine practices, and ideology." (Deetz, as cited

by Griffin, 2003) which manifests as a top-down imposition of authority which basically throws out vertical communication within the hierarchy because the “managers” are merely streamlining their workspace with little to no regard for feedback (p. 304-305).

Resistance from the workforce is inevitable should they become aware of the diminishment of their rights and representation, therefore managerialism implements “systematically distorted communication”. This is the suppression of the voice of dissenters through their disqualification from the relevant discourses (“discursive closure”) and therefore leading the workforce to think that there is nothing to complain about in the first place and consequently, unknowingly submit to an opportunistic system (pp.306-307). From the figure we see the managers at the top of the cycle. They exert control through discursive closure on the workers as represented by the black arrow on the right. The workers then give their full consent to the workers as represented by the black arrow on the left.

Figure 2. Deetz’s Systematic Distorted Communication

27 C. Operational Level In this study, the researchers have integrated selected concepts from Fairclough’s approach to CDA, as reflected in the objectives of this research. The term discourse takes various definitions, but in this study, it refers to the whole act of communication, “involving matters like context, background information or knowledge shared between a speaker and hearer” (Bloor & Bloor, 2007, p. 7). As illustrated in Figure 3, texts include minutes of Family Development Sessions, Parent Leaders Meetings and Municipal Interagency Committee Meetings. In describing the texts, main themes were also identified in the discourses on 4Ps. These main themes and characteristics were interpreted in the context of its production, as shown in the second layer for the discourse practice operationalized by the focus group discussions conducted and the Family Development Sessions attended by the researchers.

The sociocultural practice will be explained using Stanley Deetz’ concept of Systematically Distorted Communication, juxtaposing the Municipal or City Link Officers and the local government unit as managers, the beneficiaries as the workers, and the dynamics of control in the form of discursive closure exerted by the former resulting in the unlimited consensual compliance of the latter. A perspective of the Dependency Theory will also be explored in order to flesh out the discourse of poverty in the program.

The circle on the left represents the discourses on the 4Ps and the concentric, multi-tiered boxes inside of it shows the CDA which is how the said discourses will be analyzed. The method of analysis for the third level, the Explanation, is derived from

28 integrating the Systematically Distorted Communication aspect of Deetz’ Critical Theory of Communication Approach to Organizations into the CDA model along with the Development Perspective and is thus superimposed on the right.

Figure 2. Integrated Operational Framework

C. Operational Definition of Terms Discourse – refers to the whole act of communication of 4Ps in Samar. It is divided into three levels: the physical product of the discourse or the text, the discourse practice and the sociocultural practice.

Discourse practice – refers to the context of the production of the minutes of family Development Sessions, minutes of MIAC and CIAC. The researchers generated data through focus group discussions with the local government officials and beneficiaries, and attended Family Development Sessions.

29 Societal impact – refers to the overall effect of the 4Ps program in the well-being and living condition of its beneficiaries in Samar Province Sociocultural practice – refers to the analysis of the discourse on the social level. The researchers in this study analyzed the communication process in the discourse of 4Ps with the aid of Stanley Deetz’ Systematic Distorted Communication.

Text – the documents used by the researchers in the analysis of the discourse of 4Ps in Samar Province. They include minutes of Family Development Sessions, Monthly Reportorial Requirements, minutes of Parent Leaders’ meeting, minutes of the Municipal Interagency Committee and the City Interagency Committee.

CHAPTER IV. METHODOLOGY A. Research Design and Methods This study employed a qualitative approach in analyzing the discourses of the beneficiaries and local government on 4Ps, particularly using textual analysis as technique. Focus group discussions with the local government officials and beneficiaries were also conducted as well as attendance to one of the Family Development Sessions in the sample municipalities and city.

Considering the framework in this study which is critical discourse analysis, the researchers employed textual analysis in describing the texts and identifying the main themes in the documents gathered by the researchers. There were two sources of texts for this study: the documents obtained from the Province of Samar and the focus group discussions and attendance to the Family Development Sessions.

For the analysis of the third layer, the researchers used the Systematic Distorted Communication of Stanley Deetz in explaining the communication process within the program, and a perspective on Dependency Theory in providing assessment of the impact of the program.

B. Concepts and Indicators Table 1. Concepts and Indicators in the study Concepts

Indicators

Method/Theory

Text

Main themes

Textual analysis

Documents used -Minutes of Family Development Sessions -Monthly Reportorial requirements

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-Minutes of Parent Leaders’ Meeting -Minutes of Municipal/City Interagency Committee Discourse Practice

Context of the production of the documents

-Focus group discussions -attendance of Family Development Sessions

-Record of notetakers during Focus group discussions -notes of researchers during attendance of Family Development Sessions

Sociocultural Practice

Process of communication within the program

Stanley Deetz’ Systematic Distorted Communication

-

Impact assessment

Development perspective

Dependency Theory of Development

-

C. Research Instruments The researchers prepared a coding matrix for each of the documents with recurring themes and categories, so as to determine the main themes in the local government unit and and beneficiaries’ discourses on 4Ps. Interview guide for the focus groups discussions for the beneficiaries and local government unit, both in Waray and translated, were also prepared by the researchers (See Appendix H and Appendix I) that were conducted last September 19 and 20, 2015 in Samar Province.

D. Units of Analysis and Sampling In analyzing the discourses on 4Ps in Samar, different types of texts were obtained from the Provincial Link in Samar to represent the beneficiaries and local

32 government’s side, and focus group discussions were conducted. Three sample municipalities were chosen through convenience sampling with maximum variation: the capital of the province, Catbalogan City; Daram, an island municipality; and Jiabong, a municipality relatively farther from the capital.

Below is a more comprehensive and detailed list of the documents obtained by the researchers: Table 2. Data inventory for Beneficiaries Document

JIABONG

Family Development Sessions (Documentation Form)

1 document (2015)

Monthly Reportorials

CATBALOGAN

DARAM

122 documents (2015)

57 documents (2015)

97 documents (2014)

55 documents (2013)

3 documents (2013)

2 documents (undated)

1 document (2015)

39 documents (2015)

6 documents (2015)

Family Development Sessions (Attendance of Researcher)

0 attendance (no scheduled FDS during visit)

1 attendance (2015)

1 attendance (2015)

Parent Leaders’ Meeting

*4 documents (2012)

4 documents (2014)

1 document (2015)

Focus Group Discussion Participants

3 participants

3 participants

9 documents (2013) 1 document (undated)

1 document (2013) 2 participants

33 Table 3. Data inventory for the LGU Document

JIABONG

CATBALOGAN

DARAM

Municipal Interagency Committee Meeting

1 document (2015)

2 documents (2015)

1 document (2015)

Municipal Action Team

6 documents (2013)

0 document

0 document

Focus Group Discussion Participants

2 participants

3 participants

2 participants

1 document (2013)

During the focus group discussions, three beneficiaries of 4Ps from Jiabong and Catbalogan and two from Daram were selected through convenience sampling, as the participants from Jiabong and Daram still had to travel by jeepney or by boat in order to reach the venue in Catbalogan. The same setup was conducted with the participants of the focus group discussion with the local government units, where three were able to attend from Catbalogan and Daram, and two from Jiabong. The researchers hired three notetakers to be present in each of the focus group discussions.

One of the researchers also attended and took notes in one Family Development Sessions (FDS) in Daram and Catbalogan. The researchers was unable to attend an FDS in Jiabong due to schedule conflicts of both the researcher’s and the FDS schedule.

E. Data Gathering The duration for the data gathering started from as early as July until November 2015. The letter to the Regional Director of the Department of Social Welfare and Development in Region 8 was sent in July and was approved in August. One of the researchers also attended the FDS in Catbalogan and Daram in July.

34 For the focus group discussions, the researchers went to Catbalogan City in September 19 to 24. Some documents were obtained in September 23, but more documents came in as late as November from Catbalogan City, as the City Link Office said that the minutes of the previous City Interagency Committee Meetings were washed away during Typhoon Ruby and was only able to give few documents.

F. Data Analysis With the aid of Norman Fairclough’s framework to CDA, the researchers first described the minutes of Family Development Sessions, Monthly Reportorial Requirements, minutes of Parent Leaders’ meeting, and minutes of the MIAC and CIAC meetings and identified the main themes and major characteristics through the repetition of topics and identification of underlying meanings. Then, the focus group discussions and attendance to the Family Development Sessions were also described through the notetakers’ and researchers’ record, but with the approach of connecting the description of text in the first layer. The sociocultural practice was analyzed through the discussions of the descriptions of the text and interpretation of the discourse practice, and analyzing the dynamics and communication through Stanley Deetz’ Systematic Distorted Communication. The impact of the 4Ps program was then assessed using the perspective of the Dependency Theory of Development.

G. Scope and Limitations In assessing the societal impact of the 4Ps, the researchers’ analysis on the discourse on 4Ps in the Samar is solely based upon Catbalogan, Daram and Jiabong, out of the 26 municipalities in the province. It did not study the standard economic indicators

35 that previous studies used, but is purely qualitative and only looked at the discourses of the beneficiaries and the local government unit.

The language barrier also became a limitation on the part of the researchers as the the focus group discussions and some documents used Waray-waray, the vernacular language of the province. This was, however, compensated by one of the researchers who was a native speaker of the language. The results of this study were also based solely from the documents obtained by the researchers, as some of the documents were unavailable in some provinces due to poor record keeping or the documents were washed away during the Typhoon Ruby that struck the province last December 2014.

H. The Researchers Gloiza Rufina Plamenco is a 21-year old BA Communication Research undergraduate student hailing from the province of this study’s namesake, Samar. Jan Deo Mendoza, also a BA Communication Research student, is 22 years old and was born in Manila and raised in Quezon City.

Gloiza is interested in studies that elaborate the politics in daily activities, critiques on capitalism, as well as trifling studies on obscure “exotic� human activities and films. Deo leans more on studies regarding project development and implementation, community development, and international relations.

The idea of the study came during brainstorming of topics, and one of the researchers raised her qualms on the implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in her hometown in Samar. Both the researchers saw the potential of the topic in bringing together the dream of both researchers in producing a study that can be a form of giving back to the Filipino people.

CHAPTER V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this section, the researchers applied Fairclough's three-dimensional approach to CDA in analyzing the data provided for by the Department of Social Welfare and Development office of the Province of Samar and the Municipal Link Offices, as well as the data that the researchers generated through focus group discussions with selected beneficiaries and members of the local government unit from Catbalogan, Daram and Jiabong. The discussion of the results are subdivided into three main parts: 1. Describing the Texts, 2. Interpreting the Discourse Practice, and 3. Explaining the Sociocultural Practice. The researchers elaborated on each of the documents that were analyzed so as to contextualize and introduce the documents without having to sacrifice their relation to the level analyzed.

A. Describing the Texts In the first level of Fairclough’s CDA, the researchers described all the documents we received in terms of their format and content, as well as the selected themes that were unique or overlapping among all the documents. There were three main types of documents that were analyzed. The (1) minutes of the Family Development Sessions which was subdivided into (1A) Templated Documentation Forms, (1B) Handwritten Minutes, and (1C) Monthly Template Reports. This is followed by the (2) minutes of the Parent Leaders’ meetings which were also subdivided into (2A) Free-flowing and (2B) Sectioned minutes. Last are the (3) minutes of the Municipal Inter-agency Committee/Municipal Action Team meetings.

At the summary section which will wrap up the Description Level, the main themes that were found and determined by the researchers will be discussed.

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1. Minutes of the Family Development Sessions The minutes of the Family Development Sessions (See Appendices C, D and E) were divided into two parts, the templated documents and non-templated documents.

Both had unique features and at the same time overlapping themes that were noted just the same by the researchers for further elaboration as to which documents showed particular themes. a. Format Both versions of the minutes of the Family Development Sessions are generally written with six general parts: the (1) Identifying Information – which includes the name of the barangay, the parent leader in-charge, venue, date, and attendance, the (2) Summary of the Session, (3) Issues and Concerns Encountered by the Beneficiaries, (4) Take-home Assignments, (5) Next FDS Schedule and Topic, and the (6) Challenges and Issues Encountered by the Municipal Link.

Template Documentation Form of Family Development Sessions For the first level of analysis, the researchers examined the minutes of the Family Development Sessions (FDS) from the municipalities of Catbalogan, Daram, and Jiabong. These documents date only as far back as 2013 as the earlier documents have been swept away and lost during the Typhoon Ruby which the province took the brunt of.

Up until 2013, the municipalities had manually recorded these minutes on yellow paper with no discernible format regarding writing style or content.

The transition to encoded material required the minutes to follow a loose format that led to being easily archived but also to very templated documents with little to no

38

variation among differing barangays per municipality that discussed similar topics.

Respective municipalities however, appear to follow a unique format. For example, the minutes in Catbalogan are generally synopses of the topics discussed. Those from Daram on the other hand incorporate the general flow of the FDS itself; transportation difficulties, participation of the barangay officials through the opening ceremonies, reception and participation of the beneficiaries, and the ensuing discussion, if any.

This issue of replication has reached the point of severity that in Daram, a verbatim report – practically copy-pasted for all intents and purposes – recurred for 15 different barangays all dated within the last week of May 2015.

Handwritten minutes of Family Development Sessions The handwritten minutes were far more different from the ones that were written in a template in many aspects, especially in terms of their format. While template and handwritten documents served as a record of the session of the FDS, the handwritten FDS minutes were not bound by the content that were set to be filled out. Instead, the documents were written in a free flowing manner, which could either be very long detailing all that were discussed by the resource speaker, or very short as simply stating what topic was discussed in that particular session. However, there still remained the usual flow present in these handwritten documents: the program starts with a Prayer, singing of the Pambansang Awit, and Roll Call of Attendance, which was no longer recorded in most of the template Documentation Forms analyzed.

Unlike the template documents that were written by the Municipal or City Link Officers, the non-templated minutes were written by a beneficiary, who could either be

39

the elected Secretary of the group or the Parent Leader. There are many possible reasons as to why the minutes were sometimes written by the Parent Leader instead of the Municipal or City Link Officer through the Documentation Form, such as the absence of the Municipal or City Link Officer in the meeting and the Parent Leader takes over the presiding, or the template Documentation Form was still unavailable at the time of writing.

More importantly, almost all of the documents were written in Waray-waray, giving a more accurate detail as to how discussions are received and understood by the beneficiaries. During analysis, one of the researchers who is a native Waray-waray speaker was able to code the documents, coming up with a set of themes that still overlap with the other documents even with the template Documentation Form. And it was in these documents that the researchers saw its notable differences from those template documents written from the perspective of the program implementers or the Municipal and City Link Officers.

In these handwritten minutes, the perspective of the beneficiary prevails in its truest form ― not bound by strict templates and written in their voice in the aid of the vernacular language which is Waray-waray. For instance, the researcher who is a native Waray-waray speaker observed that the tone and choice of words in the documents written by the beneficiaries themselves were more authoritative and commanding compared with the choice of words in the template Documentation Form. For example, when the Municipal Link Officer reminds them of projects and compliance issues, there are phrases such as “diri gud pwede nga diri” which, if translated in English, roughly means “it must not be”. This is most probably because since it is in the vernacular

40

language, how the message was given by the Municipal Link Officer reflected in the way the sentences and phrases in the minutes were written. It may be analyzed that the beneficiaries see the words of the Municipal Link as a command or something that they really must do.

The beneficiaries write what they hear and how they understand it as reflected in their choice of words, and they write what they think is important.

Monthly Template Reports on Family Development Sessions Aside from the template Documentation Form submitted by the Municipal or City Link to the Provincial Link for every session of Family Development Sessions, they were recently required this year to submit a template Monthly Reportorial Requirement. It is a summary of the sessions that were conducted in the barangays handled by the Municipal and City Link Officers each month.

The document is divided into five parts: first, there is the document on the Attendance and Sessions Monitoring that includes the topics conducted during that month, the number of beneficiaries who attended in each topic, and the resource persons of each topic. Next is the Report on Absences, which indicates the number of beneficiaries who were not present in the sessions both with and without proxies, and the actions taken by the Municipal and City Link Officers.

The third part is where the Municipal and City Link Officers briefly narrates some highlights that happened in the sessions, significant issues that were raised, as well as success stories that they found remarkable. They were also required to include few photos of the sessions, a feature that is not present in the regular Documentation Form and is

41

rather an important part for the researchers, as they are able to get a glimpse of how it is really like during the sessions, especially how the setup is in the discussions given the number of attendees since these are not elaborated further in the regular documentation form.

Next, the Municipal and City Link Officers are tasked to list down what the beneficiaries have learned, the knowledge they gained and the skills they acquired from the sessions. The researchers think, however, that this may be problematic in terms of its validity as it is written from the point of view of the Municipal or City Link Officers instead of the beneficiaries themselves. While the higher offices are given idea as to what could be the possible learnings that the beneficiaries may gain in the sessions, it does not really present a clear and true answer as to whether the beneficiaries really did learn these skills and information. The last part now includes a supplement from the Parent Leaders whenever they act as resource person in the session.

b. Content Variances of the content of the minutes of the Family Development Sessions are almost negligible when it comes to a particular topic that is used over multiple barangays; differences in punctuation and wording with no significant semantic value at the most.

Therefore the researchers opted to analyze it according to the main themes by providing descriptions and discussions per individual item.

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Diversity and expansion of Family Development Session topics The saving grace of the repetition of the template minutes is the sheer multiplicity of topics tackled. Of the 59 unique topics gathered from all the documents we compiled, 39 of those came from the templated FDS documents alone.

The more obvious topics of health and education are amply covered; the former more so than the latter. Health-related topics are still primarily geared towards women and children - prenatal, and maintenance care, including antiviolence and abuse laws but have expanded to personal health and hygiene. 4Ps, however, had diversified since its inception six years ago. Family dynamics, roles, and welfare follows close in the number of discussions. Community security and participation are also discussed, along with disaster preparedness and mitigation. The more recent sessions have even explored the issues of gender roles and sensitivity, although it is still limited to the male-female dynamics and have yet to venture to the concepts of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression or Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transgender, Queers.

There are topics that were covered by the minutes and there were still administrative matters discussed with regard to the needed documents and compliance in the program, but the researchers noticed that these issues were not brought up that much in the non-templated minutes as compared to the Documentation Forms.

Constant discussion of administrative issues and program conditionalities Occurrences of beneficiaries' concerns regarding the system have become a nearpermanent feature of all documents. These range from questions regarding the beneficiaries’ status in the program's master list, the schedules of the cash transfers and

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retroactive payments. In fact, the most recurrent of these are the questions regarding their status, followed consequently by the concerns about the low entitlement of some beneficiaries.

The rest include problems about unreleased and unclaimed cash cards, school and health facilities that do not regularly update the beneficiaries ' compliance and certification to the authorities, changes of residency leading to listing discrepancies, and reminders regarding compliance to the program.

Also, from the 45 Monthly Reportorial that were coded by the researchers, several themes came up which also overlap with the other documents, as well as observations that were only found in this particular document. Administrative issues was mostly about the absence of beneficiaries during the FDS, wherein as mentioned earlier, the Municipal or City Link Officer visits the household to counsel them, and to remind them of their commitment to the program and the consequences of their absence even if they sent someone else in the household as proxy. Consequence is almost always about the possible grant deductions, and at some documents, the Municipal or City Link Officer highlights the importance of the learning that they will miss in the discussion. An issue in fulfilling the education conditionality also came up, for example the disinterest of students in going to school, as well as the new grading policy where student beneficiaries are already required to maintain a grade, which was not so much elaborated in the document.

The prolific appearances of these administrative concerns can do not necessarily indicate a complete failing of the program or those that implement it. It may indicate that the beneficiaries may have developed the habit the value of asserting their rights and

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doing away with complete submissiveness to the program's conditionalities - although this may also be interpreted as merely motivated by the monetary compensation. The assumed trait of assertiveness may also be not entirely justified, as the beneficiaries still have to be constantly reminded of their compliance to the program's conditionalities.

Infrastructure Concerns and Limited Participation of Beneficiaries with the FDS Hindrances to the overall proceedings of the FDS cannot be entirely associated with the assumed weaknesses of the administrative system as the beneficiaries are also liable to not be fully receptive of the program in general. From the minutes the researchers identified the subthemes of geographical inaccessibility, logistical inadequacy, and beneficiary indifference.

The researchers took note that these documents were written by the Municipal or City Link Officer in charge, and therefore are personal subjective evaluations of the beneficiaries. With regards to geographical inaccessibility there had been complaints of "High rate(s) of transportation�, for both the Municipal Link Officers and the beneficiaries to the FDS venue, that is if there is any at all since unavailability of transport service had also been a written problem. That however had not been explained whether it is due to the absence of vehicular provisions by the LGU, or if there were simply no scheduled mass transportation headed there at that time. Unpredictable weather conditions have also been cited. In general the Municipal Link Officer have little to no control of these factors.

Logical inadequacy might not be directly - but is likely - attributable to the Municipal or City Link Officers themselves as the phrasing of the concerns are largely

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neutral with no apparent entity at fault. These include: "Unavailability of needed materials/things", "Unavailability of a resource person", "Venue not conducive for learning", "Large number of participants" and "Few are not informed about the schedule" among others.

A possible explanation to this detached voice may largely be due to the desire to deflect fault assignation to the program and those associated to it. However, it must remember that overall provision of these resources and the facilitation of the FDS is the responsibility of the Municipal or City Link Officers. There had also been a concern regarding the collection of money by the Municipal or City Link Officer from the beneficiaries as rental fee for the venue and accommodations. No details have been given regarding how much have been solicited and from how many but fortunately — since this is very close to a grievance case if any part of the collected money is used for other than the venue — it remains as an isolated case. The act may imply a lack of preparation for not attending to the matter earlier and even lack of professionalism, but it may also be viewed as troubleshooting in the Municipal or City Link Officer part if the municipality in question is too far for any advanced logistical preparation.

Beneficiary indifference is only labeled so regarding inattentive participants/listeners during the FDS. With regards to attendance, parents are sometimes noted to excuse themselves as having unspecified, important matters to attend to, but even when they do attend it, they are either "...late to come to the venue", show "inactive participation from parents" or some of them "...are not prepared for the FDS". These may be detrimental to the whole purpose of the FDS but these cannot be used to generalize the whole population as they appeared mostly in one municipality. The rest however record

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participation from the beneficiaries if they can relate to the topic being discussed or if humor is used as the approach. They have also shown legitimate concern when it comes to knowledge building of health awareness and to a lesser extent, education issues.

Misuse of cash dole outs There are only two main avenues of misuse of the dole outs to the beneficiaries, and that is gambling and the pawning of their cash cards. Gambling is the more recurrent of the pair in the minutes not only in instances of the Municipal or City Link Officers reminding the beneficiaries against committing it (instances of actual gambler identification are not indicated in the minutes but are found in the grievances reports filed directly to the DSWD office) but also in volume of questions asked. Pawning of cash cards on the other hand is not as prolific as compared to the issue of gambing.

To proactively counteract these the Municipal or City Link Officers regularly do spot checks in the beneficiaries’ homes and in seminars the people are always warned about their usage of the dole outs as these were given by the government for their compliance and not for leisure, but that is the extent of their prevention efforts.

