318 LaGamma, Alisa, 178 n.21 Lalibela, king of the Axum, 264 Lamb, Venice and Alastair, Collection, United Kingdom, 252, 256 n.45 Lamp, Frederick, 140 Lane, John R., 24 Leakey, Dr. Louis, and Mary, 31 Ledbetter, Huddie “Leadbelly,” 33, 33 Ledbetter, Mr. and Mrs. James, 17 Leff, Jay C., 13 Lega (DRC), 39, 64, 78, 303 four-faced half figure, 20, 64–65 hat, as regalia, 78–79 mask, insignia, 66–67 ritual among, 66, 66, 78 Legrain, Pierre-Emile, 290 Lobi, Ghana, 18 lock. See door lock Lower Niger Bronze Industry, bell, 18, 144–45 Luba (DRC), 302, 303, 304 figure female initiation, 33, 136–37 male, shrine, 15, 154–55 headdress, 256 n.16 headrest, 19, 228–29 masks, 12 (det.), 172–75, 215 (det.) stool, 82–83 Lulua (DRC), 303 headrest, 228, 230 protective figure, 19, 152–53 Lunda empire, 280, 305 Lunsford, John, 14, 15, 18 Luwe (Eastern Luba hunting spirit), 154 Luyties, Frederic A., III, 24 Lwena (DRC and Angola), comb, 232, 234–35 Lydenburg, South Africa, terracotta heads, 29, 31 Lynch, Cristina, 24, 25 Lynch, Peter Hanszen, 24 Makonde (Mozambique and Tanzania), 121, 128, 303 helmet mask, 24, 128–29 Mali empire, 42, 268, 286 Malinke (West Africa), 300 Mande (West Africa), 300 Mangbetu (DRC), 303, 305 vessel, palm wine, 286, 288–89, 296 n.37 Mani society (Zande), 158 manilla (bracelet as currency), 278 Manowulo (Mende sculptor, act. 1935–1960), 25, 32, 121, 130–33, 262 mantle, Teke, 20 map, of Africa, 298–99 Marcus, Billie, 13, 17, 18 Marcus, Linda, 19, 22 Marcus, Stanley, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22 Margaret McDermott Curator of African Art Endowment Fund, DMA, 27 n.26 Marks, Mr. and Mrs. Richard K., 17 mask, 25, 139, 170 Bamileke elephant (mbap mteng), 6, 70–72, 71 Bamum, 94 Bobo Nwenka, 18, 19, 101, 121, 122–23, 139 Chokwe Cihongo, 80 crown as, 60–61 Dan face, 25, 124–25 Fang four-faced helmet (ñgontang), 20, 272–75, 273 Fang ngil, 272 Guro helmet gye, 22, 170–71, 178 n.30 yu, 170 Igbo face (igri), 24, 126–27 Kuba Mukenga Muykeem, 24, 188–89 Lega insignia (lukwakongo), 66–67 Lwena, 234, 234
ind e x Makonde helmet (muti wa lipiko), 24, 128–29 Mende gbini, 86, 88 helmet (sowei), 25, 32, 130–33, 131, 262 Pende miniature pendant (gikhokho), 219, 254–55 village (mbuyu), 238 Senufo helmet (komo), 23, 27 n.28, 168–69 Songye/Luba helmet (kifwebe), 172–74, 173, 215 (det.) Tempe-Songye helmet (kifwebe), 12 (det.), 172, 172 (det.), 174, 174, 175 Vagala, 18 Yaka horned, 280 Yoruba Epa, 142–43, 178 n.3 see also headdress Master of the Owu Shrine (c. 1850–c. 1925), 110–11, 111 Mbala (DRC), 303 figures (pindi), 15, 116–17 oil vessel, 256 n.29 Mbidi Kiluwe (17th-cent. Luba ruler), 82, 154, 155 Mboma (Angola and DRC), 302, 303 seated funerary figure (ntadi), 210–11 Mbra (Baule deity), 104 McDermott, Eugene, 14, 17, 18 McDermott, Margaret (Mrs. Eugene McDermott), 14, 17, 18, 25, 25, 27 n.26 McDermott Fund. See Eugene and Margaret McDermott Art Fund, Inc. McKinney, Alma L., 24 Meadows, Mr. and Mrs. Algur H., 18 Meadows Foundation Inc., Dallas, 18 medicine, ritual, 130, 136, 139, 142, 150, 152, 158, 160–64 passim, 176, 198, 206, 276 men art objects