C
is for CLOAKING With metamaterials, hide-and-seek gets high-tech
From Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak to Wonder Woman’s invisible plane, fiction offers a glimpse of the potential future. It’s intriguing to imagine something that’s present and real — yet can’t be detected. But “cloaking” is not just fiction; researchers have been working on it for years. While a lot of the work has focused on bending light to hide objects from view, Georgia Tech engineering faculty are venturing beyond and exploring other forms of invisibility. Here are three examples. A CLOAK OF SILENCE FOR A CITY CONDO Imagine your neighbor had a rock band, and when they practiced in the garage, you wouldn’t even know. That’s the kind of real-life situation Martin Maldovan is working to create. An assistant professor in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Maldovan is exploring how to develop acoustic cloaking that bends a sound wave. It’s a form that uses “metamaterials,” which interact with physical phenomena in unnatural ways. The metamaterials are created by arranging individual atoms of plastic, glass or metal into nano and microscale structures, and then building materials from them. Typical soundproofing is achieved through materials that absorb sound waves. But cloaking would use a metamaterial that sound waves don’t affect — the waves would flow around the material and meet, unaffected, on the other side. An “outer shell” of this material could hide
by Desirina Frew
noise generated outside a building. Your neighbor’s band could turn the speakers up, with no complaints from you. CLOAKING NITROGEN SAVES ENERGY (REALLY!) If you can imagine having to “unmix” the creamer in your coffee, then you can appreciate another challenge Martin Maldovan is tackling. Sorting, separating and purifying molecular compounds is crucial to many types of chemical engineering, such as purifying antibiotics, refining fuel or growing semiconductors on crystal. One common method uses many rounds of evaporation and distillation. But at industrial scale that requires extraordinary amounts of energy — which is expensive and harmful to the environment. Maldovan has discovered a novel and efficient way to separate a blended substance into its original components, while using much less energy. He engineered a metamaterial shell to direct the path of atoms, sending oxygen into the core of the shell and nitrogen around it. The nitrogen is “cloaked” because it’s immune to interaction with the core of the shell, which only grabs the oxygen atoms, separating the mixture into its component parts. Following the success of his prototype, Maldovan is exploring ways to optimize the design, using different polymers to produce the metamaterial and targeting different compounds for separation.
QUENTIN LUENINGHOENER
ONE DAY: A BUILDING CLOAKED TO WITHSTAND EARTHQUAKES The damage by earthquakes, and even explosions, comes in the form of stress waves, or, vibrations that transfer energy through the earth from its original source. Arash Yavari, a professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, is working to lay the theoretical groundwork for cloaking buildings from such stress waves to shield them from damage. “We could change the way we design foundations,” says Yavari. “When a stress wave hits, this engineered material would deflect and redirect the wave.” In a sense, the building would trick the wave. Like the sound waves in Maldovan’s research, these stress waves would flow around the building … as if it wasn’t even there. ▪
Georgia Tech Engineers, Spring 2018
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