Supported by the Mpingo Conservation Project PO Box 49, Kilwa Masoko, Tanzania http://www.mpingoconservation.org/
Mpingo Bird Conservation: impacts of harvesting on Tanzanian forest avifauna
Ilya M. D. Maclean, James Bray2, Dave Andrews2, Leo Mlawila3 and Maneno G. Mbilinyi 3
1
2
British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, IP24 2PU School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ 3 Tanzania Bird Atlas, PO Box 1605, Iringa, Tanzania
Project summary Coastal forests in Tanzania are an avian biodiversity hotspot of global importance, but potentially threatened by harvesting of the East African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), which is used, amongst other things for manufacturing musical instruments. Despite the importance of this habitat, little is known about the status of bird species therein, and virtually nothing is known about their response to harvesting Mpingo trees (the Swahili name for East African Blackwood). The aims of this project are to gain insight into the effects of Mpingo harvesting on birds, conduct baseline surveys to establish the distribution and abundance of bird species present, develop new techniques for rapidly mapping the distribution and abundance of birds and develop a baseline methodology for monitoring. At numerous random locations throughout the forest network, data on bird species abundance will be collected using snap-shot point-counts and harvesting quantified using a series of proxy measures based on habitat structure. The data will be combined to assess the impacts by constructing habitat association models. A novel technique, whereby remotely-derived and in-situ collected habitat structure data and spatially-smoothed point count data are combined, will then used to create distributions and abundance maps.
Contents Project summary.............................................................................................................................2 Contents..........................................................................................................................................3 Background.....................................................................................................................................4 Project aims.....................................................................................................................................4 Method............................................................................................................................................4 Outputs............................................................................................................................................5 Expedition team..............................................................................................................................5 Itinerary...........................................................................................................................................6 2008........................................................................................................................................ 6 2009........................................................................................................................................ 6
Budget.............................................................................................................................................6 Received..........................................................................................................................................6 John Muir Trust £500.00.....................................................................................................6 African Bird Club £1,000.00..................................................................................................6 Royal Geographical Society £2,000.00...................................................................................6 People’s Trust for Endangered Species £2,774.00...................................................................6 Gilchrist Educational Trust £1,500.00.....................................................................................6 Total: £7,774.00...................................................................................................................6 Amount outstanding: £1,525.44.............................................................................................6 Health and Safety – risk assessment...............................................................................................7 FILL IN RISK ASSESSMENT GRID OVERLEAF....................................................................7 RISK ASSESSMENT GRID....................................................................................................8
Hazards Identified...................................................................................................................8 Control Measures To Minimise Risk......................................................................................8 Health and Safety – crisis management plan................................................................................10 Health and safety - Emergency Contact Details...........................................................................10 References.....................................................................................................................................11 Appendix 1 Status and known locations of birds associated with East African Coastal Forests. 12 Muhezi District Coastal Forests....................................................................................................12 Appendix 2 Map of the study area................................................................................................14
Background Mpingo is the Swahili name for the East African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), a tree which is much used by local people to supply western and local demand for musical instruments and to make Makonde tribal carvings. Forests containing Mpingo are very vulnerable to intensive harvesting, which has lead to a substantial change in habitat structure. The forests in which Mpingo trees are found are a biodiversity hotspot of global importance. They contain some of the highest densities of endemic flora and fauna of anywhere in the world. No fewer than 31 species of bird are endemic or near-endemic to this habitat (BirdLife International 2007). However, despite the importance of these forests, little is known about the status of bird species therein, and virtually nothing is known about their response to harvesting (Baker & Baker 2002). Indeed, so little is known about Mpingo forest avifauna that several species were only discovered recently. The forests around Kilwa are amongst the least studied in East Africa and new species possibly await discovery. There is an urgent need to assess and monitor the impacts of harvesting on bird species in Mpingo forest and to map the distribution and abundance of Mpingo forest avifauna. We intend to develop new techniques for doing the latter, which can be applied widely to other flora and fauna in instances where complete spatial coverage cannot be achieved.
