Environmental crime and threat finance to terrorism and conflicts Both non-state armed groups, terrorist groups and other networks thrive on the exploitation of natural resources to fund their activities. Examples include Taliban funded by drugs,172 Janjaweed operating from Darfur into CAR and DRC, and LRA in DRC poaching elephants.173 At least 40 percent of internal conflicts in the last 60 years have a link to natural resources.174 SOUTH SUDAN similar to what is done by non-state armed groups in DRC. Juba Prior to African Union’s intervention in Somalia made 38–56
million USD annually on the illicit charcoal trade, in circum- FARC generate incomes by taxing coltan and an estimated 12 vention of sanctions and ban by the UN Security Council. In million USD annually by extorting illegal gold miners.175 In the the Amazon, armed groups are taxing both timber and coltan, armed groups are smuggling drugs, cigarettes, Onaba Trans-Sahara, Nimule Arua
SOUTH Watsa SUDAN
Isiro
Juba
NORTH KIVU Bafwasende
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Butembo
NORTH Lake KIVU Edward Lake
Albert
Bunia
Bafwasende
Butembo Bukavu
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Kindu
Mwenga Kampene
Kivu
Kigali
Lake Edward
Uvira
Tororo
UGANDAKampala Lake Victoria
BURUNDI
Bujumbura
Kampala
Lake Victoria
Bukavu Mwenga Kampene
SOUTH KIVU
To Mombasa
Nairobi
Lake Fizi Banaka RWANDA Kigali Kivu
SOUTH KIVU
Kindu
KENYA Nairobi
Tororo
RWANDA
BeniLake
Kisangani
KENYA
Nimule
Arua
Beni Watsa
Isiro
Kisangani
Lake Albert
Onaba Bunia
UGANDA
Kigoma
Uvira
To Mombasa
TANZANIA
BURUNDI Bujumbura Lake Tanganyika Fizi Banaka
Kigoma
Lake Tanganyika
Wood and charcoal Mining Gold Degraded forest and charcoal production Cassiterite TANZANIA Diamond Smuggling routes Wolframite Charcoal Coltan Wood Copper Border crossing point
Armed groups Local airport Main road
Source: Norwegian Center For Global Analysis, 2015; MONUSCO; International Peace Information Service (IPIS) 2014.
Figure 12: Smuggling by transnational organized crime from eastern DRC to criminal groups, companies or individuals Wood and charcoal Mining Armed groups in Uganda, Gold Rwanda and Burundi. Degraded forest and Local airport Cassiterite Diamond Wolframite
charcoal production
Smuggling routes Charcoal
Main road
67