made by, 31 clothing for, 252 masquerade and, 121, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 172, 174, 272 Mende (Sierra Leone), 32, 130, 132–33, 303 gbini mask, 86, 88 helmet mask, by Manowulo, 25, 32, 121, 130–33, 131, 262 side-blown horn, 23, 86–89 (det.), 87 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 27 n.7, 256n n.3, 9 Milwaukee Art Museum, 20 Moba, Ghana, 18 Modigliani, Amedeo, 20, 262 Moore, William, 13 Mosier, Madelon, 17 Muba, Voania (Voanya; d. 1928), 18, 261, 286–88, 305 Mukenga society (Kuba), 188 Mumuye, Nigeria, standing figure, 18 Murray, Kenneth C., Archives, Lagos, Nigeria, 111 Musée de l’Homme, Paris, 17 Musée Dynamique à Dakar, Senegal, 22 Museum of Cultural History, University of California at Los Angeles, 18 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 22 Museum of Modern Art, New York, 15, 20, 219 Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 13, 17, 27 n.7 Museum Rietberg, Zurich, 110 music. See instruments, musical Muslim holy men (mori), 130 horsemen, 42, 102, 268, 276 jihads, 176 Mwona (Nigeria), 178 n.8 divination vessel, 148–49 see also Cham/Mwona
Nafana, Ghana, 18 Nasher, Mr. and Mrs. Raymond D., 17 National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 35 n.2, 206, 214 n.37 National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, 50 Ndebele, South Africa, 304 cape (linaga), 21, 250–51 New York World’s Fair (1939), 15 Niger, Lower, 306 see also Lower Niger Bronze Industry Nigeria ancient. See Niger, Lower horses in, 268 national dress in, 252–53, 256 n.45, 302 see also Benin kingdom Nigerian National Museum, Lagos, 50, 111 Njoro, Kenya, vessel (c. 850 BC), 29, 31 Nkrumah, Kwame, 294 Nok (Nigeria), sculpture from, 29, 30, 40, 306 North Sotho (Ndebele), Zimbabwe, 304 Ntumu (Fang, Gabon), 272 Nubia, ancient, 184 Ny-Ank-Nesut (Egyptian official), decoration from tomb of, 180, 180–81 Oba Akenzua II (1933–1978), 48, 51 Oba Eleko, 192 Oba Erediauwa, 46 Oba Esigie, 50 Oba Overami, 48 Oba Ozolua, 52 Oba William Adetona Ayeni, 60 oba (king), 42, 46, 47, 48, 52, 54, 60, 108, 192, 264, 268 Obatala (Yoruba deity), 62 Oduduwa, the Supreme Being (Yoruba), 34, 60 Odum, Rev. Elzie, Jr., 294 offerings containers for, 19, 24, 90–93 (det.), 112–13 Egyptian funerary, 180, 180–81 for masks, 170 for yanda figures, 158 Ogboni society (Yoruba), 56 Ogoga of Ikere, 92 Ogun (Yoruba deity), 56, 268, 276 oil, use of, on wooden sculptures, 42, 76, 136 Olbrechts, Frans (1899–1958), 15, 27 n.13, 31, 35 n.13 Old Jenne. See Jenne Olodumare or Olorun (Yoruba Creator God), 62, 106 Oloko (Yoruba ancestor figure), 142 Olokun (Benin kingdom and Yoruba deity), 52, 54, 60 Olorun. See Olodumare Olosanyin (Yoruba ancestor priest), 142, 178 n.3 Olowe of Ise (c. 1875–c. 1938), 24, 32, 90–93, 106, 262, 276 Oni of Ife (Yoruba king), 56 Opoku Ware I, king, Ghana, 294 Orisha-oko (Yoruba deity), 268 Oron (Nigeria), 304 ancestor figures, 196–97 Orunmila (Yoruba deity), 106, 108 Osanyin (Yoruba deity), 142, 276 Osei Tutu, first Asante king, 232 Oshamuko of Osi (act. c. 1920–c. 1950), 32, 142–43 Oshugbo society (Yoruba), 24, 58 Oshun (Benin and Yoruba deity), 144 Osiris (Egyptian deity), 182, 184 Otis and Velma Davis Dozier Fund, 20, 22 Ovimbundu, Angola, 304 figural pipe, 18, 282–83