Project aims The aims of the project are to: (a) gain insight into the effects of Mpingo harvesting on birds (b) conduct baseline surveys to establish the distribution and abundance of species present within forest around Kilwa in southern Tanzania. (c) develop new techniques for rapidly mapping the distribution and abundance of birds in developing countries. (d) develop a baseline methodology for monitoring that can be implemented easily and is robust to factors such as observers changing over time.
Method Five hundred locations in coastal forest in Kilwa district will be visited by expedition members. Within each forested area, members of the team will perform snap-shot point-counts (Buckland 2006) between 05:30 and 09:00 hours (the key period for bird activity). All species seen and heard will be recorded, the distance of these from the observer estimated and the precise location of the count marked. Later in the day these sites will be revisited and habitat structure (tree density, tree species composition, mean diameter and breast height and forest under-story characteristics) recorded. To compile a more comprehensive species list, particularly of highly-skulking species, point counts will be supplemented by mist-netting. To explore the potential impact of harvesting on coastal forest avifauna, habitat-structure association models will be constructed using techniques previously developed by the expedition leader (Maclean et al. in review). It is unlikely that there are a sufficient number of forested areas, subject to a suitably large variation in harvesting regimes for meaningful relationships between bird densities and harvesting regimes to be established directly. However, the impacts of harvesting on habitat structure are well known and intuitively obvious. To translate the number of birds recorded during snapshot point counts into actual estimates of density and abundance, Distance software (Thomas et al. 2006) will be used to assess the proportion of birds present that are actually detected during point counts. To estimate the abundance of particularly rare species, which cannot be assessed directly using Distance software, insufficient data would be available to meaningful detection functions, a techniques developed previously by the expedition leader (Maclean et al. 2003) will be used in which detection functions for closely related species are used. The baseline methodology for monitoring will take into account the need to make the method quick, replicable by any trained observer and relatively easy to implement. As such, raw counts rather than Distance corrected estimates may be used. This approach does not require the distance of birds to the observer to be estimated, nor experience of Distance software, but only allows relative rather than
absolute abundances to be estimated and may be biased if detectabilty changes through time. An assessment of these trade-offs will be made following data collection and analysis. To map the distribution and abundance of species, a novel technique of integrating spatial-kriging techniques with habitat association modelling will be developed. Relationships between bird densities and habitat variables at two spatial-scales will be modelled: macro-scales where habitat information is discernable from remotely-derived Landsat ETM imagery and micro-scales, where habitat information is discernible only from on the ground data. At the macro-scale species could be mapped over the entire study using the satellite imagery, applying techniques developed previously by the expedition leader (Maclean et al. 2006; Maclean et al. in review). The maps will then be refined using spatial-kriging of micro-habitat data. The novel aspects of this work are two-fold: (1) the integration of macro- and microhabitat modelling into a single framework by assessing spatial correlations at the two-scales and (2) in the use of data from each single point-count, rather than from overall estimates of density, necessitating the full integration of Distance software and habitat-association modelling techniques. The advantage of the first novel development is that more accurate abundance maps can be produced and the advantage of the second is that approximately one-twentieth of the data are needed to achieve the same level of accuracy, thus improving the efficiency of mapping considerably. The method is likely to be broadly applicable to a broad range of taxa in any habitat.
Outputs •
A report detailing the methods used and distribution and abundance of bird species within Mpingo forests around Kilwa.
•
A manual describing the most appropriate baseline monitoring protocol. Although designed specifically for monitoring forest avifauna around Kilwa, it is anticipated that this report will have wider application and could be useful for anybody wishing to conduct bird surveys for monitoring in forest habitats in the tropics. A version translated into Kiswahili will also be made widely available.
•
A report detailing the likely impacts of harvesting on Mpingo forest avifauna. It is also anticipated that results of this aspect of the study will feed into later Mpingo Conservation Project reports, so that the issues of harvesting can be understood within the contexts of both sustainable resource management and biodiversity conservation.
All three reports will be made widely available and will be sent to relevant conservation organisations such as BirdLife International. All three reports will also be available for download on the Mpingo Conservation Project website, thus ensuring that users of search engines such as Google Scholar would be directed to these reports.