Recognized offenders are given three warnings before they are completely removed from the program's master list and their cash grant privileges removed. In spite of this, the Municipal or City Link Officers continue to encounter these cases.

The delisting penalty although grave, is a short-term solution in itself. Gambling instances are a contradiction to the human capital investment thrust that the DSWD tries to inject to the population, which leads to two possible reasons. First is that the message is not getting through to the public either because they are not receptive enough or the

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message had not been delivered well. The other possibility is that the dole out in itself is not enough which makes the prospect of earning quickly through gambling an irresistible prospect. Either way, the lesson of self-sustainability is lost upon them.

Capability of FDS as an educational tool for the beneficiaries From the three years' worth of data, the researchers have retrieved 59 different topics were recorded. Topics were subcategorized under program conditionalities, women and children empowerment, family relations, family welfare, personal welfare, and finances.

As the title implies, program conditionalities comprises of meetings that review and remind the beneficiaries of their compliance requirements.

Personal welfare development sessions were plentiful, a nod to the human capital investment program goal. Generally, stress management, introspection, and personality development were the most talked about. Negativity regarding the FDS and the community have also been discussed and surprisingly, a whole session had been dedicated solely for hygiene instructions.

Women and children empowerment remains to be part of the main thrusts of the 4Ps and lessons about it are equally intensive; seminars were given about RA 9262 Antiviolence Against Women and Children and the RA 7610 Anti-Child Abuse Law, along with lessons on gender sensitivity and the impacts of stress on women and how they might reduce it.

Besides women and children, the program had expanded its teachings to the importance of family dynamics, mostly on marriage counselling sessions and of the

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recognition of the husband as the main provider but stands on an equal footing with his wife with regards to rights.

Family welfare tackled lessons on self-sustenance through backyard gardening, family planning and the free benefits linked to it that beneficiaries can avail of, and finally disaster risk reduction within the family and the community.

Financial lessons explored simple and the more innovative ways of money management: from the simple saving up with the use of alkansya, time management, and the removal of the one-day millionaire attitude, to dole out usage and consumption habits, to the encouragement of creating cooperatives for better money handling and investment.

In the non-templated documents, the beneficiaries are even taught to become “models of the community�.

There is no denying that the FDS gained an influential role as a tool for educating beneficiaries and had a role in improving the general welfare of the beneficiaries, but the problem arises: what if what they are teaching or how they teach it is not right? Some documents have mentioned that the beneficiaries current socioeconomic status was to be blamed only on themselves, that the "...rich become rich and the poor become poorer".

This document may have only occurred a scant number of times in the past three years, but there is no guarantee that this had not occurred in the first three years since its inception, not to mention the extent of damage it might have potentially done. It might even be likely that this had contributed to the recorded indifference from the beneficiaries.

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Miscellaneous Concerns Aside from the three subthemes, some codes deserve a special note. The first is the issue of "Participants wearing revealing clothes during FDS/Pantawid sessions". No article of clothing were specified but this sudden strictness, the enforcement of a dress code is somehow a petty concern compared to the inattentiveness of the participants unless, it did provide a big enough distraction to the beneficiaries or to the Municipal or City Link Officers themselves. Another is the unexplained concern of "Political intervention" that was vague in the document. This might have already happened previously from unrecovered minutes, but this doesn't appear on any of the more recent pieces. It begs the question of the origin of the intervention since the 4Ps themselves are government based - a conflict with the barangay officials or from other interested parties, perhaps?

The following table lists all the topics found in all the documents gathered for the first layer. There had been no identifiable pattern in the sequencing or clustering of the topics, just that they have been repeated over multiple barangays again, with no discernible pattern.

Table 4. Topics in Family Development Sessions Fire Prevention

Wise use of money

Money management

ERPAT/Paternal Role

MOVE (men against violence empowerment)

Development for Change

Financial Evaluation

Angkop na ugnayan ng mga magulang at anak

BAED Campaign

Parent child relationship

Sino ako? Ako bilang isang tao

Pintakasi

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Vermi Composting

Parents roles and responsibilities

RA 7160 Municipal Ordinance of Pregnant Women and Hilots

Community problems

SLP Capability building

Health Caution on Dengue, Filiariasis, ang Chikunggunya

Strengthening Wife and Husband Relationship

Climate change/Global Warming

Beneficiary behavior towards FDS and the community in general

RA 7610 Child Abuse Act

Stress debriefing and backyard garden evaluation

Myself and I evaluation

Psychological first aid and backyard garden check

Responsible parenthood and family planning

Importance of backyard gardening and overall barangay cleanliness

Maternal and child care

Stress management at home

Relationship building for couples

Psychological first aid

Women stress management

Waste management and social preparation

RA 9262 Antiviolence Against Women and Children

Gender and development

Personality development

Stress debriefing and sports fest

Self-reflection and relationship building for couples

Personality Typology

Landscape Inspection

Family Planning

BSP Program and Advocacies

Backyard gardening and barangay waste segregation

10 Rights of the Child

Program Updates and Compliance: Malnutrition

Disaster Preparedness

Pabasa sa Nutrisyon

Anti-insurgency and Security Campaign

NAC Resolution Review for Misdemeanor Cases

Facility-based delivery/ordinance for Pregnant Women

Disaster Preparedness Plan

Couple's Day

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Brigada Eskwela Orientation and Celebration

Gender Sensitivity

RA 9262 Anti Violence Against Women and Children

Program Review

Chikungunya Virus

Family Disaster Preparedness

Program Updates & Compliance

2. Minutes of Parent Leaders’ Meetings Parent Leaders’ Meetings are done in the discretion of the Municipal and and City Links, wherein it depends upon them how and when they are going to conduct the meeting, or if they are going to conduct meetings in the first place. a. Format Since the Parent Leaders’ Meeting depends on the Municipal and City Link Officers, the recording of the minutes do not necessarily follow a specific format.

However, from the observation of the researchers, formats of the Parent Leaders’ meeting are divided into two: the free-flowing minutes, and the sectioned minutes.

Free-flowing minutes From the several minutes of Parent Leaders’ Meetings that were obtained from the three municipalities, only Catbalogan records the meeting in a free-flowing manner.

This is to note, however, that the researchers obtained minutes of Parent Leaders’ meeting from only one out of the six City Links in Catbalogan. The other City Links may be writing the Parent Leaders’ meeting in a different manner, but for the minutes available to the researchers, Catbalogan recorded the proceedings in a narrative form.

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The City Link simply separated the date, time, venue and a few agenda of the meeting in the first part of the document, and then proceeded to narrate what happened in the meeting. He enumerated the present Parent Leaders by barangay, and briefly wrote what they were talked about but does not specify details. For instance, the City Link Officer simply writes, “Each Parent leader was asked to report the statuses of the Pantawid implementation in their respective barangays.�

While the City Link Officer narrated in chronological order, there are some parts that he chooses to elaborate on, or what he think may have been important in the meeting.

For example, at one meeting, he elaborated on gambling, while on the other he dedicated a large part of the minutes on the Fun Run Activity of the local government.

Sectioned minutes Sectioned minutes are not necessarily the same with template documents of Family Development Sessions, because the template documents are the same in all municipalities and city. Sectioned minutes, however, are simply those minutes that follow a certain format or template that varies in each municipality. The minutes of Parent Leaders’ meeting that the researchers obtained showed that Jiabong and Daram records their minutes in an organized manner by using sections.

The flow usually starts with a prayer led by someone specified per minutes. It is followed by the singing of the Pambansang Awit, and a Welcome Message by a local government official present in the meeting who could either be the barangay captain, or the Municipal Social Welfare Development Officer. In Daram they immediately iterate the agenda for the meeting, while Jiabong first acknowledges the present Parent Leaders

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and there is a unique part where they review what they talked about during the last Parent Leaders’ meeting that is recited by one of the Parent Leaders.

Unlike the narrated, paragraph form of the free-flowing minutes, the sectioned minutes enumerated the specific details that they talked about in bullets. Jiabong sometimes used narrative, complete sentences in discussing in the bullets, while Daram mostly used tight but several sentences that showed every detail.

While there was only one minutes of Parent Leaders’ Meeting that was obtained from Daram, the document was long and detailed, spanning to four pages. The researchers observed this was much more detailed compared to those minutes of the Parent Leaders’ Meeting from Catbalogan and to a certain degree Jiabong. Thus, the researchers have the general idea that there may be more strength and efficiency in the local Municipal Link Office of Daram in terms of their processes as they can be fully transparent in the proceedings of the meeting. While this is not to discredit the local offices of Catbalogan and Jiabong, the researchers believe that it is important if meetings such as these are more detailed and transparent as the content of the discussions of the Municipal and City Link and the Parent Leaders are crucial in determining the connections between the Municipal Links, the Parent Leaders, the local government unit heads, and the beneficiaries themselves.

b. Content Several themes and topics from the previous documents have recurred in the content of the minutes of the meeting with Parent Leaders. This section, however, highlights the role of the Parent Leader in these recurring themes.

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Extended tasks of the Parent Leader The discussion during the Parent Leaders’ meeting has been in line with usual discussions during Family Development Sessions, albeit shorter and more concentrated on program issues. The administrative issues were present in the discussion such as retroactive payments, release of cash cards, and other payroll-related issues. These are important information in the meeting as the Parent Leaders are tasked to guide the beneficiaries in complying with the necessary documents and other necessary documentations.

They were first to be oriented of the local Municipal Link Office’s own strategies for efficiency of processes. One example would be especially during payout when the dole-out is given by cash and necessary forms need to be filled out by the beneficiaries.

The Municipal Link Office has devised a scheduling of payout per barangay so that beneficiaries would not have to suffer long lines during payouts. They are also informed in advance of the schedule of Family Development Sessions, as they are the ones who inform the beneficiaries in their barangay of the upcoming sessions and the corresponding topics if available.

However, the researchers were able to analyze much a deeper implication, if not a deliberate action on the side of the program implementers, in utilizing the Parent Leaders’ as a possible mouthpiece of the program on their fellow beneficiaries beyond their usual task of being a middleman of information between Municipal and City Link Officers. At one meeting, a local official said that they must continue their job in supporting their program even if they are not paid for it.

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For instance, at one meeting, the Parent Leaders were implicitly tasked to influence their fellow beneficiaries in discouraging gambling. Also, they act as investigator of the City Link, checking on their fellow beneficiaries as to who are guilty of the said vice. They become the support in searching for evidence in delisting beneficiaries who are involved in gambling.

The influence of the Parent Leader may be great on the beneficiaries, as the Parent Leaders are the ones that the beneficiaries run to when they ask for details, such as the payout issues, and necessary documents that are part of their compliance on the conditionalities.

The nature of the tasks of the Parent Leaders has positioned them to become implementers of the 4Ps together with the Municipal and City Links. Specifically, the researchers saw that they have become effective implementers as they are on the ground and in contact with the beneficiaries ― they personally know and interact with each of the beneficiaries in their respective barangays, thus their influence may be deep and significant.

This is not to discredit, of course, the representation of the Parent Leaders on their fellow beneficiaries. They still air the grievances of the beneficiaries to the Municipal and City Links. However, their tasks have become more in line with the implementation of the program instead of ideally voicing out the side of the beneficiaries.

Local issues raised in meeting Together with the Parent Leaders, the Municipal and City Link Officers discuss program issues and updates in the local barangay. For instance, the issue of geographical

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inaccessibility is raised, particularly in Daram where the barangays are separated by the sea, and Municipal Links and beneficiaries alike need to hire boats in order to reach the center of the municipality where payouts are frequently held. That is an additional expense for both parties, not to mention the security risks especially when beneficiaries need to bring their children during payout or for necessary check-ups.

Also, the case of gambling which has been a rampant issue across the sample municipalities and city has been a constant topic. As part of their solution to the issue, one of the Municipal Link Officer instructs the Parent Leaders to check on their fellow beneficiaries and determine who are guilty of the said vice, so as to become support in searching for evidence in delisting beneficiaries who are involved in gambling.

Presence of Parent Leaders in dialogue with local government unit heads Unlike in Family Development Sessions where beneficiaries are only like students being instructed by local government unit members, Parent Leaders are sometimes present in the dialogue of Municipal and City Link Officers with local officials. In the documents analyzed, the City Social Welfare and Development Officer was present in the Parent Leaders’ meeting and there was a dialogue about the beneficiaries’ problem still falling under the financial category.

In the said meeting, only the City Links and City Social Welfare and Development Officer was recorded to be discussing. They determined that the problem may be the lack of skills training for livelihood programs, and they agreed on tapping private agencies for funding as the local government lacks budget for it.

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While in the minutes only the City Link Officers were the ones recorded to be giving inputs, it is somehow appreciated that the Parent Leaders themselves are present, at least to represent in behalf of the beneficiaries. However, this is not enough in the perspective of the researchers as this does not mean participation of the ordinary beneficiaries. As earlier stated in the observation, Parent Leaders should not really be the only ones to be present in these dialogues as they have become implementers of the program instead of becoming the voice of the beneficiaries. Add to this the observation that they did not contribute much in the dialogue.

Importance of an efficient local government unit It was found in the content of the minutes that the local Municipal and City Link Officers devise their own strategies for efficiency of processes especially during payout when the money is given by cash and necessary forms need to be filled out by the beneficiaries. This, together with the issue of geographical inaccessibility as discussed earlier, highlights the importance of having a strong and efficient local government unit to properly implement social welfare programs such as the 4Ps. For instance in Daram, the researchers believe that repercussions of the issue of geographical inaccessibility can be addressed through an initiative of the local government in providing free boat rides for poor families, or by assigning health workers in each island barangay that is available 24/7 for health check-ups, or at least more frequent than usual.

While the Municipal Link Officers have devised his or her own strategy for efficient payouts, a full support from the local government is still needed to properly implement the program. This much needed support also extends to the national

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government by ideally giving sufficient budget for the development of local governments.

Local government unit’s implicit recognition of continued poverty In the introduction of this study, the researchers have explicitly expressed their belief that poverty still exists in spite of the 4Ps and the claims of its success. In one of the meetings during the dialogue with the City Social Welfare Development Officer, the official said that the problem of the beneficiaries “still falls under the financial category�.

While the City Link did not elaborate what the official meant by this (reiterating once again the importance of further details in the minutes as discussed earlier), the researchers understood this to be the lack of finances or daily income of the beneficiaries as the City Link Officers and City Social Welfare Development Officer discussed on setting up livelihood programs for the beneficiaries with private companies due to lack of budget of the local government unit. This is in support of the claim of the researchers that many beneficiaries remain to be poor due to the lack of stable income that is not addressed by the 4Ps.

3. Minutes of the Municipal Interagency Committee Meetings/Municipal Action Team Meetings The Municipal and City Interagency Committee (MIAC) Meetings are required meetings that discuss the program with the local government heads and stakeholders. The local government unit takes on a very important role in the implementation of the program as they provide support in different aspects, such as the infrastructure support in

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the program conditionalities on health and education, as well as in the projects conducted by 4Ps beneficiaries.

The Municipal Action Team (MAT) Meeting Minutes on the other hand are the documents supplied by the Municipal Link Office of Jiabong in addition to the MIAC minutes.

a. Format There are different setups of the meetings in each municipality and city, which became the basis for the three subsections under format: Holding independent MIAC meetings with the 4Ps stakeholders, the integration of MIAC with other general committees in the local government unit, and meeting with local Department of Social Welfare and Development members. These formats have an effect in the quality of discourse of the local government unit on 4Ps that is discussed below and in the next subsections to follow.

Independent meeting with the 4Ps stakeholders As mentioned earlier, the local governments have their own way of fulfilling the required MIAC. Catbalogan particularly, however, is the only one among the sample cases in this study that strictly followed the process of meeting mandated by the DWSD. The national agency said that regular meetings should ideally be held independently with the presence of the representatives of the stakeholders such as the District Supervisors of the Department of Education and the representatives from the Department of Health. In Catbalogan, meetings are held quarterly. This is to note that the researchers was only able

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able to obtain the minutes of the last two meetings because the hard copies of the minutes were washed away during the Typhoon Ruby that heavily affected the city and the City Link Office was unable to keep soft copies.

The minutes were recorded by one of the City Links and written in a narrative flow and in chronological order. Language is formal and in English. In the upper part of the document, the date, venue and time of the meeting is indicated. Next, the flow is narrated in paragraph form as starting in the usual process: An opening prayer, the singing of the National Anthem, the acknowledgment of the present participants, and welcome messages from local government unit officials. Attendance is not part of the main document but simply an attachment.

There is also a review of the proceedings of the previous meeting, and questions and clarifications are briefly listed in bullet form, if there are any. Then presentations follow depending on the agenda, but usually the content of the presentation is only briefly discussed in paragraph form in the minutes. Instead, the issues and concerns raised in each presentation are also briefly listed in bullet form, and there are a few times when it is indicated in the minutes who specifically raised the concern or question. While the record is written briefly, it is apparent that discussions and exchange of ideas happen among the members present in the meeting.

After the presentations, suggestions are briefly noted in paragraph form, as well as the recommended agenda for next meeting if there are any.

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Integration of MIAC with the general local meetings In Daram, the MIAC is already included in the LGU’s monthly Management Committee (MANCOM), where all the department heads are present. The MANCOM was initially done on a regular basis until it was stopped during late 2013 and has only resumed meeting in the middle of 2015. As a result, the researchers were only able to obtain minutes of meetings dating 2013 and 2015.

The MANCOM of Daram, where the MIAC is held, is the venue where all the department heads give updates of their respective offices, regardless of whether they are 4Ps stakeholders or not. The presider of the meeting is the Mayor and the proceedings is recorded by the secretariat of the municipality, and the Municipal Link Office of Daram is only furnished a copy of the minutes.

English is also the language used in this document, but sometimes it includes Waray-waray sentences when there is a direct quote from someone. In the documents, the venue and date of the meeting is indicated, and the attendance of present members is listed. The format of the whole document is mostly in bullet points. The presentations of each department head is listed, and concerns are also briefly listed if there are any.

In the presentation of the Municipal Link, some Family Development Session topics and activities were listed, and the issues that may concern the local government.

Questions of the Mayor with regards to 4Ps are also listed but there are no details as to how it was answered by the Municipal Link. It appeared that the presentation of the 4Ps only comprised a small part of the whole document.

However, the researchers deem that while it is helpful that all department heads are present regardless of whether they are 4Ps stakeholders or not as it has the

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opportunity in fully receiving feedback and opinion from all local government heads, the meeting is limiting in itself. Since around 10 to 15 departments including the Municipal Link Office have their presentations, the whole day may not be enough to entertain all comments, suggestions, and questions, and may even be suppressing possible discussions and debates among the local government heads since there may be time limits for each presentation or members’ attention may have already flown out of the window after the first half of the meeting and simply become spectators and listeners in the meeting.

Meeting with the local Department of Social Welfare Members The Municipal Link in Jiabong iterated that aside from poor record-keeping, it has been quite difficult for them to conduct meetings with the LGU, causing them to meet rarely compared to the other sample municipalities as they still have to arrange the meeting themselves and settle the schedules of the heads. The researchers were only able to obtain one MIAC meeting. The Jiabong ML instead supplied the researchers with additional five Municipal Action Team meetings. MAT meetings are somehow the same with MIAC meetings except they were conducted with members from the local DSWD, and at times with the presence of some stakeholders as well.

The recording of the minutes is not consistent across all documents. In the meetings where only the DSWD members are present, the minutes are in paragraph form through brief narratives and there are rare instances when they use bullet points.

However, in one meeting where the other stakeholders are present, the minutes is much specified with the combined use of brief narratives and bullet points for enumeration. The minutes is written by an assistant from DSWD and noted by the Municipal Link.

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The venue and date are indicated in the upper part of the document, and the attendance is listed and usually there are only four (4) attendees if the meeting is only with DSWD members. The agenda is listed after, and below, the paragraphs narrating or describing the proceeding of the meeting follows in the order of the agenda. However, these meetings with the DSWD members do not represent the opinions of stakeholders.

Thus, it only appears that the meeting has only become a discussion of office processes and feedback from the members present in the meeting comes only in one or two questions and suggestions.

In the meeting with the presence of other stakeholders, presentations are conducted and the content is briefly listed. Issues and concerns that were raised in the meeting are specified, where descriptions of the said issues are included.

b. Content The content of the MIAC meetings have mostly been about updates on the program, and the discussion of issues in the municipalities and city that surface during the meetings with the local government heads.

Updates of the program Like in other previous documents, reports and updates of the program are discussed in the meeting. Mostly they are administrative matters such as “accomplishments� in terms of the number of households included in the program, number of beneficiaries who are compliant as well as those who were delisted, and the FDS topics conducted, among others.

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Discussion of issues and concerns in the municipality or city Issues that are encountered by the Municipal or City Link Office or even by the local government officials are raised and discussed in the meeting. From their discussion, they usually arrive with suggestions and agreements addressing the discussed issue.

The perennial issue of gambling has been common in the MIAC meetings, but there were also those issues that only came to the researchers’ attention as they were analyzing the documents. For instance, there was an issue on the inclusion of beneficiaries who are barangay captains and even regular employees. For that particular issue, the body suggested to delist those beneficiaries “to give chance to more deserving ones”. Another issue, which directly involved the LGU, was the frequent complaint of beneficiaries on the Pintakasi, a clean-up drive conducted by the 4Ps beneficiaries and most likely present throughout the documents. On this, a local stakeholder defended that the activity was “voluntary”, and was done on a scheduled basis so as to avoid repetition.

Roles of the local government unit Throughout the analysis of the minutes of the meeting, the researchers were able to point out the very big role of the LGU in the efficiency of the program. The amount of support that they give to the program is also reflective as to how the program performs in some aspects. For instance, the cooperation of LGU is important in the program’s delivery of efficient education and health services to its beneficiaries, as schools and health centers still operate under the LGU.

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Also, the LGU coordinates with the projects of 4Ps such as their contribution as resource persons in skills trainings, and they have programs as well with the 4Ps members as their beneficiaries such as the Sustainable Livelihood Program under the DSWD. Some LGU members also exemplify the initiative to create strategies as a group in addressing issues that are encountered by the program.

However, aside from being project implementers, they have also become a sort of watchdog of the program in the sense that they want to know the effects of the program and its projects. For instance at one meeting, the mayor has raised the concern as to how the program has helped in alleviating poverty after all its interventions in the beneficiaries’ lives.

They also inquire about the college scholars of the program, since college students are no longer covered by the educational grant and those who may only receive grants are screened and selected because of the limited budget. They also want to know more about the livelihood programs of the beneficiaries, wherein at one point, they were suggesting to invite beneficiaries in the meeting to present testimonials.

B. Interpreting the Discourse Practice In analyzing the Discourse Practice of the discourse on 4Ps, the researchers used two sources of data: the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with the beneficiaries and the local government officials, and the Family Development Sessions that were attended by one of the researchers herself.

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1. The Family Development Sessions One of the researchers who is a native of Catbalogan City was able to attend at least one FDS in Catbalogan and in Daram. There have been scheduling problems in the FDS in Jiabong, such that the researcher was no longer able to attend one of the FDS of the said municipality.