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i ndex Owen, Michael G., Leadbelly (1943), 33, 33 Owo kingdom, Nigeria, 34, 270 Owsley, David T., 23 Oyo (king), 110 Oyo, Nigeria, 60 Oyo Yoruba empire, 110, 194, 268 Païlès, Isaac, 104, 262 Palmer, Wells, 190, 192 pangolin imagery of, 52, 219 pattern (nkaka) derived from, 228, 229, 256 n.16 Parker, Harry S. III, 17, 18, 19 parrot, African gray, feathers of, 70, 72, 73, 97 (det.), 152, 188, 188, 189 Pelrine, Diane, 23 Pemberton, John, 178 n.3 pendant, ivory waist (Benin kingdom), 23, 30, 38 (det.), 48–51, 49, 261 Pende (DRC), 219, 280, 303, 304, 305 ceremonial adze, 84–85 ceremonial palm-wine cups, 19, 238–40 headrest, 256 n.17 masks, 25 miniature pendant, 254–55 village, 238 Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, 44 Perutz, Mr. and Mrs. George, 17, 24 Phillips, Ruth B., 132 Picasso, Pablo, 20, 25, 262 Bust (1907–1908), 290, 290 pillow. See headrest pipe Bamum prestige, 94–95, 282 Kanyok water, 15, 282, 284 (det.), 285 Ovimbundu figural, 18, 282–83 water, described, 296 n.31 Pitman, Bonnie, 24 plaque, bronze four-figure, 44, 44, 278 single-figure, 2 (det.), 44–46, 45, 54 Poro (secret society), 130, 168, 176, 186, 301, 303, 304 Portugal influence of, 44, 261, 264, 278, 282, 301, 302 ivories commissioned by, 86, 88, 286 pot, ointment, Baule, 19, 236, 236 praise poem, Yoruba (oriki), 32, 268, 270 pre-Dogon culture, Mali, 18, 30, 42 Redden, Hebe, 21 Redden, Kenneth, 21–22, 266 regalia, 68–69, 74–75, 78–79, 84–86, 88, 136, 144, 280, 280 relics, customs pertaining to, 101, 179, 198, 198, 200, 200, 202 relief Benin bronze, 44–46 Egyptian funerary, 180, 180–81 Greek funerary, 29, 29 rhythm pounder (Senufo), 18, 186–87, 214 n.7 ring, Yoruba ritual sacrifice, 24, 56–59 (det.), 57 Robbins, Carol, 19, 21, 26 robe, Hausa man’s (dandogo), 252–53, 262 Robinson, Judith, 17 Robinson, Linda, 17 Rose, Deedie, 27 n.26 Ross, Doran H., 18 Roy, Christopher D., 22 Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, 14, 15, 17, 228, 256 n.39 Rubin, Ida and Jerry, 14 Sabean culture, 306 saltcellar, Portuguese ivory, 86, 88 Sande (Bundu) society (Mende), 86, 130, 132–33, 303 Sandogo (Senufo society of women diviners), 176, 186, 304
Sango (Gabon), 198, 304 reliquary guardian figure, 200–203 Sapi (Sierra Leone), as ivory carvers, 86, 286 Schindler, Gustave and Franyo, 17–18, 19 sculptor(s) advertising by, 224, 236 Dan glen ye meh, 124 of reliquary figures (Ntem River, Gabon, act. c. 1800–1860), 198, 214 n.18 see also Arowogun; Buli Master; Manowulo; Master of the Owu Shrine; Muba; Olowe; Oshamuko; Semangoy sculpture conventions of African, 32–33, 62, 104, 194 imoju-mora (imagination) in, 142 as influence on European art, 262 naturalism in, 34, 124, 304 see also art; figure; mask Seattle Art Museum, 214 n.18 Semangoy of Zokolunga, reliquary figure by, 32, 200–201 Senufo (Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Mali), 300, 304 divination among, 