Expedition team Ilya Maclean has previously lead two successful research expeditions to East Africa. He has a PhD on the impacts of habitat destruction of wetland avifauna in East Africa and a proven track-record of publishing self-designed, novel avian survey techniques in international peer-reviewed journals. He has taught on 9 undergraduate ecology fieldtrips, helped organize one of the largest field trips in the UK (120 students), is a qualified 1st aider, and experienced 4wd driver. Leo Mlawila is currently employed by the Tanzanian Bird Atlas Project. He has over 8-years of experience of conducting avian-surveys in Tanzania, is a qualified ringer and is considered to be one the best ornithologists in Tanzania. He is an experienced 4wd driver. He is currently endeavouring to use his experience to pursue a scientific career and would benefit much by involvement in a more scientificallyorientated project. Maneno Godfrey Mbilinyi is also currently employed by the Tanzanian Bird Atlas Project. He has 2-years of experience of conducting avian-surveys in Tanzania, is a qualified ringer and is also considered to be one the of best up-and-coming ornithologists in Tanzania and would really benefit from participation in a broader range of projects. James Bray is an Environmental Sciences undergraduate at the University of East Anglia, due to graduate in June 2008. He has extensive experience of African birds and wildlife as a result of visiting
Zimbabwe and Botswana in 1999, birdwatching throughout South Africa in 2004 and September 2006, and through two months birdwatching in Kenya in 2007. He is an experienced 4wd driver. Dave Andrews graduated with a 2(i) in Ecology from the University of East Anglia in 2006. He is a qualified ringer and spends much of his spare time undertaking avian surveys at home and abroad, recently in Borneo as a field assistant to Dr Dave Edwards, and prior to that in Costa Rica and Brazil. He is a qualified 1st aider.
Itinerary 2008 1st February – 31st March: Write funding proposals and refine logistics and methodology 1st April – 9th June: UK members to learn as much about avifauna of area as possible from books, reports and tapes1. 10th June 2008: depart for Tanzania 12th June 2008: arrive at field study site 13th-23th June 2008: identify suitable locations to work in spend as much time in field as possible with Tanzanian counterparts to further knowledge of birds. 24th June – 28th August: conduct fieldwork (60 days + 6 days R & R) 29th August: depart to UK 31st August: arrive in UK 1st September – 31st December: analyse field data
2009 1st January – 15th February: write reports etc. 15th Februaty – 31st March: disseminate outputs
Budget Estimated total cost of Expedition:
£8,999.44
Research & residents permits International travel Subsistence (travel, accommodation and food) In-country travel (to/from study site + car hire & petrol + repair contingency) Host-country counterparts & guide wages Field equipment (sound guide to Birds of East Africa + Bird Rings) Insurance Medical supplies Report production and dissemination
£740.26 £1,484.00 £684.00 £2,190.00 £3,300.00 £195.00 £345.68 £140.50 £120.00
Received John Muir Trust African Bird Club Royal Geographical Society People’s Trust for Endangered Species Gilchrist Educational Trust
£500.00 £1,000.00 £2,000.00 £2,774.00 £1,500.00
Total: Amount outstanding:
£7,774.00 £1,525.44
1
Health and Safety – risk assessment Person(s) or Group(s)
Dr Ilya Maclean, Mr James Bray, Mr David Andrews
Status
Staff PhD MPhil MSc BSc Visitor Cross out or delete categories that are not applicable
Supervisor
NA
Location (Room number(s) or Fieldwork site) Dates
External
10/06/2008 to 28/08/2008
Detailed description of intended activities (attach separate sheet(s) if necessary): Carry out avian fieldwork in Tanzania. The work will entail travel to/from Tanzania via Heathrow and Dar el Salaam, travel by public transport to the study site in southern Tanzania and daily visits to a forest 30 km away from base camp using a 4wd vehicle. Fieldwork will entail short periods of work surveying birds through oral and visual detection in a dry forest between 06:00 and 09:00 hours followed by longer periods in which ground vegetation characteristics will be measured. Mist-nets will also be erected to catch birds. At no point will any team member be working unaccompanied by local guides and all members will be working within a short distance of each other. The study site is not especially remote – within easy distance of a road with regular motor vehicle traffic.