The first FDS that the researcher has attended was in Daram in July 16, 2015 at the Daycare Center of Poblacion 1. The session was about the topic “Kumain ng Iba’t ibang Pagkain; susi sa balanseng pagkain”. In Catbalogan, the FDS that was attended by the researcher was a continuation of the beneficiaries’ trash can making. It was conducted at the Daycare Center of Barangay Canlapwas in July 24, 2015.

a. Format The format of the Family Development Sessions attended by one of the researchers include the classroom-type session and the project-making session. This is an advantage for the researchers, as they were able to witness first-hand different kinds of sessions conducted in the FDS, as educational discussions and project-making are common activities shown in the previous documents.

FDS in Daram: The Classroom-type session When the researcher went to Daram to attend the FDS, the geographical inaccessibility immediately became apparent to the researcher as travelling to the municipality requires an hour’s travel time through a big transportation boat because

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Daram is an island municipality, with its barangays also located in different islands relatively near the center.

The beneficiaries first gathered at the day care center of the barangay, which the researchers noticed was too small for the large number of beneficiaries. While the City Link Officer was discussing how the deployment of trash cans will happen, as well as the topic for the next FDS, many beneficiaries remained outside, with the possibility that they could no longer hear and understand what the CL was talking about.

The FDS was scheduled at 2PM at the Daycare Center of the barangay, but there were only a few beneficiaries first gathered during that time. The researcher, together with the Municipal Link Officer, waited for the beneficiaries to come. The room relatively had enough space as the beneficiaries started coming in, but there were only a few small chairs available for everyone (the chairs available were the very chairs used by preschoolers), leaving some standing in the room. Some of the beneficiaries brought their children, toddlers and infants alike, with them. The heat was also pretty distracting for everyone in the room, as the researcher saw the beneficiaries fanning themselves with papers or cartons.

The session started at around 3PM with the topic “Kumain ng Iba’t ibang Pagkain; susi sa balanseng pagkain�, a recurring topic from past FDS. The resource speaker was one of the Municipal Link Officers, who discussed the importance of eating nutritious food in the family. The beneficiaries were given ideas on the kinds of food to serve that are affordable and at the same time nutritious.

In the middle of the discussion, the Municipal Link Officer constantly asked questions to the beneficiaries in their habits of preparing food, and there were

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beneficiaries who actively participated. His tone was authoritative like a teacher who discusses and sometimes reprimands his students. They also had a sort of group work wherein the beneficiaries and their group were enumerating the Go, Grow and Glow foods by writing it in a manila paper. Some were actively contributing by giving suggestions and there were those groupmates who were simply watching. After that, a reporter was assigned to share his/her group’s answers to the rest of the beneficiaries.

At this point, the researchers saw that the participation of the beneficiaries has been limited to the answering of questions, group works, reporting, and project-making.

In fact, it seems that even the Municipal and City Link Officers see that the beneficiaries’ participation is limited to the presence in said activities, and recitations during FDS. The ideal type of participation in contributing to the crucial decision-making of the program seems to be alien from the beneficiaries and Municipal and City Link Officers alike.

After the discussion, they now proceeded to administrative matters such as the matter on payouts. The Municipal Link Officer pointed out after he reiterated the schedule of payouts that some beneficiaries have been constantly asking him about payouts even if it is still not the set schedule. Then, there was an open forum where some beneficiaries were able to raise issues, such as asking for assistance in family problems.

At this point, there was an attempt from the beneficiary and Parent Leader to actually make a suggestion in terms of the program’s structure, rules and regulations. They were questioning why college education is not supported by the program when in fact, the students are almost finishing education and finally having a shot at being employed. The Municipal Link Officer, however, simply ignored the suggestion by reminding that the program only supports elementary and high school.

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Lastly, the researcher found herself lucky enough to be able to attend an FDS where the barangay captain participated. In the middle of the program, the Municipal Link Officer mentioned that the Barangay Captain will be joining the session for some reminders for the beneficiaries. After the discussion on payout scheduling and some follow-up questions from the beneficiaries, the barangay captain came and spoke in an authoritative and slightly angry manner in regards to the perennial issue of gambling.

“It huygo diri makakabulig, it iyo oras karag…ginbubuligan [dapat] it kalugaringon, manhingkamot para hit iyo improvement, [Gambling does not help, it is just a waste of your time…you should help yourselves, work hard for your improvement],” the barangay captain said, without pressing too much on the consequence of being delisted unlike the Municipal Link Officer but emphasizing more on the social effect of the vice to families, which the researchers deem to be reflective of genuine concern. Also in this particular FDS, the researcher noted that local officials do intervene if needed as part of their role as support to the program. They have the advantage of being listened as they are an authority in the barangay level. The session ended at 4:00 PM.

FDS in Catbalogan: Project-making session The session in Catbalogan City was not necessarily an educational discussion but a continuation of the making of the beneficiaries’ project. For this session, the team of each Parent Leader created trash cans. The previous month, they planned and discussed how the project making will go about, and for this particular FDS, the trash can should be ready for deployment to the assigned places, for example in the surrounding schools. As

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iterated by the CL, they came up with the project because that particular barangay, Brgy.

Canlapwas, is flood prone. Through the trash cans, they aim to minimize the possibility of clogged drainage due to the trash from the neighborhood. Here, the researchers noted that activities conducted in the FDS may also promote contribution to the communities.

The FDS started at 2:15 PM and the beneficiaries first gathered at the day care center of the barangay, which the researchers noticed was very small for accommodating the large number of beneficiaries. Unlike the FDS in Daram where some beneficiaries brought their children with them, all children were outside the venue playing, most probably because there was no more room for anyone in the Daycare Center. If every FDS venue and setup is like this, then the educational opportunities presented in each session may be rendered useless as the venue itself is not conducive for learning. Here, the gap of poor infrastructure needs to be crossed by the LGU, highlighting further that the LGU needs to be empowered and improved in order to fully implement the program well especially in poor and rural municipalities.

The City Link Officer discussed how the deployment of trash cans would happen, and then proceeded to shortly introduce the topic for the next FDS. While the discussion was going on, many beneficiaries remained outside, with the possibility that they could no longer hear and understand what the CL was talking about.

After the short discussion, the City Link Officer took photos of the projects of each of the group, and the beneficiaries deployed their trash cans group by group starting at around 3:00 PM. Some stayed and waited to personally talk to the City Link Officer for payout questions and transferring of grantee. There was no formal ending of the session.

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b. Content Content of both the FDS attended is subdivided into the topic discussed, the administrative matters, and other issues raised in the session.

Session’s topic The resource speaker was one of the MLs, wherein he was able to discuss the importance of eating nutritious food in the family. Given that the beneficiaries were under financial constraints, the ML made it possible to reiterate to the beneficiaries that food does not necessarily need to be expensive as they can find nutritious foods from their garden. The researchers believe that these kinds of educational discussions are important as the content is adjusted to suit the needs and context of the beneficiaries. He was also somehow able to insert in the discussion if the payout being given is indeed used for the proper purposes such as nutritious food, instead of buying junk foods.

Administrative matters Similar with the previous analyzed documents, administrative matters have been present in the session such as payouts. The Municipal Link Officer reiterated the new schedule of payouts to the beneficiaries, and after that, he commented that some beneficiaries have been constantly asking about payouts even if it is still not the set schedule, waiting for him and “guarding� him just to be able to ask when the cash dole out will be released.

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While this may only appear at the level to be an issue that can be dismissed, the researchers saw this to be dependency of the beneficiaries on the program. Beneficiaries keep on waiting for payouts maybe because they no longer have money, they do not have stable incomes such that when their money runs out even before the schedule, they keep their hopes up in case payouts will be made.

Issues raised in the FDS In Daram, a beneficiary pointed out her child’s financial issue in his college studies where he will be kicked out of the dormitory in the local university he is studying at, but the family cannot afford to let him rent dormitories outside the university. The Parent Leader supported the case of the beneficiary, saying that it is also equally important that the program support college students as they are almost at the end of their education and nearing employment. The Municipal Link Officer, however, simply iterated that the program only supports elementary and high school education.

This brings into question to the researchers that if the program truly wants to alleviate poverty by means of education, then the point of the beneficiaries is valid and must be taken into consideration, even to be raised to the higher levels or local government. However, by dismissing the suggestion, it became apparent to the researchers that participation of the beneficiaries do not include interfering with the program’s rules and regulations.

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2. Focus Group Discussions The researchers conducted two focus group discussion in order to provide context in the documents that were analyzed.

FGD with local government officials September 19, 2015, 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM Balay-balay Restaurant, Catbalogan City The first focus group discussion that was conducted by the researchers was the one with the local government unit members and officials. There were a total of 8 participants in the discussion: three from Catbalogan, three from Daram and two from Jiabong. They were selected by referral and availability since participants from Daram and Jiabong still needs to travel by jeepney or by boat in order to reach the designated venue in Catbalogan. Each municipality and city had a present Municipal Link Officer with a total of 3 MLs present, and the rest were department heads in their respective municipality.

The researcher who was a native of Catbalogan acted as the facilitator, the other researcher recording the non-verbal cues, and three students from Catbalogan were hired as notetakers to ensure counterchecking of facts and transcriptions of statements. The venue was conducted at a rented karaoke room. The place had the right size for a closed, intimate discussion, but just had enough space for everyone to fit in and to hear what each was saying. It was air conditioned to ensure that the participants were comfortable during the discussion.

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FGD with 4Ps beneficiaries September 20, 2015, 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM Balay-balay Restaurant, Catbalogan City The next focus group discussion was with the selected beneficiaries from the three cases in this study. Same with the local government officials, they were chosen by referral and availability since participants from Daram and Jiabong still needs to travel by jeepney or by boat in order to reach the designated venue in Catbalogan. Two participants came from Daram, and three each from Jiabong and Catbalogan. From the total of eight participants who were all female, five of them were Parent Leaders in their respective municipalities. This FGD was meant to contextualize the documents pertaining to the Family Development Sessions as well as the meetings with the Parent Leaders.

The setup of the activity was the same with the FGD with the LGU members, where the researcher who was a native of Catbalogan acted as the facilitator, the other researcher recording the non-verbal cues, and the same three students from Catbalogan were hired as notetakers to ensure counter-checking of facts and transcriptions of statements. The venue was conducted at the same room where the FGD with the LGU members was conducted.

The participants were either beneficiaries for three to six years already, receiving both the educational and health grants. Some of them got their daily income from their sari-sari store, from selling fruits and juices or from cooking and selling food, while others worked in their local barangay. Some of the participants’ husbands worked as fishermen or as workers in local establishments.

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a. Format The discussion on the format of the focus group discussion is divided into the FGD with the local government officials and the FGD with beneficiaries. Under each FGD, subsections on the flow of the discussion and the quality of debates on each FGD will follow.

a.1. LGU Format Flow of the FGD Before the discussion proper began, the researchers introduced themselves and the background and purpose of this research. The notetakers also introduced themselves, and the house rules were enumerated: everyone is encouraged to answer the questions, and they can agree or disagree with the ideas of their fellow participant but they must respect each other’s ideas.

At first, they narrated the flow of the program in their municipality, their scheduled meeting and other topics that they talk about during the meeting. They were asked of their personal definition of MIAC and its significance to the municipality and the program itself.

When they were asked if there were debates and or discussions during the meeting, everyone enthusiastically said yes and each municipality cited examples of issues that triggered discussion in their meeting, and even triggered discussion among the participants in the FGD itself. In fact, everyone said that they were comfortable in expressing their opinions during their MIAC meetings.

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The next series of questions probed in to the participation of the members of the committee. They were asked if everyone is able to participate in the discussion during FDS, and who are the ones who usually participate. Then they narrated what usual topics are in these sessions, and they were asked if they feel that they are able to talk about the important things needed to be discussed during the 4Ps. Everyone said yes, and they cited that they have an agenda that they follow.

Towards the end of the discussion, they were already asked of their personal view on 4Ps, and if the program helped in reducing poverty in their municipality and in Samar as a whole.

Debates Although some participants warmed up over the course of the discussion, almost everyone was very much participative and willing to share his/her thoughts except for one participant who seemed silent and only spoke when the facilitator asked her directly.

This may be attributed to the sitting arrangement as she was sitting far from her workmates so this may be one thing to note during FGDs. The participants were vocal with their thoughts, and they are comfortable contradicting what their fellow participants were saying if they thought otherwise.

There were a lot of debates and instances when two people were talking at the same time. It was helpful that some of the participants already know each other despite working in other municipalities, as the warming up did not take very much long. From the perspective of the researcher taking notes on the non-verbal cues, the discussion had that air of professionalism. The discussion was full of debates most probably because

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they saw one another as equals, but they agreed on certain ideas as well. As elaborated earlier, the LGU officials were not hesitant in opposing their fellow participant, and of course there were also counter-arguments. The researchers observed that the LGU officials were in the position to freely express their views, and it was helpful in a way that all of them feel that they have the power and privilege to talk about their views because the true views in the local government level surfaced.

a.2. FGD with Beneficiaries Flow of discussion Same with the flow of discussion with the LGU, the researchers first introduced themselves and the background and purpose of this research. The notetakers also introduced themselves, and the house rules were enumerated: everyone is encouraged to answer the questions, and they can agree or disagree with the ideas of their fellow participant but they must respect each other’s ideas. They beneficiaries introduced themselves to each other, and the benefits they receive from 4Ps. Details were first asked about the FDS in their barangay: the flow, number of families that attend and how they receive information on the schedule of FDS. Then they shared to the group their most unforgettable FDS and how the things they learn in the FDS help their family.

Then they were asked what the issues are which they talk about during FDS, and whether they are comfortable in expressing their concerns. They were affirmative when asked if there are discussions or debates during the session, and enumerated the common issues of the beneficiaries that triggered discussions such as payout deduction.

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The next question pertained to the roles of the Parent Leaders, and the Parent Leaders present answered enthusiastically. Then the participants who are not Parent Leaders were asked if they feel that the Parent Leaders represent them well.

The next questions were their personal take on 4Ps. They were asked how the program helped them, what are their usual issues and concerns and how those can be solved, and if they had difficulty in fulfilling the conditionalities.

Towards the end of the discussion, the participants were asked if they think the 4Ps helped in reducing poverty in their family and the barangay in general, and if there have been changes in their living conditions ever since they received the benefits from the 4Ps.

Debates The discussion with the beneficiaries was calm as compared to the FGD with the LGU members, wherein each one of them were answering the questions of the researcher. At first, most of the participants were guarded and there were a few others, Parent Leaders to be specific, who dominated the discussion by sharing longer and more detailed accounts. All of them, however, were willing to share their experience in their respective municipalities. There were moments when they were asking and comparing each other’s experiences, for instance when the participants in Jiabong said that both the husband and wife must attend the FDS. Participants from Daram said that it was not required for them, as their husbands still have work especially in their municipality where the main source of living is fishing and farming.

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Throughout the discussion, however, debates were minimal, as if they either waiting for their turn to speak or they allowed their fellow beneficiaries to share first.

Although when the three beneficiaries were asked if their Parent Leaders represented them well, the researchers felt that maybe their answers were guarded since the other five participants were all Parent Leaders.

b. Content b.1. Content of FGD with LGU Flow of MIAC meeting In Catbalogan, the participants have a short program first and the City Social Welfare Development Officer presides if the mayor is not present. They hold their meetings quarterly and it is solely for the 4Ps. Daram holds their MIAC meeting together with the Management Committee Meetings (MANCOM) every month, when each department heads present their reports. As for Jiabong, they shared that the meetings are supposed to be every Thursdays of the month, yet this does not push through as often as expected. As a result, Jiabong’s ML still has to gather the MIAC members and a meeting only pushes through because of her efforts. She shares that the updates of the program are first discussed in the meeting.

Convergence The participants see the importance of having a MIAC/CIAC meeting because it is a chance for them to converge and tackle the issues and concerns with the presence of all stakeholders. Also, during their meetings, debates are always present and welcomed,

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as it improves their teamwork according to the participants. In a way, the researchers see this as the recognition of the LGU that they have a big part to play in this program.

The researchers also noted that the local government officials, even the MLs an CLs, truly have that genuine care for the beneficiaries in the way they speak and express concern for the beneficiaries. As one participant notes, regardless of the 4Ps, each of them have that “undying” advocacy. They have the belief that the program truly does help in the welfare of the beneficiaries in terms of its totality.

Discussion of administrative matters Confirming the constant presence of administrative matters in the documents, the participants said that the usual discussion during the meetings are the administrative matters, such as updates and accomplishments of the program, whether targets are being reached, how much fund is released, and who is qualified, among others. And with this, they believe that they are able to talk about the important things during the discussion.

Dependency of beneficiaries on grant During the discussion proper, there was already a small debate at the beginning of the discussion, wherein one LGU department head expresses her disappointment on the issue of compliance of projects. “May [project] na maghimo garden, which makes the 4Ps a compliance. In a sense na bakay ginpapahimo hin garden, tigtulo, lima la ira paso (They have a project of making a garden, which makes the 4Ps a compliance. In a sense, just because they’re required to make a garden, they just have three, five jars),” she says,

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to which another LGU department head agrees and points the issue of unsustainability in the name of compliance.

One of the MLs defend the program by saying, “Through FDS gintatagan panutduan na mas maupay magkamayda garden kay dako an bulig hini…pwede na ini makasustain para ha karanun han anak. (Through FDS, they are given knowledge that it is better to have a garden because it is a big help…this can already sustain for the food of the children)”.

When the cash dole outs were brought up, there was a debate among the Municipal and City Link Officers and some department heads because, Boyte, a department head, said: “Ha usa nga recipient, signgon ta, nagtatanum hin root crops, yana waray na nagtatanum hin bilanghoy, kamote, anon ginhihinulat? An release…Bagan gin tutduan an aton mga recipient na magin hubya, natapud nala ha pagkobra, pero diri na tanan sugad hini, (One recipient, for example, plants root crops. Now, no one plants root crops anymore, because what are they waiting for? The release…It is like [the program] teaches our beneficiaries to be lazy, depending on the cash grant. But not everyone is like this).”

While this is an observation of some participants, it may hold true to some extent as these were expressed by heads of the Agriculture department in their municipality.

This has spurred debate, Richard, a Municipal Link Officer, answers him directly: “Diri gad siguro nga gintututduan hira na maging hubya, understanding la ito naton ha aton nakikita ha ira pero in reality, nangangabuhi ito hira ha kada

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adlaw kay diri man maigo an 3,200 nga asya an ira maximum na nakokobra, kada duwa na bulan. Nangabuhi hira pero kulang la ugaring (Maybe it’s not that they are taught in becoming lazy. It’s simply our understanding that we see but in reality, they work everyday because 3,200 is not enough for two month, and that’s the maximum amount they receive. They work but it is not enough),” Ricky* said (not his real name).

To which the researchers wonder as to why this is not a big issue being brought up across documents. The issue simply does not lie in the attitude problem of the beneficiaries, but goes to a higher level of issue which is the meager source of income of the beneficiaries.

Issues raised Another issue has also become apparent during the discussion that has not so far been discussed by previous documents, as the Catbalogan CIAC meeting tackled the teachers who go to the upland barangays in Tuesdays and returns in Thursdays. An ML expresses that while it is indeed difficult to reach the upland barangays, there are pupils who graduate in elementary who still do not know how to read and write. This has been a hot debate for the CIAC meeting in Catbalogan, as one of the heads from the Department of Education, according to the participants, seem bent on believing that such cases no longer exist.

In this issue, the poor infrastructure in the local government seem to be a hindrance in properly implementing the program, which brings the researchers to the

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main theme that there is a need for a strong LGU for the program to be fully implemented since infrastructure still falls under the LGU. The FGDs have confirmed that there is the gap of poor infrastructure that needs to be crossed by the LGU, highlighting further that the LGU needs to be empowered and improved in order to fully implement the program well especially in poor and rural municipalities. The purpose of the 4Ps in bringing welfare to the beneficiaries is already defeated when in the first place, there is the difficulty of reaching them.

In Daram also, conditionalities become difficult to be fulfilled because the main offices are in the center of the municipality. How about the beneficiaries living in the other side of the island, or even on a separate island? Health workers are indicated to not be present in barangay clinics all the time. Do they need to spend expensive transportation fares to have check-ups? And vice versa, do the the MLs and Health Workers need to hire boats to reach all of the barangays? These geographical limitations can be bridged with proper allocation of resources and support in the LGU level. While there is already a minimal to full support of the LGUs in some of our case municipalities, the program still requires big support from the LGU. The issue of Pintakasi was also discussed albeit shortly compared to the discussion with the beneficiaries in the next section below. They were aware that beneficiaries feel “used� by always being called upon during barangay activities. While some participants noted that such activities should be for all, another ML says that they always encourage the beneficiaries to be role models in the community.

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b.2. Content on FGD with beneficiaries FDS as an educational tool The participants were able to share their learning in their respective FDS. While one participant have noticed that topics repeat every year, they learned things that at least helped their knowledge and awareness on such issues. “…napa check-up na, nagpapa pre-natal. Tungod han FDS, han una an mga mag-asawa agsob mag-away, yana diri na kay nahibaru na hira na may mga balaud ngayan para mga sugad hito (they now go for health check-ups, pre-natal checkusps. Because of FDS, before husbands and wives always quarrel, but not anymore now because they already know that there are laws for those kinds of [issues],” a participant notes. Another participant highlights the importance of applying their learnings to their children: “Nakakahatag bulig ha akon kalugaringon pati ha akon mga anak, natututduan ko hira ([FDS] gives help to myself and to my children, I am able to teach them.”

Dominance of administrative issues in discourse While they do have their open forum when they are able to air their grievance, participants noted that complaints are mostly about why their cash grants they received is deducted. This reinforces the theme that the constant discussion of administrative matters and compliance issues dominate the discussion or the open forum part of the FDS. One participant even noted that the most significant lesson she has learned was about the misdemeanor cases in the program, that any form of violations will result to suspension of grant or even delisting.

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Venue not conducive for learning The poor infrastructure evident in the previous documents was raised here also, as noted by one participant: “An iba diri nakakaparticipate kay damo man kami tas kulang an oras. Kun hino la an nakaruyag magyakan na nag yayakan (Others cannot participate because there are many of us and we do not have enough time. Those who participate are the only ones who want to).” One Parent Leader notes that sometimes there are more than 100 beneficiaries in one FDS.

The concept of “utang na loob” One issue that were not elaborated in previous documents was that the beneficiaries felt that they were always required and forced to do community work, also called Pintakasi or the clean-up drive. One participant shares, “Porke api 4Ps, nga tanan na activities igdadamay na. Guti nga rigo-digo hit barangay, gino-obliga nira ura ura an 4Ps beneficiary (Just because we’re members of 4Ps, we’re already required in all activities. In the small activities of the barangay, they are already obligating the 4Ps beneficiary).” While one has suggested that they complain in authorities, the dynamics in local barangay have prevailed as perfectly iterated by one participant: “Makuri man liwat magrineklamo kay kami usahay danay nahihinanganlan hin barangay officials, halimbawa masarit kami ira kay may-ada dida bubuhaton nga sugad hini, amo ito (It’s difficult to complain because sometimes the barangay officials are needed, for example we need to ask their permission because we need to do something).” The researcher notes that somehow, this kind of thinking may be reflective of the discussion with 4Ps in that

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they no longer air grievances beyond the administrative matters of the program since they are greatly taking advantage of the cash grant.