102, 176 drum, 19, 139, 176, 176–77 equestrian figure, 102–103 mask, helmet, 23, 27 n.28, 168–69 rhythm pounder, 18, 186–87, 214 n.7 Seti I, Egyptian pharaoh, bust of, 182–83 Sewa-Mende. See Mende Shango (Yoruba deity), 110, 112, 194, 268, 269, 270, 271, 276 Sheppard, William H., 219, 256 n.40 Sherbro (Sierra Leone), 86 Shona (Wanoe), Zimbabwe, headrest, 231 Shoowa (Kuba, DRC), 20 shrine, as memorial, 179, 194, 206, 206, 208, 210 see also figure, shrine Shyaam-a-Mbul Ngwoong (Kuba king), 76 Sieber, Roy (1923–2001), 35 n.2, 219 silk, 256 n.45, 294, 295 Singleterry, Mr. and Mrs. Lee M., 19 skullcap, pineapple fiber (mpu), 162, 163, 208, 209, 210, 211 slave trade, 261, 264, 302 Slye, Jonathan, 178 n.8 snake, imagery of, 44, 52, 54, 144, 176 Sokoto culture, Nigeria, 30, 306 male figure, 23, 26, 40–41 Songhai (Gao) empire, 42, 268 Songye (DRC), 19, 304 masks, 172–75, 178 n.34 power figures, 164–67, 178n n.21, 22 Songye-Tempe (DRC), masks, 12 (det.), 172–73 Soninke. See Djennenke Sotho. See North Sotho St. Mary’s University, San Antonio, Tex., 22 staff, Yoruba ritual (opa orere), 142, 143 status, art as symbol of, 39, 94, 232, 238 Stillman, Clark, 14, 15, 18, 27 n.6, 35 n.13 Stillman, Frances, 14, 15, 35 n.13 Stillman Collection. See Clark and Frances Stillman Collection of Congo Sculpture Stolper Galleries of Primitive Art, New York and Los Angeles, 13 stool Asante symbolism of, 232 Baule, 104 Kanyok chief’s, for divination, 282 Luba throne (kipona), 82–83 as regalia figure, 64, 82, 82, 232 for shrine figure, 146, 147 see also chair; Golden Stool Stout, Renée, Fetish #2 (1988), 262, 263 Suku, DRC, 304, 305 regalia hat, 280–81 sword hilt (10th-cent. bronze), 268
Tada, Nigeria, sculpture from, 34 Tanning, Dorothea, Pincushion to Serve as Fetish (1979), 262, 262 tapper, Yoruba divination (iro Ifa), 19, 106, 108, 109 Tayewo (Yoruba master sculptor), 112 Teke (DRC), 20, 305 Temne (Sierra Leone), harp, 86 Tempe. See Songye-Tempe tent, Tuareg (ehen), 226 tent post, Tuareg (ehel), 219, 226–27 Tetela (DRC), 172, 178 n.31 Textile Fund, The , DMA, 26 textiles, 219, 252, 262 Asante kente, 25–26, 28 (det.), 294–95, 296 n.43 as currency, 248, 290 Dogon bologon, 290 East African kikoi, 290 European, for masquerade costume, 190–93 Kuba cut-pile and embroidered raffia, 19–20, 290–93, 291, 297 (det.) see also clothing; mantle; veil Thompson, Robert Farris, 32 throne. See chair tobacco, use of, in Africa, 94, 282, 296 n.31 tomb, Egyptian, 180, 180–81, 182 tongs, Yoruba Oshugbo ritual, 24 tools, for sculpture, 32, 32 torque (Yoruba), 278–79 trade beads, 20–21, 21 tray, Yoruba divination (opon Ifa), 106–108, 107, 144 Tsogo (Gabon), 198, 304 reliquary guardian figure, 204–205 Tuareg, 304 tent posts, 219, 226–27 Tutankhamun, nesting coffin of, 184 twins (Yoruba: ibeji), 110 figures of (ere ibeji), 194–95 patron saint of, 110, 194 sculpture of primordial, as ritual objects, 102 Tyekpa (Senufo women’s society), 176 Udo (Benin, Nigeria), 50, 52 Ungaro, Emmanuel, 290 University of Arizona, 35 n.9, 96 n.3 University of Pennsylvania Museum, 228 University of Virginia, 22 Vagala (Ghana), mask, 18 Vandenhoute, P. J. L., 32 veil, Amazigh (Berber), marriage/ ceremonial, 246, 246, 247 vessel Baule water, 236 Cham/Mwona divination (itinate), 148–49 drinking, 219 Longuda ritual (kwandalowa), 178 n.8 Mangbetu palm wine, 286, 288, 289, 296 n.37 Mwona healing, 178 n.8 Njoro, Kenya, 29, 31 Woyo effigy, 18, 261, 286–87 see also bowl; bowl carrier; cup Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, 20 Vlaminck, Maurice de, 262 Vogel, Susan Mullin, 20–21, 32 Vurungura clan, Zande, 158 Wagadu (Ghana) empire, 42, 268 Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 14 Walschot, Jeanne (1896–1977), 15 wand. See dance wand Wanoe. See Shona Wardlaw, Alvia, 20 We (Côte d’Ivoire), ceremonial bowls, 242 weaving. See textiles
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well-being, art to promote, 139–76 wheel, form of, as imagery, 86–89 Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Dan, 17, 19 Wingert, Paul S., 13 women ancestor figures of, 196, 206, 207 art objects made by, 20, 31, 94 authority figures for, 156 clothing for, 20, 246–51 combs for, 232 dances of, 176 divination and, 108, 176, 186, 282 initiation for, 128, 130, 134–36 as makers of ritual vessels, 178 n.8 masquerade and, 121, 126, 130–33, 172, 174, 303 matrilineal society and, 116, 118, 302, 304, 305 mental health of, 139, 176 regalia for, 76, 77 status of, in Luba society, 303 as symbol, 82 Wongo (DRC), 305 ceremonial cup, 238, 241, 256 n.33 wood, for sculpture, 30, 32, 42, 64, 178 n.22 oiled, 42, 136, 140 World Festival of Negro Arts (Dakar, Senegal, 1967), 22 Woyo (Angola, DRC, Republic of the Congo), 302, 305 effigy vessel, 18, 261, 286–88, 287, 305 writing, Bamum, 300 Wunderman, Lester, 18 Wuro (Bobo Creator God), 122 x-ray, of Yombe power figure, 160, 178 n.22 Yaka (DRC), 304, 305 mask, horned, 280 regalia hat, 22, 280–81 Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn., 206 Yanzi (DRC), 305 ritual figure, 156–57 Yombe (DRC and Republic of the Congo), 206, 302, 305 ancestor figure kneeling, 208–209 maternal, 206–207 headdress, ancestor figure, 206, 207 pfemba, fertility cult, 100 (det.), 114–15 power figures, 23, 160–63, 178 n.21 Yoruba (Nigeria), 39, 60, 62, 179, 282, 305 ancient kingdom of, 54, 144 bowl lidded, by Arowogun, 19, 178 n.3, 261, 276–77 offering by Agbonbiofe, 24, 90, 90 by Olowe, 24, 90–93 (det.), 91 terracotta ritual, 19 copper altar, 24 crown, 60–61 dance wand, 110–11, 276 divination tapper, 19, 106, 108–109 divination trays, 94, 106–108, 107, 144 door, by Olowe, 92 Egungun festival costume, 4–5 (det.), 139, 190–93 (det.), 191 Epa headdress, 25, 142–43, 178 n.3 festivals, 142, 190 figures horse-and-rider, 23, 260 (det.), 268–70, 269 twin, 194–95 head, “inner,” as symbolic soul, 24, 62, 62 house for, 24, 62–63, 110, 112, 262, 307 (det.) masks, 139 Epa, 142, 143, 178 n.3 Oloko, 142
Olosanyin, 142–43 ring, ritual sacrifice, 24, 56–59 (det.), 57 staff, ritual, 142, 143 tongs, ritual, 24 torque, 278, 279 Zande (Central African Republic, DRC, and Sudan), 305 harp, 19, 218 (det.), 244–45 headrest-box, 228, 231 nazeze-type figure, 18, 158–59