Arrangements for supervision (Staff/Student Ratios and maximum & minimum party sizes): Dr Ilya Maclean will supervising both the other team members
Is special training required............Yes/No? If ‘Yes’, give details: First aid arrangements (first aider and/or first aid kit): All three members of the team are qualified first-aiders. One standard and an expedition-recommended tropical first aid kit (available from Nomad) will be taken to the field at all times. The tropical-first aid kit will contain a wider array of equipment than comes as standard and will include material such syringes, a rehydration-kit and iodine-tincture, better suited to ailments likely to occur in tropical climates and some basic kit that may not be available in rural African hospitals.
Has a reporting procedure been set up (see the Code of Conduct & Safety for Undergraduate Field Courses page 7)...............Yes/No?
FILL IN RISK ASSESSMENT GRID OVERLEAF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Rubber Gloves Nitrile Gloves Safety Specs Goggles Warm clothing Weather proof clothing Steel toe capped footwear Walking boots Ear defenders Hard Hat
Cross out or delete items that are not applicable Plastic/PVC Gloves Full Face Visor Water proof clothing High visibility clothing Rubber boots Waders Face mask Life Jacket
Other protective clothing/equipment:
Sun-block, sunhat RESTRICTIONS
Cross out or delete restrictions that are not applicable
Work can be carried out anytime
Work not to be done outside normal working hours
Lone working allowed
Work must not to be done alone
Work during daylight hours only
Work must not be done at night
Process maybe left unattended
Process must not to be left unattended
Other restrictions:
All workers to be equipped with a whistle and to be accompanied by local guides familiar with wild animal behaviour
RISK ASSESSMENT GRID Hazards Identified
Control Measures To Minimise Risk
Risk Ranking High
Med
Low
Diarrhoea, dysentery, food poisoning, hepatitis E, Cholera
Ensure food is properly cooked and avoid eating fresh fruit and salad unless able to wash. Avoid eating meat in rural areas. Drink bottled water when available. Otherwise ensure drinking water is boiled for at least 10 mins and iodine tablets added. Always wash hands thoroughly after and do not eat whilst, handling birds
Road traffic accident
Ensure vehicle is roadworthy prior to driving. Only allow experienced drivers to drive. Maintain a slow speed. When using public transport use well-known coach companies rather than matatus and pick-up trucks. Always assess the driver’s competence, vehicle condition and loading before using any vehicle and do not use if deemed unfit. Avoid walking on roads. Always carry first aid kit + sterile syringe pack. Ensure that expedition members have received suitable advice regarding which malaria prophylactics to take. Ensure that these are taken as appropriate. Ensure sleeping quarters are surrounded by mosquito nets sprayed with permethrin and that nets are in good state of repair. Report to doctor if experiencing severe flu like symptoms. Ensure supply of antimalarial medication (for self-treatment) in medical kit, but use only as a last resort when no medical advice is available. Wear longsleeved clothing, particularly after dark. Use DEET insect repellent.
Malaria
Stranding in remote area
Human trypanosomiasis, viral haemhorragic and dengue fevers
Avoid travelling to remote areas when possible. Set up appropriate reporting procedure as per Code of Conduct & Safety for Undergraduate Field Courses. Notify “report to” person of intended route and location. Ensure all teammembers carry a whistle and a mobile phone and that the latter is fully charged and has sufficient credit. Ensure vehicle is roadworthy and has spare tyre. Avoid driving after heavy rain. Ensure that sufficient money is taken to the field so that all members can be provided with accommodation and food and expensive vehicle-repairs can be paid for should this be necessary. Wear long-sleeved clothing, apply DEET insect repellent, ensure sleeping quarters are surrounded by mosquito nets sprayed in permethrin and that net is suitably repaired. Seek medical attention if fever like symptoms are experienced. Always carry suitable quantities of drinking
Dehydration
UV/Sunburn
water, wear sun hat. Carry rehydration kit in first aid kit, which is taken to the field.
Apply sun-block, wear long-sleeved clothing and sun hat.