Help of the cash grant Beneficiaries see the cash grant as a big help to them, saying that they are able to buy other important things such as school supplies and other necessary expenses.

However, from their phrases such as “Nakakaayawat gihapon, nakakadugang-dugang [it’s an addition]” and “diri esakto pero nakakahiluag kita [not enough but we get by]”, the researchers observed that somehow, the cash grant is simply an additional income for the particular time period and that even if they have been beneficiaries for many years already, there still remains that undisclosed feeling that they are still poor.

Parent Leader as enforcer of program The Parent Leaders’ roles were validated in the discussions, as they act as the guide and source of information of beneficiaries. They take on double roles as an assistant to the ML in enforcing the rules and conditionalities of the program, for instance a participant said that she as a Parent Leader sometimes goes to the house of the beneficiaries who do not attend Pintakasi. At the same time, they represent and influence their fellow beneficiaries. As the researchers see it, they are the perfect enforcers of the program, as they know well their fellow beneficiaries and already have initial ties with them.

From the perspective of the beneficiaries, they see the Parent Leader as an authoritative figure, wherein the participants iterated that “Kun ano’t gin papatawag han

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amon Parent Leader, obligado kami umattender (Whenever the Parent Leader calls a meeting for us, we are obligated to attend),” as well as “Kun ano an ginsisiring amon Parent Leader, nasunod kami (We follow whatever our Parent Leader tells us).”

From the perspective of Parent Leaders, they are happy that they are already trusted with responsibilities in the barangay ever since they became Parent Leaders in the program. They are also entitled to some privileges such as being able to experience new things that they have not yet experienced due to economic constraints. For instance, one Parent Leader notes that she was only able to enter and experience services of a hotel when the Parent Leaders had a seminar and they were required to attend.

C. Explaining the Sociocultural Practice The researchers now proceed to explain the discourse on 4Ps through Deetz’ Systematic Distorted Communication. Through the theory, the researchers were able to explain how the Municipal or City Link Officers and the local government unit, whether consciously or not, exerts control over the beneficiaries, and the strategies that they employ for beneficiaries to give their full consent on the program.

1. Municipal and City Link and LGU as Managers For the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, analysis in terms of Systematic Distorted Communication translates into the obvious association of the Municipal or City Link Officers and the LGUs as the managers, fulfilling the role of authorities with "...a set of routine practices" - the family development sessions, Municipal and City Interagency Committee meetings - and an "...ideology" that is the one propagated by the current administration’s or at the very least, the local provincial head. This ideology is

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characterized in the Dependency viewpoint - which will discussed further in the following sections - as a capitalistic national economic orientation that forces the yetunsuited country to meet the standards of globalization by letting foreign interests overshadow local ones, which propagates not self-industrialization, but further poverty and underdevelopment.

2. Beneficiaries as the workers Program beneficiaries act as the workers whom the aforementioned managers implement systematically distorted communication upon. This communication comes in the form of the program compliance requirements, a very straightforward system: continually conform to the agreed upon conditionalities and you are qualified to receive cash. Qualified, because even though the money arrives, administrative and logistical issues constantly threaten to delay it. But still the beneficiaries adhere to the system because the alternative of entirely no financial compensation is unacceptable. The people are given a choice that they will not be one to decide the outcome of in the end.

Beneficiaries are given the chance to “...air their grievances, state their desires, and recommend improvements”, this “free expression” however is explained to be not an equivalent to having a voice in overall decision-making. Knowledge of this disparity leads to cynicism among the worker-beneficiaries. (Howard, n.d., n.p.)

3. Parent Leaders manifesting the discursive closure It is important to note that the Parent Leaders gain another role, and that is of the manifestation of discursive closure. While the beneficiaries are unknowingly disqualified from the discourse, the Parent Leaders who are beneficiaries themselves, gain voice and

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the favor of the authorities as they are not potential dissenters that may cause conflict within the program implementation.

As a supplement, a two-pronged illusion is recognized by the researchers. Its first half is of letting the beneficiaries speak and air their grievances through multiple outlets, but only band-aid solutions are dealt out, ensuring recurrences in the future until the root of the issues are fully addressed.

The other half is of the selection of Parent Leaders themselves as the speakers for their communities of origin. By choosing volunteers who will side with them in their approach, the LGUs effectively eliminate the danger of inquisitiveness even before it could take root among the beneficiaries.

4. LGU deviating from their role as managers Another point of interest are the occurrences of the LGUs deviating from their original role as manager-controllers. This manifested when during their focus group discussion the insufficiency of the financial compensation was raised and was met with some assent. Consequently, this led to them discussing the program’s overall poverty alleviation performance.

The defensiveness is expected due to their present involvement with the program in question, but the willingness to open the issue to their colleagues is a noteworthy deviation from the so-labeled managerial control that takes precedence over the beneficiaries’ representation and the program’s long-term health and effectiveness.

(Howard, n.d.)

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D. Assessing the Impact of 4Ps: The Dependency Perspective To fully understand the discussion on the impact of 4Ps using the Dependency Theory, it is important to establish first how the researchers determined the Philippines to be a dependent country, or conceptually-speaking, a peripheral country.

1. The Philippines as a country in the periphery In the Dependency dynamics, peripheral countries have a role in the expansion of the central countries’ economies, as Dos Santos (as cited in Chilcote, 1974) pointed out.

Peripheral countries aid those in the center in becoming self-sustaining by providing raw materials and resources. The Philippines, for instance, in its import-oriented, export dependent economic setup, allows foreign countries to gather almost every resources it has ― rice (Senate Economic Planning Office, 2012) mineral resources (Jennings, 2015), and even human resources by providing cheap labor (Hernandez & Villamil, n.d.). The country also enters the capitalist world market by economically engaging itself in trade negotiations such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Asia Pacific Economic Conference, and World Trade Organization to name a few. These negotiations and conferences effectively removes economic barriers such as tariffs and bureaucratic impediments that hinder the liberalization of economy within the country and the free flow of trade between countries.

Due to the capitalist nature of the world market which the Philippines subscribes to, almost all of the public utilities are handled, operated or owned by private conglomerates. Take for instance the electric utility in Metro Manila which was previously ran by the National Power Corporation. Now, the largest provider of electricity in the Philippines is the Manila Electric Company, chaired by Manuel

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Pangilinan who also happens to chair Maynilad Water Services, Inc, the water service provider in the west part of Metro Manila. Manila Water Company, Inc, who provides water in the east side of Metro Manila, is owned by the Ayala Group of Companies.

These are just a few examples of public utilities that are now in the mercy of conglomerates in the country.

2. The discourse of unaddressed poverty So how does this economic setup perpetuate poverty and underdevelopment?

According to Servaes (1996), development in the center also means underdevelopment in the peripheral countries, and that its causes is external to the peripheral country (Anggoti, 1981) as resources that could have been used for self-sustainability and development has been transferred to the central countries.

Furthermore, in this economic setup of dependency to central countries and the world market, Osvaldo (as cited in Chilcote, 1974) argues that there will always be the existence of a marginalized group as access to the means and benefits is only limited to the privileged groups in the peripheral country. In the case of the Philippines, the economic growth trumpeted by the government is only felt by the richest of the rich in the country as they continue to grow profits― the wealth of the ten richest Filipinos has increased by 250 percent from 2010 to 2015 (IBON Foundation, 2015). The so-called development is not felt by those marginalized groups as they remain in poverty: 25.8 percent of the Philippine population is living at Php 58, the low poverty threshold.

At this state, to eradicate poverty by means of the 4Ps is a futile attempt of the government. The discourse on poverty does not stop in the knowledge and skills that beneficiaries learn in Family Development Sessions. It is not enough to simply ensure

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that mothers visit the health centers and that children attend school and finish basic education.

The discourse of poverty in the 4Ps in Samar, while implicitly hidden behind administrative and implementation issues, has been fleshed out by the Dependency Theory as it aided in critically looking beyond the findings and pointing out that the root cause of poverty is structural. With the use of Critical Discourse Analysis, the researchers were able to raise the analysis of the text to a higher level by use of the framework’s multi-level approach — for example, the gambling issues that were common in the documents and in the discourse practice, actually translates into an indicator of continued poverty; that the lack of proper infrastructure in the first two levels were analyzed as a manifestation of underdevelopment in the country.

To top the list, there is the structural problem of underdeveloped local governments in terms of infrastructure, schools, health workers, and even as basic as roads. As discussed before, there is the issue of unreachable upland barangays that have an impact in the education of the children that live there. If a program such as 4Ps aims to alleviate poverty by providing education, the first issue to consider here does not have anything to do with education: is the barangay accessible for teachers and program implementers in the first place? Here, the biggest proof that the local governments are weak is shown.

There have been several instances in this study as well that proved the continued existence of poverty, albeit with a need to look deeper into its insistence in the grassroots.

Form the choice of words of beneficiaries when they were asked about the help given to them by 4Ps, they have never explicitly stated that they are still poor. Instead, they said

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that the program as somehow helped them to get by every day; that everything is still the way it is before but the 4Ps has temporarily given them money to somehow survive.

In different instances, the local government also recognized that the problem with the beneficiaries is that the income of their livelihood, which is mostly farming or fishing, do not provide enough for the family, most probably because the value of those who do the groundwork is very much small as compared to those who was able to finish college studies.

Even the perennial issue of gambling and pawning of their cash cards may be looked at as an indicator of poverty because they need to make use of money immediately that cannot be compensated by the daily income and the cash grant.

This is, of course, not to discredit the beneficial impacts of 4Ps. The Family Development Sessions, despite having infrastructure issues, have in one way or another shown to be helpful in educating families. Indeed, the program has reaped benefits in terms of other aspects. But what will happen to the beneficiaries if there was no more cash grant? Were the families able to find a permanent means of income? How about their children? Yes, they were able to graduate high school, but where do they get the expenses for college education? Companies hire people with technical skills, not simply high school graduates. And even with employment, are the wages enough?

The very economic system does not offer the proper climate for indigents to truly empower themselves economically. As Kim and Yoo’s (2015) study of the 4Ps pointed in their own study, the program had indeed reaped benefits yet the structural problems of the country are still unaddressed ― ailing education and health sector, the lack of

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national industries to provide employment, and the presence of oligarchies in the country ― which can only render the program useless in fully abolishing poverty.

CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION To fully illustrate the relevance of the findings in this study, the researchers opted to discuss the conclusions by way of concisely answering its objectives. In the first objective, the researchers elaborated on the descriptions of the texts analyzed. The second objective focused on interpreting the descriptions of the documents using the data generated by the researchers. The researchers proceeded to explain both descriptions and interpretations using Deetz’s Systematic Distorted Communication, to fully put into place how the discourse gave way for the control of the program implementers over the beneficiaries. Lastly, with the aid of the Dependency Theory of Development, the researchers assessed the impact of the 4Ps in Samar Province.

A. Objective # 1: The common characteristics of the text By describing the texts - minutes of the Family Development Sessions, Parent Leaders’ meetings, and Municipal Inter-agency Committee/Municipal Action Team meetings — the researchers have ascertained that these have an invaluable educational potential beyond being simply seen as requirements for compliance. Its main threat lies in the volume of administrative issues necessitating a competent local government unit when it comes to program structure and implementation. Format-wise the current template form of the documents does not allow much room for interpretation. This leads to an almost clinical view of recorded events when the FDS should be centers of dynamic discourse. The descriptives, however, show differences in record-taking techniques between municipalities with Daram showing the least amount of detachment due to the amount of details of the proceeding included in their minutes. But again, we must

96 remember that these minutes are written mostly by the Municipal Links and thus may not necessarily fully reflect the on-the-ground situation and the plight of the beneficiaries.

1. Educating the beneficiaries through the Family Development Sessions The Family Development Sessions were shown to have the potential of being an educational tool in helping beneficiaries cope up with their everyday activities. It has helped them improve their family relationships and social welfare of their children as they are taught of lessons that improve the totality of the beneficiaries’ well-being.

Activities conducted in the FDS have also promoted contribution to their very own community.

2. Constant discussion of administrative issues and program conditionalities The prolific appearances of administrative concerns do not necessarily indicate a complete failing of the program or those that implement it. It may indicate that the beneficiaries may have developed the habit of doing away with complete submissiveness to the program's conditionalities — although this may also be interpreted as merely motivated by the monetary compensation.

Yet, the constant discussion of the administrative issues have resulted to the neglect of more important topics such as the real issues of the beneficiaries. This, of course, in the point of view of Deetz, is a strategy of control of the managers, or the Municipal and City Link Officers over the beneficiaries: limiting the discourse simply on administrative issues.

97 3. The need for a competent LGU in program implementation In the previous discussion, the perceived and experienced bureaucracy had been highlighted as the root of administrative concerns. Implementation however, is still solely the local government units’ responsibility.

For the local government units this now turns more to recommendation than speculation as the only way to counteract bureaucracy is to either overhaul the system an improbability that will take too much time and resources no one is prepared to spend, much less prepare. That, or capitalize on local manpower that knows the lay of the land, the people, and knowledge on how to best relate the program to the beneficiaries.

Representation and supervision from the central government is still a necessity but only enough that autonomy and creativity will not be limited.

B. Objective # 2: The context of the discourse For the researchers, it is not enough to simply take the texts as is. There is the context behind each characteristics, there are more hidden nuances of the program that can only be revealed by the very producers of the text and by experiencing the sessions first hand. Thus, through the focus group discussions and attendance to the Family Development Sessions, the researchers were able to come up with the following conclusions for the discourse practice that further explained the conclusions in the first objective.

1. Beneficiaries’ participation As discussed in the results, it is common that the sessions with the beneficiaries are set up like a classroom. However, from further observations in the session itself, the participation of the beneficiaries has been limited to the answering of questions, group

98 works, reporting, and project-making. It seems as if the presence of beneficiaries in activities is enough to be called participation.

The ideal type of participation in contributing to the crucial decision-making of the program seems to be alien for beneficiaries and even countered by Municipal and City Link Officers alike, for instance when one beneficiary questioned the absence of financial support for college students. By dismissing the suggestion, it appeared that participation of the beneficiaries do not include interfering with the program’s rules and regulations 2. Lack of income of beneficiaries During the analysis of the discourse practice, several instances have implicitly shown that beneficiaries are still cash-strapped despite the program’s assistance. As pointed out at one instance by the City Link Officer, the true issue lies with the lack of livelihood income of the beneficiaries instead of the attitude problem of the beneficiaries.

Beneficiaries see the cash grant as a big help to them, saying that they are able to buy other important things such as school supplies and other necessary expenses. Yet their choice of words showed that the cash grant is simply an additional income for the particular payout period, and that even if they have been beneficiaries for many years already, there still remains that undisclosed feeling that they are still poor.

Several instances and issues have supported this, as beneficiaries keep on waiting for payouts due to their unstable incomes. When their money runs out before the payout schedule, they keep their hopes up in case payouts will be made. Also, the perennial issue of gambling and pawning of cash cards remain most probably because beneficiaries need money immediately that cannot be compensated by the daily income and the cash grant.

99 3. The Parent Leader as Enforcer of the program The nature of the tasks of the Parent Leaders has positioned them to become implementers of the 4Ps together with the Municipal and City Link Officers. They have unknowingly exceeded their original job description as middlemen by simultaneously being opinion leaders, facilitators, and enforcers. They have become effective implementers as they are on the ground and in contact with the beneficiaries ― beneficiaries see them as an authoritative figure and they personally know and interact with each of the beneficiaries in their respective barangays, thus the influence that they can penetrate may be deep and significant.

This is not to discredit, of course, the representation of the Parent Leaders on their fellow beneficiaries. They still air the grievances of the beneficiaries to the Municipal and City Link Officers. However, their tasks have become more in line with the implementation of the program instead of ideally voicing out the side of the beneficiaries.

C. Objective # 3: The communication in 4Ps as explained by Deetz The researchers took the liberty of appropriating Deetz’ Systematically Distorted Communication — which was created in the context of corporations — for this government program as the government itself now acts similarly to a corporation based on the Dependency Theory.

Deetz’ theory has two main actors, the managers and workers who exist in a vertical hierarchy. The managers exert subtle control over workers through what Deetz termed as Systematically Distorted Communication where the workers are given the illusion of the freedom to air their concerns but not a legitimate voice in the decisionmaking process where it matters. This is paired with another term Deetz introduced as

100 Discursive Closure where current and possible dissenters are not given the air their concerns at all. This leads to the workers giving their voluntary consent to the managers to do as they please.

For the 4Ps, the Municipal and City Link Officers and the local government units fulfill the role of managers as they exert control over the beneficiaries.

Beneficiaries act as the workers who give their consent in exchange for the financial compensation and the other benefits of the program. Interaction with the LGUs and the illusion of freedom to voice their concerns and grievances is made manifest in the form of the Family Development Sessions.

The assignation of Parent Leaders is the equivalent of discursive closure for they are selected through volunteerism and perceived influence over their communities. The Parent Leaders are the voice of the beneficiaries, but without the threat of dissent.

We cannot however limit the LGUs as strictly inflexible just because they have been assigned as managers. This is because in the FGD conducted the local government units themselves have shown legitimate concern in the sufficiency and effectiveness of the program in their respective areas of responsibility.

D. Objective # 4: 4Ps as a short-term solution to poverty Indeed, the 4Ps has reaped benefits in some aspects, particularly the Family Development Sessions which, despite the infrastructure issues it faces, has in one way or another shown to be helpful in educating families. Across the analysis of the discourse of the program in Samar, it was shown that these sessions have helped in increasing the knowledge of the beneficiaries and helped improved the relationships within their families.

101 However, the discourse on 4Ps was simply a discourse on the fulfillment of program conditionalities and administrative requirements. The program was all about reminders and ways to comply in order for the beneficiaries to receive the full amount of cash grant they can possibly get. The discourse was never beyond the children’s attendance in school, the attendance in FDS and activities, and the compliance documents that need to be filled out. The participation of the beneficiaries has been limited to participation in sessions and attendance in required activities, but they were not given the voice and the opportunity to express how their lives can be improved.

And yet, the societal problem of poverty which traces its roots structural to the Philippines, remains unaddressed. To top the list, there is the structural problem of underdeveloped local governments in terms of infrastructure, schools, health workers, and even as basic as roads. The trumpeted economic growth barely trickles down to the poorest of the poor and is only felt by the frontrunners in the business arena. And yet, the issues of unemployment, low wages and poor working conditions present a nightmare for the working class in the country. Even the value of those who provide the resources such as farmers and fishermen is very much small.

The issue of poverty cannot be solved by unsustainable social programs such as 4Ps, as the problem is inherent in the economic system of the country which do not cater for the genuine development of poor families.

CHAPTER VII. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Theoretical Issues Despite the corporate context of Stanley Deetz’s Systematic Distorted Communication, the researchers were able to utilize the theory in explaining the communication dynamics among the Municipal and City Link Officers, the local government units and the beneficiaries. Repurposing what had been originally a set of concepts explaining how managers in a company exerts a covert control over its workers, the researchers were able to operationalize the theory in the study, with the Municipal and City Link Officers and the local government unit as the managers since they are the program implementers, and the beneficiaries as the workers within the 4Ps. The researchers found satisfaction in Deetz’s theory as it was able to explain the results in the data, but for one: the local government unit, despite its role as a program implementer, has at times deviated from being a “manager”. Even though they fit the role as per Deetz’ definition, they have shown genuine concern not only for the program’s progression, but more importantly, for its implications on the general welfare of their beneficiary-constituents. This does not mean, however, that they are stripped of their role as program implementer. They are, and will always be, one who will perpetuate and aid the implementation of the program.

Thus for future studies that will employ Deetz’s theory, it may be noted that it may be possible to add a new definition to managerialism, not as someone who solely implements rules and regulations but may also at times be considerate for its workers.

103 Meanwhile, future studies may also look at theories that perfectly explains such communication dynamics but in the context of government and social welfare program.

This may in turn provide easier assessments of programs such as 4Ps. B. Methodological Issues The sample cases in this study ― Catbalogan, Daram, and Jiabong ― were able to provide the researchers ample insights and perspectives in determining the impacts of the 4Ps. However, to fully explain the full impact of the program in the province, it would be recommended for future studies to either try to provide a study of the same nature but with different case studies, or most probably at a different province and make a comparison of the studies for generalization on the program’s impacts.

Also, while the participants in the focus group discussions were able to provide ample evidence in supporting the results from the documents analyzed, it may be interesting also to truly pick out the poorest of the poor beneficiaries of the program as they may actually provide some insights that are not within the sensibilities of the participants of this study’s focus group discussions. Thus, it is recommended for future studies to conduct a study which analyzes case studies who are very poor and living in upland barangays.

Aside from the poorest beneficiaries, the researchers also recommend for future studies to look at the discourses of the 4Ps’ biggest government stakeholders apart from local government unit: the Department of Education (DepEd) and the Department of Health (DOH).

104 Future studies may also provide an accompanying quantitative study that can possibly track the financial improvement of beneficiaries to supplement or counter this study’s findings.

C. Practical Issues Drawing from the conclusions of this study, the researchers now provide practical recommendations for the implementation of the program, and for the government itself in its roles of combating poverty.

For the implementation of the program, the researchers strongly recommend that the 4Ps ensure that communication and discourses in general between the beneficiaries and the stakeholders is not limited to administrative issues and payout concerns as this limits the quality of discourse that meetings and dialogues could potentially provide. It is most recommended that the project implementers try to at the very least receive and consider issues and concerns that go beyond the premises of the program, for instance the suggestion of one beneficiary in providing full assistance to college students. Essentially, adoption of a more inclusive approach of the beneficiaries is highly desired as it will accurately pinpoint the real needs of these stakeholders since they experience poverty firsthand every day.

It is impressive on one hand that the program has reached millions of beneficiaries from all over the country, and has already bridged the bureaucratic impediments that is common at the beginning of government programs. However, it is important for the national government to provide maximum technical, financial and administrative assistance in empowering and strengthening the local government units all over the country. Improvement of roads, upland schools, barangay health centers, and

105 ensuring transparency in finances may be one way to start as these are most neglected at the local government level. The program cannot provide its potential maximum service to beneficiaries if there are no teachers, doctors, and nurses in rural barangays, no facilities in hospitals and health centers for deliveries of pregnant women, no free medicines for sick indigents, no books to read for children, and no seeds to plant for farmers, among the countless structural problems that this country is facing.

Ultimately, since the government’s primary goal is the eradication of generational poverty and investment in human capital, it would do well to address issues that go beyond what the 4Ps offers through dole outs which are essentially unsustainable solutions to the long-standing problem of poverty.

