Endnotes 1. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (2017), Tackling Discrimination Against Lesbian, Gay, Bi, Trans, & Intersex People: STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR BUSINESS, p.1. 2. Global Philanthropy Project (2020), 2017/18 Global Resources Report: Government and Philanthropic Support for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex Communities, p.20. 3. OHCHR, op. cit., p.12. 4. The Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity (IE SOGI) (2020), Violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 5. GiveOut (2020), COVID-19: How the LGBTQI movement is responding. 6. Global Philanthropy Project, op. cit., pp. 50-86. 7. Global Philanthropy Project, op. cit. 8. Human Dignity Trust, 'LGBT & The Law' <https:// www.humandignitytrust.org/lgbt-the-law/> [accessed 22 March 2021]. 9. Ibid. 10. Global Philanthropy Project, op. cit. 11. Global Philanthropy Project, op. cit., pp. 50-86. 12. Global Philanthropy Project, op. cit., p.45 13. OHCHR (2020), COVID-19 and the human rights of LGBTQI people. 14. IE SOGI, op. cit. p.6. 15. Human Rights Watch, ‘Hungary Seeks to Ban Legal Gender Recognition for Transgender People’ <https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/03/ hungary-seeks-ban-legal-gender-recognitiontransgender-people> [accessed 22 March 2021]. 16. Open For Business (2019), Channels of Influence: How Companies Can Promote LGBT+ Inclusive Societies, p.1. 17. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) (2019), Why Your Diversity Strategy Needs To Be More Diverse. 18. Ibid. 19. BCG (2018), ‘How diverse leadership teams boost innovation’ <https://www.bcg.com/ publications/2018/how-diverse-leadershipteams-boost-innovation.aspx> [accessed 22 March 2021]. 20. Open For Business (2015), “The Business & Economic Case for LGBT Inclusion” 21. Open For Business (2019), The Economic Case for LGBTQI Inclusion in Kenya. 22. World Bank (2017), Doing Business: Measuring Business Regulations. 23. Open For Business (2019), The Economic Case for LGBTQI Inclusion in Kenya. 24. Open For Business (2015), The Business & Economic Case for LGBT Inclusion.
27
25. World Bank (2014), The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People: A Case Study of India. 26. Meyer, I. H. (2003), ‘Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence,’ Psychology Bulletin, 129, 5: 674–697. 27. The Global Forum on MSM & HIV (2015), Service Under Siege: The Impact of Anti-LGBT Violence on HIV Programs. 28. Noland, M. (2004), Popular attitudes, globalization and risk. 29. Fedderke, J. W. (2005), Technology, Human Capital and Growth. 30. Virgin Holidays (2017), 'Responsible Tourism: Everyone can take on the world' <https://www. virginholidays.co.uk/responsible-tourism/peopleand-partners/losethelabels> [accessed 22 March 2021]. 31. Open For Business (2015), The Business & Economic Case for LGBT Inclusion. 32. States are party to the core international human rights treaties, and bear international legal responsibility for breaches of their international obligations under these treaties. 33. In August 2019, the Business Roundtable, a group of 181 CEOs of the U.S.’s largest corporations, issued an update to its corporate governance principles on “the purpose of a corporation”. The update removed the endorsement of shareholder primacy, and replaced it with a broader range of stakeholders for whom a corporation operates, including its customers, employees, suppliers, and “the communities in which we work”. See further, <https://www.businessroundtable.org/ business-roundtable-redefines-the-purpose-ofa-corporation-to-promote-an-economy-thatserves-all-americans> [accessed 22 March 2021]. 34. The responsibility of businesses to respect human rights has “hardened” over time. • Initially, this responsibility was voluntarily assumed by businesses through participation in non-binding initiatives like the UN Global Compact, or recognised by states through nonbinding instruments like the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. • (In 2011, the OECD adopted major changes to its Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, including to introduce a new human rights chapter in alignment with the UN Guiding Principles. See, OECD, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (2011 Edition), pp.31-34 < http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/ mne/48004323.pdf >). • These developments have laid the groundwork for a binding treaty to regulate, in international