Victim of theft/assault
Cut, graze, sprain or other orthopaedic injury
Insect, Scorpion or other arthropod bite
Attack by wild animals
Victim of political unrest
Participant's Signature:
Do not walk streets at night. Do not keep all valuable belongings in one place. Secure personal belongings and conceal valuables from view. Always keep small amounts of cash to hand so as to avoid revealing valuables in busy, public areas. Identify procedures for retrieving stolen travellers cheques and documents. Ensure all expedition members have suitable footwear and are made sufficiently aware of the terrain to be visited. Only allow experienced members of the expedition and guides to use Panga knifes to clear rides for mist-nets. Carry first-aid kit at all times. Always wear long-sleeved clothing, apply DEET insect repellent, ensure sleeping quarters are surrounded by mosquito nets sprayed with permethrin and that nets are in good state of repair. Check clothes and shoes prior to putting them on. Close bags and boxes tightly. Make expedition members aware of which animals are potentially dangerous and why. Avoid areas with concentrations of these animals (notably buffalo, elephant and leopard). Always use local guides as guides, who have good knowledge of animals’ behaviour. Always carry first aid kit + sterile syringe pack. Ensure vaccination against rabies. Always follow FCO travel guidelines. Keep abreast of local affairs by reading local newspapers. Seek advice from local guides regarding any potentially dangerous local issues.
Date:
28/05/2008
Health and Safety – crisis management plan General - all expedition members will receive cover from a Travel Insurance Scheme that covers air evacuation from Tanzania to the UK in event of a medical emergency. The cover will also include emergency evacuation in the event of terrorism, hijack cover, personal liability, loss of personal and expedition equipment, missed flights and other standard costs. A 24-hour contact (the expedition-leader’s father who worked and traveled in Africa for several years) is available in the UK to prove additional help in the event of an emergency. The UK Foreign office and British High-Commission in Dar el Salaam will be notified of the duration of our stay and intended location of work prior to arriving in Tanzania. A reporting procedure will be set in place whereby a staff member of the Mpingo Conservation Project (our umbrella organization) will be notified daily prior to departure and our intended location of work. In the event of us not returning the following steps will be taken (1) attempts will be made to contact all expedition members via mobile phone. (2) If no reply and no return after one hour, the local police will be notified. If members are not located within 6-hours, the British High-Commission will be notified. Medical – In addition to standard travel insurance cover for medical emergencies, all expedition members will sign-up to Amref (http://uk.amref.org/what-we-do/flying-doctors/), a flying doctor service providing air evacuation service and air ambulance transfers between medical facilities anywhere within East Africa. At no point will fieldwork be conducted at further than 60 miles from Kilwa Mosoko hospital, which is sufficiently equipped (including with a back-up generator) to cope with all but specialist injuries or ailments. All UK expedition members will be given training to identify injuries of a nature that render it unsafe to travel by motor vehicle (such as back injuries. Personal liability – in the main part this will be covered by standard travel insurance. Private vehicle cover (more comprehensive and effective than the standard legal requirement in Tanzania, including liability) is included in the costs of vehicle hire. Civil / Military violence – it is difficult to plan for emergency evacuation action in the event of civil or military violence/unrest, as the location, nature and likely severity of the unrest will affect the nature of action. Consequently, in the event of such unrest in-situ decisions will be made. Such action will be guided by the following however: (1) a precautionary approach will be taken – the area evacuated prior to unrest if an “unsettling situation” develops even if it is not known whether this will escalate (2) full and frequent contact will be maintained with the British High Commission, (3) local police and military will be asked for assistance provided they are not the instigators or involved in the unrest (4) every attempt will be made to keep abreast of local, regional and national current affairs by frequently reading newspapers, listening to radio and seeking advice from people with good local knowledge.