Instead of dole-outs, the country must provide employment with decent working conditions and stable income generation for agricultural families. After all, the issue of poverty is simply not limited to having a job or a means of income, as there are generations of fishermen and farmer families in the countryside who remain poor. There are also those who work eight to ten hours each day but earning only P200 to P300 (as per minimum wage in regions). The economic system itself must give way for the social and economic empowerment of everyone, so there may come a time for the country when social welfare programs such as 4Ps are no longer needed.

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APPENDICES APPENDIX A – LETTER TO THE DSWD REGIONAL DIRECTOR 22 July 2015

MR. NESTOR B. RAMOS Regional Director Department of Social Welfare and Development – Region VIII Tacloban City

Through: MS. MARICHU E. BUSTILLOS Regional Program Coordinator Pantawid Pamilang Pilipino Program Ma’am/Sir:

Greetings!

We are Gloiza Rufina M. Plamenco and Jan Deo H. Mendoza, 4th year BA Communication Research students from the College of Mass Communication of the University of the Philippines, Diliman. We are now in the thesis-writing stage, the final requirement in completing our Bachelor’s degree.

We are working on analyzing the discourses on the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the Samar Province, being that one of the researchers is from Catbalogan City. Previous literature on 4Ps has only studied the program by examining economic indicators quantitatively.

Our thesis, however, will be one of the first research initiatives that will look at the program in grassroots level using qualitative methods of research. We have chosen three case studies to look at, namely Catbalogan City, and the municipalities of Daram and Jiabong.

For this study to push through, we need to get documents that can only be retrieved from your good office. In this light, it would be beneficial to our efforts if we are to be furnished with the documents listed below.

-

Reports of the Family Development Sessions in Catbalogan, Jiabong, and Daram that can be retrieved since 2009 Grievance reports from the three locations, and if possible, the grievance reports from the provincial office Minutes of the meeting of the Municipal Tatsulo Advisory Committee/Interagency Committee, the local government committee that supports the 4Ps headed by the Mayor in the three locations Minutes of the General Parents’ Meeting in the three locations Position papers/statements submitted to the province since 2009 Other related documents from non-government organizations/civil society organizations

Rest assured that these documents will be used solely for the purpose of this research. Necessary expenses in the reproduction of these documents will be shouldered by the researchers.

We pray that you will aid us in our graduation through your cooperation. You may contact us through mobile phone (09399286369) or through email (gmplamenco@gmail.com). Hoping to hear from you soon. Thank you very much in advance.

117 APPENDIX B – APPROVAL OF REGIONAL DIRECTOR (EMAIL)

118 APPENDIX C.1 – SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION FORM 6 (CATBALOGAN)

119 APPENDIX C.2 – SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION FORM 6 (DARAM)

120 APPENDIX C.3 – SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION FORM 6 (JIABONG)

121 APPENDIX D.1.1 – SAMPLE HANDWRITTEN FDS MINUTES (DARAM)

122 APPENDIX D.1.2 – SAMPLE HANDWRITTEN FDS MINUTES (DARAM)

123 APPENDIX D.2 – SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION FORM 6 (JIABONG)

124 APPENDIX E.1 – SAMPLE MONTHLY REPORTORIAL REQUIREMENT (CATBALOGAN)

MONTHLY FDS REPORTORIAL REQUIREMENT As of April 2015 A. ATTENDANCE AND SESSIONS MONITORING

City/Mun. Catbalogan

# of Pax/attendees Male

Female

55

788

Topics

Responsible Parenthood / BSP Programs and Advocacies

# of Sessions Conducted

Resource Persons (indicate complete name of agency/office/organization) CSO/NGO’s

12 Sessions

NGA’s

Family Planning of the Philippines (FPOP)

Private Partnership

LGU/NGO

City Health Office / Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)

B. REPORT ON THE ABSENCES

#of Absent without proxy 65

#of absent with proxy 15

Actions taken by ML/SWO’s Conducted home visitation, Special FDS and Focus Group Discussion.

C. Brief narrative report on the highlights of the best practices/success stories and significant issues and concerns that you think remarkable. For sessions about livelihood and employment please indicate number of beneficiaries who availed. (See e.g. below.)

Cities/Municipa lities

Catbalogan

Best Practice/Success Stories/Special Cases handled and referred -Success Story-

Issues and concerns and recommendations

Two of our beneficiaries received the highest Continuous monitoring award (Valedictorian) from their respective and support to these school. These children came from Brgy. New children.

Mahayag (Lovely Rose Bolante) from Silanga National High Schol and Brgy. Estaka (Arjielene Matic Amangyan) from Buri Elementary School, these children done their best to achieve their dreams in spite and despite of the family meager economic situation.

125

PHOTOS “In Action City Health Staff” Maam Jessa and Maam Brenda discussed the Responsible Parenthood as FDS topic. Beneficiaries / participants enhanced their learning’s about family planning and how to be a responsible parent to their children.

CL and Staff Nurse Maam Artelita from Family Planning of the Philippines (FPOP) discussed the Responsible Parenthood as FDS topic. Beneficiaries / participants enhanced their learning’s about family planning and how to be a responsible parent to their children.

“Participants / Grantees had a funny experience during the discussion of Family planning in using the condom as contraceptive’s “

BSP Staff had a chance to disseminate their programs and advocacies to the beneficiaries of Brgy. New Mahayag. Participants had knowledge on how to detect counterfeit and genuine money.

126

CHILDREN’S PARTY

“Children beneficiaries’ in formation before the games start”

“Children with their Mother’s had a great experience during the game”

127

“Priceless and inexplicable happiness & greetings from the participants after the parlor games�

D. LEARNING ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION

What have they learned/gained from the ff: topics: Responsible Parenthood:

BSP Programs and Advocacies:

Knowledge gained The topic was given and discussed by our partner agency Family Planning of the Philippines (FPOP), and City Health Office nurses. Along the discussion the participants focuses and learned on the different types of contraceptives (condom, pills, Injectable and others) its effects and ways of consumptions. After her presentation, some participants raised questions on some myths and interpretations on taking such contraceptives especially the pills and injectable. She said that before the said menstruation of a woman it is necessary to take a pill or injectable in order to avoid pregnancy. She also demonstrated on how to use the condom for men.

After the discussion she invited our beneficiaries to avail their program and services for free especially in Bilateral Tubal Ligation (BTL). In all, the participants able to understand the impact of being a responsible parent to their children thru having a family planning in order to give their children a so called basic needs and rights.

The topic was all about BSP program and Advocacies given by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas staff. Before the proper discussion, we oriented first for what BSP is and its functions and services. Next, was the topic on our currency which was designed in 3 concepts; FIRST: Demonetization; means the using and introducing the designs and types of new Philippine

Skills acquired Family Planning

Defining counterfeit and genuine money

128 currencies which the old currencies will be faced out by year 2017.

SECOND: Public Level Security features: which the new currency has its own unique security features which can be detected thru FEEL, LOOK & TILT techniques. THIRD: BSP Clean notes Policy; which the unfit currency, mutilated, soiled, contaminated, with writings, embedded, lost the security thread should be change or redemptive at any banks. It was also emphasized that defacement and mutilation of currency or its security features are punishable under PD 247. After the discussion participants were able to ask several questions related to the topic.

E. PARENT LEADER’s S ASSESSMENT Assessment of Parent Leaders who served as resource person Name of Municipality No. of Male No. of Female Topics Discussed/Handled None Prepared by: RICHARD D. PERU PDO II/CL

Reviewed by RIZA A. BASALIO SWO III

Noted by: MANNETH A. CATINA Provincial Link

129 APPENDIX E.2 – SAMPLE MONTHLY REPORTORIAL (DARAM)

MONTHLY FDS REPORTORIAL REQUIREMENT As of JULY, 2015

A. ATTENDANCE AND SESSIONS MONITORING

City/Mun. DARAM

# of Pax/attendees Male

Female

61

517

# of Sessions Conducted

Topics NUTRIGUIDE: KUMAIN NG IBA'T IBANG PAGKAINANG SUSI SA BALANSENG PAGKAIN

Resource Persons (indicate complete name of agency/office/organization) CSO/NG Private NGA’s LGU O’s Partnership

1

B. REPORT ON THE ABSENCES #of Absent without proxy 6

#of absent with proxy NONE

Actions taken by ML/SWO’s Hhouseholds beneficiaries will be requested for delisting showing no interest in processing update for change address moved-out in their brgy.

C. Brief narrative report on the highlights of the best practices/success stories and significant issues and concerns that you think remarkable. For sessions about livelihood and employment please indicate number of beneficiaries who availed. (See e.g. below.)

Cities/Municipalities

Best Practice/Success Stories/Special Cases handled and referred

Template of Photos with Caption (This is only a sample photos)

Issues and concerns and recommendations

130

NUTRI-GUIDE: KUMAIN NG IBA'T IBANG PAGKAIN-ANG SUSI SA BALANSENG PAGKAIN @ POBLACION 1, DARAM SAMAR

131

D. LEARNING ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION What have they learned/gained Knowledge gained from the ff: topics: NUTRI-GUIDE: KUMAIN NG IBA'T The Pantawid Pamilya beneficiaries IBANG PAGKAIN-ANG SUSI SA of Poblacion 1 learned about the 3 BALANSENG PAGKAIN simple groups of food that the body needs for growth and body, muscles and skin development. They learned also that these foods also supply the body with energy and nutrients for activities, mobility and protection against diseases.

Skills acquired

E. PARENT LEADER’s S ASSESSMENT

Name of Municipality

Assessment of Parent Leaders who served as resource person No. of Male No. of Female Topics Discussed/Handled

Prepared by:

Reviewed by

GILBERT B. SOBITO

LEIDA S. ROCABO

ML

SWO III

Noted by: MANNETH A. CATINA PL

132 APPENDIX E.3 – SAMPLE MONTHLY REPORTORIAL (JIABONG)

133 APPENDIX F.1 – SAMPLE MINUTES OF PARENT LEADERS’ MEETING (CATBALOGAN) Republic of the Philippines Department of Social Welfare and Development Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program Province of Samar City of Catbalogan

MINUTES OF MEETING on Parent Leaders DATE: July 4, 2014 TIME: 10:00 – 12:00 AM VENUE: Imelda Park AGENDA: FDS Schedule, Gardening, Gambling, and other vices.

Parent leaders from the barangays of Cabugawan, San Roque, Estaka, New Mahayag, Pob. 13, Lobo, Totoringon, Cagutsan, Canhawan Gote have attended the meeting. Undersigned mentioned the concerns per barangay. Each Parent leader was asked to report the statuses of the pantawid implementation in their respective barangays.

Each barangay was represented by a parent leader. They have reported the status on gardening, gambling, and habitual drinking. According to the presenters from the 7 Barangay’s Cabugawan, San Roque, Estaka, New Mahayag, Pob. 13, Lobo, Totoringon no gambling was recorded because of the constant reminder of the big possibility to be delisted from the program when caught including habitual drinking. Parent leaders from New Mahayag, and San Roque stated that gambling and habitual drinking will not be avoided so they proposed that a thorough investigation and ocular inspection around the barangay must be done. Most of the parent leaders have agreed with the suggestion. According to them, some of the beneficiaries are just taking the concern for granted and not taking the issue seriously because no delisting has been recorded in catbalogan since the Program started. PL’s have added that the City Links are trying to frighten the beneficiaries but actually these beneficiaries believe that they are just being threatened. The representatives from barangay Poblacion 13 reported that gambling and habitual drinking is rampant. The challenge is to prove to them that a beneficiary who will be caught must be subjected for suspension and if violation will continue, the beneficiary must be delisted.

All presenters have reported that maintenance on communal and backyard gardening is actively participated in the barangay. Every group is trying their best to beautify their gardens because they know the essence of it.

Schedules of family development sessions, topics to be discussed, and tentative venues were announced by the undersigned.

The undersigned responded to the concerns cited by the parent leaders. The main reason why we, city links keep on reiterating the concern and asking the help of the parent leaders to monitor and list down beneficiaries who keep on patronizing illegal activities because without enough evidence we cannot pursue a suspension or delisting process. A witness must be firm to stand on what he/ she discovered. Everyone in the program must cooperate and stop putting the blame to Pantawid workers.

Prepared by:

RICHARD D. PERU City Link

134 APPENDIX F.2 – SAMPLE MINUTES OF PARENT LEADERS’ MEETING (DARAM)

135

136 APPENDIX F.3 – SAMPLE MINUTES OF PARENT LEADERS’ MEETING (JIABONG)

137 APPENDIX G.1 – SAMPLE MINUTES OF MIAC/CIAC MEETING (CATBALOGAN) CIAC MINUTES APRIL 30, 2015 SB HALL, CATBALOGAN CITY TIME STARTED: 1:00 P.M. The meeting started with a prayer led by Ms. Ma. Rolyn Angelie G. Palca and singing of the National Anthem by Mrs. Henia Sacendoncillo-SWA followed by the Acknowledgement of participants by City Link Mr. Richard Peru. With the presence of Mam Nida Aroza, she shared her welcome message to the participants and inspirational message in behalf of the LCE, Hon. Myla Cinco-City Councilor.

Reading of previous minutes by Ms. Ebony Reganon citing on the issues & concerns. After the reading, Mr. Arnaldo Aroza and other partners raised questions and ask for clarifications with regards to the ESGP – PA program. To wit;    

Downloading of potential beneficiaries.

How much is total allocated budget per child in one semester.

If the child is staying home, does he or she avail the budget for board and lodging?

Mam Nida suggested to present the guidelines or itemized breakdown of expenses.

Pantawid Program presentation by SWA Klint Tacal, wherein he discussed the program accomplishment and updates. After, some partners clarifies the;    

Reasons for change address Sustenance of the transferred grantees, seeing the transferred grantees as additional burden In BUB, do the transferred grantees or Household will be included to the City Budget where they presently reside.

Who can avail the recent SLP-BUB budget for this year?

Followed by the Presentation of GWA Policy by Ms. Rolyn Palca and Michelle Monsanto, PDO – CVS, highlighting the guidelines and the goal of the GWA Policy to High School students. School year 2014 – 2015 is the baseline data and the CVF – 2 was revised to capture the GWA. School year 2015 – 2016 High School beneficiaries who did not qualify under the GWA Policy will no longer be allowed to continue as Pantawid beneficiaries and not subject for replacement. GWA covers High School under formal education.

Concerns:  What is the weighted average required for the student to pass the GWA Policy? It was prescribed by the DepEd, not for scholarship, 75 % passing grade will be the required weighted average.  Can the student enroll in the schools outside the municipality? We have no hold in terms of decision of the child where he or she wants to enroll.

BUB presentation, SLP Updates followed by Gerbi Callosa. He focused on the budget being set for the Catbalogan City set 3 grantees being the priority for the program having 3,000,000.00 budgets for SLP, for Capability Building amounting to 1, 201, 213.00 and for the Micro Enterprise amounting to 4, 869, 521 pesos.

Concerns:  Is it possible to have tarpaulin with list of BUB beneficiaries or to put marking in their houses?  Those who didn’t comply the proposed project of SLP, can we recommend them for delisting? Answer: As long as the beneficiary follows the conditions of Pantawid, delisting is not possible and SLP program is not connected to the policy of the Pantawid program.  Hon. Myla Cinco suggested to invite a beneficiary during CIAC to give testimony or success story.  Ma’am Nida requested for each association to have financial status of each members who is inactive or active. She also explained that CIAC members should not only look into the negative sides of the SLP, rather create some strategies that would help for the success of the SLP Program as a result of the assessment.  For 2015 participants, deeper assessment of potential beneficiaries of their skills and capacity in terms of attitudes or behavior.  Qualifications are not limited only in subsistence level but to any households who have the capacity and determination to sustain the project.  Out of the subsistence households, they should also be trained or should be examined more in terms of capability and skills.

In addition, the CV Focal asked from the DepEd stakeholders if it’s possible to request certificate of enrollment for the kinder and grade 7 enrollees, regards to this, Catbalogan IV by Monday will have all school heads present.

Recommendation for the next CTAC Agenda, by June, list of eligible beneficiaries for SLP 2015 and their proposed project. Update on the 2014 beneficiaries and the corresponding impact of the project to the beneficiaries.

Meeting adjourned at 4:35 in the afternoon.

Prepared by: Ma. Rolyn Angelie G. Palca City Link

138 APPENDIX G.2 – SAMPLE MINUTES OF MIAC/CIAC MEETING (DARAM)

139

140

141 APPENDIX G.3 – SAMPLE MINUTES OF MIAC/CIAC MEETING (JIABONG)

142 APPENDIX G.4 – SAMPLE MINUTES OF MAT MEETING (JIABONG)

143

144 APPENDIX H.1 – INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR LGU (FILIPINO) FGD Guide Questions for LGU

INTERVIEWER: Magandang araw po! Ako po pala si Gloiza, estudyante po ako ng UP Diliman. Kasama ko po ngayon si Deo, kaklase ko po galing Maynila. May ginagawa po kaming pag-aaral tungkol sa 4Ps, at isa po sa mga pinag-aralan namin ngayon ay ang mga minutes of the meeting ng MIAC, at kung paano po pinag-uusapan ang 4Ps sa meeting na iyon. Hindi po kami tiga-DSWD o kung ano man pong organisasyon, kaya lahat po ng sagot niyo ay itatago po namin at hindi namin ipapakita kahit kanino, para lang po talaga sa pag-aaral na ito. Ayos lang po ba kung i-video at i-record po namin itong interview? Para po maisulat namin pagkatapos.

INTERVIEWER: Kada kailan po kayo nagmi-meeting ng MIAC sa inyong munisipyo?

INTERVIEWER: Paano po ang daloy ng meeting ng MIAC? INTERVIEWER: Maliban sa 4Ps, anu-ano po ang napag-uusapan niyo sa MIAC? Ano po ang partisipasyon ninyo sa komiteng ito?

INTERVIEWER: Para sa inyo po, ano ang MIAC? Para saan ito?

INTERVIEWER: Nagkakaroon po ba ng diskusyon o debate sa MIAC? Tungkol po saan ang naaalala niyo?

INTERVIEWER: Kumportable po ba kayong magpahayag ng inyong mga opinyon o pagsalungat sa mga pinag-uusapan sa MIAC? Bakit o bakit hindi?

INTERVIEWER: Nakakapag-participate po ba ang lahat ng miyembro ng MIAC na nasa meeting?

INTERVIEWER: Madalas po bang napag-uusapan ang 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Ano po ang inyong naaalalang madalas mapag-uusapan tungkol sa 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Sa tingin niyo po ba, napag-uusapan sa MIAC ang mahahalagang bagay tungkol sa 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Sino po ang madalas na nagpa-participate kapag 4Ps na ang pinag-uusapan?

INTERVIEWER: Sa tingin niyo po ba, magandang pagtitipon ang MIAC para pag-usapan ang mahahalagang programa gaya ng 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Sa tingin niyo po, bakit mahalagang pag-usapan ang 4Ps kasama ang ibang mga representative mula sa iba’t ibang departamento?

INTERVIEWER: Ano na ang mga naging bunga ng magtitipon ng MIAC sa mga programang katulad ng 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Sa tingin niyo po ba, nakakatulong po ang 4Ps sa mga munisipalidad?

INTERVIEWER: Gaano katagal na pong pinag-uusapan ang 4Ps sa pulong na ito?

INTERVIEWER: Ano po sa tingin niyo ang mga pinakamalaking pinagbago ng mga munisipalidad, o ng kabuuan ng Samar matapos ipatupad ang 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Ano po sa tingin niyo ang mga kalakasan at kahinaan ng 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Ano po sa tingin niyo ang naging epekto ng 4Ps sa mga mamamayan ng inyong munisipalidad?

145 APPENDIX H.2 – INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR LGU (WARAY-WARAY)

Introduction……..

INTERVIEWER: Focus anay kita didto hit MIAC nga meeting. Kada sano nagmi-meeting it MIAC ha iyo munisipyo?

INTERVIEWER: Ano it dalagan o paano it proseso hit meeting?

INTERVIEWER: Labot la hit 4Ps, ano pa man iyo mga gin-uuruistoryahan ha MIAC? Ano it iyo tagsa-tagsa niyo nga partisipasyon o katungdanan ha MIAC? INTERVIEWER: Ano it MIAC para ha iyo? Para ito hiya diin? Ano it iya importansya ha usa nga munisipyo?

INTERVIEWER: Nagkakaada ba hin mga diskusyon o debate ha MIAC? Hiunong diin an iyo nahihinumduman?

INTERVIEWER: Kumportable ba kamo nga magpadayag o magsiring hit iyo mga opinyon o pagkontra hit iyo mga gin-iistoryahan ha MIAC? Kay ano o kay ano diri?

INTERVIEWER: Nakakag-participate ba tanan nga miyembro hit MIAC nga aadto hit meeting?

INTERVIEWER: Ngadto naman kita hit 4Ps. Agsob ba istoryahan it 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Ano na kaiha nga gin iistoryahan it 4Ps ha MIAC ha iyo munisipyo?

INTERVIEWER: Hiunong diin man it iyo nahihinumduman nga agsob istoryahan ha 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Para ba ha iyo, nauuruistoryahan ba it mga kinahanglan istoryahan o mga importante nga butang hiunong ha 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Hira hino man it agsob mag-participate pag 4Ps na it gin uuruistoryahan?

INTERVIEWER: Para ha iyo, maupay ba na pag-urusa o pag-uruistorya it MIAC para istoryahan it mga importante nga programa sugad hit 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Para ha iyo, kay ano kinahanglan istoryahan it 4Ps upod it mga representante tikang ha ibaiba nga department?

INTERVIEWER: Ano naman an mga naging resulta hit mga uruistorya o pag-urusa ha MIAC para ha mga programa nga pareho hit 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Ano it iyo personal nga pagkita hit 4Ps? Nagkaada ba hin kaibahan han iyo pagkita ha 4Ps dida han gintitikangan pala hiya han 2009 pati yana?

INTERVIEWER: Ano para ha iyo an pinakadako nga ginbag-uhan han iyo munisipyo o ha kabug-usan hit Samar tikang han gin-implement an 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Para ha iyo, ano an strengths ngan weaknesses hit 4Ps hit pag-iban hit kapobrehan ha Pilipinas?

INTERVIEWER: Para ha iyo, ano an naging epekto han 4Ps ha mga tawo ha iyo munisipyo?

146 APPENDIX I.1 – INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR BENEFICIARIES (FILIPINO) FGD Guide for Beneficiaries INTERVIEWER:

Magandang araw po! Ako po pala si Gloiza, estudyante po ako ng UP Diliman. Kasama ko po ngayon si Deo, kaklase ko po galing Maynila. May ginagawa po kaming pag-aaral tungkol sa 4Ps, at isa po sa mga pinag-aralan namin ngayon ay ang Family Development Sessions, at kung kung paano po pinag-uusapan ang 4Ps sa meeting na iyon. Hindi po kami tiga-DSWD o kung ano man pong organisasyon, kaya lahat po ng sagot niyo ay itatago po namin at hindi namin ipapakita kahit kanino, para lang po talaga sa pag-aaral na ito. Ayos lang po ba kung i-video at i-record po namin itong interview? Para po maisulat namin pagkatapos.

