TABLES & ILLUST RATIONS
Effects of Chemical Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 How to Read a Material Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Steel Extrusion Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Two Easy Ways to Differentiate Carbon Steel from Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Composition of AISI/SAE Standard Carbon Steels . . . . . 20 Composition of Tool Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Composition of AISI-SAE Standard Alloy Steels . . . . . . . 21 Composition of AISI-SAE Standard Stainless Steels . . . . 21 Four-digit AISI Alloy Numbering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chemical Comparison of 4140 Chrome and 8630 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Characteristics of Bright Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ANSI Keystock Tolerance Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Steel Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Comparative Properties of Tool Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Types of Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Testing and Measuring Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Testing and Measuring Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Expected Minimum Mechanical Properties of Cold-drawn Carbon Steel Rounds, Squares, and Hexagons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Typical Mechanical Properties of Selected Hot-Rolled, Normalized, and Annealed Carbon and Alloy Steels . 41 Typical Mechanical Properties of Selected Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Typical Mechanical Properties of Selected Standard Stainless Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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Case Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Typical Heat Treatments for SAE Carbon Steels (Direct Hardening) . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Typical Heat Treatments for SAE Carbon Steels (Indirect Hardening) . . . . . . . . . . 53 Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Microhardness Testing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Rockwell Hardness Scales and Applications . . . . . . . . . . 73 Comparative Hardness Scales for Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Factors Influencing Hardness Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Tensile Strength Hardness Number Comparisons . . . . . 77 Mechanical Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Chromate Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Electrochemical Corrosion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Common Types of Steel Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Common Platings and Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Banned RoHS Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Dodd-Frank Section 1502: Conflict Minerals . . . . . . . . . 89 Metric Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 U.S. Pound to Kilogram and Kilogram to U.S. Pound Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . 92 Inches to Millimeters and Millimeters to Inches Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch . . . . . . . . . . 94 Fractions of an Inch to Millimeters Conversion Table . . 94 Pound-Force-Inches to Newton-Meters and Newton‑Meters to Pound‑Force‑Inches Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
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