Table 1. Stem cell therapy against malignant gliomas SC function
Approach
Cytokine
Transgene/modificati on strategy Expression of sTRAILluciferase fusion; NSC sTRAIL plus bortezonib; NSC sTRAIL plus mTor inhibitor; NSC sTRAIL; MSC
Cargo delivery
Enzyme/prodrug activation
Oncolytic virus Nanoparticles
NSC delivery to glioma Routes of administration
Enhancement of the SC model
Factors regulating tropism
Improved cellular vehicles
Application Visualization of TRAIL-mediated therapy
Refs 27
Glioma sensitization to TRAIL
32
Glioma sensitization to TRAIL
31
Proof of principle MSCmediated TRAIL therapy
28 29 36
, ,
Immunotherapy
37
Anti-angiogenesis therapy
51
SN-38 mediated therapy SN-38 mediated therapy
46
Anti-angiogenesis therapy
49
5-FC therapy 5-FC therapy Enhanced efficacy of HSV-TK mediated therapy Proof of principle Enhanced carrier system Proof of principle NP-mediated delivery system
45 41 11
NP delivery
54
NP delivery
55
Coating with sECM; NSC
Improved NSC delivery
30
Intraventricular injections
Improved delivery mode
57
IL-12 expression; MSC aaTSP-1 expression; NSC rCE expression; NSC rCE expression; MSC Endostatin and/or carboxylesterase 2; MSC CD expression; NSC CD expression; MSC HSV-TK and VPA; MSC CRAD-S-pk7 expression; NSC NPs loaded with coumarin 6; MSC NPs loaded with FcdiOH; MSC NPs carrying silicia nanorattle dox; MSC
Intratumoral vs extratumoral injections; MSC CXCR 4 overexpression; MSC IL-8 and/or CXCR 1 overexpression; MSC Overexpression of various cytokines; MSC IPSCs generated from embryonic fibroblasts; ESC NSC differentiation; ESC EPC; hNIS and FePro expression; HSC TβRIIDN expression; HSC
Proof of principle; improved delivery mode
50
, , ,
43 44 42 14 52 53
58
Enhanced glioma tropism
63
Enhanced glioma tropism
66
Enhanced glioma tropism
67
Proof of principle
69
Proof of principle
70
Proof of principle; imaging
71
Proof of principle; Immunotherapy
72
Abbreviations: MSC mesenchymal stem cell; NSC neural stem cell; ESC embryonic stem cell; HSC hematopoietic stem cell; NP nanoparticle; sTRAIL secretable tumor necrosis factor apoptosisinducing ligand; IL-12 interleukin 12; Fc-diOH ferrociphenol; dox doxorubicin; HSV-TK herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase; VPA valproic acid; CD cytosine deaminase; rCE rabit carboxylesterase; IL-8 interleukin 8; aaTSP-1 antiangiogenic protein thrombospondin; sECM synthetic extracellular matrix; iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells; FePro ferumoxides-protamide sulphate; TβRIIDN Growth factor β-receptor II; 5-FC 5-fluorocytosine
233