INTERVIEWER:

Pwede niyo ho bang banggitin ang mga pangalan niyo para lang po mas maayos naming mapadaloy ang usapan?

INTERVIEWER:

Sino po dito ang tumatanggap ng parehas na benepisyo - health at educational - ng 4Ps, o ng kahit alin sa dalawa?

INTERVIEWER:

Gaano na po kayo katagal tumatanggap ng mga benepisyong ito?

INTERVIEWER:

Kamusta po ang mga FDS sa inyong barangay o munisipyo? Nakakapunta po ba kayo rito?

INTERVIEWER:

Ano po ang daloy ng FDS sa inyong barangay?

INTERVIEWER:

Kino-konsulta po ba kayo ng mga Municipal Link Officer?

INTERVIEWER:

Paano ninyo nalalaman kung kailan at saan ang mga schedule ng FDS?

INTERVIEWER:

Magbigay po kayo ng halimbawa ng FDS na marami kayong natututunan o hindi niyo makakalimutan.

INTERVIEWER:

Sa tingin niyo po ba, nakakatulong ang FDS sa inyong pamilya? Paano po?

INTERVIEWER:

Ano po kadalasan ang pinag-uusapan ninyo sa FDS maliban sa mga topic? Nakakapagdulog po ba kayo ng mga problema? Natutugunan po ba ito?

INTERVIEWER:

Komportable po ba kayong mag-participate sa mga FDS?

INTERVIEWER:

Komportable po ba kayong magdulog ng problema ninyo sa FDS tungkol sa 4Ps?

INTERVIEWER:

Nagkaroon na po ba ng mga diskusyon o debate sa FDS ninyo sa barangay? Tungkol saan po ito?

INTERVIEWER:

Tungkol naman po sa mga Parent Leaders, sa tingnin niyo po ba ay nari-represent kayo ng Parent Leader ninyo?

INTERVIEWER:

Naipararating po ba ng mga Parent Leaders ang mga impormasyon galing sa Municipal Link Officer?

INTERVIEWER:

Kino-konsulta ba kayo ng mga Parent Leaders? Ano kadalasan ang mga gampanin nila na nakakapagparticipate kayo?

INTERVIEWER:

Tungkol naman po sa 4Ps, sa paanong paraan po kayo natulungan ng benepisyong ito?

INTERVIEWER:

Ano po kadalasan ang isyu niyo sa 4Ps?

INTERVIEWER:

Pagdating naman po sa mga kondisyon na kailangan niyong gampanan, kahit kailan po ba ay nahirapan na kayong gampanan ang mga ito? Kung oo, ano po ang mga punong dahilan nito?

INTERVIEWER:

Paano po sa tingin niyo matutugunan ang mga isyung nabanggit niyo?

INTERVIEWER:

Paano po dumarating ang mga update, mga balita tungkol sa estado ng 4Ps sa inyo? Napaparating po ba ito ng tama?

Kung hindi, paano niyo po gustong maparating o maayos ito sa inyo?

INTERVIEWER:

Sa tingin niyo po ba ay nagkaroon ng pagbabago sa inyong pamilya matapos gampanan ang mga kondisyong ito? Pagkatapos ninyong makatanggap ng benepisyo sa 4Ps?

147 APPENDIX I.2 – INTERVIEW GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR BENEFICIARIES (WARAYWARAY) Introduction……

INTERVIEWER: Ano it iyo ginkakarawat nga benepisyo ha 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Pira na kamo katuig nga nakarawat hin benepisyo ha 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Kamusta it mga FDS ha iyo barangay o munisipyo? Nakaka-attend kamo hit 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Ano it dalagan hit FDS ha iyo barangay?

INTERVIEWER: Ginku-konsulta pa kamo hit Municipal Link Officer?

INTERVIEWER: Paano kamo nahibabaro kun sano ngan diin it mga schedule ng FDS? INTERVIEWER: Pagshare kamo hin example hit FDS nga damo iyo nahibaruan o diri niyo mangangalimtan.

INTERVIEWER: Para ha iyo, nakakabulig ba it FDS ha iyo pamilya? Ha ano nga pamaagi?

INTERVIEWER: Ano it agsob niyo nga uruistoryahan ha FDS labot la han topic para hito nga adlaw? Nakakagyakan ba kamo hit iyo mga problema? Naaayos ba o nababaton ba kamo hin maupay?

INTERVIEWER: Komportable ba kamo nga mag-participate ha mga FDS? INTERVIEWER: Komportable po ba kamo nga magyakan hit iyo mga problema tungkol ha 4Ps kapag FDS? INTERVIEWER: Nagkaada na ba mga diskusyon o debate ha FDS hit iyo barangay? Hiunong diin man?

INTERVIEWER: Hiunong naman han mga Parent Leaders, ano ba it role o katungdanan hit usa nga Parent Leader?

INTERVIEWER: Para ha iyo, nare-represent ba kamo han iyo Parent Leader?

INTERVIEWER: Napapa-abot ba han mga Parent Leader ha iyo it mga impormasyon nga tikang ha Municipal Link Officer?

INTERVIEWER: Ginko-konsulta ba kamo hit mga Parent Leaders? Ano it ira mga ginhihimo nga nakakapagparticipate kamo?

INTERVIEWER: Ngadto naman kita hit 4Ps mismo. Paano kamo nabubuligan hini nga benepisyo?

INTERVIEWER: Ano it iyo agsob nga isyu o problema ha 4Ps? INTERVIEWER: Ginkurian na ba kamo paghimo hn mga kondisyon nga mga kinanglan para han benepisyo? Kay ano?

INTERVIEWER: Ha iyo pagkita, paano masosolusyunan an mga problema o isyu nga iyo ginyakan?

INTERVIEWER: Paano naabot it mga update, mga balita hiunong hit 4Ps ha iyo? Ansya ba it pagpapaabot ha iyo?

Kun diri, paano niyo karuyag nga maipaabot ha iyo it mga update?

INTERVIEWER: Para ha iyo, nagkaada ba hin pagbabag-o ha iyo pamilya kahuman niyo himuon an mga kondisyon? Kahuman niyo makakarawat han benepisyo?

INTERVIEWER: Nakabulig ba ha iyo an 4Ps?

148 APPENDIX J – ATTENDANCE OF FGD PARTICIPANTS

149 APPENDIX K.1 – NOTES ON FGD LGU (NOTETAKER 1) Q: Kada sano nagmi-meeting it MIAC ha iyo munisipyo?

Ronelyn: Every Thursday of the month.

Alma: Monthly.

Nida: Quarterly.

Q: Ano it dalagan o paano it proseso hit meeting?

Nida: A short opening program will be first presented. If the mayor is not around, I will be the one to present or report.

Dolly: Every agency presents their accomplishments.

Ronelyn: Updates about the program are first discussed.

Q: Ano pa man iyo mga gin-uuruistoryahan ha MIAC? Boyte: Kun ano an importante, asya an ginta-tackle.

Alma: Tanan na, involved na an DA, MSWD, DILG, PNP and others.

Nida: MIAC is for 4Ps alone.

Q: Ano it MIAC para ha iyo? Para ito hiya diin? Ano it iya importansya ha usa nga munisipyo?

Nida: Siyempre, nagkakaada hin convergence, and ginta-tackle an mga issues and concerns.

Boyte: Usa it hiya ha tools na ginagamit para masolve an any issues and concerns in the LGU or ha mga department.

Lea: Actually, MIAC is required in the Pantawid Program. Importante ini hiya kay an convergence.

Q: Nagkakaada ba hin mga diskusyon o debate ha MIAC? Hiunong diin an iyo nahihinumduman?

Everyone said yes.

Richard: Last namon na issue is about ha teachers ha upland barangay, and maaram man kita na makuri mag reach out ha mga upland barangays. So may mga teachers na nasagka ha martes tas huwebes na uli, nakakaapekto ini ha mga kabataan, an iba diri pa nakakabasa o nakakasurat pero nakagraduate na ha elementary.

Boyte argued that it is not the latest issue, but Richard said it’s just their recent discussion and not their latest issue. Cecilia, which is a DepEd Representative, said that the issue is still ongoing but slowly, it is being solved.

Dolly: May program na maghimo garden, which makes the 4Ps a compliance. In a sense na bakay ginpapahimo hin garden, tigtulo, lima la ira paso.

Boyte: Nawawara an sustainability. An mga ML ginsusugo an parent leader na magtanum, kun diri magtanum, waray beneficiary.

Ronelyn: Dire, through FDS gintatagan panutduan na mas maupay magkamayda garden kay dako an bulig hini, halimbawa vegetable garden, pwede na ini makasustain para ha karanun han anak. Pero depende liwat han sitwasyon kay an iba waray space para hito.

Cecilia: Dinhi ha Catbalogan, parte han senior high-school, an K-12.

Nida: Ha FDS iba-iba an topics.

Alma: Regardless the pantawid program, ha nga tanan na agency, mayda ito “Ang walang kamatayang adbokasiya.” Bisan ano it aton signgon, diri la gihap masugot. Mayakan na bawal it pagkastigo hin bata pero mayda la gihap, pero diri nawawara an continuous na advocacy.

Ronelyn: Parte han Pintakasi.

Cecilia: Ah an kanan DepEd, han una pala kasi an 4Ps, tanan napakadto, dara siguro na siring han DepEd, pero lately kulang na kay diri kuno ito ira responsabilidad.

Ronelyn: Ha amon didi ha Jiabong, permi namon hira gin-eencourage na hira an huwaran, hira an model han community.

Richard: Ha amon barangay, ginaassign an parent group na per day mag-pintakasi.

Cecilia: Diri, dapat diri la 4Ps. Boyte: Kay bagan nagiging selective hiya.

Nida: Amo liwat an reklamo han iba nga bagan an mga 4Ps nala an natatamos kay hira an ginpapatawag pag may hirimuon.

Q: Komportable ba kamo na magsiring hit iyo opinion o pagkotra hit iyo mga gin-iistoryahan ha MIAC? Everyone said yes.

Boyte: Kay kinahanglan mo ito ipagawas, kun imo la kasi igtinago an imo mga issue and concerns, diri mahibabaruan.

Richard: Mas intense an amon paguuruistorya, so nasesettle an mga problema and mas naimprove an teamwork.

Nida: May presentation liwat an iba.

Q: Nakakapag-participate ba tanan nga miyembro hit MIAC nga aadto hit meeting?

150 Pag waray concern, diri nagyayakan.

Catbalogan: Tanan nagyayakan.

Jiabong: Tanan man nagyayakan.

Daram: Oo, naiiexpress an mga concern and nagr raise hin pakiana.

Q: Ano iyo usual na giniistoryahan pag 4Ps na it topic?

Nida: Updates of the program.

Lea: Updates and accomplishments.

Ronelyn: Kun ano an pwede pa mabulig han LGU. Q: Para ha iyo, nauuruistoryahan ba it mga kinahanglan istoryahan o mga importante nga butang hiuonong ha 4Ps? Oo. Ronelyn: May mga agenda man ito.

Alma: Same la liwat ha Daram.

Q: Hira hino man it agsob mag-participate pag 4Ps na it ginuuruistoryahan?

Richard: An LGU, DepEd, City Health, DA, PNP. Ronelyn: DA, DepEd, DOH Alma: Nga tanan na stakeholder.

Q: Para ha iyo, kay ano kinahanglan istoryahan it 4Ps upod it mga representante tikang ha iba-iba nga department?

Nida: For convergence. Para kitaon kun nakakameet naba han target.

Nida: Usa liwat nga issue yana, an iba na grant, an ira cash card ira la ginp-prenda kay danay diri monthly, tigdaay danay.

Boyte: Ha ungod la, an 4Ps dako an bulig pero may disadvantage gihapon ini ha community. Ha usa nga recipient, signgon ta, nagtatanum hin root crops, yana waray na nagtatanum hin bilanghoy, kamote, anon ginhihinulat? An release. Kay an time han release, maiha. Bagan gin tutduan an aton mga recipient na magin hubya, natapud nala ha pagkobra, pero diri na tanan sugad hini.

Richard: Diri gad siguro nga gintututduan hira na maging hubya, understanding la ito naton ha aton nakikita ha ira pero in reality, nangangabuhi ito hira ha kada adlaw kay diri man maigo an 3,200 (nga asya an ira maximum na nakokobra, kada duwa na bulan) ha two months? Nangabuhi hira pero kulang la ugaring.

Dolly: An ‘gintututduan’ diri asya, natapud an tama na term.

Q: Ano it iyo personal na pagkita hit 4Ps? Nagkaada bah in kaibahan han iyo pagkita ha 4Ps dida han gintikangan pala hiya pati yana?

Nida: Positive, kay during advocacy activities, primero na naulpot ha activities are the 4Ps beneficiaries. Although diri tanan committed umattend ha activity kay napipiritan la kay 4Ps hira, mayda la gihap hira nag-gain na knowledge, an iba naman na beneficiary, committed kay gusto nira may mahibaruan. More on advantages an aton nakikita hini na 4Ps. Richard: Guti nala an porsyento han malnourished na bata, ha panganak naman han nanay, guti nala an namamatay during panganganak, may mga 4Ps beneficiary na yana na SSS Members, parte naman han sanitation han mga barangays, before 4Ps, waray pa mga cr, pero yana through FDS may mga cr na yana an 4Ps household. Parte naman han education, guti nala an porsyento han drop out cases.

Boyte: Han una, compliance la, yana ‘sige!’.

Lea: Positive, an grantee na guti la an inadman, may idea gihapon hira, dira hira ig-aabuse.

Ronelyn: Ha mag-asawa, kun mag-away man halos may-adman na han bug-os na kumunidad, pero dahil han FDS, mayda na respeto, marig’on na an relasyon han mag-asawa.

Dolly: Positive, may nagchange gad gihapon, pero an attitude problem – long process gihapon.

Alma: An DSWD ngan Police, ginpinarhugan nala. Pero atleast may learning an tawo, nag-iimprove hira. Maaram hira kun mapakain hira kun nakakaenkwentro hira hin mga problema ha gawas ug sulod han balay.

Q: Nagkaada ba an bulig an 4Ps para maibanan an kapobrehan ha iyo munusipyo? Or ha Samar?

Alma: May-ada gad.

Cecilia: Kaurugan na naiskwela.

Boyte: Nag-increase an economic activity.

Cecilia: Tapos nagkukuha na liwat hira hin NSO Boyte: An mga documents mayda na, live birth tas iba pa.

Dolly: Usually, an income han LGU, nag-increase na.

Richard: Very supportive an LGU ha amon. An mga beneficiary nagkamay-ada hin additional income, mas nag-improve an well-being.

151 APPENDIX K.2 – NOTES ON FGD LGU (NOTETAKER 2) INTERVIEWER:

Focus anay kita didto hit MIAC nga meeting. Kada sano nagmi-meeting it MIAC ha iyo munisipyo?

Ronelyn (Yabong) – every Thursday Alma (Daram) – monthly Nida (Catb.) – quarterly

INTERVIEWER:

Ano it dalagan o paano it proseso hit meeting?

Nida – w/ program, readings, agenda, presider – nida Dolly (Daram) – kada angency nag prepresent Ronelyn (Yabong) – pantawid, slp, may program, gin iisturyahan an mga issues, an presider an MSW

INTERVIEWER: Labot la hit 4Ps, ano pa man iyo mga gin-uuruistoryahan ha MIAC? Ano it iyo tagsa-tagsa niyo nga partisipasyon o katungdanan ha MIAC? Alma – tanan DA, MSWD Boyte – Ano an importante. Kung saan an department concerned na issue.

Ronelyn – hira an facilitator Nida – “4ps alone”

-

Iba la an dynamics han city to munispiyo

Cecilia – “An 4ps beneficiaries aadi ha amon.”

Pira ka oras an meeting?

Nida – Depends on the agenda, pero mostly half day.

INTERVIEWER:

Ano it MIAC para ha iyo? Para ito hiya diin? Ano it iya importansya ha usa nga munisipyo?

Boyte – “usa na tool para masolve an mga issues ngan concerns” Lea – “required ha program na pantawid. Importante ito hiya kay ha convergence”

INTERVIEWER:

-

Nagkakaada ba hin mga diskusyon o debate ha MIAC? Hiunong diin an iyo nahihinumduman?

Oo, nagkakamay ada.

Richard – An assessment han teachers. An mga teachers, Martes nasaka, an mga kabataan, diri pa nakakabasa tas surat miski graduate na.

Boyte – Domingo rin gin rerequired pag saka.

Cecilia – siguro may ada la gihap (mga bata na illiterate pero graduar na) Daram: Dolly – “sometimes nag kakamayada kami mga issues. Danay nagiging compliance la an 4ps” For compliance?

Boyte – “nawawara na an sustainability” Dolly – Diri na susustain an mga needs.

Boyte – Di ka ngani magtanom, mabayad – ansya ito an huna huna han mga beneficiaries.

Ronelyn – through FDS gin tatagan paagi para mas maging maupay na may garden para ha kaupayan Cecilia – diri na tanan na provinces possible, danay kulang space Dolly – akon pagkita diri ito rason, kay may ada man mga technology Nida – an ira FDS, iba iba ito na topics. Usa ito na challenge, ngatanan na programa gin hatag ha ira. Dadamo an nahihingadto ha 4ps.

Depende ito han attitude han beneficiaries. An iba na attend la for compliance.

Alma – “actually, Tanan na agency, may ada ito walang kamatayan na advocasiya”

152 Cecilia – an una 4ps maupay kay tanan nakadto pero lately kulang na kay diri kunu ito responsibility nira, Waray na nag pipintakasi – ansya kunu ito an mga issues, dapat idevelop an social responsibility.

Ronelyn: sa yabong, permi hira gin eencourage na mag participate kay hira an mga huwaran han community. Misan kami maaram na diri ito api han conditionalities Richard: An principal ha amon nag sisiring na perdi an diri mag pintakasi.

Nida: “an mga nag 4ps natatamos kunu” Cecilia: ha kabugawan, maupay ira garden, pero diri la ito kanan school, an mga DA nabulig liwat didto.

INTERVIEWER: Kumportable ba kamo nga magpadayag o magsiring hit iyo mga opinyon o pagkontra hit iyo mga gin-iistoryahan ha MIAC? Kay ano o kay ano diri?

Boyte: Okay la.

Richard: Intense, pero naimprove an teamwork.

INTERVIEWER:

Nakakag-participate ba tanan nga miyembro hit MIAC nga aadto hit meeting?

Cecilia: kun waray concern, diri nag yayakan.

Lea: ha Daram tanan man.

Boyte: tanan

INTERVIEWER:

Hiunong diin man it iyo nahihinumduman nga agsob istoryahan ha 4Ps?

Nida: updates han program. Kun pira an narelease na funds, pira an naka receive, kanan budgeting. Hira hino an mga qualified. Kun ano an mga result. An mga bata na street children na 4ps paano maaayos.

Yabong: Ronelyn: kun may ada mga problema tas kun paano ma iintervention. Kun ano an mga pwede ibulig han LGU. INTERVIEWER:

Para ba ha iyo, nauuruistoryahan ba it mga kinahanglan istoryahan o mga importante nga butang hiunong ha 4Ps?

Oo, naiisturyahan an kailangan pag may mga nag memeeting.

Ronelyn: may ada man mga agenda na gin susunuod

INTERVIEWER:

Hira hino man it agsob mag-participate pag 4Ps na it gin uuruistoryahan?

Richard: an DA, PNP, Nida: tanan present

INTERVIEWER:

Para ha iyo, kay ano kinahanglan istoryahan it 4Ps upod it mga representante tikang ha iba-iba nga department?

Nida: an importance talaga hito para makalift han poverty tas para mamonitor an dalagan han 4ps

-

Diri monthly an release

Boyte: an 4Ps dako it bulig. Pero may malain liwat na epekto. For ex. An iba nag huhulat nala ha monthly release, diri na nag tratrabaho.

Dako gad it bulig, pero bagan gin tutuduan nala an iba maging hubya kay may na rereceive man na 4ps. Na rely nala hira ha 4ps.

Richard: Diri gad siguro gin tututduan maging hubya, pero nakakabulig talaga ha mga pamilya na guti an kita.

Dolly: “Bagan natapod nala kay mayda hira gin huhulat, bagan pensionado na” Alma: “an attitude kasi ito” Richard: gin kikita an data han status han beneficiary

-

4 yrs na an 4ps ha catb.

Dolly: mayda ba mga database? Han indicators.

Richard: oo.

Nida: limited an funds han LGU Botye: an kalahi yana, gin eempower an community, pero kadadamo liwat an papel Dolly: pero usually, an kahali, process, diri project

153 INTERVIEWER: Ano it iyo personal nga pagkita hit 4Ps? Nagkaada ba hin kaibahan han iyo pagkita ha 4Ps dida han gintitikangan pala hiya han 2009 pati yana?

Nida: “Positive kasi during han advocacies na activities, madali talaga. Miski napipiritan pag attend an mga beneficiaries, nakakagain hira knowledge. An mga parent leaders empowered na.” “kun baga ha kaupayan maupay talaga” Richard: “ha part han health, ha yana na tuig na may 4ps na, gumuti an persyento han mga malnourished tas an mga namamatay ha pagaanak na beneficiary.”

Richard: before 4ps, damo an mga waray cr ha mga balay na beneficiary, yana may ada na an iba na household Richard: Ha education, gumuti an percent han mga drop outs tas dumako an enrollment. Ha agriculture, an vegetable production dumako.

Paano kun nag hitaas la an attendance kay compliance la?

Richard: an programme may ada mga conditions. May ada hira na gaigain na knowledge miski napipiritan la.

Lea: Positive kay syempre an pag implement han FDS syempre may ada hira naadman for example an mga basic rights, pag nag aaway an usa na mag asawa, maaram an babaye an iya mga karapatan etc Ronelyn: ha yabong napapansin ko an mga mag asawa mas nag karespeto ha isat isa na tas mas marig on an ira relasyon. Nagagamit ha everyday life an FDS Dolly: Positive, may change gad gihapon guti pero may mga negative liwat for ex an attitude na nahuhubya hira Alma: “makusug an advoksiya han Pantawid.” an level han learning han tawo, nag improve. Kun ngain madaop ha concern han rights, for ex. Child abuse, maaram na hira diin madaop.

INTERVIEWER: Ano para ha iyo an pinakadako nga ginbag-uhan han iyo munisipyo o ha kabug-usan hit Samar tikang han ginimplement an 4Ps? Cecilia: “nag improve na” Botye: an economy didi ha samar nag increase Cecilia: nangunguha na hira NSO, live birth, etc. mga documents na kailngan. Guti nala an waray mag paregister Dolly: “an income han LGU nag increase. Namamayad na.” pero pamati ko ha economic, ansya talaga ito an pakiana, kay bagan na tapod nala an iba, for ex an iba ha daram dri na nag tatanom kay bagan narely nala Richard: “in terms ha poverty reduction ha catbalogan, very supportive an LGU ha amon.” ”An mga beneficiaries nagka additional na income.” “nag improve an level han living ha Catb.”

