Complete Seamanship for Cruisers

One of the world's most experienced offshore sailors and dedicated seamanship educator shares what he has learned over a lifetime at sea

SEAMANSHIP IS ONE OF THE KEYS to your safety and enjoyment of your sailing experiences whether you’re going out on a day sail or on an around the world cruise. It applies to all vessels and their crew and poor seamanship or judgment can result in damage to your vessel and injury to your crew. In this article I’ve separated seamanship into two categories, pre-departure: how you prepare your boat, yourself and your crew; and seamanship at sea: tips and advice in dealing with a wide range of conditions.

Becoming an accomplished sailor takes knowledge and practice but there are a number of skills you can study before you go sailing. Take the time to learn the terminology not only of the yacht’s parts but also the sailing commands,

by John Neal

realizing that sailing’s unique and specific language varies from boat types and skippers. Therefore, study the terminology for the type of yacht you will be sailing and ensure that you understand and can execute the commands given to you by captain and crew. When an onboard situation becomes stressful, there may not be time for someone to explain what they require you to do. There should be no need for shouting, which may result when a person is unsure or unable to explain what is happening or needs to be done.

Two concerns that frequently affect new sailors are heeling or falling in the water. Gaining an understanding of yacht design, understanding why vessels heel and what you can do to reduce heeling frequently helps reduce anxiety. A competent swimmer comfortable in the water will always have less anxiety than those who are not strong swimmers. Whether in tropical or temperate climates, we swim at most opportunities incorporating long swims as part of our personal fitness program.

A sailor who knows their location is one who is more at ease with her surroundings. Complete a coastal navigation course and become proficient at navigation so that you can quickly and accurately plot positions on paper charts. Practice using radar and AIS. Starpath Radar Trainer is an excellent computer instructional program. If your MFD/radar is an older unit not AIS-compatible, consider adding a separate, standalone AIS transceiver such as Vesper Marine’s Watchmate. Another more expensive option is to install a new integrated MFD (multi-function display) combining radar, chartplotter and AIS. If you’re planning extended voyages, you’ll certainly appreciate the fact that that newer systems draw considerably less power and are fully integrated and easy to operate.

Establish and review emergency procedures for crew overboard, fire, sinking, abandon ship, rig and steering failure, first aid, communications and tsunami response. A crew that has an understanding of these procedures is one that is well prepared.

Post a Sail Reduction Guide so everyone knows the correct sail combination for specific wind speeds. Having reliable wind speed and direction instruments takes the guesswork out of determining appropriate sail combinations. Ensure that everyone understands how the sails are handled, including reefing and safe winch procedure. Can the main be reefed in under three minutes? If heading offshore, gain an understanding of storm management tactics and if possible, formulate a plan. Practice the deployment of storm tactics and devices.

Don’t overload your boat as that makes it slower and more vulnerable to damage from breaking seas. Establish dedicated safe stowage procedures both above and below decks. Evaluate and eliminate items on deck and below to keep your boat free of clutter that might become airborne during storm conditions or slip down into the bilge and block the bilge pump. Prepare your vessel for a knockdown or for a large wave dumping into the cockpit; you may need to add a pin or strap to secure companionway wash/drop boards. Ensure that batteries, floorboards, locker doors and drawers are substantially secured.

Keeping your crew hydrated and fed is important not only for morale but it turns into a seamanship issue in heavy weather. A crew that is not well nourished or properly hydrated will sooner suffer from fatigue, which often leads to poor judgment. Provision with meals that are easily prepared by anyone aboard and include some freeze-dried meals and healthy, high-energy snacks such as trail mix, granola bars, instant porridge and soup, dried fruit and nuts. A top plunger Thermos strapped into a corner of our galley counter saves us having to boil the kettle each time we’d like a hot drink or instant meal.

Nothing affects your safety and comfort on the water more than weather. Learn the dynamics of weather patterns by ideally taking a marine weather course, or at least studying Chris Tibbs’ RYA On-Board Weather Handbook. Get in the habit of checking the weather daily, whether via internet, on the television, in the newspaper or on the VHF. Have a method for getting weather updates at sea. A simple nocost resource we use daily worldwide are GRIB (gridded bianary files) forecasts from www.saildocs.com received over an Iridium satphone. Occasionally, requesting a detailed text forecast from a private weather router such as www. commandersweather.com or www.wriwx.com can prove invaluable, particularly in an area of dynamic and volatile weather conditions such as crossing the Gulf Stream or Bay of Biscay.

When undertaking a passage with two people where there is an increased chance of rough conditions, consider taking an experienced third crew person. An extra watch person greatly decreases your chance of sleep deprivation (three hours on watch and six off instead of three on, three off). This may also be a requirement of your insurance company, particularly on your first offshore passage.

(Part Two will appear in the next issue of Multihulls Today.)

John Neal operates Mahina Expeditions in the Pacific Northwest where he trains sailors in the art, science and traditions of offshore sailing. www.mahina.com