Health and safety - Emergency Contact Details Home Contact Mr Christian Maclean Tel: + 44 (0)131 447 XXXX Mobile: + 44 (0)7788 832 XXX Fax: +44 (0)131 347 XXXX Email: xxxx@xxxxx.co.uk
Host Country Contact Mr Steve Ball Tel: +255 (0)23 201 XXX Mobile: +255 (0)782 158 XXX Fax: Email: xxx.xxxx@xxxxxxxxxxx.org
References Baker, N. & Baker, E. (2002) Important Bird Areas in Tanzania. Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BirdLife International (2007) Threatened Birds of the World species factsheets. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 3/9/2007. Buckland (2006) Point=transect surveys for songbirds: robust methodologies. Auk 123, 345-357. Maclean, I.M.D., Hassall, M., Boar, R.R. & Lake, I. (2006) Effects of disturbance and habitat loss on papyrus-dwelling passerines. Biological Conservation, 131: 349-358. Maclean, I.M.D., Hassall, M., Boar, R.R. & Nasirwa, O. (2003). Effects of habitat degradation on avian guilds in East African papyrus Cyperus papyrus L. swamps. Bird Conservation International, 13: 283-297 Maclean, I.M.D, Hassall, M., Lake, I.R. & Boar, R.R. (in review) Decline and conservation potential of wetland birds in Africa revealed by a new method of assessment. Conservation Biology Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H., Bishop, J.R.B. & Marques, T.A. (2006) Distance 5.0. Release 2. Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK. http://www.ruwpa.st-and.ac.uk/distance/
LC
x
Chesnut-fronted Helmet-shrike LC
x
Four-coloured Bush-shrike
LC
x
Green-headed Oriole
LC
Yellow Flycatcher
LC
Long-billed Apalis
CR
Fischer's Greenbul
LC
Tiny Greenbul
LC
Kretschmer's Longbill
LC
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x
x
x x x x
x
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ZambeZi River Delta
x
x
Moebase Region
x
x
Netia
x
Jozani Forest Reserve, Zanzibar
West usumburu Mountains
East Usambara Mountains
x
Mtwara District Coastal Forests
Pale Batis
x
Newela District Coastal Forests
x
x
x
Lindi District Coastal Forests
x
LC
x
x
Selous Game Reserve
LC
Mombasa Woodpecker
x
x
x
Kilwa District Coastal Forests
Brown-breasted Barbet
x
x
x
x
Rufiji District Coastal Forests
LC
x
x
Pande and Dondwe Coastal Forests
LC
African Green-tinkerbird
x
x
x
Kisaware District Coast Forests
Mangrove Kingfisher
x
x
Bagamoya District Coastal Forests
EN
x
Handeni District Coastal Forests
NT
Sokoke Scops-owl
x
Pangani District Coastal Forests
Fischer's Turaco
x
Muhezi District Coastal Forests
x
Mrima Hill Forest
x
x
Marenji Forest
x
x
Dzombo Hill Forest
Diane Forest
x
Shimba Hills
Gede Ruins National Monument
x
LC
Kaya Gandini
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
x
Brown-headed Parrot
Kaya Waa
Dakatcha Woodland
Threat
Southern banded Snake Eagle NT
Tana River Delta
Species
Tana River Forest
Appendix 1 Status and known locations of birds associated with East African Coastal Forests
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Species Threat Tana River Forest Tana River Delta Dakatcha Woodland Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Scaly Babbler LC x x x x
Black-bellied Glossy Starling LC x x x x
Spotted Ground-thrush EN
East Coast Akalat NT x x
Plain-backed Sunbird NT x x
Amani Sunbird EN
Uluguru Violet-backed Sunbird LC x
Mouse-coloured Sunbird LC x x
Violet-breasted Sunbird LC x x
Clarke's Weaver EN
Zanzibar Bishop LC
Lesser Seedcracker LC
Malindi Pipit NT
Sokoke Pipit EN x
x x x
x
x x
Diane Forest Kaya Waa Kaya Gandini
x x x x
x
x x x
x
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Muhezi District Coastal Forests East Usambara Mountains
x x x x
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Handeni District Coastal Forests Bagamoya District Coastal Forests Jozani Forest Reserve, Zanzibar Kisaware District Coast Forests Pande and Dondwe Coastal Forests Rufiji District Coastal Forests Kilwa District Coastal Forests Selous Game Reserve Lindi District Coastal Forests
x x x x x
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Moebase Region ZambeZi River Delta
Netia
Mtwara District Coastal Forests
Newela District Coastal Forests
Pangani District Coastal Forests
West usumburu Mountains
Mrima Hill Forest
x
Marenji Forest
Dzombo Hill Forest
Shimba Hills
Gede Ruins National Monument
x
x x
x
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x x
x x
x x
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Appendix 2 Map of the study area