Nida: “diri la economic kundi totality an gin kikita han indicators,. In terms of other indicators, nag improve. Tanan talaga nag improve, pero depende ha indicators.”

Richard: “didi ha catb, they take the project as their own. May partnership talaga. An FDS an heart han program Botye: an policiya han 4ps maupay Alma: kailangan talaga polisiya

154 APPENDIX K.3 – NOTES ON FGD LGU (NOTETAKER 3) Kada sano nagmi-meeting it MIAC ha iyo munisipyo?

Alma: Monthly, Evening.

Ronelyn: Every 3rd Thursday of the month.

Boyte: Importante an meeting.

Nida: Quarterly.

Ano it dalagan o paano it proseso hit meeting?

Nida: May ada Short opening, speech (Mayor), reading of previous minutes ngan agenda.

Ronelyn: May ada program ngan an pagdiscuss han mga issues.

Hino it nagppreside han meeting?

Ronelyn: Mswdo Boyte: Kun hino an may concern asya an mag ppreside.

Usually naabot pera ka oras it kada meeting?

Nida: Depende han agenda, mostly half day.

Cecilia: Half day Kay ano importante it MIAC? Lea: Required, nagkakaada hin convergence tas an mga plannings.

Nida: Importante hiya kay nagkakaada hin convergence ngan unity ha mga issues ngan concerns.

Boyte: It Miac usa nga tool para masolve an mga issues.

Nagkakaada ba hin mga debate ha meeting?

Boyte:Nagkakaada hin debate Ano an iyo mga nanunumduman nga mga gin debate?

Dolly: Tungkol ha mga issues ngan mga implementations Richard: An mga teachers ha upland nakadto hira hit Tuesday tas nalusad pag Thursday asya an mga bata danay waray nababaruan, may ada ngani graduate nah an elementary pero dire la gihap nakakabasa.

Cecilia: Han una nanabo ito pero yana hinay hinay na nga nassolve ito. Dire tanan nga program naiimplement.

Garden Boyte: Huna huna han mga beneficiaries nga kun dire hira magtanom waray hira makukuha na kwarta. Han una damo an nagtatanom pero han nagkaada han 4p’s gumuti nala.

Richard: Dire gintutuduan maging hubya kundi nangangabuhi gihap ito hira.

Dolly: Pwede ig adopt an technology ha garden.

Ronelyn: Through FDS, gintututduan an mga beneficiaries na makasave through han pagtatanom. Permi namon gineencourage an mga benefeciaries na magparticipate han mga activities.

Alma: Ngatanan na agency may “ang walang kamatayang advocasiya”. Kun waray area pwede mag hanging planting.

Pintakasi Cecilia: Han una damo an nakadto han paglimpyo pero ha pag iha guti nala.

Nida: An mga 4p’s an natatamos han paglimpyo.

Richard: May mga parents la nga assigned per day para maglimpyo.

Cecilia: An mga benefeciaries an permi nasugot ha mga activities. Social responsibility should be developed by the ML’s.

Kumportable ba kamo magyakan han iyo mga opinions ha meeting?

All: Nakakagyakan hira ira mga opinions ha meeting.

Naparticipate ba tanan na miyembro hit MIAC nga aadto hit meeting?

155 Nida: Pagwaray concerns dire nagyayakan.

Ano it permi istoryahan ha meeting?

Nida: Tungkol ha mga updates han mga program.

Lea: Updates and accomplishments Ronelyn: Problems and possible interventions han mga problems.

ISSUES Nida: An mga grant nga ginbabaligya.

Alma: Involvement han pantawid Richard: Assessment han teachers.

Dolly: Natapod an mga beneficiaries han release asya nagiging hubya.

Boyte:May mga beneficiaries na an mga cash cards gin pprenda. Para ha akon ginkukuha an karapatan han mga beneficiary kun tatanggalon hira ha 4p’s dahil ha pagpprenda han cash card.

Nida: Limited la an funds han LGU Hira hino it agsob magparticipate ha meeting?

Richard: LGU, DEPED, DA, PNP Ronelyn: DA, DEPED, DOH Alma: DA, MSWDO, National, DILG Ano para ha iyo an pinakadako nga ginbag uhan han iyo munusipyo o ha kabug usan na Samar tikang han gin implement an 4p’s? Ano an iyo opinion tungkol ha 4p’s?

Nida:Para ha akon positive, kay madali umattend ha mga activities an mga beneficiaries dire pareho han una nga kami pa an naghuhulat, An mga parent leaders empowered na, more on advantages hiya. An 4p’s dire la kanan economic kundi kanan totality.

Boyte: Dako nga bulig an 4p’s pero may bad effect gihap ini, an mga beneficiaries natapud nala han release, asya nala it ira ginhihinulat.

Dolly: NAtapud an mga beneficiaries han release asya nagiging hubya Lea: An mga parents na guti la an inadman nagkakaada hin mga ideas through FDS. Richard: Una ha Health, guti nala an mga malnourished, ha panganganak naman guti nala an mga namamatay ngan naging SSS ngan Philhealth member na hira. Ikaduwa ha Sanitation, through FDS nagkaada hin mga Cr an mga beneficiaries. Ikatulo, ha Education, guti nala yana an mga drop out cases. Ngan an vegetable production naman dumamo. Heart han program an FDS. Through han 4p’s an mga beneficiaries nagkakaada hin additional income. Ha poverty reduction naman very supportive an LGU. Cecilia: Humitaas an participation rate, nagkaada hin involvement ngan nagkaada hin NSO an mga beneficiaries, naging complete na an ira mga requirements.

Alma: Naimprove na an level han learning tungkol han mga issues ha sulod han ira balay, an DSWD ngan PNP nagiging panarhugan na nira.

Ronelyn: Through han FDS, naisip nira na dapat adaa an respeto ha mag-asawa.

Boyte: An economic didi ha Samar humitaas.

Dolly: May changes kaguti ,an 4p’s kasi may control ngan nag increase an income han LGU. Suggestions Nida: Dapat irretrieve an mga cash card Boyte: Instead na long term dapat nala ig short term Richard: Dapat per month nala an pagrelease han mga cash card

156 APPENDIX K.4 – NOTES ON FGD LGU (NON-VERBAL CUES)

157 APPENDIX L.1 – NOTES ON FGD BENEFICIARIES (NOTETAKER 1) Q: Ano it iyo ginkakarawat na benepisyo ha 4Ps? Jocelyn: Nakarawat kami hin cash grant, health, ngahin education. 6 na anak, pero tulo la an ha 4P Josefa: Tulo gihapon an api, tas education liwat pero waray na health.

Lea: Asya gihap, cash grant, health and education. 3 an anak an mayda.

Airene: Tulo na estudyante, 300 an bulan.

Shirley: Cash grant gihapon, may duha ako na anak, high – school na, so an educational grant is 500 na, pero kun elementary pala – 300.

Nakakareceive liwat ako han health grant – 500.

Edam: Tulo liwat na anak an api – 2 an elementary, 1 an high-school. May grant liwat han education tas kanan health.

Carmelita: May cash grant liwat tas an tulo na anak ko – 2 high – school, 1 elementary may educational grant.

Norma: Mayda ko 3 na naskwela, an 1 college naman so waray na grant kay college na hiya, an 2 naman elementary pala so mayda pa educational grant.

Q: Pera na kamo katuig nga nakarawat hin benepisyo ha 4Ps? Norma, Carmelita, Shirley, Airene: 6 years Edam, Josefa, Jocelyn, Lea: 3 years.

Q: Kumusta it mga FDS ha iyo barangay o munisipyo? Ano it dalagan hit FDS ha iyo barangay?

Jocelyn: Every month nagi-FDS. Lea: Urhi namon nga pag-FDS is dida han July, an August tas September, waray pa.

Jocelyn: An una nga nagayayakan an amon city link, hiya an nagtututdo ha amon FDS tas nag-aattendance kami katapos hit FDS. Shirley: An last namon nga FDS, an yana nga August, an topic is about gender. Once absent an beneficiary, mawawaray hiya han 500 na grant, tas nagkakamay-ada kami hin duha ka-attendance – usa ha parent leader, usa ha municipal link.

Q: Pera kamo usually ha usa ka-FDS nga naattend?

Shirley: Ha akon, akon members – 42. FDS kase, dapat mag-asawa an naattend, so majority naattend an mag-asawa. Kami, ha basketball court – covered court an venue.

Airene: Ha amon 100+ damo man kami so ha atubang kami han barangay hall nag-i-FDS. Edam: Ha amon 33. Tapos ha daycare center an amon venue.

Lea: An akon ginkakaptan – 24, guti la so halo na an barangay, mga 75+ na nga tanan. Danay adi kami ha Imelda Park.

Norma: Diri permanente an amon venue pero kaurugan ha daycare center. Pero sad to say, waray ito an mga mister kay aadto hira ira pangabuhi kay paragdagat man gud hira, so kami mga grantees na aadto, magp-prayer anay kami tas mag-sharing na. Last namon na FDS, didan August pa, waray pa kami nag FDS yana na September pero mayda kami Parent Leader’s Monthly Meeting. 61 kami nga members ha Pob. 1.

Q: Paano kamo nahibabaro kun sano ngan diin it mga schedule han FDS? Shirley: Gin iinform kami na Parent Leader han amon ML, tas kami na mainform ha amon mga members.

Pareho liwat ha Catbalogan.

Norma: An amon may schedule na. Kun emergency or urgent meeting, kami na Parent Leader an yayaknan han ML, tas kami na madisseminate ha amon members. Pero kun schedule talaga, maaram na hira, makadto nala hira.

Q: Pagshare kamo hin example hit FDS nga damo iyo nahibaruan or diri niyo mangangalimtan.

Lea: An family planning, kay siyempre ha usa na kag-anak, kinahanglan maaram magplano hin pamilya.

Airene: Ako, an akon nahibaruan, an katungod o obligasyon han kag-anak ngadto ha mga anak, sugad han pagpapaskwela, pagpakaon.

158 Shirley: Ha akon, an child abuse – an kag-anak dapat diri gin-aabuso an anak, halimbawa ito nga masasakit nga pananalita ha mga anak ta. An yana liwat namon na topic, an misdemeanor cases – an pawning of cash card, tas bawal kami mag-bisyo kay once naaktuhan, ighhold la anay an imo grant.

Edam: An amon naman, an last na FDS, importante gud an parte han kanan pag-update ngadto han mga kabataan na diri na nangingiskwela tapos nagch-chane grantee.

Carmelita: An akon, an Go Grow Glow foods – parte han an masustansya ngan iksakto ug tama nga oras nga pagpapakaon ha bata.

Norma: Pinaagi liwat han FDS, naybaruan ko nga 2 hours before meal, dapat diri ginpapa-snack an bata para maiwasan an malnutrition.

Ngan mag-garden gud kay para diri na kita magpinamalit, kundi makuha nala kita ha aton gintanum nga utanon tas nakakapalit pa kita hin ira mga kinahanglan ha skwelahan.

Josefa: An akon di mahingalimtan, an gintutuduan kami han pag-andam tas kun ano an bubuhaton kun may bagyo, linog, sunog (disaster preparedness).

Jocelyn: An akon, an stress management – kun ano an bubuhaton pag nai-stress ka.

Q: Para ha iyo, nakakabulig ba it FDS ha iyo pamilya? Ha ano nga pamaagi?

Oo, nakakabulig.

Norma: Sugad han mga parents ba, diri hira oriented, pero yanan nakikita na nira, napukaw an ira mga huna-huna nga napapabayaan ira anak kay diri hira nakakatimangno.

Carmelita: Damo amon nababaruan, para akon usa nga nanay, diri pa maaram tanan, dahil hin FDS, nakakahatag bulig ha akon kalugaringon pati ha akon mga anak, natututduan ko hira, mga amo ini – sugad hini.

Edam: Dako na bulig an FDS para ngadto han mga beneficiaries, sugad an permi la pagpinanganak – natatagan hira hin advice, nga bakay may 4Ps, sige la it pagpinanganak.

Shirley: Dako an bulig han 4Ps kay nagiging oriented an mga nanay. Hadto, han diri pa hira api ha 4Ps, han nagpipintakasi ha barangay, kun diri ka man magpintakasi, okay la; pero yana nga api na, obligado na.

Airene: An kanan health, an burod – napa check-up na, nagpapa pre-natal. Tungod han FDS, han una an mga mag-asawa agsob magaway, yana diri na kay nahibaru na hira na may mga balaud ngayan para mga sugad hito.

Lea: Dako gud talaga an bulig. Educated na yana dara hito nga FDS. Josefa: Damo akon nahihibaruan hito na FDS. Imbis nga naglilinakat, mapakadto nala ha FDS kay damu lugod an nahihibaruan.

Jocelyn: Dako an bulig han FDS kay nae-educate an mga kag-anak.

Q: Ano it agsob niyo nga uruistoryahon ha FDS labot la han topic para hito nga adlaw? Nakakag-yakan ba kamo hit iyo mga problema?

Norma: Opo, may-ada maam. Diri liwat maiiwasan ha amon barangay nga grantee hiya pero pasaway manla gihapon.

Shirley: Yes, nagkakamayda man kami open forum, ginpapakianhan han mga tagsa-tagsa kun ano an mga reklamo or problema.

Kaurugan na ginrereklamo an about update, an nagkukulang an iya grant.

Lea: Pareho gihapon, an nagkukulang grant.

Q: Komportable ba kamo nga mag-participate ha mga FDS? Okay la.

Shirley: Yes. Norma: Oo.

Q: Nagkaada na ba mga diskusyon o debate ha FDS hit iyoo barangay? Hiunong diin man?

Shirley: Sugad gud it nahihinabu na basta open forum. Kaurugan na reklamo an hiunong ha grant nga nagkukulang.

Airene: Mayda liwat kasi member na makuri explain-nan.

Josefa: Ha kobra la naintindihan.

Lea: Mayda gihapon mga sugad hito pero yana naiiksplekarahan hira kay maaram naman hira kun ngain ira sala or kulang, asya diri gud nagdedebate.

Airene: Tas ito liwat na mga miyembro nga sigi hinalin-halin hin munisipyo.

Norma: Sugad liwat ito an sitwasyon ha amon.

159

Q: Hiunong naman han mga Parent Leaders, ano ba it role o katungdanan hit usa nga parent leader?

Lea: Pag-update ha amon mga member.

Shirley: Pag-guide ha mga miyembro. Paghimo ngan pagpasa mga reports ha ML. Norma: Parent leader an nalibot, kakadtuon kun may mga patawag(pintakasi, brigade eskwela).

Shirley: Kami kun may mga activity, ginbubutang nala ha bulletin board.

Lea: House to house para mabaro ako na ginyaknan ko na.

Airene: Text la an amon, kada purok.

Edam: 33 la am miyembro, higrapit man la so ginbabalay balay nala.

Q: (An mga diri parent leader)Para ha iyo, nare-represent ba kamo hit iyo Parent Leader? Ginko-konsulta ba kamo?

Jocelyn, Josefa, Carmelita: Oo. Carmelita: Kun ano’t gin papatawag han amon parent leader, obligado kami umattender.

Josefa: Asya gihapon. Kun ano an ginsisiring amon parent leader, nasunod kami.

Jocelyn: Pag may kinahanglan, makadto kami.

Carmelita: Ginyayaknan kami amon mga problema.

Q: Ngadto naman kita hit 4Ps mismo. Paano kamo nabubuligan hini nga benepisyo?

Norma: Dako talaga an bulig, diri esakto pero nakakahiluag kita. Pag pay out na, nakokontento.

Carmelita: Nakakadugang para ha pangasto han kabataan ha skwelahan. Guti la an nakakarawat pero nakakahatag bulig.

Edam: Nakatapos gihapon akon anak. Nakadugang-dugang para han pinangahanglan.

Shirley: Parte han education, nakakapalit kami mga school supply, ginb-budget ko an grant para han balon, pagkaon…

Airene: Dako talaga an bulig han programa. Nakakaayawat gihapon, nakakadugang-dugang.

Lea: Naabot na ngani it grant, naiyo akon mga anak.

Josefa: Napapalitan ko an gusto nak anak. Di man ak hito natapud, dapat nakiwa gihapon.

Jocelyn: Nakakapalit hin mga gamit ha skwelahan han bata.

Q: Ano it iyo agsob nga isyu o problema ha 4Ps? Lea: Porke api 4Ps, nga tanan na activities igdadamay na. Guti nga rigu-diguh hit barangay, ginoobliga nira ura ura an 4Ps beneficiary.

Airene: Parte han eskwelahan, damo la it ginpapatrabaho. Kun ano ano la it ginpapatrabaho Lea: Kayano obligado an mga 4Ps member hito?

Shirley: Ako mam, ha akon, okay la basta may naalalay ha amon.

Edam: An akon naman, once na absent an lalake, gintatagan hin pahimangno nga pag-abot han grant waray hira. Asya gihapon ito na hiunong hit na pintakasi – hi kami nala nga 4Ps it ginkinitaan.

Airene: “Maupay it 4Ps kase kay madali suguon.”

Shirley: Kay kita an role model ha aton barangay.

Carmelita: Una nga nakikita an 4Ps ha mga patawag.

Q: Ha iyo pagkita, paano masosolusyunan an mga problema o isyu nga iyo ginyakan?

Lea: Ha akon, ginyayakan ko ito ha amon mayor didi ha DSWD nga kayano ha mga sugad hito nga patawag, kami gud an kinahanglanon na makadto. Pwede ngayan kami hito mag-react, magreklamo.

Airene: Makuri man liwat magrineklamo kay kami usahay danay nahihinanganlan hin barangay officials, halimbawa masarit kami ira kay may-ada dida bubuhaton nga sugad hini, amo ito.

Lea: Kinahanglan naton magreact.

Carmelita: Masumo na kay permi namanla.

160 Q: Ginkurian na ba kamo paghimo han mga kondisyon nga mga kinahanglan para han benepisyo? Kay ano?

Waray man.

Jocelyn: Diri man makuri an mga kondisyon kay kinahanglan la umiskwela an anak, ngadto la health center, sugad hito.

Edam: Tulo manla an mga kondisyon nga ginhatag – FDS, Health Center, Pag-eskwela – mawaray ka ngani hito, waray ka talaga grant.

Pero kun an pintakasi – waray ka pi, diri mayakan nga waray ka grant kay di man ito api ha kondisyones.

Norma: Ayaw la liwat pag-huygo.

Shirley: Asya na ito an ginyayakan na misdemeanor cases.

Q: Ano an bawal ha Parent Leader?

Shirley: Bawal kami magcollect ha mga miyembro hin kwarta. An amon serbisyo is free, boluntaryo.

Q: Para ha iyo, naibanan ba an kapobrehan han iyo pamilya or ha iyo barangay tikang han nagkaada hin 4Ps? Paano niyo nasiring?

Oo. Lea: Ha akon, sugad may araydon ha balay, tas maabot an grant, mayda kappa nas-safety paralit mga gamit, tas an sweldo naman, asya na an para maayad an balay.

Airene: Nakakabudget na, nakakadugang-dugang gihapon.

Shirley: Han waray pa 4Ps, makuri an kinabuhi, mga ruba an panimalay. Pero yana, an balay nga nakahilig, yana tadung na.

Edam: Makikita talaga hiya kay an SWEDI. Nakikita ha tagsa-tagsa na panimalay.

Carmelita: Pag may baraydan, paraliton ha skwelahan, nakakalugar na.

Norma: Dako an bulig ha beneficiaries kay aktibo na an members. Halimbawa ha family planning – maaram na hira.

Jocelyn: Naiban an kapobrehan kay naguti an out of school youth, hadto damo ito.

Josefa: Asya gihapon, kadako han bulig. Nakadugang dugang gihapon han budget.

Shirley: Damo an oportunidad na umabot ha aton.

Q: Nagkaada ba hin pagbabago ha iyo pamilya mahuman niyo himuon an kondisyon, tikang han nakakarawat kamo?

Dako an pagbabag’o.

Josefa: Maupay an yana, nalilipay ka kay may ginhuhulat kana kada 2 ka bulan.

Jocelyn: Han una an kabataan, naabsent, yana nasulod na.

Lea: Naging aktibo na tikang isulod ha 4Ps.Bisan ano nga trabahuon, nasulod na, diri na awudon.

Airene: Han una awdunon, pero naattend na yana mga seminars, naoobliga na. Tas di na nagkukuri pag may kinahanglan.

Shirley: Han una, waray pak nakatamak hin hotel, tikang han naging parent leader na ako, ha mga seminar, nakatamak na ak hin hotel.

Oriented na akon family – an kabataan, sakto an pamatasan.

Lea: May point ha trabaho an pagiging Parent Leader.

Carmelita: Nakakadugang para ha mga gastuson ngan ginpapasulod ko na ha skwelahan ak mga anak.

Norma: Damo an naulpot na obligasyon ha barangay.

161 APPENDIX L.2 – NOTES ON FGD BENEFICIARIES (NOTETAKER 2) 1.

Ano it iyo gin kakarawat nga benepisyo ha 4ps?

Jocelyn: cash, health, and education grants (6 kids) Josefa: education grant. (waray health) Lea: cash grant. Health – P500 education – P300 Shirley: education P500 (elementary – P300) healthP500 Edam: education and health grants Carmelita: 2 high school, 1 elementary Norma: 2 elementary. 1 – college (waray grant) 2.

Pira na kamo katuig nakarawat han benepisyo han 4ps?

Carmelita: 6 yrs

Airene: 6 yrs

Norma: 6 yrs

Lea: 3 yrs

Edam: 3 yrs

Josefa: 3 yrs

Shirly: 6yrs

Jocelyn: 3 yrs

3.

Kamusta it mga FDS ha iyo barangay o munisipyo? Nakaka-attend kamo hit 4ps?

Ha salug: FDS every month Jocelyn: Waray pa kanan August tas September -

Speaker - municipal link officer

-

May attendance tas program

Ha yabong: Shirley: last FDS- August -

Topic: gender

-

Once absent, mawawara an 500 na grant. May ada duwa na attendance.

Edam: 32 barangays in Yabong Shirley: 42 members ha FDS. Dapat mag-asawa. Once diri mag attend, mawawara an grant.

Airene: 100 + an members. Venue – atubang barangay hall.

Edam: 33 members. Venue – ha centers Shirley: venue- basketball court Lea: 34 members. 70 + an usa na FDS. Ha Daram: Norma: An amon FDS diri permanent. Kami la mga grantees an aadto. May ada kami sharing. Tas program. Prayer anay. An amon last an August pa. Yana na September waray pa.61 amon members. An parent leaders monthly nakadto.

Carmelita: Parehas.

4.

Paano kamo nahibabaro kun sano ngan diin it mga schedule han FDS?

Shirley: May nag iinform han parent leaders, tas gin iinform kami nira.

Norma: kun nakaschedule gidaan maaram na kami.

Lea: Danay gin yayakan an topic para next month.

5.

Pagshare kamo hin example hit FDS nga damo iyo nahibaruan o diri niyo mangangalimtan.

Lea: Family Planning Airene: “katungod han kag anak ha mga anak. Pag eskuwela, pagpapakaon. An amon mga topic pabalik balik. An topic last year gin babalik yana.”

Shirley: “Child abuse. An mga kag-anak na dapat diri mag aabusoi ha mga anak. Misdemeanor cases – halimbawa an cash card. Alcohol.

Dapat diri gamita an mga grant ha mga bisyo. Mabuhat ngani ito pwede ka mahld an grant. Diri ka makakacobra. ”

162 Edam: “Last FDS, han pag update han mga kabataan nan a eskuwela or diri naeskuwela. An mga change grantee. ” dapat legal age la an nakarawat han kuwarta.

Norma: may mga grantee na grade five kay an iya mama aadto manila.

Lea: puwede an cash mahingadto ha bata kun halimbawa namatay an iya kag anak.

Carmelita: mga pagkaon han bata na dapat eksakto tas tama ha oras. Mga utan, ciring hito. Pagkaon han mga gulay tas karne Norma: 2hrs before meal, dapat an bata diri pa isnakon. Para maiwasan an malnutrition. Basta within the whole day may mga glow, grow, go para balance diet. Dapat may garden.

Shirley: dapat may garden. Obligatory an backyard garden. Iba la an communal.

Jocelyn: maaram na kami pag tanom gidaan Josefa: An mga kailangan himoon pag bagyo,mga disaster preparedness Norma: gin papabasa liwat kami hin nutriguide. Para makabulig ha mga nanay. Papatubo liwat tanom.

Jocelyn: stress management. An city link an nag tututdo.

6.

Para ha iyo, nakabubulig ba it FDS ha iyo pamilya? H anon a pamaagi?

Norma: “an mga mama na diri mag aram. Naaabre na ira mata. Nakahahatag hin bulig ha akon karugalingon. Natututduan ko akon mga anak anot tama tas diri.

Edam: An mga nanay na cge la pag inanak natagan advice na diri sugad na bakay may 4ps, mag iinanak nala Shirley: mas oriented an mga anak. Han una diri obligado, yana obligado. Once api ka 4ps na oobligado ka pag pintakasi Airene: “an burod na napacheck up. An mga bata napabakuna na. Tungod han FDS an mga asawa na absob mag away diri na kay nahibaro na hira na may ada mga balaod na mapasahan la ngani an asawa pwede ma priso.

Shirley: An mga lalaki na gin pwepwersa an asawa. An babaye maaram nan gain madaop Lea: Dako an bulig. Na iimpormahan kami. Nababarohan na na dapat diri mag huygo.””bagan educated na hira yana” Josefa: Damo akon nahibaruan ha FDS Jocelyn: Dako an bulig. Na eeducate an mga kag anak tungod ha mga topic 7.

Ano it absob na topic ha FDS labot la hantopic para hito na adlaw?

Norma: tungkol mga grantee na pasaway. Pero an amon last na meeting tungkol paano mawara an huygo.

Shirley: may ada kami open forum. Napakiana han tagsa tagsa kun ano an mga reklamo tas problema tas gin trytry pag solbar -

For example tungkol updates mag kukulang grant

-

Nag papasabot kun may mga kulang an kwarta han grantee

-

Obligado kada bulan pagkadto ha center

Airene: 4ps ka ngai damo an conditions Norma: gin pipirma kun hain na grant ka Lea: kinahanglan permi ka present ha FDS para diri maibsan an 500 na monthly -

Miski may excuse letter may iban lagihap. Dapat may proxy.

-

May open grant. Tungkol liwat kun may kulang na grant

Airene: gin rereklamo liwat na 4ps la nakikita ha pintakasi. 4ps la permi tanan.

8.

Komportable ba kamo mag participate ha FDS?

Jocelyn: Okay la Edam: Oo Norma: oo kay permi dapat na attend Shirley: as parent leaders dapat diri absent Jocelyn: an iba diri nakakaparticipate kay damo man kami tas kulang an oras. Kun hino la an nakaruyag magyakan na nag yayakan.

SHierly: nakakaparticipate tanan. Kilala na niya tanan na member an ML Norma: 6 an amon ML. Pero gintutuga tunga an barangay. Diri durungan pag meeting

163 9.

Nag kakaada ba discussion o debate?

Shirley: basta may open forum, an mga reklamador nag yayakan na -

Tungkol han kulang an grant, diri hira maaram na hira an rason na nagkukulang

-

Kami liwat na parent leaders na baton ira

Airene: kami an nag papaliwanag.

Ha salug: Lea: waray gud kay maaram naman hira ano ira sala Norma: pag nabalhin municipality tas kulang na an grant nag rereklamo. Dapat honest.

-

An mga students na diri na eskwela diri double entry

Airene: Kun pira an amount ha AR ansya iton na rereceive.

Norma: an machine ha region an problema. Nuurhi an iba na mga barangay pagpasa liwat.

Lea: OTC tas cashcard an amon topics.

10.

Ano an role han parent leaders

Lea: pag update members Airene: pagpahinunnndum tas pagguide ha mga members Shirley: kami nag hihimo mga report Norma: gin kakadto namon an mga diri nag pipintakasi. Obligasyon namon kadtoon balay. Personal ako nalibot.

Shirley: may mga bulletin para mga announcement, o pag nagtatagpo kami gin yayaknan ko hira na may meeting o pintakasi Airene: gin yayaknan ko hira through text Edam: 33 manla kami, gin houhouse to house namon 11.

Para iyo, narerepresent kamo han iyo parent leader?

Carmelita: oo. Kay obligado kami Josefa: nasunod kami ha parent leader 12.

Gin coconsulta ba kamo hit parent leaders?

Jocelyn: kun may kailangan kami Carmelita: gin papasabot kami Shirley: ha ira napakiana kun ano an schedule 13.

Paano kamo nabubuligan han mga benepisyo han 4ps?

Norma: “Dako an bulig kay nakaschedule na may naulpot. So additional nala pamiling resources para ha eskwelahan. Nakakapalit kami mga karne.na oobliga an iba na mama pagpaeskwela kay kun diri, waray grant. Pero an college waray grant.”

Carmelita: “nakakabulig ha pamilya, paggastos ha eskwelahan. Miski guti la na nakakarawat nakakabulig lagihap” Edam: Ansya liwat. Han una miski waray pa 4ps nakakapaeskwela ako tas yana na nakaapi ako dako it bulig para makapalit mga gamit.

Shirley: para edukasyon. Once makareceive makadi kami ha catbalogan tas mapalit mga gamit. Para liwat ha balon balon.

Airene: amo gihap. Napapasalamat kami kay kun wry hito, makuri. Nakakaawat awat para ha adlaw adlaw.pan palit mga uniform, sapatos, etc.

Lea: nakaklapalit na mga kailangan. Dako an gamit.

Josefa: dako an bulig kay nakakapalit ano karuyag na pagkaon han anak -

Diri natapod la ha 4ps. Dapat nag kikiwakiwa liwat para han pan adlaw adlaw

Jocelyn: amo gihap.

14.

Ano it agsob na problema hit 4ps?

Jocelyn: bakay api kami 4ps kami la permi an nakikit an Josefa: waray problema Lea: Kun api ka ha 4ps baga halos tanan na activity dapat api ka.

164 Airene: parte eskwelahan, permi kami gin tatawag tas gin papatrabaho.

Lea: Permi nala mga 4ps an obligado na an iba man liat naiskwela didto Airene: permi kami gin susugo Sherly: “okay la basta may programa na nakakabulig amon�

Edam: pag attend FDS pag absent an lalaki (han asawa) kulang an grant. Dapat hira nga duwa present -

Permi la kami 4ps nag pipintakasi

Shirley: Kairo an 4ps. Madali masugo. Ha yabong obligado mag asawa mag attend Carmelita:kami an una na nakikita dayon ha mga sugo Norma: Ha amon okay la an usa absent kay kairo daw adto 15.

Ha iyo pagkita, paano masusulosyonan an mga problema?

Lea: pwede kami kumadto tas mag reklamo Airene: makuri mag reklamo Lea: Kinanghalon namon mga 4ps member na mag react Carmelita: dapat pantay miski diri naka 4ps member iba an pag trato Airene: waray na sugot na diri 4 ps miski pantanan an trabaho Lea: Kinahanglan magreklamo namon ha opisina. O ha principal diretso pag may problema 16.

Gin kukurian ba kamo pag himo han mga kondisyon na kinahanglan para ha benepisyo? Kay ano?

Jocelyn: diri man makuri an mga kondisyion kay kinahanglan Edam: FDA, health center, pagpaeskwela la an mga kondisyon Lea: obligado man kami Shirely: as a parent leader, bawal kami mag collect kwarta ha mga members. Amon service free tas voluntary.

Airene: gin grugrupo kami tas napili kami han parent leaders 17.

Naiibanan ba an kapobrehan ha balay?

Lea: naiibanan kay nakakapalit han mga kinahanglan ha balay.

Airene: nakakatirok tirok na Shirley: dako an bulig kay han una an waray pa programa an mga balay ruba ruba. Yana 6 yrs later natindog na Edam: makikita talaga kay na SWEDI Carmelita: nakakabulig guti guti. Para mga paraliton na gamit Norma: aktibo na an mga members. Oriented na. for ex family planning –ligation, vasectomy, maaram na hira ano ito Jocelyn: gumuti an diri na kakaeskwela Josefa: dako an bulig. Nakakadugandugang budget 18.

Ano iyo trabaho?

Norma: worker. 1 300/month Shirley: tikang nagin parent leader kami damo an opportunity na umabot for ex. An mga seminar ha munisipyo kami an nakadto Edan: nag titinda Carmelita: nag titinda juice Airene: nagtitinda Avon 19.

Nag kaada bah in pagbabag o ha iyo pamilya kahuman iyo himoon an kondisyon?

Josefa: maupay yana kay may naabot na kada bulan. Han un anahulat la ha asawa Jocelyn: dako an pag babag o kay han una permi absent an mga bata yana permi present na Lea: dako pag babag o. yana aktibo na ako. Bisan anon a trabaho gin susudlan Airene: han una awdonon ako yana diri na. yana na oblige ka na pag trabaho ha brgy kay dako an bulig. Di na gud nag kukuri pag kinahanglan pang gastos. Nagiging kilala ka na.

165 Shirley: before parent leader, warayk makatamak hotel. Tas yana nakatamak na ako hotel. Ha pamilya naoorient kami. An kabataan natututduan hin maupay na pamatasan. Kami an gin papatawag pag may seminar.

Edam: “nakakaimprove ha kinabuhi” Carmelita: nahatag bulig an 4ps pangastos. An mga anak ko gin yayaknan na ayaw pag absent kay kun mag absent waray grant Norma: “damo iton mga naulpot na obligasyon ha brgy”. Naiincentive kami magkiwa -

Priority kami mga indigent pag pa avail

-

Active na kami. Willing pag trabaho.

166 APPENDIX L.3 – NOTES ON FGD BENEFICIARIES (NOTETAKER 3) Ano it iyo ginkakarawat nga benepisyo ha 4p’s?

Jocelyn: Cash grant, health, education. May 6 ako nga anak, an 3 api han 4p’s.

Josefa: Asya gihap pero waray na ako health.

Lea: Cash grant, health, education.

Shirley: An highschool 500 pesos, elementary 300 pesos ngan an health 500 pesos.

Edam: Cash grant, Education ngan health.

Norma: 2 nga elementary nga akon anak an api, pag college waray na grant.

Pira na kamo katuig nga nakarawat hin benepisyo ha 4p’s?

Carmelita: 6 years (set 2) Edam: 3 years (set 6) Shirley: 6 years (set 2) Airene: 6 years (set 2) Lea: 3 years (set 4b) Josefa: 3 years Jocelyn: 3 years Kada sano it iyo FDS? Jocelyn: Every month nag fFds. An City Link an nagtututdo ha amon. Nag aattendance after han FDS. Shirley: An last namon nga FDS han August, an topic about han gender. Once makaabsent mawawara an 500 nga grant. 2 an amon attendance, an usa pa ha Parent Leader an usa naman para ha City Link.

Shirley:42 members ha amon ngan dapat mag asawa an maattend.

Edam: 33 members Airene: 100 plus Diin kamo nagmmeeting hit FDS? Airene: Atubang han Brgy. Hall Shirley: Ha Basketball court Edam: Ha Daycare Center.

Lea: 34 members, Imelda Park.

Norma: Ha Daycare Center, ha amon pwede pwede waray asawa (male) kay nagpapakabuhi. Ha amon meeting sharing kami, may ada 61 members Paano kamo nahibabaro kun sano ngan diin it mga schedule ng FDS? Norma: May schedule man an meeting.

Shirley: Gin iinform kami han ML tapos hi kami na an nainform ha mga members.

Ano it iyo dire mangangalimtan ha FDS? Lea: Family Planning, kun paano magplano para ha pamilya kay an usa nga kag anak dapat maaram magplano.

Airene: An obligasyon han kag anak ngadto han mga anak nga magpaeskwela, magpakaon.

Shirley: Child Abuse, an mga kag anak dapat dire inaabuso an mga anak ngan an mga pananalita nga nakakasakit ha ira.

Shirley: Misdemeanor cases. An nadakpan nga naglabag tatagan 1st offense.

Edam: Update han kabataan kun naeskwela pa or dire ngan an pagchange grantee para madali.

Edam: Dire pwede below 18 an magkapot han grantee.

Norma: Pero pwede magchange grantee kun waray na parents miski below 18 Lea: Pag waray na masaliwan pwede ighatag miski under 18.

Carmelita: Go, Grow, Glow, papakaunon dapat hin isakto ngan ha tama nga oras.

167 Norma: Pinaagi han FDS, before 2 hours dire ngayan dapat magsnack kay makaon na para maiwasan an malnutrition. Within the whole day dapat may Go, Grow, Glow an pagkaon ngan dapat may garden.

Shirley: Dapat magkaada hin garden kay obligasyon namon ito.

Jocelyn: Nagbuburugligay kami pagtanom ngan pag alaga.

Lea: Gin tututduan kami pag plano.

Norma: Dapat tanan nga activities maattend, may nutria guide, dahil hito naiinform an mga nanay ha pagtanom.

Josefa: Preparednes ha bagyo, dapat mag andam dire nga maghihinulat.

Jocelyn Disaster preparedness, Stress management, kun nasstress ka ano ito imo kailangan himuon, an city link an nagtututdo.

Norma: A mga mama nga dire oriented, an ira mga anak na nagpapasaway han una ginpapabayaan la yana dire na.

Carmelita: Damo an nabaruan ko, nakakahatag hin bulig ha akon mga anak, naoobligahan pagtutudo kun ano an dire asya.

Para ha iyo nakakabulig ba it FDS ha iyo pamilya? Ha ano nga pamaagi?

Edam: Dako nga bulig an FDS, an permi la nanganganak natatagan hin advice nga dire dapat sugad, bakay may 4p’s sige la an pagpanganak.

Shirley: Mas na oriented an mga nanay kay sige an patawag han meeting, han una dire nakadto yana naapi na kay naoobligahan pagkadto.

Airene: Kanan health, pagbakuna. Tungod han FDS an mga mag asawa nga permi nag aaway yana dire na kay nahdlok bangin mapreso.

Lea: Dako an bulig. Naiinform , naalang na hira pagbuhat han mga bisyo pag inom ngan educated na hira yana dahil han FDS. Josefa: Damo an nababaruan.

Jocelyn: Naeeducate an mga kag anak.

Komportable po ba kamo nga magyakan hit iyo mga problema?

Norma: Dire maiiwasan nga grantee hiya pero pasaway.

Shirley: May oopen forum, papakianhan kun ano an problema niyo kun massolve ha brgy. Level aayuson na.

Edma: Kun diin nagkulang.

Airene: 4p’s ka ngani damo an condition.

Tub tub pera it pwede igabsent?

Lea: Kun waray ka na 0-5 years old dapt permi ka maattend ha FDS. Lea: 85% an attendance. Monthly dapat maattend. Kun dire makakaattend dapat may proxy.

Shirley: Okay la umabsent makausa bastamay valid nga rason.

Lea: Pag nagkukulang an grant. Danay asya nagkukulang kay nagsasala an machine.

Airene: Pintakasi, mga 4p’s la permi an nakikita kay may sweldo man kuno.

Komportable ba kamo mag participate ha mga FDS? Jocelyn: Okay la magparticipate.

Edma: Okay manla liwat Shirley: Kay kita an role model nira.

Josefa: Dire tanan nakakapagparticipate tungod han kadamo Jocelyn: Kun hino an karuyag ngan an gintatawag han ML. Shirley: Nakakapagparticipate naman nga tanan.

Norma: May ada kami 6 ML ha 13 nga barangay, kada barangay may schedule an FDS. Shirley: Basta open forum, an mga reklamador nga members, grant nga nagkukulang, dire hira maaram na tikang ha ira kun kay ano nagkukulang an ira grant.

Airene: May mga member nga makuri ig explain o makaintindi kun kaya no.

Lea; Pero yan kun gineexplain naiintindihan na.

Airene: An nabalhin Municipality, nareklamo kun kaya no kulang an grant biski dire na hira aada naukoy.

Shirley to Norma: Kun pera an amount ha ER asya liwat an narrecieve?

168 Norma: OO asya la ito.

Lea: Pag grant na an pinaguusapan matindi Norma: May time nga nag 0-0 an mga PL’s ha amon kay nagsala an machine pero yan waray na sugad hito.

Ano ba it role o katungdanan hit usa nga Parent Leader?

Norma: It parent leader an nalibot paginform han mga meeting or activities.

Lea: Pag update ngan pagsagdon Airene: Pagpahinumdum Shirley: Pag guide , pag pasa reports. Ha amon ginbubutang ha bulletin board an mga announcements.

Norma: Hi ako nalibot gud ako paginform Lea: Gin hhouse to house ko liwat hira Airene: Ha amon gin ttextla Edma: An akon 33 members manla asya ginbabalay balay ko Para ha iyo, nare-represent ba kamo han iyo Parent Leader?

Jocelyn: Oo narrepresent kami Carmelita:Oo, obligado kami.

Josefa: Kun ano an ira ginyayakan ginsusunod namon.

Jocelyn: Pag may kailangan himuon ginkakadto kami.

Carmelita: Pag may mga activities gin iinform kami.

Paano kamo nabubuligan hini nga benepisyo?

Norma: Dako an bulig, dire pa gad isakto, dire gin bibiling naabot nala. May nakalaan na para ha skwelahan. Nakakapalit mga karne pag nagrrelease, nakukuntento hira.

Carmelita: Pasalamat ako na nakaagi ako han 4p’s. Nakahatag hin kadugangan han paggastos ha pagskwela.

Edma: Han dire pa kami api, nakakapaeskwela man gihap ako pero yana nakakadugang ha mga gamit.

Shirley: Dako an bulig ha parte han education, nakakapalit mga kagamitan ngn kanan tuition, pagkaon. Pinakaextra an 4p’s Airene: Dako nga bulig, kun wary ito kulang la gihap. Nakakadugangdugang ha adlaw adlaw, pagpalit ha pagskwela.

Lea: Naabot na ngani an grant hiyok na liwat an akon mga anak.

Josefa: Dako nga bulig, ha mga pagkaon ngan ira karuyag napapalit. Pero dire dapat natapud la dapat kiwa gud liwat kita.

Jocelyn: Ha pagpalit mga kagamitan ngan pagkaon.

Ano it agsob nga isyu o problema ha 4p’s?

Jocelyn: Bakay api kami 4p’s kami nal permi an ginpapatawag.

Josefa: Waray man ako problema.

Lea: Ngatanan nala nga activities 4p’s permi an ginpapatawag.

Airene: Parte ha skwelahan, gintitinawag la kami permi miski la ano an ginpapahimo.

Lea: Dire manla mga 4p’s an naskwela didto kaya no nga kami la an permi ginpapatawag.

Shirley: Okay la basta may program nga naalalay ha amon.

Edma: Pintakasi, permi nala kami, barangay official natapud nala ha 4p’s Carmelita: Pagpapatawag permi la kami an nakikita Shirley: Obligado an mag asawa nga umattend Lea: Mayda la mga FDS nga kailngan mag asawa an umattend.

Lea: Pwede ngayan magreklamo kun kaya no permi la kami Airene: Makuri liwat magrineklamo kay danay kailangan liwat naom an mga barangay officials.

Carmelita: Danay nasusumo na ako. Dapat obligasyon liwat han mga dire 4p’s para pantay.

Airene: Waray la gihap nasugot miski ginyaknan na nga dire la 4p’s.

169 Ginkukurian ba kamo paghimo han mga kondisyon han 4p’s?

Jocelyn: Dire man magkuri an condition kay kailangan la umeskwela, umattend FDS ngan health Edma: 3 la nga condition an ginhatag ha amon, kun dire ka kumadto waray ka grant Shirley: Maaram an mga PL’s kun ano an bawal, bawal kami magcollect kwarta. May panunumpa kami nga service free.

Shirley: Barangay level an napili han PL Para ha iyo, nagkaada ba hin pagbabag-o ha iyo pamilya han nagkaada han 4p’s? Nakabulig ba ha iyo an 4p’s?

Lea: Naibanan kay kun mayda araydon napapalit kay an grant kanan pagkaon na.

Edma: Nakikita kun may improvement an mga balay Carmelita: An kita kada adlaw dire na nagagasto ngatanan, nakakadugang an grant.

Norma: Active na an members, naoorient na an mga beneficiaries.

Jocelyn: Nag iban an out of school.

Josefa: Dako an bulig, nakakadugang budget.

Norma: Daycare Worker Carmelita: Nagluluto, nagtitinda Shirley: Mas damo an opportunity tikang naging PL Edam: Nagtitinda prutas, juice Airene: May tindahan ngan Avon dealer.

Lea: CHT,DSWD enumerator Josefa: May tindahan Jocelyn: Han una an mga bata naabsent permi yana dire na.

Josefa: Mas maupay an yana kay may naulpot kada 2 ka bulan.

Lea: Naging active tikang pagsulod han 4p’s, han una hadlukon ako pag pagapply trabaho yana dire na. Musician (trabaho han asawa) Airene:Awdonon ako han una, naoobliga ka na, dako nga bulig di na gud nagkukuri kun may kailangan gastuhan. Fisherman ( trabaho han asawa) Shirley: Daycare worker ako, CHT, enumerator. Naoorient han mga dire kailangan buhaton, an mga bata natutuduan ha pagskwela.

Installer ha glassware (trabaho han asawa) Airene:Nagiging kilala ka na.

Shirley: An mga patawag kami na an narepresent.

Edma: May tahongan, ha pandagat. Mayda gihap income kay may sweldo man, nakakaimprove an grant. Brgy. Official (trabaho han asawa) Carmelita: Nakakahatag kadugangan, an mga anak permi nasulod na dire na pag absent Norma: Mas dako an income nga naabot.

170 APPENDIX L.4 – NOTES ON FGD BENEFICIARIES (NON-VERBAL CUES)

171 APPENDIX M.1 – NOTES ON ATTENDANCE OF FDS (CATBALOGAN)

172 APPENDIX M.2 – NOTES ON ATTENDANCE OF FDS (DARAM)

173